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155:. In 1750 Lopez married a woman named Anna, and within two years she gave birth to a daughter, Catherine. Anna died on May 14, 1762, at age 36. In the summer of 1763, Lopez took Sarah Rivera, the New York born daughter of Jacob Rodriguez Rivera, for a wife. Sarah, 16 years Aaron's junior, would bear him 10 children.
399:
The
Superior Court heard the pair's appeal on March 11, 1762. Their application was denied a second time. The court reasoned that the 1740 act was intended to increase the population of the colony, and since the colony had grown crowded the law no longer applied. The court also noted that under a
243:
By the early 1770s, Lopez had become the wealthiest person in
Newport; his tax assessment was twice that of any other resident. The reason he was successful was that his business interests were so diverse. He manufactured spermaceti candles, ships, barrels, rum, and chocolate. He had business
333:
During the
American Revolution, Lopez harbored Jewish refugees in his Leicester home. Referring to those sheltered by Lopez, a friend wrote in jest that "your family at present are in a number only 99 and still there is room for one more".
735:
The
Narragansett Historical Register: A Magazine Devoted to the Antiquities, Genealogy and Historical Matter Illustrating the History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ...
170:
in 1753, and he became a successful merchant in
Newport. In 1752 Duarte and his family moved to Newport, where they too reclaimed their Jewish identities and became Aaron, Abigail, and Sarah.
407:. On October 15, 1762, Lopez became a citizen of Massachusetts and then returned to Newport. Historians believe Lopez was the first Jew to become a naturalized citizen of Massachusetts.
44:
1885:
396:
had given the courts, not the legislature, jurisdiction over naturalization. If they wished to become citizens, Lopez and Elizer would have to appeal to the
Superior Court.
189:
Lopez established himself as a shopkeeper in
Newport shortly after his arrival. By 1755 he was buying and selling goods throughout Rhode Island and dealing with agents in
213:
couldn't supply the factories with enough spermaceti to meet the demand, and the price of whale oil was climbing. In 1761, Lopez joined eight other merchants to form a
1353:
385:, but the terms of their citizenship would be limited: Jews could become citizens of Rhode Island, but they would not be allowed to vote or serve in public office.
1870:
403:
Determined to become a citizen, Lopez made inquiries to learn whether he could become naturalized in another colony. In April 1762 he moved temporarily to
319:. It has been said about him that he was 'a man of eminent probity and benevolence whose bounties were widely diffused, not confined to creed or sect.'
1910:
415:
On May 28, 1782, while returning with his family from
Leicester to Newport, he drowned when his horse and carriage fell into a pond. He was buried in
1338:
114:
106:
1880:
1855:
256:, described Lopez as "a merchant of the first eminence" and wrote that the "extent of commerce probably surpassed by no merchant in America".
205:
used to make elegant candles. Lopez built a candle-making factory in
Newport in 1756. By 1760, a dozen competitors had built similar plants in
1930:
1860:
220:
Lopez expanded his trade beyond the North
American coastline and by 1757 had major interests in the West Indian trade. He also sent ships to
158:
Aaron's older brother José had left Portugal years earlier, began to openly practise Judaism, and changed his given name to Moses. Moses was
178:
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1663 Rhode Island law, only Christians could become citizens. Lopez and Elizer could not become citizens of Rhode Island.
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force anchored outside Newport's harbour and the population began to evacuate the city. In early 1776 Lopez relocated to
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1061:
Kaplan, Marilyn (2004). "The Jewish Merchants of Newport, 1749–1790". In George M. Goodwin; Ellen Smith (eds.).
1895:
1750:
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240:, Lopez owned or controlled 30 vessels, engaged in the European and West Indian trade and in whale fisheries.
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20:
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291:. Historian Marilyn Kaplan describes Lopez's losses during the American Revolution as "monumental."
236:
during a period in which Newport sent a total of 347 slave ships to Africa. By the beginning of the
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No record of the decision has survived, so the court's rationale is unknown. Feldberg, p. 12.
