205:
2493:
160:
1857:
2479:
736:
2506:
1420:
1381:
1347:
1339:
1428:
1389:
1098:
By 1958, despite an economic recovery and the unexpected success of U Nu's "Arms for
Democracy" offer that saw the surrender of a large number of insurgents, most notably the PVO, the AFPFL had become riven with internal splits, which worsened following the party's congress in January 1958. In July
1023:
Burma declared independence from
Britain in January 1948, and the CPB went underground the following March after U Nu ordered the arrest of its leaders for inciting rebellion. Other groups also soon dropped out of the AFPFL to join the rebellion, not only the White-band faction of the People's
913:
served as first president respectively general secretary of the league. Personal issues led to Thakin Soe's ouster from the CPB and consequently to his absence at the first post-war conference of the AFPFL held at the
Naythurain theater on the Kandawgyi Lake from 16 to 19 August 1945 in
926:, started a rebellion in 1946. Though the CPB, dubbed the White Flag Communists, continued to co-operate with the AFPFL, its leader Thakin Than Tun resigned as general secretary in July 1946 after contentions with Aung San and other AFPFL leaders, and was replaced by the socialist
1006:
for a constitutional assembly were held in April 1947, which the AFPFL won amidst an election boycott by the opposition, taking 173 of the 210 seats and running unopposed in over fifty constituencies. Aung San headed the constitutional assembly and was set to become Burma's
1126:
by only eight votes with the support of the opposition NUF. Still dogged by the "multicoloured insurgency", the army hardliners feared the communists being allowed to rejoin mainstream politics through Nu's need for continued support by the NUF, and was compounded by the
901:
in August 1944. The AFO was renamed Anti-Fascist People's
Freedom League at a meeting held from 1β3 March 1945. The name change indicated that the aim of the organization was both to liberate Burma from the Japanese and achieve independence.
836:
in London in
January 1947. After winning the elections of April 1947 for a Constitutional Assembly, the AFPFL leadership drafted the new constitution for a sovereign Burma. It initially included a Marxist faction led by
921:
Dissent and ideological rifts with the communists over leadership and strategy in the independence struggle began soon to emerge within the league. Thakin Soe, after splitting from the CPB and forming the
2392:
1189:. It spent most of this period in its history fighting several communist, socialist and ethnic separatist rebel groups for control over the future of the country. It also fought a
2103:
2017:
1746:
Prager-Nyein, Susanne; Nyein, Tun Kyaw (2016). "Setting the Stage for the Final
Struggle. The Naythurain Conference". In Chandler, David P.; Cribb, Robert; Narangoa, Li (eds.).
557:
1927:
2377:
941:, the communists accused him of having sold out to the British and settled for a "sham independence". In November, the CPB was officially expelled from the AFPFL.
552:
2560:
2023:
1842:
1190:
1165:
The league with its different political parties and mass and class organizations was held together by the common leadership of first Aung San and then
422:
2575:
293:
2402:
2328:
1820:
2214:
1738:
600:
2580:
2369:
1808:
894:
773:
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236:
931:
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negotiated in London the independence for Burma. The
British however made independence contingent upon the agreement of Burma's major
656:
2535:
2343:
715:
848:
The AFPFL determined Burma's post-independence politics and policies until June 1958, when the party split into two factions, the
2570:
2453:
2073:
1975:
1915:
1835:
114:
2067:
1969:
1891:
1153:, two new parties were established using the AFPFL name, the AFPFL (founded 1988) and the AFPFL (Original). Both contested the
633:
620:
616:
1122:
The majority of AFPFL MPs were supporters of the Stable faction, but U Nu was able to narrowly escape defeat in parliamentary
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2585:
2530:
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243:
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1851:
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led by communist commanders calling themselves the
Revolutionary Burma Army (RBA). The AFPFL government had plunged into
545:
2273:
2127:
1944:
1828:
869:
The origins of the league go back to the clandestine anti-Japanese resistance organization AFO that was founded by the
519:
514:
460:
417:
328:
230:
175:
1799:
2353:
2303:
2278:
766:
382:
1850:
1095:(NUF) and led by Aung Than, older brother of Aung San, won 37% of the vote and 48 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
2298:
2258:
343:
1075:
were held over several months in 1951 and 1952, with the AFPFL and its allies winning 199 of the 250 seats in the
2438:
2222:
2197:
2191:
2145:
2139:
2550:
2318:
2288:
2387:
2333:
2179:
2053:
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1877:
1400:
1315:
1154:
1143:
1088:
1003:
500:
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265:
2555:
2410:
2109:
1999:
1903:
810:
759:
580:
453:
279:
225:
105:
2545:
2227:
2157:
2040:
2029:
1076:
1011:, but was assassinated together with six other members of his cabinet on 19 July, a date commemorated as
2268:
2085:
1987:
1933:
1197:(KMT) forces who occupied the far north of the country for several years after the KMT's defeat by the
2443:
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806:
324:
306:
84:
2247:
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1993:
1921:
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870:
814:
447:
918:. Aung San chaired the conference and eventually superseded Thakin Soe as president of the AFPFL.
