42:
1616:
1725:, production, and globally-equitable access to COVID-19 tests, therapies, and vaccines. It is a framework for collaboration, not a new organization or a decision-making body. In March 2020, G20 leaders had called for a cross-discipline support structure to enable partners to share resources and knowledge and in April 2020 it was launched by WHO, European Commission, France and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. On 24 April 2020 pro-tem Chair
1865:. The manufacturers of three vaccines closest to global distribution – Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca – predicted a manufacturing capacity of 5.3 billion doses in 2021, which could be used to vaccinate about 3 billion people (as the vaccines require two doses for a protective effect against COVID-19). Due to the high demand in preorders from rich countries for 2021, people in low-income
1818:(GLoPID-R) which was working closely with the WHO and member states to identify priorities for funding specific research needed for a COVID-19 vaccine, coordinating among the international funding and research organizations to maintain updated information on vaccine progress and avoid duplicate funding.
1885:
in many countries focusing on a COVID-19 vaccine. According to CEPI, the general geographic distribution of COVID-19 vaccine development involves organizations in North
America having about 40% of the world's COVID-19 vaccine research, compared with 30% in Asia and Australia, 26% in Europe, and a few
1740:
The ACT Accelerator comprises four pillars, each managed by two to three collaborating partners:1) Vaccines (also called "COVAX" pillar), 2) Diagnostics, 3) Therapeutics and 4) Health
Systems Connector. Diagnostics are the most important medical technology available to monitor and control the spread
2066:
The COVAX administration, governments, and vaccine manufacturers have been criticized for lack of transparency and accountability over fair pricing and equitable allocation of COVID-19 vaccines to developing countries where financial and vaccination resources are limited, and government corruption
1915:
billion fund in a global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organizations for accelerated research and clinical testing of nine COVID-19 vaccine candidates, with the 2020–21 goal of supporting several candidate vaccines for full development to licensing. By early
1773:
Over 2020 throughout the pandemic, CEPI funded the development of nine COVID-19 vaccine candidates in a portfolio deliberately made diverse across different vaccine technologies to minimize the typically high risk of failure inherent in vaccine development. As of
December 2020, CEPI supported the
2075:
In examining the founding principles of participation, transparency, and accountability, one study found lacking clarity on the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders, questions about potential conflicts of interest, unclear accountability with no ACT-A wide accountability framework and
1757:
analyzes needs and resources in some 100 countries to identify problems, capacity, and requirements for access to and implementation of COVID-19 tools across world regions. The COVAX pillar has the goal of facilitating licensure of several COVID-19 vaccines, influencing equitable pricing, and
1838:
doses, 245 million treatments, and 500 million tests that the initiative deemed necessary to end the pandemic and speed economic global recovery. In
September 2020, ACT Accelerator partners committed to provide 120 million COVID-19 rapid tests for low- and middle-income countries.
1869:
may not receive vaccinations from these manufacturers until 2023 or 2024, increasing the use of the COVAX initiative to supply vaccines equitably. Emphasizing the need for broad distribution of safe, effective vaccines against COVID-19, especially across developing countries,
2050:
COVAX is designed to assist vaccine purchases and distribution for poor and middle-income countries unable to compete in the open market and avoid inequities for vaccine access. However, by
December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been preordered mostly by
2603:
Moon, Suerie; Armstrong, Jana; Hutler, Brian; Upshur, Ross; Katz, Rachel; Atuire, Caesar; Bhan, Anant; Emanuel, Ezekiel; Faden, Ruth; Ghimire, Prakash; Greco, Dirceu; Ho, Calvin WL; Kochhar, Sonali; Schaefer, G Owen; Shamsi-Gooshki, Ehsan (11 December 2021).
1741:
of COVID-19, to avoid repeated lockdowns, which threaten economies and ways of life. Testing supports healthcare services to be managed and COVID-19 transmission to be suppressed. The therapeutics pillar is a research effort to discover and develop promising
1953:
billion had been raised for the overall ACT Accelerator, with nine vaccine candidates being funded by COVAX and CEPI – the world's largest COVID-19 vaccine portfolio – with 189 countries committed to the eventual deployment plan. See table above.
