260:(KHNP) suspended design work on Shin Hanul-3 and -4, and construction work was suspended on Shin Kori-5 and -6 in July 2017 for a three-month period while a government-appointed committee met to discuss the country's future nuclear power policy. President Moon had signed an agreement in March 2017 calling for the phase-out of nuclear energy while campaigning for president. In October 2017, the committee recommended proceeding with the construction of Shin Kori-5 and -6. President Moon announced he supported the committee's decision, but added that no new construction would be allowed, throwing doubt on the fate of Shin Hanul-3 and -4.
134:
275:, United Arab Emirates. Construction of Barakah Unit 1 started in July 2012, Unit 2 started construction in May 2013, Unit 3 started construction in September 2014 and Unit 4 started construction in September 2015. Block 1 started to produce energy on 1 August 2020 and went into commercial operation on 6 April 2021. several research projects were performed at Khalifa University to ensure the safe operation for the APR1400 nuclear power plant. On 5th of september 2024 the fouth and final reactor started commercial production.
141:
3455:
3445:
3425:
159:
22:
180:
218:
210:
777:
SG. Compared with the OPR-1000 design, the steam generator features a larger secondary feedwater inventory, extending the dry-out time and affording more time for manual operator intervention, should it be needed. The design tube plugging margin is 10%, meaning the unit can operate at full power with up to 10% of the SG tubes plugged. Each of the two main steam lines from the steam generator contain five safety valves, a main steam relief valve and one
3435:
790:
calculated for the APR1400 design that it supplants". The APR+ core uses 257 fuel assemblies (16 more than APR-1400) to increase output to 1550 MW gross electricity. Certain safety features, such as backup generators, have been increased from two to four independent, redundant systems. The reactor design is also expected to have a shorter construction time of 36 months vs. 52 months for the APR1400. The
760:(PZR) on the hot leg, where a steam bubble is maintained during operation. The loops are arranged symmetrically, so the hot legs are diametrically opposed on the RPV's circumference. Because the steam generators are elevated relative to the RPV, natural convection will circulate reactor coolant in the event of RCP malfunction. The pressurizer is equipped with a
122:, which had acquired Combustion Engineering in 2000, filed a lawsuit in a U.S. federal court against KHNP and Kepco alleging that the APR-1400 was copied from the System 80 reactor. This had the indirect effect that the U.S. government rejected a request for necessary APR-1400 permission to export to a third country while the case is resolved.
776:
690 tubes; this material improves resistance to stress corrosion cracking compared to the
Inconel 600 used in prior designs. Like the late-evolution System 80+ design, the steam generator design incorporates an integral feedwater economizer, which pre-heats feedwater before it is introduced into the
236:
The first commercial APR-1400 reactors at Shin Kori were approved in
September 2007, with construction starting in October 2008 (Unit 3) and August 2009 (Unit 4). Shin Kori-3 was initially scheduled to commence operation by the end of 2013, but the schedules for both Units 3 & 4 were delayed by
693:
The design was developed to meet 43 design requirements, with the main developments being evolution in capacity, increased lifetime and enhanced safety. The design improvements also focus on meeting economic objectives and licensing requirements. Compared to the OPR-1000, the key features are:
789:
The APR-1400 has been further developed into the APR+ design, which received its official type certification on 14 August 2014 after seven years in development. The reactor design features improved safety and among others "a core damage frequency an entire order of magnitude lower than that
110:
As of
September 2018, the NRC issued its final safety evaluation report and standard design approval finding the design technically acceptable and valid for 15 years. In April 2019 the NRC approved a rule to certify the APR-1400 standard design. In September 2018, the U.S.
722:
The reactor core of the APR-1400 consists of 241 fuel assemblies, 93 control element assemblies, and 61 in-core instrumentation assemblies. Each fuel assembly has 236 fuel rods in a 16 x 16 array (some space is taken up by guide tubes for control elements) containing
248:
Units 1 & 2, began in May 2012 (Unit 1) and June 2013 (Unit 2), with Unit 1 expected to be completed in April 2017. Two more APR-1400s at Shin Hanul were approved in 2014, with construction to start in 2017.
106:
In
October 2017, European Utility Requirements (EUR) organization approved changes to the APR-1400 design for emergency cooling, allowing the design to be built in countries outside Europe to EUR certification.
