2018–2023 United Kingdom higher education strikes

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action; the votes also gave a mandate for action short of a strike. Following further consultations with members and their representatives, on 17 April 2023, UCU, satisfied with progress, paused industrial action concerning pensions, but a marking and assessment boycott was declared with regard to the Four Fights dispute. These processes were the subject of considerable internal disputes within UCU. UCEA responded that it was impossible for a significant proportion of its members to afford a higher wage bill. Universities responded by threatening to deduct pay for staff participating in the boycott. On 28 May, it was reported that 30 universities had told staff that they would withhold 100% of pay; 43 threatened to withhold 50%–80%. These threats prompted localised strikes at at least twenty universities, including the calling of indefinite strikes at Leeds and Brighton in response to the prospect of 100% pay deductions. Universities adapted extraordinary measures pioneered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in order to classify and award degrees based on an incomplete collection of marks, with approaches including the awarding of interim unclassified degrees. These steps attracted criticism on the grounds that they would make degree results less accurate, might for some kinds of degrees prevent students from meeting accreditation requirements of professional bodies, could affect international students' ability to meet visa requirements, and might lead to inequalities between students differently affected by the boycott. Some graduate employers prepared themselves to offer jobs based on adapted criteria, however, and, amidst considerable uncertainty, UCEA reported on 23 June that of universities that had responded to a survey, 71% thought that over 98% of their students would be able to graduate that summer. In what was seen as a sign of growing disarray among both employers and UCU branches, at the end of that month,

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cent in December 2022; over 30,000 UCU members had voted on the offer in an online poll and 80% had rejected it in early February 2023. Yet, concerning the Four Fights, Grady suggested that the pay spine was itself being reviewed and would lose its lowest point; that "involuntary" zero-hours contracts might be abolished "on campus"; and that "time limited negotiations for new agreements" were in prospect to address casualisation, workloads, and equality pay-gaps. Meanwhile, concerning pensions, UCU and UUK issued an "interim joint statement" foreseeing that the March 2023 valuation of the pension would enable the restitution of benefits as they stood prior to April 2022, at reduced cost to both employers and employees; saying that "we agree on the urgent need, with the USS Trustee, to examine the case more fully for divestment from fossil fuels and that a greater visibility of climate crisis action and mitigation should be a feature of long-term USS planning"; and agreeing to improve the governance of the scheme to prevent recurrent disputes. Some UCU members expressed concern as to whether Grady calling a pause in the industrial action was consistent with UCU's democratic processes.

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selected by local branches in September and October 2022. Meanwhile, UCU began a new ballot on 6 September. Unlike other ballots in the period 2018–22, this was nationally aggregated. Closing on 21 October, the ballot resulted in a mandate for strike action at all branches nationwide on the Four Fights, and at all branches participating in USS on pensions. Strikes took place 24, 25, and 30 November, at which time UCU and Unison were joined by ten branches of Unite; reports of the number of striking staff included 70,000 people at 150 institutions. As in previous disputes, UCU members undertook action short of a strike in the wake of strike action, for which some universities threatened 100% pay deductions, with QMUL and Wolverhampton noted in the press as foremost proponents of this approach. In 2023, UCU scheduled strikes for 1, 9–10, 14–16, 21–23 and 27–28 February, and 1–2, 16–17, and 20–22 March. Strikes at this time coincided with widespread industrial action in the UK across the public and transport sectors.

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support among union members since the disputes began in 2018. The union's general secretary promptly circulated a report entitled "A new strategy and plan of action for the Four Fights dispute", which argued that, in view of the relatively low level of branches with a mandate to strike, rather than taking immediate industrial action, UCU should be "calling for a continuation of our campaigning but pledging to build now for more effective future disputes involving the entire sector in 2023". However, the relevant decision-making body of UCU, the Special Higher Education Conference, attended by delegates from all branches on 20 April, opted for a policy whereby eligible branches would take action short of a strike, specifically including a marking and assessment boycott to coincide with the summer examination period, along with ten days of strike action. Delays followed, however, leading to the boycott beginning on 23 May, after most marking in some branches was complete for the year.

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continued. On 1 April 2020, UCEA tabled a new offer regarding the Four Fights dispute. As before, there was no increase in UCEA's previous pay increase offer of 1.8%, but the offer did include more explicit resolutions to establish sector-wide 'expectations' and 'recommendations' that all employers should implement through action and negotiation with unions at a local level. On 16 May UCU announced that it would convene representatives from its branches on 26 May with a decision about the Union's next step to be taken by its Higher Education Committee the next day. Branch delegates opposed the offer, and in July 2020 UCU undertook an electronic consultative ballot of its members, likewise recommending rejection. 61% of respondents rejected the offer and 39% accepted. In consequence, UCEA unilaterally implemented a "1.8% uplift on all points on the spine, with higher percentage awards for points 2 to 16".

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on investing in staff and reducing casualisation, though not on addressing pay inequality. The report concluded by saying "we hope that we can engage in productive and constructive negotiations on a meaningful pay uplift recognising the real difficulty inflation poses for all parties. We are also committed to positively exploring other areas of the claim which fall within the New JNCHES remit". The Joint Trade Unions' claim, meanwhile, featured numerous desiderata, prominently including "a pay uplift that is, at least, inflation (RPI) plus 2%", "a minimum wage of £12 per hour for all", a 35-hour working week, "meaningful, agreed action to tackle the ethnic, gender and disability pay gap", "a framework to eliminate precarious employment practises and casualised contracts", and "a UK level higher education redeployment facility for those whose jobs are at risk of redundancy". RPI stood at 7% at the time.

381: 369: 1137:, used his deciding vote to support UUK's preferred plan. In this scheme, total contributions per member would be 30.7% of salary, with 9.6% being paid by the employee and 21.1% by the employer. A further valuation would follow in 2020 and in the absence of an alternative agreement, the contribution rate would rise to 34.7% in October 2021 with members paying 11% and employers 23.7%. UCU argued that employees' contributions should not rise above 8%, and that the Joint Expert Panel had suggested alternative paths to achieving this that had been agreeable to both UCU and UUK. UUK offered to limit staff contributions to 9.1% instead of 9.6% if UCU would agree to hold no strikes on pensions for two years, an offer which UCU rejected. The 21.1%:9.6% contribution rates were ratified on 12 September by the USS trustee board. 2101: 2451: 2663:

assets from £66.5 billion at the close of March 2020 to £88.8 billion at the end of March 2022, and a fall in the scheme's deficit from £14.1 billion to £2 billion, which meant that no extra contributions would be required to service the scheme's estimated deficit. UCU seized on the report to argue that belt-tightening in the scheme should be reversed; USS argued that greater evidence for a positive trend was necessary; and UUK indicated that they would be willing to "reduce contributions or increase benefits or some combination of both" if the positive trend held at the next valuation. On 28 April, the University of Glasgow, in conjunction with the local UCU branch, announced its willingness to contribute more to USS, but other such progress was not in evidence.

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next valuation was to be informed by an "independent expert group", 'aiming to promote greater transparency and understanding' of the methodologies, assumptions, and viability of the scheme. Indexation and revaluation was to be measured using CPI and capped at up to 2.5% p.a. (meaning that if inflation, measured by CPI, rose above 2.5%, the pension would lose value in real terms). UCU was to suspend industrial action and "encourage" branches to reschedule any classes disrupted by the strike. The agreement stated that "there is commitment between both sides to engage in meaningful discussions as soon as possible to explore risk sharing alternatives for the future from 2020, in particular Collective Defined Contributions".

2113: 1419: 1130:. As of May 2019, the Pensions Regulator and Financial Reporting Council were investigating the allegations. On 14 June 2019, as the investigation continued, the Regulator rebuked USS for claiming that aspects of USS policy were mandated by the Regulator when in fact they were not. On 11 October 2019, it was reported that Hutton had been dismissed as a director of USS on the grounds that, according to an independent investigation, "she had breached a number of her director's duties owed under company law and contract". USS said that the dismissal was independent of Hutton's whistleblowing and the ongoing investigation; Hutton said she did not view the decision as valid and was considering further action. 2459: 1097:

higher increases planned in response to the 2017 valuation—but only if scheme members agreed to a system of 'trigger contributions' (additional contributions that would be triggered if short-term measures of deficit exceeded a certain level). UUK members, however, expressed scepticism at the necessity and appropriateness of this arrangement. In response, on 9 May 2019, USS proposed three options 'for finalising the 2018 valuation', retaining the scheme's previous benefits, and requiring lower contributions than the arrangement that the scheme had defaulted to in the absence of an agreement, but requiring much higher contributions than the proposals put forward by the JEP:

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voting to reject the offer from the university and Colleges Employers' Association of a minimum pay rise of 2 per cent, rising to 2.8 per cent for the lowest paid. UCU formally declared a trade dispute on 24 July 2018. On 21 August 2018, UCU served statutory notice of its intention to ballot members for industrial action regarding the 2018-19 national pay dispute. The ballot opened on 30 August 2018. On 22 October 2018 UCU announced the results of the ballot. Although the majority of Union members who voted elected to take industrial action, the turnout only passed the 50% of members required by the

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the fund would stop accepting contributions – the sort of situation that would normally arise if the companies in a pension scheme went bust, which was an unlikely real-world situation for the UK higher education sector. USS's analyses showed that, assuming the most likely circumstances rather than the most challenging circumstances (technically referred to as the "best estimate"), the pension scheme was sustainable in the long-term. In contrast to technical deficits based on stringently conservative assumptions, this more probable valuation showed the fund in credit by £8.3 billion.

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strike action and that UCU 'will now join us to consider governance reforms and alternative options for future valuations' regarding USS. The UCea spokesperson argued that the 2019-20 national pay negotiations had delivered a pay deal 'at the very limit of what is affordable'. Opinion among university leaders was not uniform, however: on 15 November, the vice-chancellor of the University of Essex argued that 'the University of Essex is willing to increase contributions to the scheme to sustain critical features of the USS, including defined benefits'.

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Panel's belief, based on independent actuarial analysis, that the full implementation of these adjustments could mean total required contributions estimated at 29.2% to fund current benefits This compares to the current rate of 26% (18% of salary paid by employers, 8% by employees) and the rate of 36.6% from April 2020 which is proposed by USS, based on the valuation as it stands". It was suggested that this proposal might entail raising employees' contributions to 9.1% of salary, and employers' by 2.1%, taking their contribution to 20.1%.

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forms of casualised contracts, reduce workloads and close equality pay gaps". UCU began consulting members on their preferred response, proposing that strike action should be called off while a formal consultation took place. This process proved highly controversial within the Union; the outcome of a UCU Higher Education Committee meeting on Friday 17 March was that no formal consultation of members was undertaken, and strike action continued to the end of the advertised period, 22 March.

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claim seeking "a pay uplift of £2,500 on all pay points", "tackling intersectional pay inequality, dealing with excessive workloads, stress and mental health linked to COVID-19, and addressing wide spread precarious contracts". The claim also developed the Union's position on casualisation by calling for postgraduate researchers to be employed to teach on contracts more like fixed-term, part-time contracts, with associated benefits such as sick pay, than like zero-hours contracts.

1721: 1402:, writing that "having considered all matters in the round, I believe that our current policy to deduct pay at 100% for failure to reschedule classes cancelled due to strike action is inconsistent with this University's values and the store we place on our shared sense of community". At Leeds, a number of external examiners resigned in protest at the university's plans, ongoing as of 10 March, to deduct pay for partial performance, while 2331:

changes on 7 September 2020; estimates prominently included the proposal that contributions to the pension fund might have to rise to between 40.8% and 67.9% of salaries to curtail the scheme's rising deficit. Maintaining a degree of consensus, both UUK and UCU criticised these proposals, arguing that they showed an unnecessary aversion to risk and made unrealistic contribution demands on individual staff and employers alike.

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striking on USS; 21–22 February and 28 February to 2 March for all institutions striking on the Four Fights). Meanwhile, Unison branches at 37 universities balloted on strike action from 6 December to 28 January (England and Scotland) or 9 February (Northern Ireland); nine branches achieved a mandate for strike action on pay and two also on pensions; strikes were scheduled at most branches for 28 February to 2 March 2022.

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be renewed. With the end of its industrial mandate approaching, UCU called off the boycott on 6 September following a consultation of members in which 60% of respondents favoured dropping the boycott. UCU nonetheless declared further strike days (running at most universities 25–29 September 2023) and began balloting members for a renewed mandate for strike action; the ballot was to run 19 September to 3 November 2023.

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Fights agenda. UCEA made their final 2020–21 offer in January 2021, proposing to freeze pay except at the bottom end of the pay spine, but to seek paths to jointly address casualisation, workload, pay gaps, career development, and a national framework for the 35-hour working week. Rejected in a February 2021 ballot of UCU members by 86.2% to 13.8%, the pay freeze was unilaterally implemented by UCEA in August 2020.

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welcomed by UUK and UCU and media reporting suggested that negotiations in its wake could lead to the cessation of impending industrial action; as strikes loomed in February, however, the UCU general secretary Jo Grady commented that 'most importantly, employers have not yet offered to cover the unfair contribution increases that are pricing members out of the scheme', implying that this was a key sticking point.

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threatening pay deductions for 'partial performance' in the event of staff not rescheduling teaching and others not planning to deduct pay. Press coverage included mentioning the University of Liverpool for threatening partial pay deductions and Reading for threatening 100% pay deductions, whereas Cambridge offered to reimburse lecturers for pay lost during the strikes if they rescheduled teaching.

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in the first instance by seeking to influence USS policy via employers' representatives on the Employers' Pension Forum (EPF) and the UUK nominees to USS's joint negotiating committee. The Union asked that, failing that, employers "must cover any increases in full that are needed to maintain current benefits until USS's governance and valuation methods and assumptions have been overhauled".

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branches were taking action for the industrial action to be effective. Around half of the affected universities threatened to deduct 100% of the pay of employees boycotting assessment, and some began contracting marking of student work to private companies. Individual UCU branches began striking local deals to end the boycott from around 20 May, when Durham's branch called off its boycott.

448:, 'The 2004 Pensions Act is a prime, but by no means unique, example of well-intentioned but inept financial regulation. Over-prescriptive, it has led to the demise of the defined benefit schemes that it was designed to protect. If proposed changes to the USS are implemented, there will be no defined benefit schemes of any significant size outside the public sector open to new members. 2335:

2021, UUK challenged the valuation and particularly questioned the role of The Pensions Regulator in shaping USS's assessment. Other commentators argued that the valuation was methodologically flawed, yet came to varying conclusions about the policy implications. Meanwhile, in November 2021, two scheme members, Neil Davies and Ewan McGaughey, went so far as to

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November, UCU's special higher education sector conference decided to run another ballot, this time aggregating votes across the sector rather than running a different ballot for each university. On 23 November, the ballot was scheduled to run from 14 January to 22 February 2019. This ballot achieved a turnout of only 41%, so again led to no industrial action.

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the services they agreed to provide. The compensation amount depends on the course, the extent of disruption, and the fees charged by the university. They operate on a no-win, no-fee basis, charging a fee of one-third of the compensation amount only if the claim is successful, and emphasize that students are protected by consumer law to make such claims.

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universities 'simply cannot afford to put more into this year's pay increases than they already have', UCEA had invited negotiations on 'workload, gender pay/equality and casual employment arrangements'. UCU's response included the argument that 'you cannot refuse to talk about pay yet say you want to talk about closing pay gaps that exist for women and

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most recent estimates, suggesting that "cuts to guaranteed, defined benefit pensions built up in the future would amount to 41% for a USS member earning around £39k, a typical lecturer salary" in USS's model, and 35% in UCU's, whereas UUK had suggested a reduction of 10–18%. UCU accused UUK of misleading the vice chancellors whom it was representing.

16059: 1467:(5 March), along with students at Leicester, Bath, Exeter, Southampton, Sussex, and Reading. A fresh wave of occupations began on 12 March, following the publication of the first ACAS-brokered joint agreement between UCU and UUK, which UCU members rejected. Universities with occupations during that week included Reading, Cambridge (in the 892:

Andrews, Leeds and Southampton would be affected by this next round of strikes with the prospect of industrial action at the other 52 universities to take place later in April and continuing into July if no agreement was reached. However, staff would not take part in additional strike action if UCU members vote to accept the UUK proposal.