1370:
3430:
2558:
GloPID-R Members and other major players involved in infectious disease outbreaks worldwide reacted rapidly to this emerging epidemic, working closely with WHO to identify the specific funding research priorities needed to tackle the
2059:, had difficulty obtaining vaccine deliveries, despite having a factory for making COVID-19 vaccines within the country. Half of South African citizens live in poverty, and may receive a vaccine only by participating as volunteers in
3268:"Global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines estimated to generate economic benefits of at least US$ 153 billion in 2020–21, and US$ 466 billion by 2025, in 10 major economies, according to new report by the Eurasia Group"
1833:
On 10 September 2020 the UN and the
European Union co-hosted the inaugural meeting of the Facilitation Council of the ACT-Accelerator, which had received $ 2.7 billion of the $ 35 billion necessary to secure the 2 billion
3368:
1941:
million to the ACT Accelerator to "support the delivery of new COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines, particularly in low- and middle-income countries" during 2021, making the
Foundation's total donation of
1758:
providing equal access for up to 2 billion doses by the end of 2021 to protect frontline healthcare workers and people with high-risk of COVID-19 infection, particularly in low-to-middle income countries.
41:
3337:
3241:
3422:
1218:
3399:
3267:
1254:
1208:
1815:
1577:
1126:
703:
688:
1213:
1274:
2140:; Armstrong, Jana; Hutler, Brian; Upshur, Ross; Katz, Rachel; Atuire, Caesar; Bhan, Anant; Emanuel, Ezekiel; Faden, Ruth; Ghimire, Prakash; Greco, Dirceu (29 January 2022).
1279:
3193:
1597:
1461:
1424:
2305:
3360:
1602:
1414:
683:
2037:
announced it would provide five
Southeast Asian countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam priority access to the vaccine once it was fully developed.
1572:
1553:
1232:
1153:
3517:
3012:
1533:
821:
1992:
million by May. Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, Germany, and the
Netherlands have been major contributors to the CEPI effort for COVID-19 vaccine research in Europe.
1136:
897:
779:
2113:
1293:
1264:
1158:
828:
789:
3162:
1558:
1521:
1491:
1188:
1587:
1456:
1183:
784:
759:
739:
2712:
2023:
On 22 July 2020, China announced that it planned to provide a US$ 1 billion loan to make its vaccine accessible for countries in Latin
America and the
1419:
1328:
1259:
1168:
809:
799:
794:
715:
506:
355:
204:
3242:"Bill and Melinda Gates call for collaboration, continued innovation to overcome challenges of delivering COVID-19 scientific breakthroughs to the world"
1644:
1501:
1434:
764:
754:
501:
422:
391:
379:
350:
271:
240:
228:
199:
120:
3293:
3095:
3 trials, completion of regulatory and quality requirements for at least three vaccines, and enhancing global manufacturing capacity for three vaccines.
1582:
1441:
1269:
1244:
774:
769:
644:
530:
525:
518:
417:
410:
386:
374:
367:
266:
259:
235:
223:
216:
115:
108:
3333:
3121:
1249:
804:
513:
494:
405:
362:
343:
254:
211:
192:
103:
1592:
1548:
1308:
1163:
816:
749:
698:
489:
446:
434:
338:
295:
283:
187:
144:
132:
2096:
1767:
1694:
1538:
1481:
1399:
1343:
1323:
1146:
924:
482:
470:
441:
429:
331:
319:
290:
278:
180:
168:
139:
127:
3216:
3391:
936:
477:
465:
458:
326:
314:
307:
175:
163:
156:
1338:
1333:
1303:
1203:
1178:
919:
453:
302:
151:
1677:(WHO) on 24 April. As of January 2022, it was the largest international effort to achieve equitable access to COVID-19 health technologies.
1198:
2545:
2031:
1770:, CEPI was formed. It is working with international health authorities and vaccine developers to create vaccines for preventing epidemics.