362:
were excluded by the law, special provisions were allowed for the religious scruples of both
249:
110:
72:
1127:(2004). "Introduction: The Jews of Rhode Island". In George M. Goodwin; Ellen Smith (eds.).
1850:
1845:
1785:
1690:
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442:
229:
206:
8:
1819:
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1083:; Marc Saperstein (1999) . "Rhode Island Refuses to Naturalize Aaron Lopez, March 1762".
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approved their request and required that the men return to the Superior Court to take an
347:
237:
134:
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1080:
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and Jews. Although he met the conditions set by law, Lopez's request was denied by the
841:
According to Marcus and Saperstein, the law was enacted around 1699, not 1663 (p. 93).
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Lopez supported a number of charitable causes in Newport. He purchased books for the
264:
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of Rhode Island. Another qualified Jew, Isaac Elizer, was also denied citizenship.
308:
304:
214:
1234:"Guide to the Papers of Aaron Lopez (1731-1782), 1752-1794, 1846, 1852, 1953 P-11"
1182:
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562:
359:
355:
323:
148:
144:
666:
1206:
Schappes, Morris U. (1976) . "Merchant in Exile". In Morris U. Schappes (ed.).
1153:
Bigelow, Bruce M. (October 1931). "Aaron Lopez: Colonial Merchant of Newport".
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1839:
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109:. Through his varied commercial ventures, he became the wealthiest person in
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interests in the production of textiles, clothes, shoes, hats, and bottles.
1554:
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Feldberg, Michael, ed. (2002). "Aaron Lopez's Struggle for Citizenship".
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College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
1301:
272:
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198:
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760:"Aaron Lopez - Merchant King Who Kept The Revolutionary Army Supplied"
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In 1761, Lopez applied to the Rhode Island Superior Court to become a
1408:
202:
43:
1166:
139:
16:
Slave trader, merchant, and philanthropist in colonial Rhode Island
271:
enforced a boycott against trade with Britain. In October 1775, a
764:
Jewish Heroes and Heroines in America from Colonial Times to 1900
363:
210:
1208:
A Documentary History of the Jews of the United States 1654-1875
1258:
Articles Related to Rhode Island and The Providence Plantations
221:
190:
167:
130:
117:. In 1761 and 1762, Lopez unsuccessfully sued the Rhode Island
57:
936:
Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight
738:
Narragansett Historical Publishing Company. 1885. p. 313.
1189:
Aaron Lopez and Judah Touro: A Refugee and a Son of a Refugee
1022:
307:(which later relocated to Providence and eventually became
197:. One of Lopez's early business interests was the trade in
956:
Blessings of Freedom: Chapters in American Jewish History
766:. Florida Atlantic University Libraries. Archived from
1122:
1086:
The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791
358:
for seven years could become a British subject; while
105:, was a merchant, slave trader, and philanthropist in
1079:
657:"Plantations in the North: The Narragansett Planters"
426:
322:
Lopez was a leading contributor who helped build the
232:. Historian Eli Faber determined Lopez underwrote 21
1886:
Deaths by horse-riding accident in the United States
569:(New York: Block Publishing Co., 1936), pp. 55, 306.
520:. American Jewish Historical Society. September 2017
1232:Snyder, Holly; Elder, Tanya; Lang, Leanora (eds.).
915:
Lopez of Newport: Colonial American Merchant Prince
228:. Between 1761 and 1774, Lopez was involved in the
217:to control the cost and distribution of whale oil.
1186:
1108:. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.
978:
392:of the legislature. There they were told that the
326:, and he was given the honor of laying one of its
182:Lopez's wife and her son Joshua Lopez, painted by
1837:
518:"Guide to the Papers of Aaron Lopez (1731–1782)"
259:In the mid-1770s, with growing tensions between
1106:Jews & Gentiles in Early America: 1654–1800
1006:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews
985:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
828:
826:
824:
1286:
1131:. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press.
1065:. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press.
539:
537:
535:
1871:American people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
252:minister in Newport and future president of
173:
1231:
821:
1293:
1279:
1089:. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press.