340:(USS), a pension scheme. The changes would have seen a significant drop in worker compensation, and in response the sector experienced industrial action on a scale not before seen. Pay equality, workload, casualisation, and pay levels (dubbed the "Four Fights") were added to the dispute in 2019. Action was curtailed by the onset of the 1126:, in her capacity as a non-executive director on the USS board of trustees, had in March 2018 complained to the Pensions Regulator, alleging that her efforts in 2017 to check whether the USS deficit had been miscalculated had been frustrated by delays and obstructions to providing her with data to which she needed access to fulfil her 626:

contributions from employers and staff would have to sharply increase, potentially resulting in redundancies and cuts to other areas of teaching, research and student support. UUK stated the defined contributions proposal would compare well with private-sector competitors, with employer contributions double the private sector average.

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the tumultuous events of the pandemic year 2020–21. In total, 58 institutions voted for strike action of some kind, and 64 for action short of a strike. On 16 November, UCU announced that an initial round of strike action would run from 1–3 December, and that action short of a strike would commence in the form of working to contract.

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fixed-term contracts, making up two-thirds of the total research staff employed at universities, alongside 30,000 contracted teaching staff, many paid by the hour. A further 69,000 academic staff were on "atypical contracts" and so are not counted in the main staff record, while an estimated 6,500 were on zero-hours contracts'.

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environment amid increased competition, a freeze on tuition fees, and prolonged uncertainty over the implications of Brexit'. A few universities were reported as being heavy-handed in their response to the strikes, with the University of Liverpool attracting criticism for telling its students they must not join picket lines;

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alone; and three joined the dispute on pensions alone; and two that had been on strike about pensions only added pay/conditions to their disputes. The number of institutions with a mandate to strike at this point stood at 74 in total: 47 for pay/conditions and pensions, 22 for pay/conditions only, and 5 for pensions only.

1647:, which said it 'believes universities should try to maintain the conditions of employment under which academics were originally employed. That includes pensions'; the Engineering Professors' Council; and the British Dental Association. Others did not take a position but did publicly discuss the issues, among them the 1684:, for example, arguing that "the pension fund is a pot of money shared between current and past staff. All that the trustees and the regulator are trying to do is to make sure it is fairly shared out. They are ensuring the money hasn't all been given away while there are people with future claims against it". 344:, but resumed in 2021. By March 2023 a resolution had been reached on the USS, which returned to 2017 terms in a victory for the UCU. The UCU was however not successful on The Four Fights, as a November 2023 ballot for extending action failed on turnout. Many universities faced mass redundancies in 2024 amid 847:

The panel would invite UCU "to play a full role in providing evidence to the panel" and would also liaise with USS and the pensions regulator. UCU's response was that "UCU will of course look at any proposals UUK makes but our members have made it quite clear that what is needed is a much improved offer".

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On 30 May, Bill Galvin, the chief executive of USS, acknowledged that the scheme was much healthier than the previous valuation had predicted and that if such trends persisted, following the March 2023 valuation, "it may be possible for the Joint Negotiating Committee to consider increasing benefits

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UCEA offered little, if any, commentary on the UCU strikes during this period, but spelled out its position at the end of March in its statutory statement on the 2022–23 New JNCHES pay negotiations. UCEA emphasised the financial challenges facing the sector and argued that it was making good progress

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Faced with USS's insistence on a dramatic weakening of the pension benefits and/or a dramatic increase in contributions, the fragile consensus between UCU and UUK collapsed around April 2021, with UUK seeking to sustain the then current contribution rates and to weaken benefits while UCU continued to

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Before UCU and UCEA's pay negotiations pertaining to 2019–20 concluded, a new round of negotiations, concerning 2020–21, commenced. UCU submitted a pay claim pertaining to 2020–21 in March 2020, before the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic began to be recognised in the UK, and which continued the Four

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at a sufficient number of institutions to enable meaningful industrial action, while averting the risk of an aggregated national ballot falling below the 50% threshold. It was argued that it was necessary to make industrial action possible on both issues at once to avoid gains to overall remuneration

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According to Esther Muddiman, Rowan Campbell and Grace Krause, "the industrial action undertaken by members of UCU in 2018 in response to a dispute about pensions provision ... acted as a catalyst for discussions about workload, staff wellbeing, equality, pay and conditions – and, we argue, moved the

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These plans were announced against a backdrop of USS's annual report calculations of the deficit falling, due to changing assumptions about factors such as returns on corporate bonds and mortality. On different measures, the 2018 annual report showed a 2014 deficit of 12.6bn falling to a 2018 deficit

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On 23 March, UCU announced a new offer from UUK. This proposed the creation of a formal "Joint Expert Panel" to reconsider how valuations should be undertaken, leaving open the possibility of maintaining the status quo not only for the statutory period up to April 2019, but possibly beyond. The panel

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The parties held inconclusive talks on 5 March, scheduling the next talks for 7 March. However, a bizarre Twitter spasm from UUK on the night of 5 March insisted that the group was available for talks on 6 March, and this led to talks at noon on 6 March. Talks continued on 7 March, inconclusively. On

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USS argued that market conditions had simply proven less favourable than previous valuations had assumed, with the chief executive, Bill Galvin, arguing that 'the unavoidable fact is that market conditions have changed since 2014. Real interest rates have fallen since 2014, relative to inflation, and

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The increasingly corporate and privatised character of higher education institutions. For example, universities, whose capital expenditure had traditionally been funded to a significant extent by government funding, were increasingly borrowing from private capital markets, making them concerned about

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The boycott persisted through the summer, and UCU threatened further strike action in September, for the beginning of the 2023–24 academic year. But reballoting for a new mandate for industrial action did not begin in time to avoid UCU's mandate for the boycott lapsing before industrial action could

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UCU went on to ballot members on whether to accept UUK and UCEA's offers; the results were announced 3 April 2023. With a 56.4% turnout, 85.6 members gave UCU a mandate until the end of September for strike action regarding the Four Fights; with a 58.4% turnout, 89% of members returned a mandate for

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On 15 March—a strike day that UCU had added to their calendar of strikes—it was announced that negotiations with UUK promised the restoration of pension terms to be comparable with 2017 levels, while UCEA had offered to, in UCU's words, "agree new standards, frameworks and principles to tackle other

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UCEA characterised the situation as an "impasse, rather than an agreement": vice-chancellors emphasised that higher payrises would be unaffordable by some institutions, whereas UCU's general secretary had previously characterised this as "a low-ball 5% offer", with RPI inflation standing at 13.4 per

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After six days of strike action in 2023, the joint unions paused the strike action "to allow our ongoing negotiations to continue in a constructive environment", citing progress in ongoing negotiations on both pensions and working conditions; the UCU general secretary Jo Grady nonetheless emphasised

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USS was assured of the viability of UUK's position by UUK giving a £1.3 billion annual increase in covenant support, and agreement that if an employer exited the scheme it would have to pay an immediate and long-running moratorium. A USS report released at the end of March estimated growth in scheme

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There was also debate about how most accurately to model the outcome of proposed changes for scheme members, with UUK arguing that the changes would be less detrimental than UCU believed. On 29 November 2021, just before strike action commenced, UCU noted that its modelling was consistent with USS's

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Over the coming months, the validity of USS's 2020 valuation would become a topic of fierce debate. USS argued that the unusual market conditions at the time had both positive and negative effects on the outlook of fund and that, net, the valuation was representative of the fund's standing. In March

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Student support at the outset of the strike was estimated at 47% by an unscientific poll reported by the BBC. With continued NUS support for the strikes, twenty-six students' unions wrote to the Minister of State for Universities, the chairs of the UCEA and USS trustee boards and the Chief Executive

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During February, UUK consulted its members on the possibility of making a new offer in the pensions dispute, responding to UCU's request that employers shoulder more of the burden of rising pensions contributions. 84% opposed the idea of making a new offer. Meanwhile, UCEA did not alter the offer it

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On 27 January, UCEA published a document 'offered as part of a potential composite JNCHES settlement for 2019-20' addressing the Four Fights issues, with the exception of pay (where the pay rise offered remained at 1.8%). UCEA noted that it had been 'given the scope to go further than ever before as

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into the USS pension scheme, whereby the fund supporting members who had retired would be put into low-risk, low-return investments, but the remainder of the fund (accruing to working members who had not yet retired) would be free to be invested in higher-risk, higher-return holdings. The report was

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In the wake of the strike action, UCU called for 'action short of a strike' in the form of 'working to contract', interpreted primarily as working only the hours notionally required and not rescheduling teaching missed during the strikes. As in 2018, universities' responses to this varied, with some

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ran en editorial arguing that "while academics and universities might not want to hear it, if the USS is to continue operating, the money has to come from them", and also saying that "the current industrial action carries wider significance than the fate of a disputed retirement plan. It has exposed

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Strikes began on 25 November. According to figures subsequently gathered by UCEA, 29.2% of UCU members at the affected universities took strike action, representing 5% of all staff at those universities (not all of whom were in the constituency represented by UCU), though around 26% reported pockets

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On 5 November 2019, UCU announced that at those institutions with a legal mandate to strike, eight consecutive strike days would be held from Monday 25 November to Wednesday 4 December, 'unless', in the words of UCU's general secretary Jo Grady, 'the employers start talking to us seriously about how

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On 6 June 2018, UCU commenced a consultative ballot to determine whether to conduct a formal ballot for industrial action in relation to the UK Joint Negotiating Committee for Higher Education Staff's negotiations over 2018-19 pay. The ballot closed on 27 June 2018, with 82% of participating members

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In Sheffield's case, pay deduction of 25% for partial performance, rising to 100% after five days, was initially threatened, provoking alumni to threaten to withdraw donations. The university then explained that it would not implement deductions for partial performance. Similar developments occurred

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Staff organised "teach-outs" off campus at "every university with a substantial picket line"; these featured education sessions which tended to be left-wing or critical of recent changes in UK higher education, apparently led by the University of Leeds, whose UCU branch had tested the model during a

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noted that this would be "a far more comprehensive review of the current structure and valuation of the Universities Superannuation Scheme" than previously considered, but also noted that "the new agreement avoids any mention of increases in contributions by either employers or employees to plug the

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request that an average of 27% UK university teaching hours were delivered by such staff. The issue of casualisation became increasingly prominent in UCU members' understanding of the strikes as they developed. Similar concerns were being voiced across Europe, for example through the 2016 Bratislava

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Worsening outlooks for pension provision across the UK, in the context of rising remuneration for fund managers and increasing integration of pension funds into speculative financial markets. For example, it was noted that pay for USS's chief executive rose from £484,000 in 2017 to £566,000 in 2018,

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Following a new round of ballots for industrial action in March, on 11 April UCU announced that thirty-nine institutions had met the requirements to continue strike action on the Four Fights (forty-one for action short of strike action), and twenty-seven on USS. This represented the lowest level of

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against USS, crowd-funded to the tune of over £50,000 by around 1500 USS members, accusing the trustees of negligence towards scheme beneficiaries and seeking to halt proposed pension cuts while accelerating USS's divestment from fossil fuel companies. USS commented that the case "has absolutely no

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Little news emerged from negotiations, and on 11 March UCU negotiators on the Four Fights made it clear that good progress had been made on three, but that the sticking point for them was pay, and argued that UCU members would need to continue industrial action to achieve improvements in that area.

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Spokespeople for UUK and Universities & Colleges Employers Association argued that UCU did not have a strong mandate for action given that the majority of branches had not qualified to take strike action. The UUK spokesperson expressed hopes that the industrial dispute could be resolved without

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increase of RPI+3% or of £3,349 – whichever was greater. Later that month, the UCU congress resolved to campaign to win an industrial action ballot on this offer, with a campaign naming the 'four fights' of pay, equality, casualisation, and workload. Unite and Unison also resolved to ballot on pay.

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On 26 May 2019, UCU's Higher Education Sector Conference voted to commence a further dispute with USS employers. UCU wrote to relevant vice-chancellors on 7 June asking them to avert possible industrial action by committing "to uphold the level of contributions no higher than 26% (8% for members)",

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UCU members made extensive use of social media during the dispute. They were used to disseminate activists' research on the changes to pensions. Social media were also used to satirise universities' senior management: for example, the hashtag #FindMyProvost was used to mock vice-chancellors who did

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encouraging fellow students to support their lectures. Curiel argued that "This strike will have a greater impact if universities see that the lecturers have the full support of their students and understand that changes must be made. We have a part to play in these strikes, to keep the pressure up

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Several organizations have emerged to assist students in claiming compensation due to disruptions caused by the strikes. One such platform is Student-Claims, which provides a structured process for students to pursue university strike compensation claims. Their efforts aim to streamline the process

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On 2 January 2019, USS began a consultation with UUK on its 2018 valuation, which closed 28 February. USS proposed that it should be possible to increase overall contributions from 26% of salary (the contribution level that obtained from April 2016 to April 2019) to 29.7% of salary, rather than the

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On 8 November, UUK reported on a consultation of its members, which found them, like UCU, to support the Joint Expert Panel's recommendations. The news was welcomed by UCU. This suggested that a consensus position between these parties had been more or less achieved, meaning that the main faultline

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At the same time, UCU gave formal notice of a five-day strike action, aimed at disrupting the exams and assessments period, at some universities for 16 to 20 April 2018, potentially to be called off if there was progress in the negotiations. 13 universities including Manchester, Cardiff, Oxford, St

810:

Local branch meetings were held on Tuesday 13 March to consider the ACAS agreement. These meetings informed a meeting of elected and branch representatives the same day. This agreement was rejected by UCU's membership on the grounds that it failed to address members' concerns. Many UCU members used

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was created in 1974 to provide sector-wide pensions for UK university staff (focusing on academic staff). Its terms changed little until 2011, when major reforms were implemented, followed by further changes in 2014–15. These left scheme members markedly worse off: one academic study concluded that

2696:

In response to the marking and assessment boycott, some platforms have emerged to assist students in claiming compensation for the disruptions caused. One such platform is Student-Claims, which provides guidance and support for students looking to claim compensation due to the marking boycott. The

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As of 20 May, it seemed that up to twenty-one branches were planning to implement the marking boycott, with decisions about whether and when to take strike action also devolved to branch level. Some UCU members reported concern that the Union's demands were too extensive or vague, and that too few

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On 4–5 November 2021, UCU announced that of the 68 institutions polled regarding USS, 37 had met the legal minimum turnout threshold for taking industrial action, while of the 145 balloted about the Four Fights, 56 had done so. These figures were very similar to the ballot results in 2019, despite

2255:

Furthermore, Student claims companies discuss how students can claim financial compensation if their university experience was affected by COVID-19 disruptions or other issues like online learning, canceled classes, or lecturer strikes, especially in cases where universities may have not delivered

2222:

While university staff did not take industrial action widely during 2020–21, students in a number of universities organised rent strikes to force rebates on rent payments for student accommodation, arguing that they were not being given the in-person education that they had been promised and which

1990:

On 4 December, UCU began reballoting thirteen branches which had nearly succeeded in achieving the 50% voter turnout necessary to take strike action, in the belief that the strike action at other branches would galvanise members into voting. It was believed that this would strengthen the threat of

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In March 2018, the UK's Joint Negotiating Committee for Higher Education Staff began its round of negotiations for pay in the sector for 2018/19, with unions demanding a large pay uplift. Citing long-term real-term declining pay, on 26 March 2018 the unions submitted a pay claim seeking a 7.5% pay

1526:

On 23 March 2018, it was reported that the international disputes lawyers Asserson had begun co-ordinating a no-win no-fee suit for compensation for students affected by the strikes, inviting students to sign up to participate online. On 24 April 2018, it was announced that over 1,000 students had

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have an annual 20-day limit on unpaid absence from work. As some universities had seen local strike action during 2017–18 in addition to the 14 days of national strike action, fears arose that staff members who were on strike for more than 20 days in a year might have their visas revoked, and that

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On 18 March, UUK announced that it would convene an "independent panel", featuring an independent chair and involving academics and pension professionals, to "consider issues of methodology, assumptions and monitoring, aiming to promote greater transparency and understanding of the USS valuation".