2232:
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2121:
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1008:
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405:
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2079:
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1897:
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886:
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17:
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562:
479:
429:
261:
121:
8:
2471:
2359:
2283:
2237:
1104:
977:
930:. When Aung San accepted in September 1946 the British governor's invitation to lead the
878:
849:
818:
628:
593:
368:
195:
94:
2115:
2011:
1732:
1206:
1186:
802:
from 1945 to 1958. It consisted of political parties and mass and class organizations.
795:
397:
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133:
128:
1769:
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1683:
1664:
1041:
973:
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348:
297:
170:
1217:
support of the KMT on one hand, and facing the communist insurgencies on the other.
1465:
1453:
1182:
700:
1091:, the results came as a shock as the opposition left-wing coalition, known as the
2497:
2203:
2097:
2005:
1909:
1813:
1803:
1260:
1134:
lobbying for a loose federation. The volatile situation culminated in a military
1065:
910:
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334:
288:
271:
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997:
993:
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1795:
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1150:
996:
to support the negotiations for independence and join the future independent
985:
680:
667:
1764:
Thomson, John
Seabury (1960). "Marxism in Burma". In Trager, Frank N (ed.).
1790:
1470:
1116:
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961:
853:
842:
606:
358:
110:
98:
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1128:
989:
981:
969:
117:
2492:
204:
1267:
1232:
1194:
1131:
1108:
1061:
1049:
1015:. U Nu succeeded Aung San as leader of the AFPFL and Premier of Burma.
953:
945:
927:
906:
890:
874:
353:
1157:, but received less than 0.05% of the vote and failed to win a seat.
1033:
363:
312:
805:
The league evolved out of the anti-Japanese resistance organization
159:
2060:
1962:
1884:
1320:
1274:
1239:
935:
882:
829:
2458:
1856:
1542:
1028:
force out of the demobbed veterans, but also a large part of the
965:
949:
1748:
End of Empire. 100 Days in 1945 that
Changed Asia and the World
1506:
1139:
1112:
915:
898:
1210:
1149:
Following the restoration of multi-party democracy after the
1099:
1958 it formally split, with one group led by Prime Minister
1037:
799:
960:. Therefore, Aung San and other AFPFL colleagues among them
1363:
1246:
1209:
of 1955, shunning the South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (
1166:
1100:
1053:
58:
1628:
944:
In January 1947, Aung San and other AFPFL leaders such as
146:
1652:
Breakthrough in Burma Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946
1616:
1466:[pΚ°ΙΚsΚ°ΙͺΚsΚ°aΜ°Ι°ΜtΙΙͺΜΙ°ΜjΓ©pjìðṡlΚΚlaΚjΓ©ΙpΚ°wΙΜ°dΚoΚΚ]
980:
in February 1947 and convinced representatives from the
1530:
1518:
1087:
Although the AFPFL was returned to office again in the
1566:
1024:
Volunteer Organisation (PVO) formed by Aung San as a
1554:
1707:
1745:
1548:
1169:. During its time in office, the AFPFL pursued a
2522:
1750:. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
1661:World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia
825:(PRP). The AFO was renamed AFPFL in March 1945.
1586:"Tatmadaw's future role history has bequeathed"
1494:
1082:
1458:αααΊαα
αΊααα·αΊαα»ααΊαα±αΈ ααΌααΊαα°α·αα½ααΊαααΊαα±αΈ α‘αα½α²α·αα»α―ααΊ
44:αααΊαα
αΊααα·αΊαα»ααΊαα±αΈ ααΌααΊαα°α·αα½ααΊαααΊαα±αΈ α‘αα½α²α·αα»α―ααΊ
2329:People's Party of Myanmar Farmers and Workers
1836:
1718:
1710:Burma's foreign policy: a study in neutralism
1512:
1473:
1018:
767:
42:
2561:Defunct political party alliances in Myanmar
1173:policy based on unity and consensus, upheld
828:An AFPFL delegation under the leadership of
1737:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1677:
1634:
2505:
1843:
1829:
1680:Documents on communism in Burma, 1945-1977
774:
760:
1705:
1699:Political parties of Asia and the Pacific
1658:
1622:
1572:
864:
841:, but they were purged from the party in
657:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
2576:Political parties disestablished in 1958
2344:Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party
1757:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
1146:, which were won by U Nu's Clean AFPFL.