1000:The Historical Research Department of the
805:
803:
532:
303:. He contributed lumber to help build the
42:
1911:Portuguese emigrants to the United States
1300:
1193:. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House.
918:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
267:, Lopez's fortunes began to decline. The
1205:
1181:
976:
953:
512:
510:
508:
506:
177:
1881:Deaths by drowning in the United States
1152:
939:. New York: New York University Press.
800:
487:History of the Jews in Colonial America
153:continued to practice Judaism in secret
1856:18th-century Portuguese businesspeople
1838:
1103:
1060:
19:For the PRI senator from Sinaloa, see
1274:
1255:
932:
911:
757:
654:
648:
503:
162:in 1740 and granted a license by the
1931:Merchants from colonial Rhode Island
1861:18th-century American Sephardic Jews
388:Lopez and Elizer fared worse in the
311:), and he donated land to establish
1926:18th-century American slave traders
1891:Immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
13:
1146:
960:American Jewish Historical Society
14:
1942:
1866:Accidental deaths in Rhode Island
1225:
981:Jews and the American Slave Trade
868:Marcus and Saperstein, pp. 94–95.
850:Marcus and Saperstein, pp. 92–93.
373:Lopez and Elizer appealed to the
129:Duarte Lopez was born in 1731 in
23:. For the former footballer, see
1813:
567:The Story of the Jews of Newport
472:
460:
448:
436:
1048:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls
1008:. Chicago: Latimer Associates.
893:
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201:, a coveted wax extracted from
655:Davis, Paul (March 13, 2006).
608:
599:
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572:
555:
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337:
1:
899:Marcus and Saperstein, p. 95.
859:Marcus and Saperstein, p. 92.
705:Marcus and Saperstein, p. 94.
497:
375:Rhode Island General Assembly
301:Redwood Library and Athenaeum
137:. He belonged to a family of
124:
1210:. New York: Schocken Books.
7:
1736:New Shoreham (Block Island)
422:
356:Britain's American colonies
10:
1947:
977:Friedman, Saul S. (1998).
912:Chyet, Stanley F. (1970).
905:
348:Naturalization Act of 1740
18:
1809:
1641:
1588:
1563:
1540:
1502:
1493:
1432:
1324:
1312:
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1238:Center for Jewish History
1155:The New England Quarterly
561:Schappes, p. 573, citing
283:, Boston, and finally to
174:Merchant and slave trader
88:
80:
69:May 28, 1782 (aged 50/51)
65:
50:
41:
34:
1921:Portuguese slave traders
1339:Buildings and structures
1129:The Jews of Rhode Island
1104:Pencak, William (2005).
1063:The Jews of Rhode Island
410:
317:Leicester, Massachusetts
277:Portsmouth, Rhode Island
25:Aaron López (footballer)
1916:Portuguese slave owners
1876:Brown University people
1820:Rhode Island portal
758:Brody, Seymour (1996).
492:Jewish views on slavery
269:Continental Association
265:North American colonies
1901:Jews from Rhode Island
1576:Providence Plantations
1183:Gutstein, Morris Aaron
809:Smith and Sarna, p. 3.
662:The Providence Journal
623:Friedman, pp. 123–127.
405:Swansea, Massachusetts
186:
151:, although the family
92:Merchant, slave trader
1896:American slave owners
181:
147:who had converted to
107:colonial Rhode Island
84:Newport, Rhode Island
818:Feldberg, pp. 12-13.
1424:Visitor attractions
1399:Narragansett people
1081:Marcus, Jacob Rader
1045:Jewish Encyclopedia
933:Faber, Eli (1998).
417:the Jewish cemetery
368:colonial government
354:who had resided in
346:citizen. Under the
238:American Revolution
119:colonial government
1906:People from Lisbon
596:Kaplan, pp. 18–19.