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At the inception of USS, employer contributions were 16% of salary, rising to 18.55% in 1983. However, from January 1997 to September 2009 they were decreased to 14% (before rising to 16% from October 2009 to 2016 and 18% thereafter). It was suggested that staff were bearing the consequences of an

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Current employees were annually paying £2.1bn into the USS fund, while it was annually paying out £1.8bn to pensioners. To cover the current annual cost of pensions from investment returns, the fund required a net annual return of 3%. One of the assumptions used in the July 2017 valuation was that

625:

In theory, the deficit could have been resolved through higher contribution rates. However, UUK argued that defined benefit schemes were becoming prohibitively expensive. They said they had a legal duty to put in place a credible plan to reduce the deficit by the summer of 2018. Otherwise, pension

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Faced with the prospect of staff refusing to make up lost teaching following strikes, at least six universities threatened to deduct 100% of staff pay not only for days of strike action but also for subsequent days of action short of a strike. Queen Mary University was the most assertive of these

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Ballot results declared on 18 January 2022 added a further ten branches to the action (seven with a mandate for strike action on USS and nine on the Four Fights), and UCU declared that strikes would take place for ten days from February 14 to 2 March (14–18 and 21–22 February for all institutions

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Just after the December 2021 strike finished, UCU began running reballots in 40 branches that had come close to meeting the 50% minimum voter turnout, with an aim of achieving greater strike actions in 2022. Meanwhile, in January, UCU submitted revised proposals for the USS pension scheme to UUK,

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The National Union of Students supported the industrial action, citing polling evidence that suggested that 73% of its members supported staff in their industrial action and that 9% were opposed; some local student union branches, however, opposed the strikes. Students at Sheffield and Manchester

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universities, presenting the offer as the furthest the sector could prudently stretch; meanwhile, UCU criticised both the proposed pay increase and what they saw as a lack of firm commitment on other Four Fights issues. UCU rejected the offer during the summer and moved to take industrial action.

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in support of the strikes resulted in clashes with "heavy handed" security staff and injuries to the would-be occupiers. The university took disciplinary action against the students involved, banning an undergraduate and a postgraduate student from campus, as well as suspending the undergraduate.

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On 1 May 2019, employers' final offer in the 2019-20 pay negotiations was 1.8%, rising to 3.65% for the lowest paid (deleting the lowest point on the pay scale to ensure a living wage for all staff). For most members, the offered raise was below inflation (then 2.4% RPI), and unions called for an

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Video recording of lectures had become widespread in UK universities by 2016, and some universities sought to use lectures recorded in previous years to substitute for teaching missed during the strikes. This prompted renewed debates about what rights universities should claim in the intellectual

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On 18 May, UUK and UCU announced that the Joint Expert Panel would be chaired by Joanne Segars. On 21 May UCU announced three nominations to the panel. Other members were later determined as Ronnie Bowie, Sally Bridgeland, and Chris Curry (appointed by UUK) and Catherine Donnelly, Saul Jacka, and

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take into account the unique nature of the HE sector, inter-generational fairness and equality considerations, the need to strike a fair balance between ensuring stability and risk. Recognising that staff highly value Defined Benefit provision, the work of the group will reflect the clear wish of

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The agreement was specifically for a three-year "transitional benefit arrangement" lasting from 1 April 2019, maintaining defined benefits up to a salary threshold of £42,000, reducing the accrual rate to 1/85, but raising contributions to 19.3% of salaries for employers and 8.7% for members. The

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UCU tabled an alternative proposal at the first round of talks with UUK which UCU stated would involve universities accepting some increased risk and small increased contributions from employers and scheme members. UUK's response was that they would need time to cost the union's proposal which it

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After a series of unsuccessful attempts to cross the ballot turnout threshold for taking strike action, nine Unison branches had succeeded in voting for strike action in February 2022. A further ballot during summer 2022 raised the number to twenty, and these branches began strike action on days

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focused on pay and conditions, arguing that "vice-chancellors and managers should reflect on why levels of staff morale in higher education have plummeted to the extent that industrial action is becoming an annual affair. As the sector has been expanded and transformed through marketisation, the

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By the time UCEA had implemented the unagreed August 2020 pay freeze, UCU had shifted its campaigning focus to the 2021–22 pay negotiations, which on a normal schedule would determine pay levels for the academic year beginning in August 2021. In March 2021 UCU and other campus unions submitted a

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The prospect of convulsive changes to university staff workload and working conditions caused by universities' responses to the pandemic increased the complexities and tensions surrounding the dispute. To continue legally constituted industrial action, most branches needed to reballot for action

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Employers' organisations continued to argue that the strike represented a minority of staff in a minority of universities, with Oxford Brookes University's vice-chancellor Alistair Fitt arguing further that 'the call for more money comes at a time when universities are operating in a challenging

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On 31 October 2019, UCU reported that of 64 branches balloted, at least 43 had passed the 50% turnout threshold or were otherwise able to take industrial action. The national aggregate of votes (with four institutions still to be counted) achieved a 53% turnout with 79% voting for strike action.

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and UCU), running parallel to industrial action on pensions. From September to October 2019, UCU balloted members for industrial action in two disputes: renewed industrial action on pensions (for those institutions participating in USS), and new industrial action on pay and conditions (which UCU

1626:

The "intense infighting" experienced by parts of UCU during and following the 2018 pension strikes and negotiations led UCU to establish a 'democracy commission' to recommend ways to improve participatory democracy within the Union. Among its recommendations was the suggestion that the office of

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On 13 September, the Joint Expert Panel that had been convened to re-examine the valuation of the USS scheme issued its first report. The Panel's press release recommended a number of adjustments to the methodology and data used in the 2017 valuation of the USS scheme, and stated that "it is the

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Debate followed among UCU members as to whether to accept the proposals or not. As of 4 April, some branches had decided to recommend that their members reject the proposals as they stood, and prominent discontent with the proposals continued to be registered in the run-up to the ballot closing.

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had placed stringent requirements on private-sector pensions to ensure that their liabilities could be met even if all their member organisations collapsed at once—which in the context of USS would entail the whole University system going bust, an event deemed unlikely by many. Over 2006–17, the

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ran an editorial arguing that "it's not a welcome message for academics but they need to get real about the costs of their retirement incomes and to contribute more during their working lives", and argued that defined benefits pensions should be jettisoned not only by USS but also by the public

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On 29 January 2020, UCU announced results from the December–January reballots of selected universities that had failed to secure a 50% turnout in the 2019 ballots. As a result, two further universities joined the disputes on pensions and pay/conditions; nine joined the dispute on pay/conditions

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13 December saw the publication of the Joint Expert Panel's second report. This recommended changes to the governance of USS, to build on "the establishment of a new, jointly agreed purpose statement and shared valuation principles". Reporting focused on the Panel's proposal to introduce a dual

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As the strikes developed, university staff increasingly called into question the governance structures of UUK, individual universities, and USS, along with the marketisation of the UK higher education sector and its increasingly precarious workforce. By 13 April, over 12,000 people had signed a

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On 1–3 June, a tumultuous UCU congress included calls for the general secretary, Sally Hunt, to resign over what was perceived to be undemocratic practice within the Union's prosecution of the dispute. Much of the congress's proceedings had to be aborted, and a new congress was proposed for the

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which added further disruption to education. With the commencement of strikes, UUK agreed to meet UCU for further negotiations on 27 February. Leaked emails suggested they would not negotiate on UCU's key issue, retaining defined benefits. The meeting led to an agreement to undergo conciliation

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However, tensions grew following USS's statutory 2020 valuation of the pension scheme, which fell in the midst of the crisis in financial markets associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. USS published the plans arising from this valuation and commenced a statutory consultation about the proposed

2043:, a new trade union/employer working group to examine the annual national staff record (HESA), looking for example at trends in 'zero hours' and 'hourly-paid' employment, and contractual arrangements across protected characteristics. The group will produce a report of the analysis and findings. 1876:

As in 2018, striking staff at a number of universities ran educational 'teach-outs' off campus, which were open to students affected by the strikes. On 27 November, negotiators from UCU and UCEA met, with UCEA pledging to consult its members on 'gender and ethnicity pay gaps, casual employment

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On 19 November, UUK and UCEA jointly wrote an open letter 'to staff impacted by the UCU pensions and pay disputes', partly arguing that 'the publication of the JEP's second report will present UUK and UCU with the opportunity to develop a valuable and sustainable future for USS' and that while

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On the same day, UCU reported that of 148 branches balloted, at least 54 had passed the 50% turnout threshold or were otherwise able to take industrial action. The national aggregate of votes achieved a 49% turnout with 74% voting for strike action (with four institutions still to be counted).

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poll of 738 undergraduate students conducted for UCU between 13 and 20 February 2018 found that nationally, 61% of students said they supported the strikes, with 19% opposed and the remainder unsure. At striking institutions, support was 66%, with 18% opposed. In February 2018, a poll of 1,500

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On 22 November, USS declared that 'as member and employer representatives on the Joint Negotiating Committee could not agree on an alternative outcome to the 2017 valuation', it would maintain the defined benefits scheme but implement contribution increases using the Scheme's default rules for

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Concern among university staff about falling real-terms pay for most staff. Moreover, the pay projections assumed in USS's 2017 valuation and used to argue for reducing pensions assumed an increase in general pay growth: rather than assuming pay would keep up with inflation (as measured by the

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With the Easter vacation drawing near, UCU ran further five-day strikes, on 21–25 March or 28 March–1 April, depending on the schedules of different universities, with striking Unison branches participating on selected days. An extensive petition by female professors expressed concern for the

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Accordingly, strikes took place at affected universities 1–3 December 2021. As in previous years, strikes included teachouts, including teachouts hosted online by UCU nationally rather than at branch level alone, along with other activities such as music and running pickets. UCEA claimed that

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Against the backdrop of a cessation in industrial action, the closure of UK campuses, and an improvised sector-wide shift to online teaching, along with tensions over whether universities were fulfilling their obligations to provide safe working environments, negotiations between UCU and UCEA

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By the end of the third week of strike action (Friday 6 March), UCU summarised the position of negotiations as showing good progress on achieving a UK-wide, sector level framework to address casualisation, gender pay-gaps, and workload, with continued debate concerning the pay deal. Regarding

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at seven universities (alongside which three Northern Irish universities, unaffected by the legislation, also voted to strike). Likewise, on 29 October Unison reported that although a majority of voting members had supported strike action, the vote was frustrated by insufficient turnout. On 7

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On 15 October Sam Marsh, of the University of Sheffield, reported in detail on his own analysis of data obtained from USS after a long period of requesting the information. He found that the methodologies by which USS's 'test 1' measures the pension scheme's viability were flawed, and that by

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While the Joint Expert Panel deliberated, USS announced that, given that the legal deadline for addressing the fund's deficit had passed, it would, in accordance with statutory procedure, act already to raise both staff and employer contributions, following a statutory consultation period, to

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sector: "A productive economy needs enterprises and workers that take risks ... A better balance could be achieved by ensuring that the public sector shifts more of the responsibility for pension planning on to individuals, just as happens in almost all commercial organisations". Conversely,

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The dispute over the USS pension was also cast into a new light by the economic shock of the pandemic and fears over the short-time financing of the UK higher education sector; the fund breached a self-sufficiency measure on 12 March and reported itself to The Pensions Regulator accordingly.

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UCEA's opening pay offer, in April 2021, was 1.1% overall (with the details of implementation open for discussion); in May UCEA made their final offer, with a headline figure of 1.5%. UCEA stressed their willingness to work on issues other than pay, and the financial pressures on some member

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Meanwhile, debate on USS was complicated by USS beginning their 2020 valuation, with UCU criticising USS's valuation methods and calling on UUK for support. No significant change appeared to have come about in employers' willingness to shoulder more of the rising costs of the pension scheme.

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Strikes began on 20 February, with 74 universities affected, and news reporting on the day focusing on the determination of striking staff picketing in rainy weather. Following a few days with little apparent progress, UCEA resumed negotiations with UCU on Monday 24 February, and UUK resumed

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published the report 'What Researchers Think About the Culture They Work In', which found that 29% of respondents felt secure in their jobs. On 20 January, UCU published a report on 'the dehumanising effects of casualisation in higher education' that noted that '67,000 research staff were on

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they are going to deal with rising pension costs and declining pay and conditions'. Following 4 December, Union members were also to begin action short of a strike. 60 universities were to be affected (43 regarding both pensions and pay, 14 regarding pay only, and 3 regarding pensions only).

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However, USS agreed to undertake a new valuation of the fund as it stood at 31 March 2018, which the Joint Expert Panel had suggested would indicate a far smaller deficit. It was thought that this new valuation might forestall further requirements for contribution increases after April 2019.

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UCU announced that members would be electronically balloted on the new offer in April to decide on the proposal for the Joint Expert Panel. UUK pledged to maintain the current contributions and retirement benefits until at least April 2019 while the review by the panel of experts took place.

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Additionally, universities have set up compensation schemes for students affected by the industrial action. For instance, the University of Exeter introduced the Industrial Action Compensation Scheme to compensate students affected during the 2022/23 academic year, with the scheme accepting

1119:. By October 2019, the college had replaced the USS scheme with a defined benefits scheme to avoid the college bearing any responsibility for other pensions in the UK higher education system in the event of foreclosures in the sector. The move sparked protests, resignations, and a boycott. 1506:

had since 2012 paid fees covering most of the cost of their education, responded by demanding compensation from their universities, explicitly in support of the striking staff: by 20 February 2018, 70,000 had signed letters and petitions of this kind, rising to around 126,000 by 5 March.

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institutions where strikes took place saw one third of UCU members, or 9% of total staff, actually striking. UCU did not recommend that staff should refuse to make up missed teaching following these strike days, though this policy was reversed regarding strikes in February–March 2022.

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UCU's 2016 workload survey found an average of 51.6 and 50.9 hours a week in further and higher education, respectively, where contracts most often compensate 35–37. Action short of strike notably includes working to contract, implying a decrease of around 15 productive hours a week.

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On 3 February 2020, following consultation with branch representatives at the union's Higher Education Committee, UCU announced fourteen days of strike action, escalating over a period running from 20 February to 13 March: 20–21 February, 24–26 February, 2–5 March and 9–13 March.

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produced a 'strike zine'. A Cambridge researcher working in the UK under a visa made an art installation reflecting their precarious situation. Meanwhile, Southampton University UCU's 'Dinosaur of Solidarity', a person in a dinosaur costume, became a minor social-media sensation.

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were among early organisers, beginning rent strikes in March 2020 against many landlords who continued to charge them full priced rent. While triggered by situations arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, these protests were in the wider context of rapidly rising student rents. The

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UK university pay and student income, 2006–16, inflation-adjusted to 2017 prices. Over the period, total spending per student rises by around £2000; vice-chancellors' remuneration rises by £21873; professors' pay falls by £7544; and average pay across all academic staff falls by

660:

The proposed USS changes were shaped by the demand of the UK pensions regulator that USS should be made less risky to employers than USS's actuaries had wished. It was argued, however, that in view of the exceptional economic circumstances associated with the Bank of England's

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In October–November 2021, with UK university teaching moving back towards normality following a year dominated by online teaching in 2020–21, UCU once more balloted its members on both pensions and the Four Fights. Industrial action during 2021-22 took place in the context of

2050:, trade union/employer work to further develop the national Stress and Mental Wellbeing resources through our established HE Safety and Health Forum, Trade unions, Universities UK and UCEA involvement in advancing sector-level initiatives to address staff mental health issues. 1697:

not engage with staff, and the 'UCU Strikeposting' meme page on Facebook, which was run by students and staff who supported the strike, and quickly amassed over 6,000 likes in 4 weeks. Hashtags were also a powerful organising tool. A prominent example was the Twitter hashtag

1610:

During the first week of industrial action, UCU's stance was explicitly supported by the Labour and Green Parties. The Liberal Democrats argued that the government should underwrite the USS pension scheme, easing its assessment of risk. The Conservative universities minister

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Oxford, said "the leadership saw this wave of hostility coming towards them and backed down ... I'm sure there wouldn't have been as much momentum without Twitter, and without someone coming up with that hashtag." Dr. Jo Grady, a senior lecturer in employment relations at

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At a meeting on 25 April 2022, UCEA initially offered a 2.75% pay increase (rising to 6% at the bottom of the pay scale), saying that this would add 2.9% to the national Higher Education pay bill; UCEA closed the meeting with an offer that would add 3.05% to the bill.

