374:
403:
faster. This method allows us to speed up the process up to 200 cm/hr. Moreover, by controlling the intensity of each pixel in the setup topographical patterning can be created in a single exposure with no stage translation. A mixture of photo initiators and photo inhibitors is used in the setup. The absorbance spectra of two material is orthogonal this allows to control the process with the two orthogonal light sources. As the material is generated layer by layer the tray is gradually lifted and the photo inhibitors will not allow adhesion near the window.
255:
348:
270:
post-processing time decreases. The benefits of adaptive slicing depend on the proportion of the surface-to-volume ratio of the part. Efficient computation of adaptive layers is possible by analyzing the model surface over the full layer height. Several implementations are available as an open source software.
424:
parts) before print, can lead to 2.44x increase in speed over conventional printing method. Moreover, when the object needs to be iterated to find the optimal design it is not efficient to reprint the whole object over and over again: One solution is to print the main constant structure only once and
369:
methods. The process follows by placing silicone rubber particles in a liquid medium with photo-initiator agents. Then the acoustic mask is used to generate the desired pressure sound field to put the particle in the correct order. The next step is applying the UV light to solidify the final product.
337:
Printing methodologies. Each printing methods has its own pros and cons. For example, DLP-based methods have an advantage of manufacturing the entire layer at once. However, DLP idle time is longer due to the adhesion force. SLA based method uses two or more lasers that intersect at specific points
402:
Due to the mentioned effects, the printing speed with SLA methods is limited to a few millimeters to several centimeters per hour. To address this problem a system of two light sources is used, one for polymerization and one for inhibiting the polymerization to avoid adhesion and as a result print
360:
Interesting features of sound waves have encouraged scientists to use it in additive manufacturing. Sound waves can form pressure fields that shape the material in the desired form in a contact-free setup. The fact that it can be applied over a large area at the same time makes it a good candidate
411:
Another way to address the adhesion problem is to create a dead layer which prohibits the curing process. One method to create this dead layer is to use fluorinated oil flow. This liquid is omniphobic which means that it repels all the materials and will not stick to anything. The reason to use a
242:
The less support material used, the faster the build time and finishing time for removing supports. By minimizing the support volume, less material is deposited so, in general, manufacturing time decreases. This factor influences processes that use external support structures, such as SLA,
269:
Error caused by the staircase effect can be measured using several metrics, all of which refer to the difference between model surface and actual printed surface. By adaptively computing the height distribution of layers, this error can be minimized: The quality of surface increases while
333:
Hardware and maintenance issues. After a part is printed, typical cleanup procedures required to ensure that operations continue with the same quality. Depending on the used material's type, parameters of lasers need to be tuned for avoiding the unnecessary over-curing or
229:. Determining the optimal part orientation is a common software solution for all additive manufacturing processes. This can lead to a significant improvement in many key factors that affect the total print time. The following factors heavily depend on part orientation:
127:
3D printing speed refers to only the build stage, a subcomponent of the entire 3D printing process. However, the entire process spans from pre-processing to post-processing stages. The time required for printing a completed part from a data file
317:. Since a product's interior can be filled using many different structures, design optimization through additive manufacturing is necessary. Finding the best way to fill in a product interior given certain constraints is a challenging problem.
364:
The process starts by designing an acoustic hologram. An acoustic hologram is a mask that will direct the sound field to form the desired pattern. It can be fabricated in an additive fabrication combined with etching and
249:
The orientation of a part determines which faces are subjected to the staircase effect -- an artifact of layering. By maximizing the surface quality, the required time to finish the surface to the desired tolerance
206:
Additive manufacturing technologies usually imply a trade off between the printing speed and quality. Improvements in speed of the entire 3D printing process can be grouped in the following two categories.
326:
Tool path planning. Since the speed of the printing tool can change the size of the layer, the physical and mechanical properties of the process need to be taken into account during the tool path planning.
329:
Post-processing. The removed support material can still leave burrs or residue that can be polished by using other methods like sanding the part by hand, bead blasting, traditional machining, or acetone
51:), where the unit of time is measured in Seconds, and the unit of manufactured material is typically measured in units of either kg, mm or cm, depending on the type of additive manufacturing technique.
320:
Part orientation. Theoretically, there are infinitely many orientations. Depending on the purpose of the part, there may not be an optimal orientation when trying to optimize multiple criteria at once.