1476:
1446:
1429:
1318:
634:
1663:
Global Collaboration to Accelerate the Development, Production and Equitable Access to New COVID-19 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines
1516:
1298:
1131:
732:
1511:
1471:
1313:
1227:
1173:
557:
550:
1877:
During 2020, major changes in the overall effort of developing COVID-19 vaccines were the increasing number of collaborations of the
1565:
1286:
1193:
1141:
676:
537:
91:
1846:
had withdrawn its financial support of the WHO and ACT Accelerator in 2020, the United States reasserted its support of the WHO and
1409:
1404:
1115:
2515:
1637:
1526:
1466:
983:
909:
887:
744:
639:
3185:
2055:
comprising only 14% of the world's population like the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. poorer countries, such as
2471:
1382:
671:
3186:"Bill Gates thinks there are 8 to 10 promising coronavirus vaccine candidates and one could be ready in as little as 9 months"
2244:
2581:
1745:
for COVID-19 infection and illness. It involves monitoring over 1,700 clinical trials, and was part of the effort to provide
1543:
1496:
988:
873:
3311:
3008:
1394:
693:
3294:"Over US$ 2 billion raised to support equitable access to COVID vaccines with additional US$ 5 billion needed in 2021"
2920:
3522:
2653:
2365:
1630:
892:
868:
594:
584:
2895:
2763:"How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world Canada leads the pack in terms of doses secured per capita"
2606:"Governing the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator: towards greater participation, transparency, and accountability"
2142:"Governing the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator: towards greater participation, transparency, and accountability"
1451:
606:
84:
3144:
3076:
CEPI estimates that developing up to three vaccines in the next 12–18 months will require an investment of at least
1916:
May 2020, the United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands had already donated
1843:
611:
1356:
993:
904:
569:
1486:
2731:
1389:
1018:
856:
659:
3113:
589:
1686:
579:
564:
1102:
1057:
1045:
998:
25:
3271:
2658:
2576:
2372:
2338:
2309:
2240:
2120:
1851:
1827:
1742:
1690:
1674:
1087:
863:
629:
574:
45:
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
1982:
1722:
1082:
1072:
1040:
1035:
1025:
978:
973:
963:
851:
73:
2306:"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the launch of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator"
1924:
1878:
1375:
1077:
1062:
1030:
666:
68:
3087:
1 clinical trials of eight vaccine candidates, progression of up to six candidates through Phase
2537:
1067:
1011:
710:
3361:"'A global challenge': PM Trudeau commits $ 850 million to global fight against COVID-19"
2052:
1934:
million in support of CEPI for research and public educational support on COVID-19 vaccines.
1506:
1092:
931:
2516:"CEPI and SK bioscience extend collaboration to develop 'next generation' COVID-19 vaccine"
1811:
1779:
968:
914:
8:
3454:"Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis"
3392:"China's Xi announces $ 2B for coronavirus response as WHO faces calls for investigation"
3334:"CEPI collaborates with the Institut Pasteur in a consortium to develop COVID-19 vaccine"
2830:"Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis"
1750:
1734:
2571:
2291:
2236:
1882:
1749:
for up to 2.9 million patients in low-income countries and facilitates future access to
3488:
3453:
3149:
3062:
3035:
2986:
2864:
2829:
2786:
2630:
2605:
2174:
2141:
1866:
1726:
1670:
1119:
654:
649:
3052:
2713:"U.S. says it won't join WHO-linked effort to develop, distribute coronavirus vaccine"
2686:"Leaders pledge 'quantum leap' towards fully funding COVID-19 vaccines and treatments"
2621:
2334:
2157:
3493:
3475:
3423:"Mexico says China plans $ 1 billion loan to ease Latam access to virus vaccine"
3154:
3067:
2990:
2978:
2970:
2869:
2851:
2790:
2778:
2762:
2635:
2179:
2161:
1862:
33:
3217:"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announces $ 250 million COVID vaccine commitment"
3114:"Special Report: Countries, companies risk billions in race for coronavirus vaccine"
2269:
1969:
million investment in a COVID-19 vaccine research consortium via CEPI involving the
3483:
3465:
3057:
3047:
2960:
2859:
2841:
2770:
2625:
2617:
2169:
2153:
1970:
1835:
1795:
880:
846:
2013:
billion for COVID-19 vaccines and preparedness. On 18 May 2020, China had pledged
1905:
billion in pledges from forty countries to support rapid development of vaccines.