351:

The dispute was the longest in UK higher-education history, involving 42,000 staff and affecting over one million students. It has been characterised as a "milestone" for "impending service sector strikes of the 21st century." It pre-dated but ran concurrently with a

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press for a profound rethinking of the valuation, design, and governance of the scheme. At a meeting of the scheme Joint Negotiating Committee in August 2020, the following competing proposals were considered, and the chair's deciding vote favoured UUK's position:

1627:

General Secretary should be held for three-year terms, and for a maximum of three terms. The commission suggested introducing a mechanism for members to recall general secretaries. Its recommendations were put to a special congress of the union of 7 December 2019.

2057:, trade unions and employers to develop an HE specific 'checklist' of suggestions to address blockages and enablers of women's career progression and balanced representation in gender dominated roles. There will also be collection and analysis of the overall data. 1285:

After the strike began, other vice chancellors voiced concern about UUK's position, and by the second day of strike action, 18 were being reported as calling for renewed negotiations, or as supporting UCU's position. Some joined staff on picket lines, among them

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declared that it was "not the government's policy to prevent migrant workers from engaging in legal strike action" and that he would introduce changes to the rules and guidelines on immigration to be explicit that strike action did not count as "unpaid absence".

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called the 'four fights'—pay inequality, job insecurity, rising workloads, and pay deflation—for all higher education branches). Ballots were undertaken separately for each institution in the belief that turnout might pass the 50% of members required by the

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had also grown (reaching £78 billion, a one-third increase over the previous year). Following negotiations regarding the calculation of the deficit, the USS Joint Negotiating Committee accepted a technical deficit of £6.1 billion in November 2017.

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On 31 October 2019, Unison reported that although around 66% of members voting had voted for strike action, turnout had not passed the 50% threshold. Likewise, Unite announced that 73.3% of members had voted to take action, but that turnout had been 32.1%.

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future. (On 18 October a recalled congress saw the withdrawal of motions to call for resignation, but a motion of censure was passed complaining at a lack of transparency and accountability in Hunt's representation of UCU members during the dispute.)

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UCU welcomed these offers as progress but criticised the lack of an improved offer on pay and argued that UCEA needed to provide universities with 'a clear set of mechanisms for policing and enforcing the expectations which they are signing up to'.

2016:

launched an "industrial action ex gratia scheme" to compensate students up to £100 for inconvenience caused by the ongoing industrial action. It this became the first UK university to offer compensation while industrial action was still in process.

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Universities should accept a slightly riskier but probably more lucrative investment strategy, leading to a deficit of £5.1 billion rather than £6.1 billion, a level accepted by the majority of institutions when it was proposed by USS in September

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Closing of the defined benefits section of the scheme (though mentioning the possibility of reintroducing it), with all future benefits (apart from death in service and ill health retirement benefits) being transferred to the defined contribution

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on the compensation of students for lost teaching in the wake of the 2018 strikes. Growing anxiety about the position of international students whose visa requirements for class attendance might be affected by the strikes, in the context of the

2064:, trade unions and employers to examine and report on national ethnicity pay gap data and investigate kinds of actions and interventions being taken by employers. Both also commit to encouraging colleagues to disclose protected characteristics. 1676:, which opined that "the universities must increase their pensions offer, and lecturers should give a fair hearing to any new proposals. Failing that, students should be compensated by the colleges". Support for UUK, meanwhile, was offered in 1226:

As the strikes commenced, academics at Oxford and Cambridge began using those universities' democratic structures to change the universities' position on pension reform. Oxford staff's attempts to use the university's supreme governing body,

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maintaining previous investment strategies, USS would have the surplus it would require to meet its future liabilities. UUK asked the USS trustee to investigate Marsh's arguments. Marsh's commentary had also attracted prominent support from

729:, the UK's national industrial dispute conciliation body. UCU tabled and published a set of proposals which it argued was consistent with the majority of UUK members' positions in USS's earlier consultation, but strikes were not called off. 2722:

that industrial action had not ceased and that she sought a renewed mandate for industrial action. At this point, pay negotiations for 2023–24 were concluded with the implementation of the following pay offer, made by UCEA in January 2023:

2509:

working conditions of those employed within it have markedly deteriorated. Insecure, poorly paid short-term contracts are the norm for younger academics, who are unable to plan their lives with any confidence in what the future may bring."

2327:, the aversion to risk of The Pensions Regulator, and the need for employers in the USS scheme explicitly to express their "long-term commitment to the scheme that will allow us to rely on their collective strength for the next 30 years". 11088: 637:

UCU stated that UUK's proposal would "leave a typical lecturer almost £10,000 a year worse off in retirement than under the current set-up", with younger staff the worst affected, with some losing up to half their anticipated pensions.

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The United Kingdom has 130 universities. Staff at 68 universities founded before 1992 are members of the USS pension scheme and were involved in disputes about that scheme. (Most academic staff at institutions which became universities

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or decreasing contributions (or some combination of both)". Shortly after, a UCU negotiator and two co-authors released a paper arguing that UUK had underestimated the likely losses of cuts to the USS scheme implemented in April 2022.

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the precariousness of Britain's higher education system as it has become more of a marketplace", and calling for an "independent inquiry" into the handling of the USS valuation "by all key players, including the Pensions Regulator".

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The report also recommended three-way talks between UCU, UUK and USS on the governance of USS to lead to future pension policies being more satisfactory to scheme stakeholders. The 'tripartite group' first met on 17 January 2020.

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occupied a lecture theatre (both in support of the strikes and in protest at what they called 'rampant mismanagement, alleged corruption and irresponsible fossil fuel investment at the University of Strathclyde'). Students at the

1712:, stated her belief that Twitter had helped people connect "outside of traditional union frameworks" and that this was ironic as their employers were the ones who encouraged staff to use social media as a tool for self-promotion. 1586:

entitled "Defending Academic Pensions", noting "with concern the proposal by Universities UK to close the defined benefit portion of the Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) to all future service". The motion was sponsored by

2315:

In April 2020, UCU and UUK issued a joint statement on their position in relation to USS, in this respect presenting a united front against the pension trustees; Alistair Jarvis, the chief executive of UUK, published a prominent

1901:

published an editorial arguing that the strikes represented "a battle for the soul of the campus" and that "the market model in higher education has created an intellectual precariat who are right to fight back". Soon after, the

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On 22 February 2022, the USS Joint Negotiating Committee (JNC) formally voted to conclude the 2020 valuation, with UUK succeeding in achieving most of its planned reforms to USS at the expense of UCU's, from 1 April that year:

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issues of precarity and casualisation up the agenda and brought about new ways of community-building in HE". Accordingly, these concerns formed the basis of ballots for industrial action across all UK higher education unions (

8604: 8223: 1531:. By 17 June, over 5,000 had joined. Asserson estimated that one million students had been affected by the strike, with 575,000 teaching hours lost. They suggested that universities might be liable for £20m compensation. 2146:

Negotiations went on and, following the leaking of minutes from a Russell Group meeting about casualisation, the Russell Group issued a statement pledging to address casualisation in that part of the university sector.

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in support of a strike called for 25–26 April by outsourced worked including cleaners, porters and receptionists. At one point during the occupation, students were locked into a room by staff members of the university.

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led to falling projections for international student recruitment, and UK universities rapidly switching their teaching to online modes. UCU cancelled rallies on the last day of strikes to reduce the risk of infection.

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Some universities decided to cushion the financial impact of strike action on their staff by deducting pay for the days not worked over several months. These included Glasgow, Leicester, Cardiff, Cambridge, and York.

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Vice-chancellors were to inform UUK whether they would back this deal by the end of day on Wednesday 14 March while UCU representatives consulted with their members on whether to reject the deal or not the next day.

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on 1 January 2018, whose powers came into force 1 April 2018. For example, on 28 February 2018, the OFS said that "universities that fail to mitigate the impact of the strikes would open themselves up to regulatory

1687:

A number of commentators expressed exasperation at a tendency in the media, and on social media, to refer to the strike as a "lecturers' strike", when it involved a wide range of staff, academic and non-academic.

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and ensure students receive the compensation they are entitled to amid the educational disruptions. Students also have the option to pursue claims independently if they prefer to manage the process on their own.

704:, many of whose members in the Higher Education sector were also USS members, began a consultative ballot on striking alongside UCU. On 20 February, UNISON wrote to vice-chancellors in support of UCU's position. 1442:

magazine found over half (51.8%) would support their lecturer in a walk-out and just under a third (29.3%) would not. Support for the national strike was evenly balanced, with 38.4% in favour and 38.4% against.

1067:. USS defended its position the next day, accepting that Marsh's reanalysis was 'not wrong in isolation', but arguing that de-risking was necessary anyway. In response, UCU commissioned an independent report by 482:). On 16 April 2018, staff were actually offered a payrise of 1.7%, below both CPI inflation (then 2.7%) and RPI (then 3.6%). Concerns about inflation, among both employers and employees, grew acute in 2022, as 1281:

publicly stated that "I am sure that I am not alone in being mystified at this change", and argued, in line with the position of the Liberal Democrats, that the UK government should underwrite USS pensions.

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applications until 5 January 2024. Students are also advised to check with their respective universities for similar compensation schemes, or explore the possibility of claiming compensation independently.

1542:

to run the higher education student complaints scheme within England and Wales) has issued a number of adjudications in response to student complaints, asking universities to offer partial refunds of fees.

1306:, expressed sympathy with the concerns of staff and students about not only pensions, but also marketisation of UK universities, and held a wide-ranging public meeting with around 550 staff and students in 13118: 11015: 968:

On 18 April, UCU confirmed that it was ending its call for external examiners to stand down. Commentary suggested that scrutiny of the pension negotiations by the union membership was nonetheless ongoing.

12207: 11855: 11481: 11368: 1454:

On the first day of the strikes the UUK head office in London was occupied by students. Students undertook occupations of university buildings in support of the strike at various institutions, including

17313: 13383: 825:

It is hugely disappointing that students' education will be further disrupted through continued strike action. We have engaged extensively with UCU negotiators to find a mutually acceptable way forward.

11232: 11457: 8256: 1522:

I don't want a consumerist education service. I believe education is a public good and not a service to be sold. But if we are going to be treated as consumers we are going to ask for our money back.

1084:

cost-sharing between members and employers, as published on 25 July (starting with a small increase in contributions in April 2019). The 2017 valuation was eventually signed off on 29 January 2019.

2240:

in November 2020, calling for a 40 percent rent reduction for the duration of the 2020/21 academic year, for the option of ending their tenancies early without penalty, and for additional help for

879:

Meanwhile, on 26 March, the UK's Joint Negotiating Committee for Higher Education Staff began its round of negotiations for pay in the sector for 2018/19, with unions demanding a large pay uplift.

16278: 8361: 2189:

of Universities UK, expressing support for UCU and urging a swift resolution to the strikes. As in previous strikes, there was a student occupation, in this case of the Old Schools in Cambridge.

606: 11085: 11064: 10341: 10095: 853:

On 23 March, UNISON announced that its consultative ballot of its USS members had returned 91% support for industrial action, and that it would begin a formal ballot for strike action in April.

840:

A statutory 64-day consultation by USS on pension changes had been due to commence on 19 March, but as of 15 March, USS were declaring an unspecified delay to the commencement of consultations.

493:

short-term or zero-hours contracts – in 2018–19, 34% of academic staff were employed on short-term contracts and 13% were paid by the hour. In March 2018, UCU argued on the basis of data from a

12039: 8174: 11554: 7211: 1446:

By 8 March, extensive student support for the strikes was still being reported, observing that students were joining with staff in solidarity against the marketisation of UK higher education.

7620: 1187:

In the ballot for the strike, UCU achieved an unusually high turnout and strong support for industrial action, and membership grew by about 15,000 between the beginning of 2018 and 12 April.

11263: 10365: 17138: 14008: 13020: 12519: 11700: 11110: 10839: 9742: 9729: 8415: 6778: 2151:

pensions, the Union represented UUK as putting more pressure on USS for reform, but little progress on convincing employers to shoulder a higher proportion of rising pension contributions.

676:, that UUK's negotiating position was disproportionately influenced by the views of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, whose constituent colleges made separate submissions to consultations. 14504: 618:

asset prices have soared ... We are now having to pay more – to get less in return – than we expected in the past'. Moreover, USS emphasised that its room for manoeuvre was constrained by

11775: 9643: 8076: 7781: 7054:

Emmanouil Platanakis and Charles Sutcliffe, 'Pension Schemes, Taxation and Stakeholder Wealth: The USS Rule Changes', ICMA Centre, Discussion Paper Number: ICM-2017-08 (23 January 2018):

2479:

spiking for the first time in over a decade, eroding the real value of pay, pensions, and student fee income, increasing financial worries for both employers and employees in the sector.

15277: 9185: 2244:

students. In response to the rent strike the university cut rent by 30 percent for all students in university halls of residence. Rent strikes were also announced in Autumn 2020 at the

7908: 7273: 1514:

had become the first university to offer to use money not spent on striking staff's salaries to compensate students. Robert Liow, a third-year law student at the university, told the

402:

1992 are members of the Teachers' Pension Scheme, which is unaffected by the USS dispute.) Staff at all universities were involved in disputes about pay and conditions of employment.

11977: 8733: 8633: 8601: 693:

On 29 January, UCU announced that 88% of UCU members had voted to back strike action and 93% backed action short of a strike. The turnout was 58%, meeting the 50% minimum set by the

8231: 8201: 1877:

arrangements and workload' ahead of a meeting the next week, while stating that it had no mandate to alter the pay increase that had been implemented for the 2019–20 academic year.

1794:

proposed a 1.7% pay increase for 2018–19, raising the offer to 2% (and 2.8% for the lowest paid) in May. These figures were both below inflation, which in March 2018 stood at 2.7%.

353: 225: 36: 11286: 11206: 14195: 11670: 1494:

called on its members to refuse to submit work with deadlines before 23 March, arguing that deadlines so soon after the end of the strikes would negatively affect students' work.

899:

reported that "students at the end of their courses could find themselves unable to graduate if crucial exams cannot be invigilated, marked or assessed" as a worst-case scenario.

13416: 10967: 9630: 7866: 6844: 8710: 8658: 7943: 2034:

a national employer representative body', proposed to set 'expectations' for the employment practices of individual institutions, and summarised its offer at sector-level thus:

598:

Members would be enabled to pay only 4% while still receiving the usual employer contribution, while the option of paying an extra 1%, matched by the employer, would be removed.

181: 13695: 12632: 10317: 1050:

of 12.1bn; or a £17.5bn deficit falling to £8.4 billion deficit. Though this plan was criticised by UCU and UUK, as of 22 November 2018, USS continued to plan to implement it.

177: 12552: 7829: 1518:

that if universities did not refund students part of their fees, they would be profiting from the dispute, as they would gain the money not paid to striking university staff:

595:

Contributions would remain 8% for members and 18% for employers (of which 13.25% contributes directly to pensions, the rest being used for management and running costs, etc.).

311: 191: 11413: 10784: 8391: 11529: 11148: 10897: 6757: 13228: 11040: 7681: 7490: 2525:

The National Union of Students called a "student strike for education" on 2 March. Strike action ran as scheduled, without producing a change of position from UUK or UCEA.

1133:

On 22 August 2019, the Joint Negotiating Committee, representing UCU and UUK, met to determine the position that they would put to the USS trustees. The independent chair,

16757: 16724: 15552: 15474: 12919: 12598: 11629: 8059: 10455: 8842: 7641: 2206:

shortly after March 2020; however, the reballots on both disputes were postponed due to the crisis, and the legal mandate for industrial action expired on 28 April 2020.

867:

staff to have a guaranteed pension comparable with current provision whilst meeting the affordability challenges for all parties, within the current regulatory framework.

13509: 12564: 13155: 12758: 10871: 8934: 6896: 8495: 8439: 8107: 7463: 1104:

A standard total contribution rate of 29.7% but with 'sufficiently strong contingent contribution arrangements' enabling higher contributions in certain circumstances.