143:, which spans the preparation process of both part and printer. This is required before the actual printing starts. It is calculated as the sum of the time required for the following processes:
49:
289:
Temperature: including an additional laser to melt the filament before going to the extruder. This prevents unnecessary printhead heating, thereby lowering printhead cooling time.
338:
to cure the material -- point by point curing -- however, it presents challenges in both planning and implementation. Layer-less methods have more complicated path planning.
236:
Build speed is slower for z-direction than x-y directions. By minimizing height, the number of layers will be decreased. Hence, both manufacturing and idle time decrease.
175:, which is the actual print time after the prepared data are transferred to the printer for manufacturing. It can be considered as the sum of the following periods:
412:
flow instead of a static layer is to create a larger force against the adhesion force and also help with the cooling of the cured layer (curing generates heat).
215:
Since the actual printing process is directly influenced by how the model is sliced, oriented, and filled, optimizing them results in shorter print time.
282:
Modified printheads: using different types of printheads for different printing processes. For instance, having an additional knifed feeder to prevent
351:
1. Homogeneous material 2. The structured ultrasound field is applied 3. UV light is applied to cure the resulting shape of the previous step
278:
Increasing the speed of printing through hardware can take the following forms, many of which are used by leading 3D printing companies.
609:
Alexander, Paul; Allen, Seth; Dutta, Debasish (1998-04-01). "Part orientation and build cost determination in layered manufacturing".
890:
de Beer, Martin P.; van der Laan, Harry L.; Cole, Megan A.; Whelan, Riley J.; Burns, Mark A.; Scott, Timothy F. (January 2019).
976:
664:
181:
Idle time, non-productive time such as z-axis movement, cooling time, leveling, non-manufacturing movement of printhead
647:
Wasserfall, Florens; Hendrich, Norman; Zhang, Jianwei (2017-08-20). "Adaptive slicing for the FDM process revisited".
425:
reprint only the small changing parts with high resolution. These smaller parts are mounted onto the main structure.
22:
1011:
310:
Depending on the technology used, there are some challenges that could limit the speed of the 3D printing:
295:
Gel
Dispensing Printing technology, which extrudes a gel material immediately hardened by UV-LED curing
189:, which is the final stage, taking place post part manufacturing. It includes the following processes:
91:
454:
757:
512:
955:
Mueller, Stefanie; Mohr, Tobias; Guenther, Kerstin; Frohnhofen, Johannes; Baudisch, Patrick (2014).
323:
Slicing. Two main challenges with the slicing are the staircase effect and the containment problem.
825:
366:
240:
A total volume of support material and total contact area of the part with the support structure.
298:
Adding more printheads which collaborative using path planning to increase the printing speed.
292:
Minimizing adhesion force within the dead layer of
Digital Light Projector based technologies.
892:"Rapid, continuous additive manufacturing by volumetric polymerization inhibition patterning"
1006:
903:
837:
704:
283:
149:
Entering the parameters (e.g. layer thickness, material type) within the printer's software
824:
Melde, Kai; Choi, Eunjin; Wu, Zhiguang; Palagi, Stefano; Qiu, Tian; Fischer, Peer (2018).
8:
907:
841:
708:
373:
982:
932:
891:
869:
803:
769:
733:
693:"Rapid, large-volume, thermally controlled 3D printing using a mobile liquid interface"
692:
670:
588:
314:
956:
622:
407:
Rapid, large-volume, thermally controlled 3D printing, using a mobile liquid interface
972:
937:
919:
861:
853:
807:
795:
738:
720:
660:
626:
580:
434:
222:
129:
78:
873:
986:
964:
927:
911:
845:
787:
779:
728:
712:
674:
652:
618:
592:
572:
415:
264:
485:
783:
563:
Oropallo, William; Piegl, Les A. (2015-06-12). "Ten challenges in 3D printing".
656:
576:
178:
Manufacturing time, when the part and support materials are being manufactured
1000:
923:
857:
799:
724:
630:
584:
540:
968:
716:
941:
915:
865:
849:
742:
961:
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems
791:
301:
Using special types of materials for specific manufacturing technologies.
133:
55:
347:
254:
19:
measures the amount of manufactured material over a given time period (
649:
2017 13th IEEE Conference on
Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)
226:
963:. Chi '14. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: ACM Press. pp. 3827–3834.
774:
691:
Walker, David A.; Hedrick, James L.; Mirkin, Chad A. (2019-10-18).