809:(AFO) founded in August 1944 during the
2454:Rakhine Nationalities Development Party
2074:Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
1976:Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
1916:Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
1763:
1754:
1727:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1725:Burmese Nationalist Movements 1940-1948
1560:
1536:
14:
2523:
2068:Union Solidarity and Development Party
1970:Union Solidarity and Development Party
1892:Union Solidarity and Development Party
1447:
2581:Political parties established in 1945
1824:
1789:Woodman, Dorothy (28 February 1948).
1696:
1524:
1464:
1201:. Its foreign policy followed strict
601:Ministry of International Cooperation
558:Self-Administered Zones and Divisions
553:States, Regions and Union Territories
244:National Defence and Security Council
2434:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
2416:United Nationalities Federal Council
2383:Nationalities Brotherhood Federation
1817:magazine cover story, 30 August 1954
1253:
976:and Sein Mya Maung took part in the
788:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
37:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
2152:Shan Nationalities Democratic Party
1281:
24:
2274:Democratic Party for a New Society
2128:Chin National League for Democracy
1663:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
1649:
1500:
25:
2597:
2393:United Political Parties Alliance
2304:Myanmar Farmers Development Party
2279:Ethnic National Development Party
1783:
1706:Johnstone, William Crane (1963).
1701:. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press.
1611:The Far East and Australasia 2003
2504:
2491:
2477:
2299:Kokang Democracy and Unity Party
2259:Democracy and Human Rights Party
1855:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
885:, and three socialists from the
734:
716:National Human Rights Commission
203:
158:
2536:1958 disestablishments in Burma
2439:Burma Socialist Programme Party
2223:Akha National Development Party
2198:Lisu National Development Party
2192:Lahu National Development Party
2146:Lisu National Development Party
2140:Lahu National Development Party
1643:
1604:
2571:Nationalist parties in Myanmar
2289:Inn National Development Party
1578:
1427:
1388:
13:
1:
2388:United Nationalities Alliance
2334:Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party
2180:National League for Democracy
2054:National League for Democracy
1956:National League for Democracy
1878:National League for Democracy
1768:. Stanford University Press.
1549:Prager-Nyein & Nyein 2016
1488:
1220:
834:negotiations for independence
2586:Socialist parties in Myanmar
2531:1945 establishments in Burma
2411:88 Generation Students Group
2110:Kayah State Democratic Party
2000:Kayah State Democratic Party
1928:New Democracy Party (Kachin)
1904:Kayah State Democratic Party
1852:Political parties in Myanmar
1791:"Burma - free and socialist"
1659:Cavendish, Marshall (2007).
1225:
1083:Parliamentary rule and split
1071:The first post-independence
887:People's Revolutionary Party
823:People's Revolutionary Party
280:State Administration Council
29:Political party in Burma
7:
2228:Arakan League for Democracy
2158:Zomi Congress for Democracy
2104:Kachin State People's Party
2030:Zomi Congress for Democracy
2018:Kachin State People's Party
1755:Seekins, Donald M. (2006).
1714:. Harvard University Press.
1682:. Institut fΓΌr Asienkunde.
1678:Fleischmann, Klaus (1989).
1160:
588:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
2602:
2566:National liberation armies
2541:Anti-fascist organizations
2426:Notable historical parties
2378:Federal Democracy Alliance
2314:National Development Party
2086:Pa-O National Organisation
1988:Pa-O National Organisation
1934:Pa-O National Organisation
1766:Marxism in South East Asia
1040:insurgent groups but also
1019:Independence and civil war
859:
2510:List of political parties
2467:
2444:Communist Party of Arakan
2424:
2401:
2368:
2339:Shan State Progress Party
2324:Peace and Diversity Party
2309:National Democratic Force
2264:Democracy and Peace Party
2254:Confederate Farmers Party
2213:
2167:
2039:
1943:
1865:
1474:
1457:
1395:Supermajority government
1362:
1353:Supermajority government
1273:General Secretary Thakin
1259:General Secretary Thakin
807:Anti-Fascist Organisation
662:National Unity Government
166:
157:
152:
139:
127:
104:
90:
85:Anti-Fascist Organisation
80:
72:
64:
54:
43:
34:
2248:Communist Party of Burma
1697:Fukui, Haruhiro (1985).