1861:
By December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been pre-ordered by
1702:
1620:
1615:
3307:
2965:
2948:
2774:
2685:
2448:
2060:
2811:
3511:
3479:
3158:
2974:
2855:
2165:
2020:
billion to support overall efforts by the WHO for programs against COVID-19.
1754:
1746:
720:
2663:
3527:
3497:
3071:
2982:
2873:
2782:
2639:
2183:
2097:"G20 launches initiative for health tools needed to combat the coronavirus"
2056:
1830:
started the ACT Together Fund in order to raise money for the Accelerator.
1730:
3034:
Yamey G, Schäferhoff M, Hatchett R, Pate M, Zhao F, McDade KK (May 2020).
2732:"U.S., staying in WHO, to join COVID vaccine push for poor nations: Fauci"
2137:
1775:
3389:
3310:. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI). 30 April 2020.
3214:
2366:"Investing in diagnostics to manage the course of the COVID-19 pandemic"
2034:
1737:
accepted to act as Special Envoys to the ACT Accelerator from the WHO.
1718:
1673:
on 24 April 2020. A call to action was published simultaneously by the
1363:
958:
725:
60:
3470:
2846:
1985:, bringing CEPI's total investment in COVID-19 vaccine development to
2024:
1855:
1803:
1097:
948:
3143:
Sanger DE, Kirkpatrick DD, Zimmer C, Thomas K, Wee SL (2 May 2020).
2472:"Why we need a "portfolio approach" to COVID-19 vaccine development"
2070:
1895:
1881:
with national governments, and the diversity and growing number of
1714:
54:
3336:. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. 19 March 2020.
2449:"Our portfolio: partnerships to develop vaccines against COVID-19"
1761:
3215:
Haley Yamada; Jon Schlosberg; Seni Tienabeso (10 December 2020).
1978:
1816:
Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness
1807:
1799:
1787:
1783:
1710:
953:
3112:
Steenhuysen J, Eisler P, Martell A, Nebehay S (27 April 2020).
3111:
1974:
1791:
1706:
3145:"With Pressure Growing, Global Race for a Vaccine Intensifies"
2921:"Why is no one safe until everyone is safe during a pandemic?"
2812:"COVAX: Ensuring global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines"
2397:. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). 2020
1753:
therapies in low- and middle-income countries. The pillar for
3142:
1927:
dedicated to vaccine research and distribution, was donating
1847:
3390:
Yuliya Talmazan; Keir Simmons; Laura Saravia (18 May 2020).
3033:
2893:
1871:
1721:
and governments, to raise financial support of accelerated
1698:
2493:
2394:
2197:
1874:
uses the slogan, "No one is safe until everyone is safe."
1685:
The ACT Accelerator is a multinational collaboration, and
2949:"Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape"
2896:"For Covid-19 Vaccines, Some Are Too Rich — and Too Poor"
2602:
2136:
1666:
2947:
Le TT, Cramer JP, Chen R, Mayhew S (4 September 2020).
2335:"The ACT-Accelerator: frequently asked questions (FAQ)"
2221:
1937:
In December 2020, the Gates Foundation donated another
1826:
The ACT-Accelerator was launched on 24 April 2020. The
2711:
Rauhala, Emily; Abutaleb, Yasmeen (2 September 2020).
1957:
2419:
2006:
million to the WHO's live streaming effort to raise
2946:
2894:Matt Apuzzo; Selam Gebrekidan (28 December 2020).
2729:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
1923:million to CEPI. The Gates Foundation, a private
3518:International responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
3509:
2071:Limited transparency of roles and accountability
2828:So, Anthony D; Woo, Joshua (15 December 2020).