751:
Like the OPR-1000 and preceding C-E designs, the APR-1400 has two reactor coolant loops. In each loop, heated primary coolant leaves the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) through one hot leg, passing through one
1790:
Alaleeli, Maithah M., Saeed A. Alameri, and
Mohammad Alrwashdeh. 2022. "Neutronic Analysis of SiC/SiC Sandwich Cladding Design in APR-1400 under Normal Operation Conditions" Energies 15, no. 14: 5204.
1763:
Alrwashdeh, Mohammad, and Saeed A. Alameri. "Preliminary neutronic analysis of alternative cladding materials for APR-1400 fuel assembly." Nuclear
Engineering and Design 384 (2021): 111486.
1178:
2471:
2273:
322:
was named the preferred bidder to acquire NuGen from
Toshiba. In July 2018 Kepco's preferred bidder status was terminated, in response to difficulties financing the development.
99:
APR-1400 design began in 1992 and was awarded certification by the Korean
Institute of Nuclear Safety in May 2002. The design certification application was submitted to the US
2948:
666:
Cold hydrostatic testing completed 16 February 2016. Initial construction completed 5 May 2017, with remaining testing pending operating license permitting fuel loading.
3142:
1650:
2359:
727:(average enrichment of 2.6 w/o), which is capable of producing an average volumetric power density of 100.9 W/cm^3. Up to 30% of the core can also be loaded with
966:"Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., and Korea Electric Power Corporation – Acceptance of the Application for Standard Design Certification of the APR1400"
690:
design. Under Korean conditions, the reactor produced 1455 MW gross electrical power with a thermal power capacity of 3983 MW (4000 MW nominal).
3458:
2162:
1805:
Alrwashdeh, Mohammad, and Saeed A. Alameri. 2022. "SiC and FeCrAl as
Potential Cladding Materials for APR-1400 Neutronic Analysis" Energies 15, no. 10: 3772.
1775:
Alrwashdeh, Mohammad, and Saeed A. Alameri. 2022. "Chromium-Coated
Zirconium Cladding Neutronics Impact for APR-1400 Reactor Core" Energies 15, no. 21: 8008.
1148:
1204:
2589:
2163:"In the Year of Sustainability UAE Takes Significant Leap towards Net Zero 2050 as Unit 3 of Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant Starts Commercial Operations"
764:
which not only protects against Reactor Coolant System over-pressure, it also allows manual depressurization in the case of a total loss of feedwater.
714:
Several other changes were incorporated such as moving to complete digital I/C and implementation of new systems in the Safety Injection System (SIT).
103:(NRC) in December 2014 and in March 2015, it was accepted for technical review to determine if the reactor design meets basic US safety requirements.
3253:
2495:
2238:
1747:
3398:
2220:
200:
1859:
1841:
1722:
237:
approximately one year to replace safety-related control cabling, which had failed some tests. Construction of two more APR-1400 units at
1393:
2479:
2389:
2101:
1287:
756:(SG), returning to the reactor vessel through two cold legs, each equipped with a reactor coolant pump (RCP). In loop 2, there is one
2648:
2193:
1968:
1364:
813:
318:
in March 2017, Engie pulled out of NuGen in July, leaving Toshiba as the sole owner of NuGen. In December 2017, NuGen announced that
133:
2887:
2004:
1419:
2277:
1463:
990:
335:
2448:
2303:
1437:
77:
units 1 and 2), and 2 units in construction (Shin Kori unit 5 and 6). Four units are completed and in commercial operation in the
3098:
2938:
2877:
1676:
3018:
1309:
2843:
2582:
894:
2130:
1492:
1338:
851:
916:
3484:
2894:
1256:
1054:
1885:
3489:
2811:
2367:
1654:
1234:
2031:"Korea eyes bigger defense exports to US and joint bid with US for reactor tenders - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea"
1126:
3093:
1818:
1546:
115:
gave the APR-1400 Standard Design Approval, and in September 2019 it received a design certificate valid for 15 years.
2176:
2044:
1572:
2575:
2336:
1624:
315:
2075:
3428:
3403:
3268:
1104:
319:
46:
1701:
241:, Korea (Units 5 and 6) had been expected to begin in 2014, but as of December 2016 plans had not been finalised.
3346:
3180:
2782:
2660:
2252:
753:
263:
As of April 2020, Shin-Kori 1 and 2 and Shin-Hanul 1 are operational while Shin-Hanul 2 being loaded with fuel.