1440:
1107:"; the other was led by
924:Red Flag Communist Party
871:Communist Party of Burma
815:Communist Party of Burma
546:Administrative divisions
418:House of Representatives
2403:Political organisations
2354:United Democratic Party
2233:Arakan Liberation Party
2122:Wa National Unity Party
1199:Chinese Communist Party
1175:parliamentary democracy
1142:that presided over the
1124:motion of no-confidence
461:Constitutional Tribunal
231:Constitutional Tribunal
129:Political position
2349:Union Democratic Party
2243:Chin Progressive Party
1144:1960 general elections
1103:, which he named the "
905:The communist leaders
865:Fight for independence
617:Diplomatic missions of
406:House of Nationalities
383:Provisional Government
2551:Burma in World War II
2449:National United Front
2215:Unrepresented parties
2092:Ta'ang National Party
2080:Arakan National Party
1994:Ta'ang National Party
1982:Arakan National Party
1922:Ta'ang National Party
1898:Arakan National Party
1809:"The House on Stilts"
1115:and was known as the
1093:National United Front
344:Deputy Prime Minister
2319:National Unity Party
2294:Karen National Party
2186:Kayan National Party
2134:Kayin People's Party
1590:New Light of Myanmar
1434:Majority government
1213:) on account of the
1177:and presided over a
1136:caretaker government
1046:Karen National Union
675:Mahn Win Khaing Than
122:Democratic socialism
2556:Burmese nationalism
2472:Politics of Myanmar
2370:Political alliances
2360:Wa Democratic Party
2284:Federal Union Party
2238:Chin National Party
1802:6 July 2008 at the
1527:, pp. 108β109.
1515:, pp. 120β122.
1195:Nationalist Chinese
1077:Chamber of Deputies
978:Panglong Conference
879:Burma National Army
819:Burma National Army
811:Japanese occupation
794:) was the dominant
465:Chairman: Than Kyaw
196:Politics of Myanmar
2546:Buddhist socialism
2116:Arakan Front Party
2012:Arakan Front Party
1759:. Scarecrow Press.
1654:. pp. 434 pp.
1513:U Maung Maung 1990
1266:General Secretary
1207:Bandung Conference
1187:private enterprise
821:and the socialist
796:political alliance
741:Myanmar portal
2518:
2517:
2024:Wa National Party
1775:978-0-8047-0592-9
1689:978-3-88910-057-3
1670:978-0-7614-7631-3
1551:, pp. 85β87.
1539:, pp. 75β76.
1438:
1437:
1254:General secretary
1073:general elections
1042:ethnic minorities
1004:General elections
974:Myoma U Than Kywe
972:, Sir Maung Gyi,
958:ethnic minorities
932:Executive Council
784:
783:
651:Exiled government
634:Visa requirements
581:Foreign relations
533:Political parties
226:2008 Constitution
189:
188:
176:Political parties
171:Politics of Burma
91:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
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1181:comprising both
1132:Federal Movement
939:premier of Burma
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2006:Mon Unity Party
1947:Representatives
1946:
1939:
1910:Mon Unity Party
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1804:Wayback Machine
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1644:Bibliography
1630:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1580:
1568:
1561:Thomson 1960
1556:
1544:
1537:Seekins 2006
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1479:
1449:
1238:President U
1164:
1148:
1121:
1117:Stable AFPFL
1097:
1086:
1070:
1030:Burma Rifles
1026:paramilitary
1022:
1013:Martyrs' Day
1002:
962:Aung Zan Wai
943:
920:
904:
868:
854:Stable AFPFL
847:
843:October 1948
827:
804:
791:
787:
785:
711:Human rights
607:Ko Ko Hlaing
524:
501:
454:Htun Htun Oo
359:Tin Aung San
219:Constitution
111:Anti-fascism
99:Stable AFPFL
26:
2356:(dissolved)
1721:Maung Maung
1471:abbreviated
1310:Government
1277:(1956β1958)
1270:(1946β1956)
1263:(1945β1946)
1249:(1947β1958)
1242:(1945β1947)
1235:(1944β1945)
1171:nationalist
1105:Clean AFPFL
970:Bo Hmu Aung
909:and Thakin
895:Thakin Chit
850:Clean AFPFL
817:(CPB), the
666:President:
639:Visa policy
400:(dissolved)
398:Legislature
118:nationalism
95:Clean AFPFL
2525:Categories
1596:5 November
1525:Fukui 1985
1489:References
1462:pronounced
1405:1,844,614
1325:1,755,000
1268:Kyaw Nyein
1245:President
1233:Thakin Soe
1231:President
1221:Leadership
1203:neutrality
1109:Kyaw Nyein
1062:Mujahideen
954:Kyaw Nyein
946:Thakin Mya
928:Kyaw Nyein
907:Thakin Soe
891:Kyaw Nyein
875:Thakin Soe
706:Federalism
621:in Myanmar
605:Minister:
592:Minister:
430:Opposition
354:Mya Tun Oo
256:Government
235:Chairman:
153:Party flag
2171:Ministers
2041:State and
1733:cite book
1413:148 / 250
1374:199 / 250
1359:1951β1952
1332:173 / 210
1307:Position
1289:Election
1226:President
1034:civil war
568:Townships
563:Districts
489:General:
480:elections
442:Judiciary
364:Win Shein
313:Myint Swe
262:President
237:Than Kyaw
181:Elections
134:Left-wing
76:June 1958
73:Dissolved
2250:(banned)
2061:Military
2045:Hluttaws
2043:Regional
1963:Military
1945:House of
1885:Military
1867:House of
1800:Archived
1723:(1990).
1321:Aung San
1275:Kyaw Tun
1261:Than Tun
1240:Aung San
1215:American
1193:against
1161:Policies
1060:and the
936:de facto
911:Than Tun
883:Aung San
852:and the
832:led the
830:Aung San
701:Conflict
670:(acting)
629:Passport
594:Than Swe
369:Than Swe
285:Chairman
274:(acting)
106:Ideology
55:Chairman
2459:Thakins
1613:, p.892
1501:Ba 1968
1454:Burmese
1058:Rakhine
1048:(KNU),
966:Pe Khin
950:Tin Tut
916:Rangoon
889:(PRP),
860:History
813:by the
478:Recent
423:Speaker
411:Speaker
378:Cabinet
349:Soe Win
311:First:
298:Soe Win
140:Colours
115:Burmese
65:Founded
1772:
1686:
1667:
1408:47.7%
1301:Seats
1295:Votes
1140:Ne Win
1113:Ba Swe
1038:Burman
986:Kachin
952:, and
899:Ba Swe
897:, and
877:, the
144:
2064:(220)
2056:(501)
2047:(880)
1966:(110)
1958:(258)
1949:(440)
1880:(138)
1871:(224)
1441:Notes
1211:SEATO
1183:state
994:Kayah
800:Burma
792:AFPFL
18:AFPFL
2182:(23)
2173:(29)
2076:(27)
2070:(38)
1978:(13)
1972:(26)
1888:(56)
1814:Time
1770:ISBN
1739:link
1684:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1598:2009
1475:αααα
1431:1st
1401:1956
1392:1st
1364:U Nu
1350:1st
1342:173
1316:1947
1304:+/β
1247:U Nu
1185:and
1167:U Nu
1129:Shan
1111:and
1101:U Nu
1054:Pa-O
992:and
990:Chin
982:Shan
786:The
525:Next
520:2018
515:2016
502:Next
496:2020
491:2015
329:list
266:list
59:U Nu
2206:(1)
2200:(1)
2194:(1)
2188:(1)
2160:(1)
2154:(1)
2148:(1)
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2100:(6)
2094:(7)
2088:(7)
2082:(7)
2032:(1)
2026:(1)
2020:(1)
2014:(1)
2008:(2)
2002:(2)
1996:(3)
1990:(3)
1984:(4)
1936:(1)
1930:(1)
1924:(2)
1918:(2)
1912:(3)
1906:(3)
1900:(4)
1894:(7)
1423:51
1384:26
1064:of
1050:Mon
798:in
147:Red
2527::
1811:.
1793:.
1735:}}
1731:{{
1719:U
1588:.
1478:,
1469:;
1460:,
1456::
1298:%
1119:.
1079:.
1068:.
1052:,
1000:.
988:,
984:,
968:,
964:,
948:,
893:,
856:.
845:.
619:/
331:)
296::
287::
268:)
1844:e
1837:t
1830:v
1778:.
1741:)
1692:.
1673:.
1600:.
790:(
775:e
768:t
761:v
327:(
264:(
20:)
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