2710:
2486:
2264:
2262:
1774:vaccine research organizations and programs of
1768:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
1762:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
1695:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
2434:
3036:"Ensuring global access to COVID‑19 vaccines"
2760:
2414:
2412:
1729:announced it, simultaneously to the WHO. Sir
1638:
3009:"EU spearheads $ 8 billion virus fundraiser"
2469:
2463:
2259:
2114:"Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator"
1999:May 2020, the Canadian government committed
1766:In 2017, a multinational organization named
40:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2231:
2229:
2095:
1810:(NVX-CoV2373), SK bioscience (GBP510), and
3308:"CEPI: Our vaccine and platform portfolio"
3208:
3107:
3105:
3103:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2409:
2387:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2108:
2106:
1645:
1631:
3487:
3469:
3300:
3234:
3061:
3051:
2964:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2913:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2863:
2845:
2629:
2173:
1844:Trump administration of the United States
1786:), Clover Biopharmaceuticals (SCB-2019),
3326:
3183:
3002:
3000:
2508:
2353:
2226:
2132:
2130:
3100:
2749:
2723:
2316:
2103:
2091:
2089:
1371:Neurological and psychological symptoms
3510:
3433:from the original on 25 September 2020
3358:
3352:
3260:
3136:
2935:
2880:
2530:
2247:from the original on 25 September 2020
1946:billion toward the COVID-19 response.
1886:projects in South America and Africa.
1669:initiative announced by pro-tem Chair
3451:
3083:billion. This estimate includes Phase
3027:
2997:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2730:Stephanie Nebehay (21 January 2021).
2584:from the original on 12 February 2023
2298:
2127:
1879:multinational pharmaceutical industry
3006:
2538:"GloPID: Novel coronavirus COVID-19"
2395:"COVAX: CEPI's response to COVID-19"
2086:
1659:Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator
3420:
3246:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
2494:"CEPI's COVID-19 vaccine portfolio"
1661:(ACT Accelerator or ACT-A), or the
13:
3445:
3340:from the original on 22 March 2020
2818:
2761:Asher Mullard (30 November 2020).
2470:Nick Jackson (28 September 2020).
1958:National governments contributions
14:
3539:
3015:from the original on 29 June 2020
1850:on 21 January 2021 following the
3402:from the original on 18 May 2020
3371:from the original on 10 May 2020
3196:from the original on 16 May 2020
3165:from the original on 11 May 2020
3124:from the original on 15 May 2020
2420:"New vaccines for a safer world"
2040:
1962:In May 2020, France announced a
1908:As of May 2020 CEPI organized a
1614:
3414:
3383:
3314:from the original on 7 May 2020
3286:
3177:
2804:
2704:
2678:
2646:
2596:
2564:
2548:from the original on 2 May 2020
3452:So AD, Woo J (December 2020).
2284:
2237:"What is the ACT Accelerator?"
2215:
2190:
2076:receding role of governments.
16:G20 COVID-19 global initiative
1:
3053:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30763-7
2953:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
2622:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02344-8
2572:"What is the ACT Accelerator"
2292:"What is the ACT Accelerator"
2158:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02344-8
2079:
2045:
1814:. CEPI is an observer of the
1680:
1889:
1395:Alzheimer's disease patients
920:Misinformation and hesitancy
7:
1894:In May 2020, the WHO had a
1821:
1687:multistakeholder initiative
10:
3544:
3184:Hamilton IA (1 May 2020).
2966:10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8
2775:10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6
3523:World Health Organization
3296:. Gavi. 13 November 2020.
3272:World Health Organization
2923:. GAVI. 14 September 2020
2659:United Nations Foundation
2577:World Health Organization
2373:World Health Organization
2339:World Health Organization
2310:World Health Organization
2241:World Health Organization
2222:GAVI the Vaccine Alliance
2121:World Health Organization
1828:United Nations Foundation
1743:COVID-19 drug development
1691:World Health Organization
1675:World Health Organization
704:World Health Organization
2814:. Gavi. 17 October 2022.
2272:. GAVI. 1 September 2020
1983:University of Pittsburgh
1723:research and development
874:Public health mitigation
558:By country and territory
3359:Aiello R (4 May 2020).
2518:. CEPI. 9 December 2020
1925:charitable organization
1883:biotechnology companies
1376:Post-exertional malaise
716:Undercounting of deaths
3421:Ore D (23 July 2020).
3274:(WHO). 4 December 2020
1790:(Zorecimeran/CVnCoV),
1701:the Vaccine Alliance,
1534:Science and technology
1410:Death rates by country
624:International response
46:
3221:ABC News - Technology
3007:Wake D (4 May 2020).
2312:(WHO). 24 April 2020.