17219: 15539: 11437: 7101:

Emmanouil Platanakis and Charles Sutcliffe, 'Pension Scheme Redesign and Wealth Redistribution Between the Members and Sponsor: The USS Rule Change in October 2011',

17155: 15403: 13941: 13781: 13067: 10503: 9614: 9424: 15160: 12969: 12868: 10051: 8975: 7234: 2536:

With the six-month mandate for UCU strike action established in November 2021 expiring, UCU began a new ballot to enable continued industrial action in March 2022.

10406: 9743:

2018 Actuarial Valuation: A consultation with Universities UK on the proposed assumptions for the scheme's Technical Provisions and Statement of Funding Principles

2192:

UCU members continued to find innovative ways to picket, with developments including a group of picketing runners circumnavigating the University of Leeds campus.

11007: 10942: 8870: 8769: 7797: 7298: 1978:

attracted particular attention for telling international students that missing classes on account of refusing to cross picket lines might jeopardise their visas.

376:

The large fluctuation in 2018-20 reflects "an exceptional, non-cash expense adjustment to reflect the changes in provision for future pension deficit reductions".

15770: 14960: 13768: 13667: 13654: 12204: 11478: 11365: 7968: 7578:

Troy A. Heffernan, 'Reporting on vice-chancellor salaries in Australia's and the United Kingdom's media in the wake of strikes, cuts and "falling performance"',

265: 10918: 10215: 17310: 14860: 13912: 10022: 8010: 15620: 15260: 14250: 11228: 10142: 12780: 12668: 12001: 11454: 9673: 1618:

The Chinese embassy in the UK also made representations to the Department for Education, expressing concern for the situation of Chinese students in the UK.

1327: 357: 144: 32: 15979: 15130: 13138: 10537: 8253: 843:

On 16 March, UCU called on members employed as external examiners to resign until the dispute was resolved. By 23 March over 600 resignations had occurred.

17334: 12022: 7557:

Cf. Cecile B. Menard and Sara Shinton, 'The Career Paths of Researchers in Long-term Employment on Short-term Contracts: Case Study from a UK University',

7125: 911:

The result of the ballot was the UCU members accepted UUK proposal. Industrial action was suspended and the impending strikes of 16 April were called off.

17181: 16698: 15416: 10386: 8894: 8353: 1326:

Conversely, many universities demanded that staff reschedule teaching that had not been delivered during the strike, noting their right to deduct pay for

605:

The closure of defined benefits was presented as a red line by UCU, which argued in favour of finding ways to sustain defined benefits, or to introduce a

345: 17556: 16034: 13003: 9699: 9537: 9437: 7342: 3558:

2019: Caterers, cleaners, and security guards in Unison to secure a local pay increase of 4.85% for the lowest-paid, scaling to 3% for the highest paid.

560:

In July 2017, USS reported a technical deficit (i.e. a gap between the fund's assets and its liabilities) of £17.5 billion, reported as the largest

14116: 9399: 11505: 11061: 10676: 10338: 10092: 214: 16154: 15488: 14386: 12502: 10301: 8171: 850:

On 22 March, UCU sanctioned fourteen further strike days to fall in the April to June 2018 exam period should the talks fail to come to a resolution.

15716: 14764: 11550: 7203: 2233: 1703:, which emerged as the unifying message university staff rallied behind twenty hours after the Acas agreement of 12 March. Dr Ed Rooksby, a tutor at 1068: 12728: 12633:"An open letter to staff impacted by the UCU pensions and pay disputes from Universities UK and the Universities and Colleges Employers Association" 12532: 9233: 7617: 1330:

if staff did not. However, a smaller number appeared to be committed to implementing deductions. Examples which attracted media attention included:

767:

8 March, UCU's Higher Education Committee agreed that it would call further strikes if necessary after the Easter vacation, between April and June.

393:

Predominant UK academic pay settlements (blue), compared with average UK wage growth (red) and inflation (yellow) in calendar year of implementation

17561: 16830: 14047: 13958: 13189: 12307: 11901: 11255: 10362: 9755: 9597: 6961: 509: 277: 17131: 11747: 11692: 11118: 10846: 8412: 14470: 12986: 12183: 11178: 7981: 7076: 1791: 1258:

Chalk graffiti reading "email the VC", at the Downing Street entrance to the Sedgwick Site, Cambridge University, during the spring 2020 strikes.

609:(the primary legislation for which was introduced in the UK in 2015, but which had not as of March 2018 been advanced to secondary legislation). 333: 282: 16554: 15113: 14712: 13479: 11767: 9955: 9853: 8308: 8072: 17546: 13354: 6525: 1885:

putting a form online for students to record which lecturers were on strike (which attracted a large number of satirical submissions); and the

1134: 13337: 13050: 12902: 12835: 12798:

Students complain they are being asked to 'snitch' after university asks for names of striking lecturers as eight day industrial action begins

12406: 9972: 6567: 1889:

telling its staff that picketing on campus would be trespass (which attracted a large petition in opposition). An attempted occupation at the

811:

the Twitter hashtag #NoCapitulation to express their disapproval of the agreement, helping to co-ordinate a strong response to the proposals.

17250: 15433: 15079: 14923: 12817: 12797: 9656: 8544: 7905: 7739: 6872: 297: 250: 173: 16847: 15096: 14890: 13811: 12553:

https://www.ucu.org.uk/media/8195/Workload-is-an-education-issue-UCU-workload-survey-report-2016/pdf/ucu_workloadsurvey_fullreport_jun16.pdf

12130: 7265: 2697:

service aims to streamline the process of claiming compensation for affected students, offering a structured process for submitting claims.

17079: 14734: 12393: 11974: 9453: 9411: 8741: 8625: 6937: 6692: 1856:

staff' and that 'we are always keen to negotiate and will attend talks to try and avert the disruption the strikes will inevitably cause'.

646: 494: 17198: 17117: 16933: 16435: 15949: 14777: 14335: 12323: 11835: 11149:

https://web.archive.org/web/20180318213931/https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/news/leeds-news/examiners-resign-protest-after-university-14387728

10625: 8198: 7701:

Rosemary Bennett, Nicola Woolcock and Ryan Watts, 'University debt: credit crunch looms as debt spirals', ''The Times'' (3 January 2019),

16226: 15787: 14990: 14910: 14537: 14403: 14263: 13399: 12066: 11579: 11294: 11198: 10805: 10258:

Esther Muddiman, Rowan Campbell and Grace Krause, "Let's Keep it Casual? Rising Precarity and Acts of Resistance in UK Universities", in

9250: 9154: 9014: 7541: 1957:

The 2019 strikes took place in a somewhat different regulatory and legal environment from the 2018 ones, due to the establishment of the

1911: 16408: 15522: 15340: 14520: 14178: 12245: 12087: 11667: 10163: 10036: 9550: 9536:

The Joint Expert Panel on the Universities Superannuation Scheme commissioned by the University and College Union and Universities UK, '

9436:

The Joint Expert Panel on the Universities Superannuation Scheme commissioned by the University and College Union and Universities UK, '

9267: 783:

On the evening of Monday 12 March UCU and UUK issued a joint agreement, arrived at through ACAS, to be put to their respective members.

16881: 16511: 16180: 15686: 15666: 15571: 14827: 13848: 13324: 13101: 12956: 11809: 10963: 7858: 6836: 2779:

ended the boycott locally by agreeing a 2% "cost-of-living supplement"; the university's membership of UCEA was revoked shortly after.

2323:

Meanwhile, July 2020 saw UUS expressing its willingness to reconsider some of its methodologies, while stressing the profundity of the

2224: 1919: 1273:, described a staff consultation process that led Essex to support retaining defined benefits via increased pension contributions. The 629:

USS had a legal responsibility to satisfy the UK pensions regulator that the scheme was sound, and the regulator was requiring change.

508:

Similar concerns were reflected by strike action around the same time more widely in UK professional classes: junior doctors undertook

16620: 15505: 15062: 13882: 13268: 13172: 9504: 9331: 9048: 8702: 8655: 7935: 6725: 17066: 16813: 15962: 15753: 15636: 14420: 13738: 13569: 12643: 12615: 11650: 10314: 9819: 9712: 7600: 7410: 2269: 17233: 16672: 16646: 15736: 15366: 15042: 14794: 14747: 14648: 14369: 13794: 13721: 13370: 13084: 12741: 12581: 12262: 11790: 11161: 10524: 9563: 8138: 7821: 7764: 1191:

local dispute in autumn 2017. Some pickets also featured staff singing rewrites of popular songs, among them Leeds University UCU's

736:. We are committed to seeking a viable, affordable and mutually acceptable solution to the current challenges facing USS pensions." 459:

began consultations on moving support staff from the defined-benefit local government scheme to a local defined-contribution scheme.

423:

the reduced wealth of post-2011 entrants was equivalent to an 11% drop in their total compensation or a 13% drop in their salaries.

17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 16382: 15243: 14276: 13975: 13285: 13037: 12468: 12434: 10781: 10560: 9484: 9374: 8958: 8388: 7511: 405:

As reporting noted, the strikes took place in the context of wider tensions over higher education and pension provision in the UK.

380: 17351: 16907: 15025: 14695: 13552: 13445: 11526: 11140: 10901: 10072: 6754: 745:

feared would require "very substantial increases in contributions". However, some vice-chancellors voiced support for UCU's plan.

368: 16793: 15898: 13492: 12681: 11037: 10822: 9921: 9127: 7678: 7487: 7388: 6636: 341: 197: 187: 16985: 15470: 15450: 15386: 14458:

This document has been jointly agreed by UCU and UUK and sets out their position, as stakeholders, on key issues relating to USS

14352: 14237: 13708: 11626: 10188: 9985: 8914: 8056: 6917: 1158:

The strike brought to the attention of unions and the UK government a potential ambiguity in UK legislation: migrant workers on

14873: 14487: 13432: 12936: 12357: 12228: 11975:

Jeremy Corbyn sends 'solidarity and thanks' to lecturers and other university staff who begin a month of walkouts over pensions

10452: 8834: 2100: 1967: 587:

Specifically, the USS Joint Negotiating Committee therefore made the following proposals, to be introduced after 1 April 2019:

17293: 15912: 15307: 14601: 14306: 2450: 1930:

reported that 'by and large' students 'support their lecturers and their anger is with universities and vice-chancellors'. In

17368: 15929: 13535: 13462: 10875: 8931: 6893: 1962: 1923: 1535: 1071:

which on 16 November 2018 supported Marsh's arguments and levelled a number of criticisms at USS's valuations and reasoning.

16959: 15703: 13831: 9836: 9467: 8491: 8436: 8099: 7460: 762:

Increasing contributions by 2.7% for employers and 1.4% for members (i.e. 4.1% split 65/35 between employers and employees).

641:

Critics of the changes offered the following main arguments against implementing the changes to the scheme promoted by UUK.

17215: 17092: 15324: 9803:

Trinity confirms exit from national pensions scheme – over 230 academic staff will now boycott supervising Trinity students

205: 16353: 11715: 11343: 10500: 8799: 8678: 8579: 8520: 8469: 7661: 7181: 6811: 15353: 13615: 12117: 11600: 7702: 1600: 1210: 441: 440:

proportion of UK private-sector defined-benefit schemes open to new joiners declined from 43% to 14%. In the analysis of

16567: 16101: 16004: 15177: 13242: 12337: 12163: 11938: 11791:"International law firm launches claim for University of Nottingham students to receive compensation amid strike action" 10403: 9772: 9031: 8766: 451:

Similar or even more dramatic proposed pension cuts for universities' non-academic staff. For example, in January 2018,

16537: 16460: 16253: 14567: 10939: 9520: 8867: 8034: 7794: 7295: 1231:, to effect a change of policy failed due to procedural problems on 5 March, but the next day Oxford's vice-chancellor 601:

Members' 8% (or 4%) would include a contribution to partly finance death in service and ill health retirement benefits.

527: 419: 373: 337: 16127: 16084: 12104: 9306: 2533:

disproportionate effects on pension changes on women and the alleged lack of an equalities analysis of USS's actions.

15653: 10915: 10275: 1738: 1235:

declared that the university would nonetheless heed the wishes of staff to "reverse its response to the UUK survey".

1159: 513: 324:

From 2018 to 2023, the UK university sector faced an industrial dispute between staff, represented most often by the

13641: 13417:

What's in UCEA's offer on contractual arrangements; workload and mental health; and gender pay gap and ethnicity pay

10757:"Message from the VC and the President of the York branch of UCU - News - Human Resources at the University of York" 10235: 9293: 9216: 8224:"Oxbridge universities 'given greater say than other institutions' on pensions cuts driving higher education strike" 8007: 7189: 2112: 1418: 486:

spiked for the first time in over a decade, rapidly eroding the real value of pay, pensions, and student fee income.

16201: 13599: 13051:

Lecturers' strike risks having a damaging effect on students with mental health problems, complaints watchdog warns

12040:

University strikes: Students set to receive 'direct compensation' over lectures missed due to action, minister says

10139: 7375: 6511: 1975: 569: 245: 15278:

Over a million students at 68 universities to be impacted by up to 10 days of campus walkouts starting in February

14095: 11998: 11856:"Universities told to refund half of students' tuition fees for failing to make up missed lectures during strikes" 11392: 10989: 10604: 10580: 10479: 10125: 9686: 2175:

As the strikes came to an end, UK universities found themselves under a relatively sudden set of pressures as the

14440: 11086:

BREAKING: Former students are withdrawing donations to the University of Sheffield over 'draconian' strike policy

10533: 7447: 6491: 2792:

Britain-wide UCU voter turnout and support for strike action (original ballots only; for sources see next table)

2476: 1240: 986:

maintain the scheme's benefits. The proposed rises (as a percentage of salary) were to be phased in over a year:

483: 372:

UK universities' expenditure on staff costs (percentage of total expenditure), 1993/94–2019/20, according to the

17501: 16604: 16298: 14143: 13298: 7888: 7765:

If you look at the economics, it's completely reasonable for university lecturers to strike over pension changes

732:

A spokesperson for Universities UK said: "Both sides are currently engaged in serious and constructive talks at

13628: 12451: 8891: 7339: 2336: 1482:

The purpose of the occupations extended into other issues: on 19 March, University of London students occupied

1410:, addressed an open letter to the university's vice chancellor asking the university to reconsider its stance. 818:

said that preparations for strikes during the exam period would be made, while urgently seeking further talks.

15851: 12146: 1615:

encouraged the parties to negotiate, and encouraged universities to compensate students for missed education.

455:

began consultations on closing its defined-benefits pension scheme for non-academic staff, and in March 2018,

17027: 11502: 9109: 8821: 2776: 1767: 1648: 1078: 201: 14665: 10684: 1183:

Dinosaur of Solidarity lino print, alluding to the presence of a dinosaur on Southampton UCU's picket lines.

12499: 10651: 8988: 2458: 1951: 1664:

The action attracted national television coverage, and supportive editorials from newspapers including the

721: 577: 325: 17388:

Clarke, Lauryn, "Reflecting on the Impact of Strike Action on Problem-based Learning at York Law School",

15194: 14604:", NIESR Policy Paper, 29 (London: National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 29 September 2021). 13696:

Fear of 'reputational damage' prompts secret Russell Group meeting to call for leadership on casualisation

10706: 16864: 16486: 9786:

Revealed: Trinity plans exit from national pension scheme, isolating college from higher education sector

9730:

Scheme Funding Report of the Actuarial Valuation: Universities Superannuation Scheme, as at 31 March 2017

1882: 1786:

increase or £1,500, whichever was greater; a £10 minimum wage to make all higher education institutions "

210: 10756: 9087: 6621: 2340:

merit". On 28 February 2022, the High Court agreed to hear the case, scheduling a hearing for March 21.

1115:

voted to withdraw the college unilaterally from USS as of 31 May 2019, in a move that came to be called

712: 17551: 14066:"UK coronavirus: 33,470 people test positive in a day; NI lockdown extended by a week – as it happened" 1479:), Stirling, Aberdeen, Surrey, Sussex, Glasgow, and, Queen Mary University of London (in the Octagon). 1266: 1112: 673: 12180: 11878: 11479:"We will not tolerate any strikebreaking": Stirling students stage occupation in support of UCU strike 7977: 2466: 2252:. By January 2021, reporting suggested that between 40 and 55 universities had rent strikes underway. 2078: 1947:

occupied a management building for two weeks, later receiving an eight-week suspension in punishment.