221:
Changing the orientation of a part can be done through either the
54:
The following table compares the speeds of commercially relevant
416:
Fast 3D printing by integrating construction kit building blocks
398:
Rapid continuous additive manufacturing by inhibition patterning
377:
Rapid
Continuous additive manufacturing by inhibition patterning
826:"Acoustic Fabrication via the Assembly and Fusion of Particles"
136:) is calculated as the sum of time for the following stages:
195:
Refining the surface for obtaining the desired surface quality
954:
889:
455:"How to Make Resin 3D Printing 8x Faster and 9x More Precise"
486:"5 Fastest 3D Printers - High Speed 3D Printing (Feb. 2020)"
421:
513:"3D Printing Speed : How long does 3d Printing take"
646:
758:"Fast Desktop-Scale Extrusion Additive Manufacturing"
161:
Warming up and loading of support and build materials
25:
690:
608:
390:
Adhesion of cured material to the projection window
146:
Positioning and orienting of the part to be printed
43:
823:
998:
158:Generation of the tool path plan by the software
420:Dividing an Object into smaller blocks (e.g.
234:The height of the part in the build direction.
562:
44:{\displaystyle {\text{amount}}/{\text{time}}}
534:
532:
167:Diagnostics, cleaning or additional testing
686:
684:
642:
640:
604:
602:
558:
556:
554:
386:The speed of SLA processes is limited by:
931:
773:
756:Go, Jamison; Hart, A. John (2017-12-01).
732:
381:
529:
372:
346:
273:
253:
210:
681:
637:
599:
551:
507:
505:
483:
355:
999:
755:
247:The quality of the total surface area.
885:
883:
819:
817:
538:
502:
479:
477:
475:
152:Generation of the support structure
13:
880:
814:
14:
1023:
472:
164:The setting of the x-y and z axes
539:Flynt, Joseph (April 10, 2019).
393:Disturbance of the resin surface
948:
749:
447:
155:Generation of slices (slicing)
1:
623:10.1016/s0010-4485(97)00083-3
541:"Fastest 3D Printers in 2019"
440:
305:
258:Uniform and adaptive slicing
7:
784:10.1016/j.addma.2017.10.016
428:
342:
201:
10:
1028:
657:10.1109/coase.2017.8256074
565:Engineering with Computers
118:2800 cm³/hr to 4000 cm/hr
577:10.1007/s00366-015-0407-0
187:The post-processing stage
651:. IEEE. pp. 49–54.
361:for rapid fabrication.
141:The pre-processing stage
72:Maximum speed (claimed)
969:10.1145/2556288.2557005
717:10.1126/science.aax1562
916:10.1126/sciadv.aau8723
850:10.1002/adma.201704507
762:Additive Manufacturing
484:Armando (2019-08-14).
382:Improved SLA processes
378:
352:
259:
45:
1012:3D printing processes
611:Computer-Aided Design
376:
350:
274:Hardware improvements
257:
211:Software improvements
192:Removing the supports
46:
356:Acoustic fabrication
219:Optimal Orientation.
23:
908:2019SciA....5.8723D
842:2018AdM....3004507M
709:2019Sci...366..360W
62:
830:Advanced Materials
379:
353:
315:Shape optimization
260:
61:
41:
978:978-1-4503-2473-1
703:(6463): 360–364.
666:978-1-5090-6781-7
435:Rapid prototyping
125:
124:
115:Multi Jet Fusion
39:
29:
17:3D printing speed
1019:
991:
990:
952:
946:
945:
935:
896:Science Advances
887:
878:
877:
821:
812:
811:
777:
753:
747:
746:
736:
688:
679:
678:
644:
635:
634:
606:
597:
596:
560:
549:
548:
536:
527:
526:
524:
523:
509:
500:
499:
497:
496:
481:
470:
469:
467:
466:
451:
63:
60:
50:
48:
47:
42:
40:
37:
35:
30:
27:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1016:
997:
996:
995:
994:
979:
953:
949:
902:(1): eaau8723.
888:
881:
822:
815:
754:
750:
689:
682:
667:
645:
638:
607:
600:
561:
552:
537:
530:
521:
519:
511:
510:
503:
494:
492:
482:
473:
464:
462:
453:
452:
448:
443:
431:
418:
384:
358:
345:
308:
276:
213:
204:
173:The build stage
36:
31:
26:
24:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1009:
993:
992:
977:
957:"FaBrickation"
947:
879:
836:(3): 1704507.