2123:(WHO). 24 April 2020.
2053:high-income countries
1973:, Themis Bioscience (
1949:As of December 2020,
1559:Xenophobia and racism
1425:Emergency evacuations
44:
1867:developing countries
1812:Hong Kong University
1780:University of Oxford
1294:Association football
915:Operation Warp Speed
2717:The Washington Post
2692:. 10 September 2020
2654:"ACT Together Fund"
2030:On 24 August 2020,
1863:developed countries
1856:President Joe Biden
1751:monoclonal antibody
1735:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
1492:Other health issues
1019:Variants of concern
3150:The New York Times
3046:(10234): 1405–06.
2900:The New York Times
2616:(10323): 487–494.
2152:(10323): 487–494.
1727:Mohammed al-Jadaan
1671:Mohammed al-Jadaan
984:Oxford–AstraZeneca
822:federal government
733:National responses
47:
3471:10.1136/bmj.m4750
3248:. 9 December 2020
3011:. Yahoo Finance.
2847:10.1136/bmj.m4750
2666:on 18 August 2021
2375:(WHO). 1 May 2020
1798:(MV-SARS-CoV-2),
1655:
1654:
1420:Domestic violence
1329:Gridiron football
1164:Financial markets
937:Vaccine passports
684:Social distancing
645:International aid
34:COVID-19 pandemic
3535:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3473:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3190:Business Insider
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3065:
3055:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2968:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2849:
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2808:
2802:
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2797:
2758:
2747:
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2727:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2662:. Archived from
2650:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
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2445:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2270:"What is COVAX?"
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2233:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2099:. 25 April 2020.
2093:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1971:Institut Pasteur
1968:
1965:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1836:COVID-19 vaccine
1796:Institut Pasteur
1647:
1640:
1633:
1619:
1618:
1127:Arts and culture
943:Current vaccines
869:Drug repurposing
864:Drug development
841:Medical response
21:
20:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3005:
2998:
2945:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2881:
2826:
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2805:
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2759:
2750:
2740:
2738:
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2724:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2601:
2597:
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2585:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2551:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
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2514:
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2509:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2289:
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2275:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2227:
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2216:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2135:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2061:clinical trials
2048:
2043:
2032:Chinese Premier
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1824:
1764:
1703:the Global Fund
1683:
1651:
1621:COVID-19 portal
1613:
1608:
1607:
1522:Catholic Church
1497:Popular culture
1359:
1349:
1348:
1189:Performing arts
1122:
1116:Economic impact
1108:
1107:
1103:Lineage B.1.617
1014:
1004:
1003:
989:Pfizer–BioNTech
847:Disease testing
842:
834:
833:
677:Fake treatments
625:
617:
616:
553:
543:
542:
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3504:
3503:
3444:
3413:
3382:
3351:
3325:
3299:
3285:
3259:
3233:
3207:
3176:
3135:
3099:
3026:
2996:
2959:(10): 667–68.
2934:
2912:
2879:
2817:
2803:
2748:
2722:
2703:
2677:
2645:
2595:
2563:
2529:
2507:
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2462:
2433:
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2352:
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2258:
2225:
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2189:
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2102:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
1959:
1956:
1891:
1888:
1823:
1820:
1763:
1760:
1755:health systems
1697:(CEPI), FIND,
1689:including the
1682:
1679:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1610:
1609:
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1600:
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1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Notable deaths
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Media coverage
1464:
1462:Long-term care
1459:
1457:LGBT community
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
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1379:
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1373:
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1301:
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1230:
1225:
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1221:
1216:
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1196:
1191:
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1181:
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1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1052:Other variants
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
996:
994:Sinopharm BIBP
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
944:
940:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
917:
912:
910:Authorizations
907:
902:
901:
900:
890:
884:
883:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
860:
859:
854:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
826:
825:
824:
814:
813:
812:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
750:European Union
747:
742:
736:
735:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
707:
706:
699:United Nations
696:
691:
686:
681:
680:
679:
674:
672:by governments
667:Misinformation
664:
663:
662:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
603:
602:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
561:
560:
554:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
511:
510:
509:
499:
498:
497:
487:
486:
485:
475:
474:
473:
463:
462:
461:
451:
450:
449:
439:
438:
437:
427:
426:
425:
415:
414:
413:
402:
401:
397:
396:
395:
394:
384:
383:
382:
372:
371:
370:
360:
359:
358:
348:
347:
346:
336:
335:
334:
324:
323:
322:
312:
311:
310:
300:
299:
298:
288:
287:
286:
276:
275:
274:
264:
263:
262:
251:
250:
246:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
209:
208:
207:
197:
196:
195:
185:
184:
183:
173:
172:
171:
161:
160:
159:
149:
148:
147:
137:
136:
135:
125:
124:
123:
113:
112:
111:
100:
99:
95:
94:
88:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
58:
49:
48:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3540:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
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3499:
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3467:
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3459:
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3448:
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3428:
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3417:
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3393:
3386:
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3366:
3362:
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3329:
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3303:
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3191:
3187:
3180:
3164:
3160:
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3152:
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2324:
2322:
2320:
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2307:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2243:(WHO). 2020.