1811: 876:

hole in the scheme". UCU was due to consult members' representatives at a formal meeting on 28 March.

17478: 12485: 11527:

University of Surrey strikes: Students occupy Senate House in support of ongoing UCU pensions dispute

8305: 6999: 6669: 2631:

cap for inflation-proofing benefits (previously full protection up to 5% and half between 5% and 15%)

2415:

cap for inflation-proofing benefits (previously full protection up to 5% and half between 5% and 15%)

1939: 1853: 1539: 1456: 1307: 1295: 1228: 654: 581: 530:

levels and the mechanisms for paying them. In particular, on 19 February 2018, the UK Prime Minister

452: 260: 13755: 6958: 6934: 6600: 1635: 389: 16584: 13068:

University strikes: yes, students should get compensation – but not in the form of monetary payment

12023:

University strikes: Ministers urged to step in to guarantee lecturers' pensions after mass walkouts

10561:

Turning universities into businesses 'caused strikes', says Cambridge vice-chancellor Stephen Toope

2264: 1886: 1511: 1346: 1219: 564:

in the UK at that time. USS's deficit evaluation was based on suggestions that although the fund's

456: 154: 15834: 15804: 14678: 14631: 14614: 14584: 14550: 13156:

University of Reading threatening to cut 100 per cent of pay if staff don't work 'unpaid overtime'

12885: 12698: 10260:

Understanding Contemporary Issues in Higher EducationL Contradictions, Complexities and Challenges

9904: 9887: 9580: 9066: 8541: 7729: 7363: 6869: 6546: 13202: 12987:

Strathclyde University students barricade themselves in lecture theatre to support striking staff

10000:

Tyler Denmead, 'Tier Two Worker Remote Office: Resisting the Marketization of Higher Education',

8413:

Lecturers and university leaders enlist conciliation service Acas but strikes are set to continue

7936:"Why I'm a striking lecturer: I want to stop the slow death of public education | Becky Gardiner" 2249: 1971: 1931: 1709: 1592: 1460: 1356: 1278: 973:

Deborah Mabbett (appointed by UCU). The Joint Expert Panel was scheduled to report in September.

895:

As of 28 March, nearly 700 external examiners had recorded their resignations in a UCU document.

882: 804: 8280: 1864: 775: 720:

Strikes commenced on 23 February, coinciding with an exceptional level of snow and ice from the

17485: 17052: 11576: 11141:

Examiners resign in protest after University of Leeds threatens to dock striking lecturers' pay

10427: 10216:

Watch: Cambridge University teachers show off funky dance moves in protest against pension cuts

1944: 1528: 1438: 619: 14998: 12920:

University strikes: Picket lines and cancelled lectures as tens of thousands of staff walk out

12063: 11038:

Union boss claims university is 'punishing' striking academics by docking their pay twice over

7000:"Asset–liability modelling and pension schemes: the application of robust optimization to USS" 2303: 1422:

Leeds University students supporting the 2018 USS Pension Strikes on International Women's Day

16725:"'It would be a betrayal to back down now': university pay row reaches new level of acrimony" 13995: 13371:

Second class academic citizens: The dehumanising effects of casualisation in higher education

13085:

University of Liverpool under fire over 'intimidating' letter to students about strike action

8338: 8325: 2245: 2228: 1918:. Support from individual university students' unions was less clear, with some, such as the 1890: 1643:

Some scholarly societies issued statements supporting the strike or its goals. They included

1464: 1274: 650: 255: 17280: 17267: 15980:"Biggest ever university strikes set to hit UK campuses over pay, conditions & pensions" 13215: 8374:

Lecturers' strike: universities refusing to bow on pension reforms, leaked letter reveals',

1163:

this might in turn impinge on their legal rights to take industrial action. On 12 July, the

906: 478:), USS assumed pay growth one percent above inflation (as measured, more generously, by the 44: 16758:"It would be a betrayal to back down now": university pay row reaches new level of acrimony 12669:

UCU accuses universities of 'playing games' after they offer to talk about anything but pay

11414:

Dundee University students occupy Tower building all night in support of striking lecturers

8912:

Employer consultation in relation to proposed changes to Universities Superannuation Scheme

8354:"Lecturers' strike: Universities refusing to bow on pension reforms, leaked letter reveals" 2656:

members who spend over three months in USS entitled to the same benefits as everyone else.

2435:

members who spend over three months in USS entitled to the same benefits as everyone else.

2237: 2214: 2013: 1799: 1747: 1483: 694: 475: 445: 11438:

York University students occupy Heslington Hall in support of lecturers in pension dispute

10201:

Lesley McCorrigan, 'Fourteen Days, Hold Tight: Reflections from Leeds on the USS Strike',

9348: 2159: 1815:

Strike placard relating to the casualisation and workload components of the "four fights".

1777: 1768:

Ballots concerning joint higher education trade union national pay claim (31 October 2019)

1079:

USS declares 2017 valuation complete but agrees to a new 2018 valuation (22 November 2018)

8: 13655:

Four Fights talks - and a leaked employer document showing the true cost of casualisation

12759:

Why we're asking college lecturers to stop striking over pensions and get back to talking

11316: 9938: 8130: 1994: 1958: 1376: 1270: 1206: 707: 662: 542: 15771:

Russell Group uni is 'considering using external staff' for marking during staff boycott

10626:"University pension row: 14 days of strike action across the UK ‹ Glasgow Guardian" 2073: 665:

from 2009, the regulator was placing unrealistic expectations on UK pensions nationally.

645:

UUK's assessment of the health of the higher education sector after a 2015/16 report by

538:

their credit ratings, and with uncertain consequences for their finances and governance.

17415: 16848:

The pandemic ruined my A-levels – now the marking boycott casts a shadow over my degree

14505:

USS Trustee consultation illustrates wide range of potential outcomes to 2020 valuation

14021: 13119:

University management tactics on strike and ASOS pay deductions – and ways to push back

12599:

As a university leader, I think we can afford a better pensions deal for striking staff

11961: 9375:"Universities ending the strikes is not a climbdown – the fight goes on | Des Freedman" 7037: 2709: 2320:

article entitled "Attractive pensions benefits are possible without huge price hikes".

2295:

agreeing to move over 4,000 associate lecturers onto permanent contracts in July 2021.

2129:

reported restiveness among some UCU members about the desirability of further strikes.

2105: 1681: 1556: 1366: 1265:

However, some vice-chancellors expressed support for UCU's position before the strike.

1201: 479: 17428:

Rendell, Jane, "After the Strike? Part 1: The Transitional Space of the Picket Line",

17425:", Commons Library Research Briefing, 8156 (House of Commons Library, 16 August 2021). 16060:"Staff at 10 universities in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland begin pay strikes" 15873: 15621:

Staff at 24 UK universities back further strike action in ballot over USS pension cuts

13865: 12565:

UK university strikes: Walkouts at 60 institutions to hit more than a million students

7703:

https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/university-debt-credit-crunch-looms-as-debt-spirals

2454:

A UCU member ostentatiously posts their industrial action ballot paper in October 2021

568:

had grown (reaching £60 billion, a one-fifth increase on the previous year), its

561: 16732: 16699:"Formal consultation - HE employers' proposals on pay and working conditions and USS" 13004:

Scottish University students take over lecture hall in solidarity with striking staff

12843: 12278: 11909: 10271: 10180: 10023:"Curtailing overseas scholars' right to strike undermines their academic citizenship" 9001: 8911: 7133: 7110: 7029: 6700: 6608: 6575: 2176: 1742: 1232: 1205:) or dance routines, prominently including Cambridge University UCU's performance to 436: 17405:

The Sussex Campus 'Forever Strike': Estrangement, Resistance and Utopian Temporality

16461:"Interim joint statement by Universities UK and UCU with respect to the USS dispute" 11008:"We spoke to Leeds alumni who are withdrawing their donations following the strikes" 9854:

Cambridge college faces resignations over decision to switch pension plans for staff

7969:

Universities UK chief Alistair Jarvis: union's pension demands will cost £1bn a year

7041: 1179: 1145: 799: 463:

while two staff members earned over £1m, and running costs stood at £125m per annum.

17448: 17433: 17393: 16329:"UCEA and TUs conclude the 2023-24 pay round Dispute Resolution Procedure over pay" 13310:

Richard Adams, "Sussex University offers students up to £100 for strike distress",

12818:

Picket lines are trespassing, University of Birmingham tells its striking lecturers

10707:"Report of Discussion: Tuesday, 20 March 2018 - Cambridge University Reporter 6501" 10363:

USS strike: academics (and football fans) are fed up with 'dehumanising' conditions

10263: 10005: 7583: 7562: 7106: 7059: 7019: 7011: 5692:

Scottish Association for Marine Science at University of the Highlands and Islands

1935: 1583: 1579: 1386: 1287: 1127: 17452: 17437: 15489:

USS Employers pledge further covenant support; calls for long-term reform continue

14861:

Big mandate for strike action at UK universities over pay & working conditions

10009: 9674:

Report for University and College Union: Three Questions on the USS 2017 valuation

7587: 7015: 6986:

The Birth of a Pension Scheme. A History of the Universities Superannuation Scheme

2653:

no flexible option for members who wish to join USS and earn a guaranteed pension

2432:

no flexible option for members who wish to join USS and earn a guaranteed pension

1075:

in the dispute now ran between USS on the one side, and UCU and UUK on the other.

17317: 15822:

The distribution of loss to future USS pensions due to the UUK cuts of April 2022

15592: 14264:

Conclusion of the dispute resolution procedure – JNCHES negotiating round 2020-21

12506: 12211: 12187: 12150: 12070: 12046: 12005: 11981: 11674: 11633: 11583: 11533: 11509: 11485: 11461: 11420: 11396: 11372: 11092: 11068: 11044: 10946: 10922: 10788: 10608: 10584: 10507: 10483: 10459: 10410: 10387:

USS Strikes: Defending the Collective Public Goods Mandate of the UK Universities

10369: 10345: 10321: 10239: 10146: 10099: 9072: 8938: 8918: 8898: 8874: 8773: 8682: 8662: 8608: 8548: 8524: 8443: 8419: 8395: 8312: 8260: 8205: 8178: 8100:"The university pension strike will only end when we're listened to | Sally Hunt" 8063: 8014: 7912: 7801: 7734: 7685: 7665: 7624: 7566: 7494: 7467: 7346: 7302: 7190:

https://www.johnkay.com/2018/09/06/uss-crisis-can-the-pension-system-be-reformed/

6965: 6941: 6900: 6876: 6761: 2292: 1734: 1715: 1672: 1472: 502: 329: 17311:

Cleaners announce biggest ever strike for outsourced workers in Higher Education

16777: 16328: 16279:"Statement re Acas facilitated discussions between UCEA / joint HE trade unions" 15290: 15230: 14940: 13942:

Old Schools occupied by Cambridge Marxist Society and Cambridge Defend Education

13895: 12970:

Edinburgh students occupy David Hume Tower in solidarity with striking lecturers

12715: 11768:"King's College London is offering refunds to students for the lecturer strikes" 11723: 11335: 10940:

Staff hit out at the University of Leeds for 'penalising striking members twice'

8976:

Panel of independent experts to review processes for arriving at pension deficit

8791: 8675: 8571: 8517: 8461: 7658: 7430: 7376:

http://www.dannydorling.org/wp-content/files/dannydorling_publication_id6103.pdf

7319: 6803: 130:

UCU victory on USS reform; more favourable terms offered and 2022 cuts reversed.

17335:

Manchester Rent Strike wins up to £900 rent reduction for all students in halls

17002: 14961:

On the picket line at Leeds University: 'I will strike for as long as it takes'

11964:', House of Commons Library, briefing paper CBP-8156 (20 February 2018), p. 14. 2241: 2021: 2001: 1704: 1666: 1588: 1575: 1399: 1164: 1091: 1064: 1053: 669: 501:

Public concern about rising pay for University senior management, particularly

17422: 15805:

USS pension deficit shrinks from £14bn to £1.6bn in two years as markets surge

15131:

Manchester students begin occupation protest in solidarity with striking staff

14765:

Vice chancellors misled over pension cuts by own employer body, new data shows

14251:

New Joint Negotiating Committee for Higher Education Staff 2019-20 pay outcome

10602:

Hundreds of students gather to quiz Toope on pensions, divestment, and Prevent

7126:"Universities' main pension pot faces the biggest deficit of any British fund" 6526:"Anti-union laws stop university staff striking for fair pay & conditions" 2769: 2307:

2022 strike placard, adverting to a widely advertised estimate of pension cuts

883:

New strike dates announced as UCU members balloted on proposal (28 March 2018)

550: 133:

UCU ballot to extend action on the Four Fights dispute fails in November 2023.

17510: 16736: 15161:

The Guardian view on university strikes: another winter of campus discontent

13229:"USS joint panel dual discount rate proposal 'broadly aligns' with TPR views" 12847: 11934: 11913: 11366:

Protesters refused to leave to support lecturers at the University of Reading

7137: 7033: 6704: 6579: 1915: 1407: 1403: 1303: 1291: 17466: 16436:"A 10 per cent UK pay rise would risk the livelihoods of many post-92 staff" 15114:

Historic Vote as KCLSU Members Decide Not to Support Potential Strike Action

13510:"An open letter from UUK and UCEA to staff about the 2020 industrial action" 13021:

University strikes: Students face punishment after supporting staff walkouts

12869:

The Guardian view on university strikes: a battle for the soul of the campus

11062:

Striking University of Sheffield lecturers in fresh row over 'pay deductions

8492:"'Further talks agreed in universities pensions dispute' (27 February 2018)" 2291:

Meanwhile, some local branches reported progress on casualisation, with the

2236:

were particularly prominent: Manchester students launched a rent strike and

17474: 17404: 17182:

Important wins for Bristol rent strikers, but the fight has only just begun

16555:

What's going on, and why did HEC vote against consultation on the disputes?

14121: 14070: 14009:

Reballots postponed due to COVID-19; pickets cancelled but action continues

10964:"UCU calls on university senior management to drop ASOS 25% deduction plan" 7714:

Harry Yorke, 'Universities told they face fines if strikes harm students',

2324: 2138:

negotiations on Tuesday 25th. Negotiations continued throughout that week.

1604: 1596: 1561: 649:

found the sector was financially sound. Independent analyses undertaken by

17397: 17168: 16155:"Full list of strike dates this week and action planned for February 2023" 14847: 12781:

International students crossing picket lines "out of fear of losing visas"

12520:

UCU announces eight days of strikes starting this month at 60 universities

12064:

Chinese embassy concerned as lasting UK university strike affects students

10288: 10267: 9700:

UCU welcomes universities' acceptance of expert pensions report's findings

9598:

A flawed valuation: the layperson's guide to my findings on USS's 'Test 1'

8868:

Five things we learned from the latest UCU rally through Leeds city centre

8131:"Financial health overview - Higher Education Funding Council for England" 1720: 1321: 17234:

A decade of marketisation has left lecturers with no choice but to strike

15261:

UK university staff plan 10 more days of strikes in pay and pensions rows

14146:", House of Commons Library Briefing Paper, 9122 (25 January 2021), §3.3. 13139:

Staff warn of 'intimidatory' tactics at Liverpool University after strike

11111:"Lecturers to receive pay for failing to reschedule class due to strikes" 10232: 7063: 2615:

salary threshold up to which defined benefits accrue (previously £55,000)

2496:

undertook occupations of university buildings in support of the strikes.

2402:

salary threshold up to which defined benefits accrue (previously £55,000)

1914:

supported the strikes, as did the Labour shadow secretary for education,

1787: 1468: 1196: 1167: 1123: 907:

UCU accepts UUK proposal (13 April 2018) and Joint Expert Panel is formed

531: 17418:", House of Commons Library, briefing paper CBP-8156 (20 February 2018). 13959:

Striking UCU lecturers stage a 'running picket line' at Leeds University

13480:

UCU announces 14 strike days at 74 UK universities in February and March

6568:"UK university staff make breakthrough in strike dispute with employers" 4975:

2018: cleaners, porters, and receptionists to get their work insourced.