1156:
3336:
3185:
2643:
1016:
299:
257:
2148:
1937:
1911:
3110:
2943:
331:
119:
112:
100:
3190:
2899:
2653:
2030:
808:
310:
units. SSE was bought out by Engie and Iberdrola in 2011, and Iberdrola's share, in turn, was purchased by
295:
1990:
338:
announced an agreement with KHNP to build a number of APR-1400 reactors near ZE PAK's coal-fired plant at
3448:
3410:
3248:
3075:
3013:
2838:
2742:
2628:
791:
761:
549:
272:
186:
82:
26:
2506:
1598:
3296:
2975:
657:
Cold hydro testing completed in November 2016; hot functional testing scheduled for May–September 2017.
3479:
3273:
2882:
2665:
731:
fuel with minor modifications. The core is designed for an 18-month operating cycle with a discharge
465:
339:
271:
In December 2009, a KEPCO-led consortium was awarded the contract to build four APR-1400 reactors at
245:
147:
74:
42:
880:
3438:
3363:
3263:
3175:
2061:
382:
238:
165:
70:
16:
Advanced pressurized water nuclear reactor designed by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)
2221:"Barakah / UAE Hails 'Historic Milestone' As Fourth And Final Reactor Begins Commercial Operation"
3393:
3368:
2982:
2759:
818:
3351:
1080:"NRC: Package ML19120A148 - Direct Final Rule: Advanced Power Reactor 1400 Design Certification"
3258:
58:
50:
648:
Cold hydrostatic testing completed November 2015. Hot functional testing completed April 2016.
3288:
3243:
2705:
2633:
2397:
1520:
686:
The APR-1400 is an evolutionary Advanced Light Water Reactor which is based on the previous
3238:
3223:
735:
up to 60,000 MWD/MTU, with a thermal margin of 10%. For the control element assemblies, 76
78:
2549:
8:
3373:
3158:
2752:
2620:
2599:
3278:
3115:
3042:
2853:
965:
868:
1723:"Barakah-1 / First Commercial Nuclear Plant In Arab World Begins Commercial Operation"
2610:
2419:
2232:
1741:
847:
2567:
1079:
931:
1041:
3356:
3316:
2770:
2525:
2045:"Second APR-1400 at Shin Hanul starts up : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News"
838:
778:
724:
2848:
939:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3051:
2958:
2927:
2909:
3331:
935:
21:
3473:
2787:
736:
49:(KEPCO). Originally known as the Korean Next Generation Reactor (KNGR), this
217:
3062:
2177:"Barakah 3 begins commercial operation - Nuclear Engineering International"
283:
914:
209:
3120:
2710:
2149:"Third unit completed at Barakah : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News"
1991:"South Korean APR-1400 starts up : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News"
757:
253:
66:
2826:
2831:
2821:
1806:
1791:
1776:
1523:[Nuclear Power-Operation-Construction Status-Shinhanul 1,2].
291:
94:
62:
3326:
1721:
Belgium, Central Office, NucNet a s b l , Brussels (24 March 2021).
1055:"US NRC set to certify APR-1400 reactor design - World Nuclear News"
3200:
3195:
3135:
2804:
2732:
2715:
2700:
2420:"KEPCO E&C - KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc"
2219:
Belgium, Central Office, NucNet a s b l , Brussels (1 March 2024).
687:
54:
38:
739:
pellets rods are used in the full strength control rods, while 17
3341:
3321:
2720:
2695:
915:
Lee, Sang-Seob; Kim, Sung-Hwan; Suh, Kune-Yull (8 October 2009).
803:
773:
740:
311:
303:
1044:(PDF) (Letter). Letter to Mr. Yun-Ho Kim. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
3130:
3125:
3105:
3085:
3070:
2953:
2690:
2670:
2638:
732:
307:
2496:"Status report 83 - Advanced Power Reactor 1400 MWe (APR1400)"
1042:"Standard Design Approval for the Advanced Power Reactor 1400"
3167:
3023:
2816:
2680:
1860:"Samsung-led consortium awarded Korean construction contract"
287:
1842:"Poland Signs Deal With Korea to Build Second Nuclear Plant"
3028:
2917:
2727:
2685:
314:
in 2013. Following the bankruptcy of Toshiba's subsidiary
3001:
2865:
2449:
The Design Characteristics of Advanced Power Reactor 1400
2304:
The Design Characteristics of Advanced Power Reactor 1400
728:
2547:
2276:. World Nuclear Association. August 2014. Archived from
917:"The design features of the Advanced Power Reactor 1400"
1653:. World Nuclear Association. April 2014. Archived from
895:"US design certification sought for APR1400, 2013. WNN"
2056:
2054:
1821:. Nuclear Engineering International. 12 September 2018
1515:
1513:
1107:. Nuclear Engineering International. 2 September 2019
707:
Core Damage Frequency: less than 10/yr (10x decrease)
2597:
2330:
2328:
2102:"Completed Barakah 1 awaits permission to load fuel"
846:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 7.