563:Morris A. Gutstein
394:British Parliament
383:oath of allegiance
187:
101:(1731–1782), born
75:, Rhode Island, US
21:Aarón Irízar López
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1584:
1583:
1550:Blackstone Valley
1419:Thirteen Colonies
1344:Colonial Colleges
1125:Jonathan D. Sarna
669:on March 15, 2006
313:Leicester Academy
121:for citizenship.
96:
95:
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1746:North Providence
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832:Feldberg, p. 13.
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164:General Assembly
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1147:Further reading
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1002:Nation of Islam
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877:Pencak, p. 109.
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788:Pencak, p. 100.
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770:on May 17, 2008
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1167:10.2307/359587
1161:(4): 757–776.
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1123:Smith, Ellen;
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1024:Jacobs, Joseph
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716:
714:Kaplan, p. 22.
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689:
687:Pencak, p. 88.
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632:Faber, p. 138.
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1796:West Warwick
1731:Narragansett
1661:Burrillville
1571:Rhode Island
1555:Block Island
1460:Demographics
1314:
1306:Rhode Island
1261:
1241:. Retrieved
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455:Rhode Island
419:in Newport.
414:
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328:cornerstones
321:
298:
295:Philanthropy
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254:Yale College
242:
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115:Rhode Island
103:Duarte Lopez
102:
98:
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29:
1851:1782 deaths
1846:1731 births
1666:Charlestown
1480:LGBT rights
1378:Mass media
1354:Delegations
1040:Cyrus Adler
390:upper house
379:lower house
344:naturalized
338:Citizenship
246:Ezra Stiles
234:slave ships
230:slave trade
207:New England
160:naturalized
149:Catholicism
99:Aaron Lopez
36:Aaron Lopez
1840:Categories
1771:Smithfield
1756:Portsmouth
1726:Middletown
1676:Cumberland
1651:Barrington
1633:Woonsocket
1623:Providence
1542:Geographic
1532:Washington
1527:Providence
1382:newspapers
1364:Government
1316:Providence
1243:August 16,
498:References
352:Protestant
281:Providence
279:, then to
273:Royal Navy
199:spermaceti
125:Early life
60:, Portugal
1706:Jamestown
1701:Hopkinton
1696:Glocester
1618:Pawtucket
1470:Education
1359:Geography
1319:(capital)
1032:"Newport"
890:, p. 295.
645:, p. 294.
552:Chyet, 62
479:Biography
360:Catholics
285:Leicester
203:whale oil
140:conversos
1801:Westerly
1781:Tiverton
1766:Scituate
1761:Richmond
1711:Johnston
1671:Coventry
1603:Cranston
1564:Historic
1504:Counties
1485:Politics
1475:Gun laws
1440:Abortion
1185:(1939).
1042:(eds.).
1030:(1906).
1004:(1991).
886:Jacobs,
641:Jacobs,
423:See also
263:and its
224:and the
195:New York
166:to make
135:Portugal
1716:Lincoln
1656:Bristol
1628:Warwick
1613:Newport
1522:Newport
1512:Bristol
1495:Regions
1465:Economy
1455:Culture
1433:Society
1369:History
1334:Outline
1199:2848361
1052:May 11,
906:Sources
774:May 11,
673:May 11,
467:Judaism
429:Portals
364:Quakers
261:Britain
211:Whalers
111:Newport
73:Newport
1786:Warren
1691:Foster
1686:Exeter
1590:Cities
1409:Quahog
1404:People
1374:Images
1326:Topics
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1175:359587
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888:et al.
643:et al.
377:. The
248:, the
222:Europe
191:Boston
168:potash
131:Lisbon
58:Lisbon
1643:Towns
1450:Crime
1387:radio
1302:State
1171:JSTOR
1034:. In
411:Death
215:trust
1517:Kent
1245:2018
1212:ISBN
1195:OCLC
1133:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1054:2008
1010:ISBN
987:ISBN
964:ISBN
941:ISBN
920:ISBN
776:2008
675:2008
526:2018
193:and
66:Died
54:1731
51:Born
1304:of
1163:doi
315:in
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1392:TV
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