2641:

no change to cap (with costs of inflation over 2.5% borne by employers)

2422:

no change to cap (with costs of inflation over 2.5% borne by employers)

1844:

It was estimated that the strikes would affect over a million students.

1831: 1107:

A fixed total contribution rate of 30.7%, 'subject to a 2020 valuation'.

748:

UCU's proposal, along with suggestions for longer-term strategies, was:

15835:

Universities accused of misleading claims over UK staff pension reforms

15821: 15471:"JNC decision on package of reforms to conclude the 2020 USS valuation" 14814: 14649:

Is there really a black hole in the USS? It depends on your assumptions

12836:"University of Reading investigates security staff clash with students" 12533:

University strike could affect more than a million students, says union

11389: 10731: 10601: 10577: 10476: 10117: 9870: 9802: 9785: 7601:

Universities brace for government scrutiny after Policy Exchange report

7371: 1781:

Strike placard relating to the equality component of the "four fights".

1644: 1612: 1476: 815: 16035:"Universities condemned over threat to dock all pay of striking staff" 14117:"Manchester University students win 30% rent cut after Covid protests" 12903:

University Strike 2019: Why Are UCU Lecturers And Staff Taking Action?

11551:"Over forty protesters are occupying new East Slope construction site" 9973:

Autumn pension strikes more likely as universities impose higher costs

8172:

Universities threaten to punish striking staff over cancelled lectures

7906:

USS strike: we can't ignore reality of our deficit, says pensions boss

7024: 6662:"WIRED UK - Future Science, Culture & Technology News and Reviews" 2028: 1995:

Second report of the Joint Expert Panel on pensions (13 December 2019)

837:

As of 14 March, UUK's consultation with its members remained ongoing.

708:

Strike action commences (23 February 2018) and new negotiations follow

688: 17199:

We, Goldsmiths Staff, Are Striking for the Future of Our Universities

15214: 14387:

UK universities' tuition income rises by a third, outpacing staff pay

14157:"Students Can Claim Compensation for COVID-19 University Disruptions" 11748:"King's College London offers student refunds over lecturers' strike" 11455:

Opinion divided as students react to the occupation of the Arts Tower

9015:'Enough is enough' Unison urges USS members to join industrial action 8281:"Is the USS really in crisis?, 23 November 2017, Dennis Leech's blog" 2074:

Fourteen more universities ballot for strike action (29 January 2020)

1859: 657:

academic Sean Wallis argued that UUK used a "flawed valuation model".

490: 17118:"UCU members back strikes over both pensions and pay and conditions" 12394:

Trade union laws frustrate national support for strike action on pay

12372: 12370: 12324:"UCU members back strikes over both pensions and pay and conditions" 12290: 12162:

Julianna Challenor, Trudi Edginton, Deborah Rafalin, Carla Willig, '

11902:"Students: don't complain about your striking lecturers – join them" 11287:"University of Liverpool students 'occupy' Vice Chancellor's office" 11256:"UCL strike occupiers stop the Provost from getting into his office" 11229:"Universities UK offices occupied by students as part of #USSstrike" 9412:

UCU and UUK announce appointment of Chair for USS Joint Expert Panel

9400:

UCU and UUK announce appointment of Chair for USS Joint Expert Panel

8892:

Universities UK planning more talks with UCU to end pensions dispute

7580:

International Journal of Leadership in Education Theory and Practice

7055: 2713:

UCU strike dates February–March 2023, showing progressive amendments

16934:"Queen's University Belfast thrown out of Ucea over local pay deal" 16512:"'Blindsided' UCU members say pause in strike action 'unjustified'" 15717:

UK universities union abandons national approach to marking dispute

14735:

Employers force through plans to cut university retirement benefits

12143: 11810:"Students' bid for UK strike compensation 'passes legal milestone'" 11199:"Students split over support for USS pensions strike, poll reveals" 10652:"Strike-day pay deductions agreement | University of Leicester UCU" 10233:

Striking Cambridge dons dance for their pensions in flash mob video

9610: 9454:"USS announces increases in higher education pension contributions" 7528: 829:

In some places, the decision was followed the next day by rallies.

17443:

Rendell, Jane, "After the Strike? Part 2: Solidarity In and Out",

16882:"Prospect of more local deals deepens fractures in UK pay dispute" 16409:"Pay must be sustainable for institutions rich and poor, v-cs say" 15950:

University staff vote for UK-wide strike action in historic ballot

14911:

Important announcement: UCU industrial action starts on 1 December

14471:

Attractive pensions benefits are possible without huge price hikes

13400:

UK universities make offer on sector working conditions in dispute

11836:"Thousands of UK students join pensions strike compensation claim" 10840:"Human Resources Strike Action & Action Short of a Strike FAQ" 10093:

Why students are coming out in support of their striking lecturers

8339:

UNISON writes to vice chancellors over university pensions dispute

7859:"UCU announces 14 strike dates at 61 universities in pensions row" 7822:"USS strike: social media has collapsed the case for pension cuts" 7340:

The university pensions strike is a last resort for STEM academics

6837:"UCU announces 14 strike dates at 61 universities in pensions row" 2704: 1490:

In the wake of the February–March strikes, the students' union at

980: 794: 17169:

Press Release – End of the 18-19 Dispute and Plans for the Future

16673:"UCU faces 'ultimate test' as v-cs seek to blunt marking boycott" 16383:"Latest UK sector pay offer 'as far as we can go', say employers" 16227:"Strikes paused after breakthroughs in pay and pensions disputes" 15963:

UK set for sector-wide strikes as UCU secures historic 'yes' vote

15523:

Glasgow prepared to pay more to avert further USS pension strikes

15434:

USS: v-cs push through UK university pension cuts despite strikes

15146:"The Times view on the university strikes: Paying for Pensions", 14795:

UCU says staff 'left with no other option' as strike ballots open

14778:

UCU plans ballots for pre-Christmas strikes over pay and pensions

14679:

UK academics begin legal action to halt proposed cuts to pensions

14538:

UCU response to Universities Superannuation Scheme 2020 valuation

14404:

Deal secures permanent contracts for 4,000 Open University tutors

14370:

UK union says final pay offer of 1.5 per cent rise 'unacceptable'

14336:

Treat postgraduate researchers as staff, union tells universities

14179:

UCU threatens wider industrial action in bid to force move online

13866:

Coronavirus: Face-to-face lectures cancelled at some universities

13739:

Tackling use of fixed-term contracts 'priority' for Russell Group

13102:

Universities split over pay deductions for action short of strike

12367: 12246:

USS strike: why aren't more administrative staff on picket lines?

11935:"DEFENDING ACADEMIC PENSIONS - Early Day Motions - UK Parliament" 10806:

Academics 'must sign away authorship rights' to recorded lectures

10037:"Javid: foreign staff can strike without risking right to remain" 9499: 9497: 9234:

University staff vote on pensions offer – without a deal in sight

8734:"University strikes to continue after staff reject pension offer" 8626:"University strikes to continue after staff reject pension offer" 7618:

Revealed: British university vice-chancellors' five-star expenses

7542:#IchbinHanna: German researchers snap over lack of permanent jobs 7461:

UK universities rely on casual staff 'for up to half of teaching'

7204:"Southampton uni's DB closure proposal poorly timed, experts say" 6779:

Financial sustainability of higher education providers in England

6601:

https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9387/

2116:

UCU teach-out at KCL entrance during March 2020 industrial action

1790:" employers; and gender pay equality by 2020. In April 2018, the 1503: 516:

in 2015–16, while barristers began strike action on 1 April 2018.

16831:

Fears raised over quality checks amid university marking boycott

16621:"Delays in UCU strike ballot leave marking boycotters 'exposed'" 16005:"'Make or break' for UK union with academics 'at end of tether'" 15737:

Doubts on marking boycott impact as v-cs bid to save graduations

15637:

As UK industrial disputes drag on, should union rethink tactics?

15506:

Better USS pensions may be possible – but not just yet, say v-cs

15080:

UK union calls three-day strike next month over pay and pensions

15026:

Five more days of strike action this month in UK sector disputes

14924:

UK union calls three-day strike next month over pay and pensions

14748:

USS reforms 'would cut guaranteed pension income by 35 per cent'

14713:

Lawsuit against USS to proceed as High Court overturns dismissal

14322: 14293: 14221: 14156: 13173:

Fresh strike ballots at 13 UK universities over pay and pensions

12742:"Solid" support for strikes as staff rally over pay and pensions 12616:

Essex v-c says universities can afford to pay more into pensions

12550:

Workload is an education issue: UCU WORKLOAD SURVEY REPORT 2016.

12435:

UK union members vote to strike over pay but turnout falls short

12420: 12263:

USS strike: social media has collapsed the case for pension cuts

11693:"70,000 students call for compensation over UCU lecturer strike" 10823:

Breaking strike with recorded lectures 'may be against the law'"

9657:

Universities Superannuation Scheme rejects valuation error claim

9613:, Nick Hardy, Jaya John John, Nicky Priaulx, and Ruth Stirton, ' 9268:"Union unrest opens new front in UK university pensions dispute" 9110:

University and College Union Higher Education Branch Action Note

8602:

Agreement reached between UCU and UUK under the auspices of ACAS

8542:

UK universities could be hit by new strikes amid pension dispute

7795:

USS is the tip of the iceberg. Our pensions system is a hot mess

7488:'Genie out of the bottle' on casualisation after pension strikes 7296:

USS is the tip of the iceberg. Our pensions system is a hot mess

2786: 2666: 2195: 534:

had announced an official review of UK higher education funding.

17352:

Students Evicted By University After Rent Strike, Activists Say

16778:

Marking boycott impact downplayed by universities, union claims

16354:"Improved pay offer swiftly rebuffed by unions as strikes loom" 15572:"UCU announces marking boycott and 10 days of strikes over pay" 15063:

Union clashes with managers over pay deductions ahead of strike

14048:

UK students pay 60% more for halls of residence than decade ago

13976:

UCU postpones reballots, but has strike fatigue set in already?

13553:

UK university strikes: 'grim determination' on the picket lines

13355:

Thousands of UK academics 'treated as second-class citizens'",

13038:

Statement of Support with the (UK) University and College Union

12469:

Final pay offer promises 1.8 per cent minimum rise for UK staff

10732:"Strike pay deducted in one go for hundreds of Cambridge staff" 10118:"Academics to hold alternative teach-outs during strike action" 9564:

Pay extra 1% of salary to save USS pension benefits, says panel

9332:

Strikes suspended as union members vote to end pensions dispute

9251:

Under-pressure UCU leader urges members to accept pensions deal

9104: 9102: 9100: 9002:

University members asked to strike to defend USS pension scheme

8767:#NoCapitulation: How one hashtag saved the UK university strike 7642:

British professionals revolt as austerity hits the middle class

6894:

Theresa May to reveal details of tuition fee overhaul on Monday

2470:

Unison placard, alluding to rising energy costs and falling pay

1981: 1730: 1432: 1254: 1116: 701: 565: 336:(UCEA). The dispute was initially over proposed changes to the 16908:"Marking boycott ends at Queen's Belfast as local deal agreed" 15754:

Most universities in marking boycott threaten to dock full pay

14828:

UCU members back strikes over pensions but turnout falls short

14521:

Universities and pension bosses at loggerheads over USS future

14277:

Employers' leader calls for understanding as UK pay talks fail

13338:

Researchers facing 'shocking' levels of stress, survey reveals

10262:, ed. by Brendan Bartram (London: Routledge, 2020), pp. 79-92 9820:

Cambridge's Trinity confirms departure from USS pension scheme

9494: 7411:

Striking staff defiant as v-cs close ranks on pay and pensions

6726:"Pensions strike forces UK universities to reset examinations" 2445: 2200: 1716:

2019–20 industrial action on pensions and on the 'four fights'

1149:

Crowds gather at a UCU strike rally in George Square, Glasgow.

159:

A foodbank donation point in Sainsbury's, Slough, in June 2022

15788:

Durham Uni's planned marking boycott ends following UCU vote

15687:

UCU announces marking boycott and 10 days of strikes over pay

15667:

Marking boycott looms as UCU promises more strikes next month

15417:

Female professors call for rethink on planned UK pension cuts

15387:

Striking staff tired but determined in third wave of walkouts

14551:

Universities scheme offers protection against solvency issues

14353:

Is it a good idea to treat postgraduate researchers as staff?

13493:

Employers refuse to back down on eve of UK university strikes

12088:

More transparency will improve the UCU's democratic processes

10578:

Toope attacks 'fundamental error' of university marketisation

10534:"The future of UK universities | Vice-Chancellor's blog" 9713:

Universities back panel's plans for USS pension contributions

9128:

UK university staff offered 1.7 per cent pay rise for 2018-19

7389:

UK university staff offered 1.7 per cent pay rise for 2018-19

7235:"Southampton Uni support staff 'face two-thirds pension cut'" 6693:"University lecturers to strike as students sit summer exams" 2679: 770: 17496: 17251:

Strike action underway at Uni of Leicester over redundancies

16865:

Graduate employers should consider impact of marking boycott

16647:"UCU marking boycott to go ahead after members reject offer" 15404:

HE workers prepare for further strikes over pay and pensions

15367:

New strike ballot at Queen Mary over 'brutal' pay deductions

15308:

Union clashes with managers on turnout as USS strikes resume

15097:

Leeds University Union will not support upcoming UCU strikes

13812:

UK universities face cash black hole amid coronavirus crisis

13709:

Russell Group publishes joint statement on working practices

12412: 10164:

USS strike: picket line debates will re-energise scholarship

9756:

Employers reject call for contingency contributions from USS

9097: 8959:

Hundreds of external examiners resign in UK pensions dispute

7512:

Young European researchers set groundwork for policy changes

2539: 1092:

Consultation on 2018 USS valuation closes (28 February 2019)

1054:

Joint Expert Panel releases first report (13 September 2018)

16814:

Union and employers clash over impact of UK marking boycott

15043:

UCU faces challenge on rescheduling lectures lost to strike

14585:

Pension regulator under fire over university fund valuation

14421:

Coronavirus: USS pensions could become 'much less generous'

13286:

UCU calls 14 more days of strike action in higher education

13269:

Fresh UK pension scheme talks 'could avert further strikes'

12582:

UCU announces eight days of strikes, starting late November

12358:

UK university staff to vote on strike action in pay dispute

12205:

The Observer view on the shambolic way universities are run

11627:

BREAKING: UoL premises in Senate House occupied by students

10898:"Kent's pay policy during this period of industrial action" 9956:

UK universities brace for strike action in pensions dispute

9644:

Claims of a 'large and demonstrable error' in the valuation

7176: 7174: 6998:

Platanakis, Emmanouil; Sutcliffe, Charles (16 March 2017).

6661: 2770:

April 2023 – September 2023: marking and assessment boycott

2462:

Unison members on strike at Leeds University (mirror image)

2223:

they were renting accommodation to access. Students at the

1926:

voted to support the strikes, but was unusual in doing so.

1754: 1751:

made via one channel being negated by losses on the other.

1491: 1246:

Staff also made extensive use of social media (see below).

1215: 733: 726: 551:

2018 USS pension negotiations, and associated strike action

17268:

University of Liverpool staff begin strike over job losses

16986:

UK academics to resume marking after UCU calls off boycott

16794:

University workers on indefinite strike discuss how to win

15451:

Employers reject UCU proposal for completing USS valuation

14488:

COVID-19 has ravaged the USS' ability to meet its promises

13832:

Coronavirus: LSE to teach online for rest of academic year

13795:

Union says USS valuation proposals 'ignore members' views'

11651:

University of London seals protesting students into a room

11390:

Student activists occupy Old Schools in support of strikes

10477:

Stephen Toope joins calls for renewed talks to end strikes

10453:

USS strike: is it time to nationalise university pensions?