2051:
1288:"First Korean APR-1400 enters commercial operation"
2194:"Major components installed at final Barakah unit"
1969:"Commissioning of second Korean APR1400 postponed"
1510:
1493:"Second APR-1400 unit starts commercial operation"
1365:"Sites agreed for four more South Korean reactors"
1232:
1129:. Nuclear Engineering International. 11 April 2023
971:. Letter to Dr. Ha-Hwang Jung and Dr. Hee-Yong Lee
306:; the initial plans called for three Westinghouse
57:design and also incorporates features from the US
2334:
2325:
2131:"Second Barakah unit begins commercial operation"
2062:"South Korea to Expand Nuclear Power Utilization"
2005:"Key commissioning test completed at Korean unit"
1420:"Construction of two Korean reactors put on hold"
3471:
1702:"Arabische Emirate nehmen erstes AKW in Betrieb"
1464:"South Korean president accepts public decision"
1394:"Design work suspended for new Shin Hanul units"
1388:
1386:
991:"South Korea's AP1400 clear for European export"
743:-625 is used in the part strength control rods.
286:(NuGen) was formed as the joint venture between
2297:
2295:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1677:"UAE's fourth power reactor under construction"
1438:"Citizens recommend completion of Korean units"
1282:
1280:
1278:
836:
675:Major RCS components installed in summer 2017.
3254:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
2583:
2548:Euan Mearns, Andy Dawson (18 December 2017).
2188:
2186:
1997:
1878:
1852:
1412:
1383:
1310:"Celebrations at South Korean groundbreaking"
837:Goldberg, Stephen M.; Rosner, Robert (2011).
794:is the first planned plant with this design.
29:APR-1400 reactors in the United Arab Emirates
2292:
2237:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1956:
1811:
1746:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1456:
1430:
1333:
1331:
1275:
1263:. World Nuclear Association. 29 January 2014
1228:
1226:
1119:
1097:
2357:
1819:"UK's NuGen cuts staff at planned Moorside"
1651:"Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates"
1625:"Construction starts on third Barakah unit"
1339:"Second Shin Hanul unit under construction"
3434:
2590:
2576:
2225:The Independent Global Nuclear News Agency
2183:
1727:The Independent Global Nuclear News Agency
1127:"US stalls South Korea's NPP export plans"
840:Nuclear Reactors: Generation to Generation
698:Net Electric power: 1400 MW (40% increase)
2337:"Design approval for Korean APR+ reactor"
1708:. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
1328:
1223:
1040:Brown, Frederick D. (28 September 2018).
814:Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates
704:Seismic Design Basis: 0.3g (50% increase)
3166:
1866:. World Nuclear Association. 4 June 2015
1257:"Go-ahead for new reactors at Shin Kori"
910:
908:
906:
904:
710:Core fuel assemblies: 241 (36% increase)
635:
633:
20:
2533:International Atomic Energy Association
2503:International Atomic Energy Association
2218:
2125:
2123:
1886:"Fuel loading under way at Shin Kori 3"
1720:
1487:
1485:
1017:"NRC: APR1400 Final Safety Evaluations"
266:
140:
3472:
3181:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
2268:
2266:
1290:. World Nuclear News. 20 December 2016
1235:"Recabling delays Shin Kori start ups"
1233:World Nuclear News (18 October 2013).
1105:"Korea's APR-1400 certified by US NRC"
963:
158:
37:(for Advanced Power Reactor 1400
3186:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
2571:
2526:"APR + (Advanced Power Reactor Plus)"
2360:"APR+ Design Certification Announced"
1942:IAEA Power Reactor Information System
1916:IAEA Power Reactor Information System
1801:
1799:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1716:
1714:
901:
630:
2394:Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO)
2335:Peachey, Caroline (26 August 2014).