813:
748:
680:
665:
636:
617:(5): 343–356.
598:
571:(1): 135–148.
550:
528:
501:
471:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
430:
427:
417:
414:
395:
394:
391:
383:
380:
357:
354:
344:
341:
340:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
318:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
275:
272:
252:
251:
244:
237:
212:
209:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
193:
184:
183:
182:
179:
170:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
123:
122:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
94:
88:
87:
84:
81:
74:
73:
70:
67:
58:technologies.
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
988:
984:
980:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
943:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
884:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
818:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:1721.1/128535
789:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
685:
676:
672:
668:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
641:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
603:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
557:
555:
546:
542:
535:
533:
518:
514:
508:
506:
491:
487:
480:
478:
476:
460:
456:
450:
446:
436:
433:
432:
426:
423:
413:
409:
408:
404:
400:
399:
392:
389:
388:
387:
375:
371:
368:
362:
349:
336:
332:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
281:
280:
279:
271:
268:
266:
256:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
194:
191:
190:
188:
185:
180:
177:
176:
174:
171:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
135:
131:
120:
117:
114:
113:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
85:
82:
80:
76:
75:
71:
69:Normal speed
68:
65:
64:
59:
57:
52:
32:
18:
960:
950:
899:
895:
833:
829:
765:
761:
751:
700:
696:
648:
614:
610:
568:
564:
544:
520:. Retrieved
516:
493:. Retrieved
489:
463:. Retrieved
461:. 2018-09-21
458:
449:
419:
410:
406:
405:
401:
397:
396:
385:
363:
359:
309:
277:
262:
261:
246:
239:
233:
218:
217:
214:
205:
186:
172:
140:
126:
121:4500 cm/hr
96:50-150 mm/h
83:20-36 mm/h.
53:
16:
15:
1007:3D printing
768:: 276–284.
367:nanoimprint
107:48 mm/sec
99:500 mm/sec
86:720 mm/sec
66:Technology
56:3D printing
1001:Categories
775:1709.05918
522:2020-02-05
495:2020-02-05
465:2020-02-05
441:References
334:sintering.
330:finishing.
306:Challenges
250:decreases.
225:or on the
110:60 mm/sec
924:2375-2548
858:1521-4095
808:115574095
800:2214-8604
725:0036-8075
631:0010-4485
585:0177-0667
545:3dinsider
490:AllThat3D
286:slipping.
263:Adaptive
227:CAD model
942:30746465
874:36229060
866:29205522
743:31624211
517:Sculpteo
429:See also
343:Research
284:filament
223:STL file
202:Speed up
987:6772574
933:6357759
904:Bibcode
838:Bibcode
734:6933944
705:Bibcode
697:Science
675:1784826
593:7264133
459:Zortrax
265:Slicing
985:
975:
940:
930:
922:
872:
864:
856:
806:
798:
741:
731:
723:
673:
663:
629:
591:
583:
28:amount
983:S2CID
870:S2CID
804:S2CID
770:arXiv
671:S2CID
589:S2CID
973:ISBN
938:PMID
920:ISSN
862:PMID
854:ISSN
796:ISSN
739:PMID
721:ISSN
661:ISBN
627:ISSN
581:ISSN
422:Lego
243:FDM.
134:.obj
104:SLS
77:DLP/
38:time
965:doi
928:PMC
912:doi
846:doi
788:hdl
780:doi
729:PMC
713:doi
701:366
653:doi
619:doi
573:doi
132:or
130:stl
92:FDM
79:SLA
1003::
981:.
971:.
959:.
936:.
926:.
918:.
910:.
898:.
894:.
882:^
868:.
860:.
852:.
844:.
834:30
832:.
828:.
816:^
802:.
794:.
786:.
778:.
766:18
764:.
760:.
737:.
727:.
719:.
711:.
699:.
695:.
683:^
669:.
659:.
639:^
625:.
615:30
613:.
601:^
587:.
579:.
569:32
567:.
553:^
543:.
531:^
515:.
504:^
488:.
474:^
457:.
128:(.
989:.
967::
944:.
914::
906::
900:5
876:.
848::
840::
810:.
790::
782::
772::
745:.
715::
707::
677:.
655::
633:.
621::
595:.
575::
547:.
525:.
498:.
468:.
267:.
33:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