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
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2133:
2131:
2122:
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2109:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2041:Controversies
2038:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1955:
1947:
1935:
1926:
1906:
1898:which raised
1897:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:Although the
1840:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:dexamethasone
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
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1641:
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1628:
1626:
1625:
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1617:
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1604:
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1594:
1591:
1589:
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1579:
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1570:
1567:
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1560:
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1552:
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1547:
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1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
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1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
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1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Mental health
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
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1432:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
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1398:
1396:
1393:
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1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
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1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Combat sports
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
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1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:sportscasting
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Food security
1172:
1170:
1169:Food industry
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
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1089:
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1071:
1069:
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1061:
1059:
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1024:
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1017:
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1013:
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1000:
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990:
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982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
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965:
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960:
957:
955:
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930:
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921:
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916:
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911:
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886:
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766:
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746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
722:
721:COVID-19 apps
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:WTO IP waiver
709:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:Endemic phase
628:
627:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:By conveyance
600:
599:
596:
595:South America
593:
591:
588:
586:
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2696:11 September
2694:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2657:
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2575:
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2542:glopid-r.org
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2488:
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2465:
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2138:Moon, Suerie
2074:
2065:
2057:South Africa
2049:
2029:
2022:
1994:
1961:
1948:
1936:
1907:
1893:
1876:
1860:
1852:inauguration
1841:
1832:
1825:
1794:(INO-4800),
1772:
1765:
1739:
1731:Andrew Witty
1684:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1539:Social media
1400:Black people
1344:Rugby league
1324:Gaelic games
932:Vaccine card
852:Breathalyzer
607:Cruise ships
18:
3278:11 December
3252:11 December
3226:11 December
2927:16 December
2905:29 December
2796:11 December
2522:15 December
2500:15 December
2478:15 December
2455:15 December
2426:15 December
2401:15 December
2379:16 December
2345:16 December
2341:(WHO). 2020
2276:11 December
2067:may exist.
1981:), and the
1776:AstraZeneca
1588:New Zealand
1442:Environment
1265:New Zealand
1233:Video games
857:Development
790:Philippines
780:New Zealand
775:Netherlands
635:Evacuations
612:Naval ships
3512:Categories
2741:21 January
2610:The Lancet
2207:28 January
2146:The Lancet
2080:References
2046:Inequities
2035:Li Keqiang
1719:World Bank
1681:Definition
1554:Telehealth
1415:Disability
1364:Long COVID
1339:Motorsport
1334:Ice hockey
1304:Basketball
1239:By country
1204:Television
1179:Journalism
959:Convidecia
905:Deployment
810:government
726:Zero-COVID
660:by country
640:Face masks
570:Antarctica
61:SARS-CoV-2
3480:1756-1833
3464:: m4750.
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3159:0362-4331
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2840:: m4750.