2253:"Fourth Barakah unit starts up"
2120:
1971:. World Nuclear News. 10 August 2017
1547:"UAE picks Korea as nuclear partner"
1482:
701:Design Life: 60 years (50% increase)
3191:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
2446:
2339:. Nuclear Engineering International
2301:
2263:
1839:
1573:"Construction under way at Barakah"
1155:. 13 September 2007. Archived from
964:Ciocco, Jeffrey A. (4 March 2015).
639:Delayed by fraudulent cabling issue
244:Construction of two new APR-1400s,
179:
13:
3000:
2550:"An Overview of the KEPCO APR1400"
2456:Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co
2311:Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co
1807:https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103772
1796:
1792:https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145204
1781:
1777:https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218008
1766:
1754:
1711:
924:Nuclear Engineering and Technology
330:In October 2022, Polish utilities
14:
3501:
2472:"Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors"
2440:
2274:"Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors"
2076:"Testing milestone for Barakah 1"
316:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
278:
43:pressurized water nuclear reactor
3454:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3274:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
2447:Kim, Han-Gon (28 October 2009).
2358:Davis, Will (2 September 2014).
2313:(Report). IAEA. IAEA-CN-164-3S09
2302:Kim, Han-Gon (28 October 2009).
772:Each steam generator has 13,102
252:After the election of President
216:
208:
178:
157:
139:
132:
69:there are 4 units in operation (
47:Korea Electric Power Corporation
2505:. 11 April 2011. Archived from
2478:. December 2014. Archived from
2412:
2382:
2351:
2245:
2212:
2169:
2155:
2141:
2094:
2068:
2037:
2023:
1983:
1930:
1904:
1833:
1695:
1669:
1643:
1617:
1591:
1565:
1539:
1357:
1302:
1249:
1205:"Shin-Kori-4, Korea RO (South)"
1197:
1179:"Shin-Kori-3, Korea RO (South)"
1171:
1141:
669:
660:
651:
642:
258:Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power
53:was developed from the earlier
3264:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1840:Lee, Heesu (31 October 2022).
1072:
1047:
1034:
1009:
983:
957:
887:
830:
300:Moorside Nuclear Power Station
231:
213: Active (number of units)
1:
1521:"원자력 - 운영 - 건설현황 - 신한울 1,2호기"
824:
120:Westinghouse Electric Company
113:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
101:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
3064:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
1149:"Shin-Kori 3 and 4 approved"
809:Nuclear power in South Korea
767:
296:Scottish and Southern Energy
125:
41:electricity) is an advanced
7:
3485:Nuclear power reactor types
3411:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
797:
792:Cheonji Nuclear Power Plant
762:pilot-operated relief valve
204:Locations of APR-1400 units
27:Barakah nuclear power plant
10:
3506:
3490:Pressurized water reactors
3249:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1497:www.world-nuclear-news.org
1059:www.world-nuclear-news.org
746:
345:
92:
88:
3419:
3386:
3374:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3287:
3269:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3234:
3217:
3157:
3084:
3076:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
3050:
3041:
2993:
2973:
2926:
2908:
2864:
2769:
2751:
2619:
2606:
2476:World Nuclear Association
1209:World Nuclear Association
1183:World Nuclear Association
936:10.5516/NET.2009.41.8.995
681:
548:
464:
381:
325:
3439:List of nuclear reactors
3279:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
2895:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
3429:Nuclear fusion reactors
3394:Organic nuclear reactor
2600:nuclear fission reactor
819:Nuclear power in Poland
784:
717:
2396:. 2011. Archived from
1938:"United Arab Emirates"
59:Combustion Engineering
51:Generation III reactor
30:
1599:"Barakah 2 under way"
531:Construction resumed
510:Construction resumed
298:(SSE) to develop the
65:design. Currently in
25:Unit 1 and unit 2 of
24:
3259:Traveling-wave (TWR)
2743:Supercritical (SCWR)
2400:on 29 September 2015
1912:"Korea, Republic of"
1237:. World Nuclear News
267:United Arab Emirates
201:class=notpageimage|
79:United Arab Emirates
2629:Aqueous homogeneous
2364:atomic power review
2179:. 28 February 2023.
447:Under construction
426:Under construction
352:
223:Under construction
3449:Nuclear technology
2257:World Nuclear News
2198:World Nuclear News
2135:World Nuclear News
2106:World Nuclear News
2082:. 16 February 2016
2080:World Nuclear News
2011:. 17 November 2016
2009:World Nuclear News
1890:World Nuclear News
1864:World Nuclear News
1683:. 2 September 2015
1681:World Nuclear News
1657:on 18 January 2016
1629:World Nuclear News
1603:World Nuclear News
1577:World Nuclear News
1553:. 29 December 2009
1551:World Nuclear News
1468:World Nuclear News
1442:World Nuclear News
1424:World Nuclear News
1398:World Nuclear News
1371:. 21 November 2014
1369:World Nuclear News
1343:World Nuclear News
1314:World Nuclear News
1261:World Nuclear News
1153:World Nuclear News
995:World Nuclear News
593:24 September 2014
350:
31:
3467:
3466:
3459:Nuclear accidents
3382:
3381:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3153:
3152:
3037:
3036:
2969:
2968:
2535:. 6 November 2013
2424:www.kepco-enc.com
2280:on 27 August 2014
1892:. 4 November 2015
1470:. 23 October 2017
1444:. 20 October 2017
853:978-0-87724-090-7
622:
621:
610:2 September 2015
599:24 February 2023
399:12 December 2016
396:30 October 2015
351:APR-1400 Summary
3497:
3480:Nuclear reactors
3457:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3369:Helium gas (GFR)
3232:
3231:
3227:
3164:
3163:
3048:
3047:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2512:on 18 April 2013
2511:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2482:on 13 April 2014
2467:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2366:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:. 14 August 2017
2190:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2137:. 28 March 2015.
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
997:. 9 October 2017
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
970:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
945:on 9 August 2017
944:
938:. Archived from
921:
912:
899:
898:
891:
885:
884:
878:
874:
872:
864:
862:
860:
845:
834:
676:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
649:
646:
640:
637:
617:5 september 2024
596:4 November 2021
393:16 October 2008
353:
349:
220:
212:
182:
181:
161:
160:
143:
142:
136:
45:designed by the
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3415:
3378:
3283:
3228:
3221:
3220:
3205:
3149:
3080:
3055:
3033:
3005:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2965:
2931:
2922:
2904:
2869:
2860:
2774:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2661:Natural fission
2615:
2614:
2602:
2596:
2558:
2556:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2370:on 2 April 2015
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1426:. 14 July 2017.
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1159:on 2 April 2015
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
968:
962:
958:
948:
946:
942:
930:(8): 995–1004.
919:
913:
902:
893:
892:
888:
876:
875:
866:
865:
858:
856:
854:
843:
835:
831:
827:
800:
787:
779:isolation valve
770:
754:steam generator
749:
725:Uranium dioxide
720:
684:
679:
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
652:
647:
643:
638:
631:
410:19 August 2009
376:
371:
366:
348:
328:
281:
269:
234:
229:
228:
227:
205:
203:
197:
196:
195:
194:
183:
175:
174:
173:
162:
154:
153:
152:
149:Shin Hanul +{2}
144:
128:
97:
91:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Integral (IFR)
3241:
3235:
3229:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2988:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2554:Energy Matters
2545:
2522:
2492:
2468:
2458:(Report). IAEA
2442:
2441:External links
2439:
2437:
2436:
2411:
2390:"APR+ Reactor"
2381:
2350:
2324:
2291:
2262:
2244:
2211:
2182:
2168:
2154:
2140:
2119:
2093:
2067:
2064:. 6 July 2022.