2791:227246811
2251:29 August
2166:0140-6736
2025:Caribbean
1890:Financing
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1573:Diplomacy
1507:Pregnancy
1477:Migration
1447:Hospitals
1430:Education
1319:Disc golf
1120:recession
1098:Cluster 5
999:Sputnik V
949:CoronaVac
655:Lockdowns
551:Locations
519:responses
507:responses
502:September
495:responses
483:responses
471:responses
459:responses
447:responses
435:responses
423:responses
411:responses
392:responses
380:responses
368:responses
356:responses
351:September
344:responses
332:responses
320:responses
308:responses
296:responses
284:responses
272:responses
260:responses
241:responses
229:responses
217:responses
205:responses
200:September
193:responses
181:responses
169:responses
157:responses
145:responses
133:responses
121:responses
109:responses
57:(disease)
3498:33323376
3431:Archived
3400:Archived
3396:NBC News
3369:Archived
3365:CTV News
3344:23 March
3338:Archived
3312:Archived
3194:Archived
3163:Archived
3122:Archived
3072:32243778
3013:Archived
2983:32887942
2874:33323376
2783:33257891
2640:34902308
2582:Archived
2559:disease.
2546:Archived
2245:Archived
2184:34902308
1944:US$ 1.75
1896:telethon
1822:Timeline
1715:Wellcome
1583:Malaysia
1566:Politics
1549:Suicides
1517:Religion
1502:Protests
1482:Military
1452:Language
1299:Baseball
1287:By sport
1260:Malaysia
1219:programs
1199:Shipping
1137:Cannabis
1132:Aviation
1012:Variants
893:Research
881:Vaccines
689:Software
531:December
526:November
418:February
387:December
375:November
267:February
236:December
224:November
116:February
85:Timeline
55:COVID-19
26:a series
24:Part of
3489:7735431
3427:Reuters
3118:Reuters
3063:7271264
2865:7735431
2736:Reuters
2690:UN News
2631:8797025
2175:8797025
2001:CA$ 850
1987:US$ 480
1979:Austria
1964:US$ 4.9
1951:US$ 2.4
1939:US$ 250
1929:US$ 250
1918:US$ 915
1900:US$ 8.8
1808:Novavax
1800:Moderna
1788:CureVac
1784:AZD1222
1733:and Dr
1711:Unitaid
1665:, is a
1578:Ireland
1544:Strikes
1512:Prisons
1390:Animals
1383:Society
1357:Impacts
1314:Cricket
1255:Ireland
1228:Tourism
1159:Fashion
1058:Epsilon
1046:Omicron
979:Novavax
974:Moderna
969:Medigen
964:Janssen
954:Covaxin
888:History
829:Vietnam
785:Nigeria
770:Ireland
755:Germany
590:Oceania
514:October
406:January
363:October
255:January
212:October
104:January
63:(virus)
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2767:Nature
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2198:"Home"
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1975:Vienna
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1717:, the
1707:UNICEF
1693:, the
1593:Russia
1435:Female
1270:Russia
1245:Canada
1194:Retail
1154:Disney
1142:Cinema
1088:Lambda
800:Sweden
795:Russia
740:Africa
694:Travel
650:Origin
580:Europe
565:Africa
490:August
339:August
188:August
74:Deaths
28:on the
3375:4 May
3318:3 May
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3128:2 May
3091:2 and
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3019:4 May
2987:S2CID
2787:S2CID
2552:2 May
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2008:US$ 8
1910:US$ 2
1848:COVAX
1405:Crime
1250:India
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1147:films
1083:Kappa
1073:Theta
1041:Delta
1036:Gamma
1026:Alpha
765:India
760:Ghana
745:China
442:April
430:March
291:April
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140:April
128:March
69:Cases
3494:PMID
3476:ISSN
3439:2020
3408:2020
3377:2020
3346:2020
3320:2020
3280:2020
3254:2020
3228:2020
3202:2020
3171:2020
3155:ISSN
3130:2020
3068:PMID
3021:2020
2979:PMID
2971:ISSN
2929:2020
2907:2020
2870:PMID
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2743:2021
2698:2020
2672:2023
2636:PMID
2590:2023
2554:2020
2524:2020
2502:2020
2480:2020
2457:2020
2428:2020
2403:2020
2381:2020
2347:2020
2278:2020
2253:2020
2209:2022
2202:FIND
2180:PMID
2162:ISSN
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1699:GAVI
1657:The
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1118:and
1078:Iota
1063:Zeta
1031:Beta
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575:Asia
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478:July
466:June
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327:July
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92:2019
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