2050:
2036:
2022:
1996:
1982:
1955:
1929:
1903:
1877:
1851:
1832:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1765:
1753:
1710:
1706:Deutsche Welle
1694:
1668:
1642:
1616:
1590:
1579:. 19 July 2012
1564:
1538:
1525:www.khnp.co.kr
1509:
1481:
1455:
1429:
1411:
1382:
1356:
1345:. 26 June 2013
1327:
1301:
1274:
1248:
1222:
1196:
1170:
1140:
1118:
1096:
1071:
1046:
1033:
1008:
982:
956:
900:
886:
852:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
799:
796:
786:
783:
769:
766:
748:
745:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
683:
680:
678:
677:
668:
659:
650:
641:
628:
627:
626:
620:
619:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
582:24 March 2022
580:
578:
575:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
546:
545:
540:
537:
532:
529:
525:
524:
519:
516:
511:
508:
504:
503:
498:
493:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
477:
474:
471:
468:
462:
461:
456:
453:
451:September 2017
448:
445:
441:
440:
435:
432:
430:September 2016
427:
424:
420:
419:
414:
413:November 2015
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
360:
357:
347:
344:
327:
324:
280:
279:United Kingdom
277:
268:
265:
233:
230:
226:
225:
214:
199:
198:
185:
184:
177:
176:
164:
163:
156:
155:
146:
145:
138:
137:
131:
130:
129:
127:
124:
90:
87:
73:unit 3 and 4,
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3502:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3289:Generation IV
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Breeder (FBR)
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3216:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1605:. 28 May 2013
1604:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1400:. 26 May 2017
1399:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1334:
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2108:. 5 May 2017
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1631:. 8 May 2012
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1316:. 8 May 2012
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577:28 May 2013
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473:Operational
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3332:Superphénix
3159:Molten-salt
3111:VHTR (HTGR)
2888:HW BLWR 250
2854:R4 Marviken
2783:Pressurized
2753:Heavy water
2737:many others
2666:Pressurized
2621:Light water
2559:18 December
1896:16 December
1687:2 September
1527:(in Korean)
1502:3 September
1294:23 December
1084:www.nrc.gov
1021:www.nrc.gov
877:|work=
758:pressurizer
729:Mixed Oxide
563:5 May 2017
417:August 2019
254:Moon Jae-in
232:South Korea
67:South Korea
3474:Categories
3116:PBR (PBMR)
825:References
496:April 2020
466:Shin-Hanul
246:Shin Hanul
93:See also:
75:Shin Hanul
63:System 80+
3168:Fluorides
2832:IPHWR-700
2827:IPHWR-540
2822:IPHWR-220
2611:Moderator
2598:Types of
2462:13 August
2429:2 January
2317:13 August
2284:29 August
2204:5 January
2086:5 January
1975:12 August
1846:Bloomberg
1661:20 August
1474:5 January
1448:5 January
1267:19 August
1241:16 August
1001:5 January
879:ignored (
869:cite book
859:26 August
768:Secondary
481:May 2022
383:Shin-Kori
375:Operation
372:Complete
292:Iberdrola
239:Shin Kori
167:Shin Kori
126:Locations
118:In 2022,
95:System 80
71:Shin Kori
3201:TMSR-LF1
3196:TMSR-500
3176:Fuji MSR
3136:THTR-300
2976:Graphite
2839:PHWR KWU
2805:ACR-1000
2733:IPWR-900
2716:ACPR1000
2711:HPR-1000
2701:CPR-1000
2676:APR-1400
2404:11 March
2374:11 March
2343:11 March
2233:cite web
1948:11 March
1922:11 March
1742:cite web
1635:11 March
1609:11 March
1583:11 March
1557:11 March
1531:16 April
1375:11 March
1349:11 March
1320:11 March
1215:11 March
1189:11 March
1163:11 March
1133:11 April
975:11 March
798:See also
688:OPR-1000
55:OPR-1000
35:APR-1400
3342:FBR-600
3322:CFR-600
3317:BN-1200
2983:coolant
2910:Organic
2795:CANDU 9
2792:CANDU 6
2760:coolant
2721:ACP1000
2696:CAP1400
2634:Boiling
2539:4 March
2516:4 March
2486:4 March
2112:22 July
2015:22 July
1870:26 July
1732:7 April
1404:22 July
949:4 March
804:APR1000
774:Inconel
747:Primary
741:Inconel
550:Barakah
543:unknown
522:unknown
459:unknown
438:unknown
362:Status
346:Summary
312:Toshiba
304:Cumbria
273:Barakah
188:Barakah
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3387:Others
3327:Phénix
3312:BN-800
3307:BN-600
3302:BN-350
3131:HTR-PM
3126:HTR-10
3106:UHTREX
3071:Magnox
3066:(UNGG)
2959:Lucens
2954:KS 150
2691:ATMEA1
2671:AP1000
2654:Kerena
1944:. 2015
1918:. 2015
1211:. 2015
1185:. 2015
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1064:14 May
1026:14 May
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682:Design
377:Start
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340:Pątnów
336:ZE PAK
326:Poland
308:AP1000
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3399:Arbus
3357:PRISM
3099:MHR-T
3094:GTMHR
3024:EGP-6
3019:AMB-X
2994:Water
2939:HWGCR
2878:HWLWR
2817:IPHWR
2788:CANDU
2649:ESBWR
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2944:EL-4
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2728:VVER
2686:APWR
2681:APR+
2644:ABWR
2561:2017
2541:2015
2518:2015
2488:2015
2464:2017
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2406:2015
2376:2015
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