9485:

UCU's Sally Hunt censured over handling of pensions strike

8932:

Call for external examiners to quit in UK pensions dispute

1302:

of 16 March, the vice-chancellor of Cambridge University,

14874:

The strike vote turnout is neither unusual nor surprising

13722:

University bosses admit damage caused by casual contracts

13600:'Stand-off' as both sides dig in for UK sector strikes", 13536:

Union tries to keep members on board as more strikes near

13463:

Union tries to keep members on board as more strikes near

11668:

SOAS SU calls for student boycott of coursework deadlines

11601:"Students occupy Octagon in protest against bursary cuts" 11336:"University strike talks resume after Twitter skirmishes" 11317:"Bristol students stage staff pensions strike occupation" 11179:

An Open Letter to the Vice Chancellor of Leeds University

10782:

Universities 'uncertain' about lecture-capture copyright'

9986:

Employers' strike ban rejected by UCU in pensions dispute

9922:

Whistleblowing professor Jane Hutton fired from USS board

9631:

USS's valuation rests on a large and demonstrable mistake

9581:

University pension fund accused of exaggerating shortfall

8254:

The solution to university pensions? Better fund managers

7266:"Hundreds of university staff braced for pension changes" 1607:(Labour). As of 19 March, it had been signed by 133 MPs. 1515: 1318:

output of their staff, which remained ongoing into 2021.

17491: 17294:

Liverpool strikes off as compulsory redundancies averted

17003:"Striking higher education institutions, September 2023" 16960:"UCU plans fresh strikes for start of new academic year" 16254:"Breaking: UCU strike action to be paused for two weeks" 15899:"University staff to strike over pay as new term begins" 14891:

UK university staff back strikes over pay and conditions

13446:

Union calls 14-day strike in UK pay and pensions dispute

12957:

Students join picket lines to support striking lecturers

12682:

One in three union members joined strikes, say employers

9871:

Trexit conflicts continue as Trinity welcomes new master

9468:

Sally Hunt clings on as UCU leader as congress curtailed

8326:

HE members to be consulted over proposed pension changes

7171: 2090: 1140: 856: 647:

the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)

17481:', HEPI Report 115 (Higher Education Policy Unit, 2019) 15930:

UCU chief prepares for sector-wide fight on many fronts

15913:

Unison members out on strike as new term gets under way

14441:

USS proceeds with valuation 'in the middle of a crisis'

13433:

Staff at another 14 universities can join strike action

12452:

The pay ballot shows that the UCU is stronger than ever

10428:"Which way forward for USS?, 28 November 2017, VC blog" 8703:"University strikes remain on as UCU rejects proposals" 8518:

University strike talks resume after Twitter skirmishes

8199:

Universities strike blamed on vote by Oxbridge colleges

1322:

Threatened pay deductions for not rescheduling teaching

17216:"Goldsmiths local UCU strike Nov 23rd – Dec 13th 2021" 15820:

Jackie Grant, Mark Hindmarsh, and Sergey E. Koposov, '

15244:

Ten more universities face strikes after UCU reballots

14976:

Emma Yeomans, "Lessons in revolution on picket line",

14939:

Hazel Shearing, Elaine Dunkley and Branwen Jeffreys, "

13849:

UK universities switching to online lectures and exams

13299:

Statement of the first meeting of the tripartite group

11162:

UK academics have snapped – and not just over pensions

10073:

The USS strike and the winter of academics' discontent

9837:

UCU threatens boycott of Trinity College over USS exit

9615:

Sam Marsh exposes new problems in the USS valuation',

9155:"UK university staff to vote on latest pensions offer" 8057:

University lecturers begin strike action over pensions

7162:

Backing for defined benefit pension scheme bucks trend

7077:"New USS pension reform plans to be put to union vote" 520: 498:

Declaration and the 2021 German #IchBinHanna movement.

17369:

Why won't UCL treat us cleaners like its other staff?

17093:"Higher education industrial action reballot results" 15341:

University members to take action on pay and pensions

14632:

UK university pensions suffer from misplaced prudence

14568:

There is no silver bullet in the UK's pension dispute

13325:

What Researchers Think About the Culture They Work In

11716:"University strike talks suspended without agreement" 10916:

Tensions Mount on Campus as USS Pensions Strike Looms

9888:

Regulators probe claims about university pension plan

9049:

New offer sent to UCU members in USS pensions dispute

8656:

University strikes remain on as UCU rejects proposals

8437:

Further talks agreed in universities pensions dispute

8035:

USS strike: regulator is to blame for pensions crisis

2635:

changes deferred 'until at least the next valuation'

2268:

Unison placard from 2022 strikes, alluding to the UK

2248:, which resulted in a one-month rent rebate, and the 1832:

UCU announces eight days of strikes (5 November 2019)

1555:

On 25 November 2019, Joshua Curiel, a student at the

1262:

Universities were represented in the dispute by UUK.

756:

Retaining defined benefits on salaries up to £55,550.

17281:

University of Liverpool staff call off strike action

14664:

Neil Davies, Jackie Grant, and Chin Yang Shapland, "

13668:"Negotiators' statement on Four Fights negotiations" 12427: 10140:

Bangor University staff to 'Teach-Out' during strike

9067:"UK university union agrees to new pension proposal" 6637:"The ticking time bomb under Britain's universities" 6547:

Universities face 8-day strike as disputes rumble on

6541: 6539: 3237:

Participation by individual universities in strikes

2529:

institutions, provoking a new, local strike ballot.

2125:

had made on 27 January. During the same period, the

739: 16568:

Moving On: the 17 March HEC Decision and Next Steps

13883:

Coronavirus advice in relation to industrial action

13243:"JEP publishes recommendations to ease USS dispute" 12886:

Universities strike is over more than just pensions

12716:

Statement from today's meeting between UCEA and UCU

12352: 12350: 12295:

Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements

9515: 9513: 8600:

University and College Union and Universities UK, '

7659:

Theresa May's university review will not scrap fees

6997: 2029:

UCEA publish negotiating position (27 January 2020)

1970:policy towards migrants, was also in evidence. The 1239:petition calling for UUK to be made subject to the 1101:

A fixed total contribution rate of 33.7% of salary.

759:

Reducing the annual accrual rate from 1/75 to 1/80.

716:

International Women's Day and Leeds UCU signs, 2018

689:

UCU ballots for industrial action (29 January 2018)

16128:"Dates for UCU's 'biggest ever strikes' confirmed" 13769:Negotiators' statement on Four Fights negotiations 13117:Andrew Chitty, Felicity Callard, and Leon Rocha, ' 12279:https://www.facebook.com/shitpostingoncompanytime/ 11854: 11746: 10501:Pensions strike 'poisons relations' on UK campuses 9425:UCU announces nominations to USS joint expert pane 9184: 9065: 7730:"University pension fund deficit soars to £17.5bn" 7431:Students hit by 14-day university lecturers strike 1860:Strikes take place (25 November – 4 December 2019) 1310:, scheduling a further such meeting for 26 April. 576:The key change proposed by UUK was to close USS's 426:By 2017, the USS scheme had over 400,000 members. 17080:Industrial Action Ballot – UCU (Northern Ireland) 16484: 16102:"Rayner shows her support for striking academics" 15354:Student Strike for Education // Walk Out Teach In 15178:Fresh strike ballots at dozens of UK universities 14110: 14108: 13616:Further talks and more on the Four Fights dispute 13190:Strike Ballots to Open at another 24 Universities 12937:University of Reading students support the strike 12291:(Still) writing a history of now: #NoCapitulation 6536: 1961:and the emergence of a body of case-law from the 1938:in solidarity with the strike, while students at 1639:University of Leeds Sociologists on Strike banner 1449: 37:UK industrial disputes and strikes (2022–present) 17508: 16181:"A day of strike action across UK – in pictures" 16032: 13570:Thousands of university workers strike across UK 12347: 10315:Oxford University backs down in pensions dispute 9510: 7450:", Statistical Bulletin SB256 (23 January 2020). 7120: 7118: 2218:Rent strike solidarity banner, Leeds, April 2020 832: 632: 16538:UCU members return to picket lines 'determined' 16202:"UCU Rising: strike paused, campaign continues" 15852:"University Marking Boycott Claim Compensation" 15291:University strikes: Will lectures be cancelled? 14615:Avoiding a pensions disaster at UK universities 14096:Britain's Historic Wave of Student Rent Strikes 13373:" (London: University and College Union, 2020). 12338:UK university staff offered 2 per cent pay rise 12229:Lecturers can't expect us to pay their pensions 11577:Students occupy Glasgow uni room in pension row 11503:Police called to University of Aberdeen protest 9687:Update: employers' views on JEP recommendations 8129:England, Higher Education Funding Council for. 7182:USS crisis: can the pension system be reformed? 6755:The strange economics of the university strikes 5613:Royal Veterinary College, University of London 5008:London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 2705:September 2022 – March 2023: nationwide strikes 2209: 1792:Universities and Colleges Employers Association 981:USS plans contribution increases (25 July 2018) 795:Acas agreement withdrawn by UCU (13 March 2018) 700:Shortly after, on 13 February, the trade union 668:Concern also grew, on the basis of research by 334:Universities and Colleges Employers Association 17132:"UCU - University College Union-USS - L2379_1" 14105: 13896:Students hit by 14-day university staff strike 13384:REVISED PROPOSALS presented on 27 January 2020 12699:University staff launch 8-day strike across UK 12444: 12388: 12386: 10404:Universities must pay more to protect pensions 9905:Regulator rebukes UK university pension scheme 9294:Members vote to accept employers' latest offer 9122: 9120: 9118: 8835:"UCU rejects proposals jointly agreed at ACAS" 8389:University staff pension dispute moves to Acas 7679:Universities and the allure of capital markets 7448:Higher Education Staff Statistics: UK, 2018/19 7095: 7069: 7048: 6991: 779:Placard from 13 March 2018 UCU protest, Leeds. 16:Series of education strikes in UK universities 16585:We stopped the sell-out. Fight on to victory! 15654:A new strategy and next steps in our disputes 15540:[Employers' statement JNCHES 2022-23] 14941:University staff strike over pay and pensions 13642:Negotiations update: more USS talks on Friday 9521:USS to revisit £7.5 billion deficit valuation 9032:Unison strike ballot over university pensions 7156: 7154: 7115: 6870:Striking dons add to UK students' resentments 6512:"UCU wins five year long USS pension dispute" 2787:Tables of UK higher education strikes 2018–20 2667:31 March: 2022–23 New JNCHES pay round begins 2234:University of Manchester protests (2020–2021) 2196:Developments from March 2020 to December 2021 2132: 2104:University of Leeds strike rally outside the 1214:. A number of branches saw the production of 555: 305: 17156:More universities to be balloted for strikes 16607:' (: House of Commons Library, 23 May 2023). 15704:HE institutions involved in the UCU disputes 15553:Higher Education Joint Union's Claim 2022/23 14696:USS says High Court challenge has 'no merit' 14307:Higher Education Joint Union's Claim 2021/22 12131:Statement on strike action over USS Pensions 10990:Universities urged not to withhold staff pay 8275: 8273: 6980: 6978: 1982:Following strike action (5–12 December 2019) 1406:, widow of the university's noted professor 612: 580:(possibly temporarily), replacing it with a 363: 16722: 14022:"University students staging 'rent strike'" 12383: 9115: 8306:A Pensions Proposal: Constant Contributions 8008:USS strike: academics are wrong to walk out 7529:Bratislava Declaration of Young Researchers 2446:Industrial action December 2021 – July 2023 2259: 2201:Pandemic and cessation of industrial action 1868:UCU Strike Rally, Buchanan Street, Glasgow. 1806: 1772: 1538:for Higher Education (designated under the 328:(UCU), and their employers, represented by 17557:February 2018 events in the United Kingdom 17082:', CES Report of Voting (24 October 2022). 17069:', CES Report of Voting (24 October 2022). 16299:"Employers fall well short with new offer" 16178: 16085:Oxford University's other diversity crisis 15593:"Four fights reballot results, April 2022" 15231:Four fights reballot results, January 2022 12959:', ''The Times'' (26 November 2019), p. 2. 12105:HUK statement on current industrial action 10087: 10085: 10067: 10065: 9059: 9057: 8462:"Fresh strikes could hit university exams" 8298: 7364:Examining the Numbers on Pension Valuation 7320:University pension boss's £82,000 pay rise 7151: 6918:Professoren wollen Universitäten lahmlegen 2680:May – June: marking and assessment boycott 2183: 1920:University of Birmingham Guild of Students 771:Joint UUK and UCU proposal (12 March 2018) 489:Growing numbers of academic staff were on 312: 298: 43: 12308:Notice of Trade Dispute Over USS Pensions 12118:SHS Statement on the USS Pensions Dispute 11744: 10052:"Immigration:Written statement - HCWS848" 8953: 8951: 8862: 8860: 8792:"University strikers reject pension deal" 8572:"Deal offered in university pensions row" 8270: 7023: 6975: 6804:"University strike: What's it all about?" 2540:22 February: USS 2020 valuation concludes 2512: 2270:Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies 413: 17423:Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) 17416:Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) 15569: 14144:Coronavirus: Studentaccommodation issues 13782:Four Fights negotiators' update 11 March 12816:Ewan Somerville and Phoebe Southworth, ' 11962:Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS) 11833: 9372: 8789: 8761: 8759: 8569: 8193: 8191: 7963: 7961: 7933: 7759: 7757: 7482: 7480: 7334: 7332: 7232: 6864: 6862: 6831: 6829: 6690: 4949:2021: UCU staff regarding redundancies. 4834:2021: UCU staff regarding redundancies. 2708: 2465: 2457: 2449: 2302: 2263: 2213: 2158: 2111: 2099: 2077: 1863: 1810: 1776: 1755:Ballot on USS pensions (31 October 2019) 1719: 1634: 1417: 1253: 1178: 1144: 798: 774: 711: 684:earlier lack of investment by employers. 388: 379: 367: 17562:March 2018 events in the United Kingdom 17028:"Date set for university strike ballot" 16808: 16806: 16772: 16770: 16615: 16613: 16599: 16597: 16377: 16375: 16323: 16321: 16319: 16293: 16291: 16251: 16196: 16194: 16028: 16026: 15944: 15942: 15893: 15891: 15731: 15729: 15681: 15679: 15631: 15629: 15615: 15613: 15587: 15585: 15565: 15563: 15561: 15465: 15463: 15381: 15379: 15335: 15333: 15225: 15223: 15209: 15207: 15057: 15055: 15020: 15018: 15016: 14955: 14953: 14905: 14903: 14842: 14840: 14809: 14807: 14729: 14727: 14725: 14515: 14513: 14435: 14433: 14317: 14315: 14232: 14230: 14090: 14088: 13990: 13988: 13920:University of Sheffield Students' Union 13826: 13824: 13629:Employers agree to further negotiations 13427: 13425: 13394: 13392: 13203:Second Report of the Joint Expert Panel 13133: 13131: 12812: 12810: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12318: 12316: 11879:"University Strike Compensation Claims" 11284: 11005: 10289:Demanding the Impossible: A Strike Zine 10254: 10252: 10082: 10062: 9996: 9994: 9448: 9446: 9186:"New university strike dates announced" 9179: 9177: 9175: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9054: 8822:How we got to yesterday and what's next 8676:University strikers reject pension deal 8002: 8000: 7816: 7814: 7782:Proposed changes to future USS benefits 7263: 6749: 6747: 6634: 6177:UCA - University for the Creative Arts 4867:Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts 3499:Birkbeck College, University of London 3257:November 2021 – April 2022 (r=reballot) 2163:Leicester education rally 10 March 2020 1922:, taking an explicitly neutral stance. 342:COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom 24:United Kingdom higher education strikes 17509: 17222:from the original on 16 November 2021. 16485:speakoutprecariat (19 February 2023). 16433: 16152: 15477:from the original on 23 February 2022. 11899: 11788: 11765: 11703:from the original on 27 February 2018. 11327: 11193: 11191: 9063: 8948: 8857: 8351: 8221: 8029: 8027: 7727: 7721: 7425: 7423: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7201: 5927:St Mary's University College, Belfast 4895:Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 4373:Strikes against redundancies 2021–22. 2154: 1950:Some scholarly societies, such as the 1630: 1566:to ensure fairer working conditions." 1510:On 4 March 2018, it was reported that 1111:Meanwhile, on 15 March the Council of 607:collective defined contribution scheme 17547:Labour disputes in the United Kingdom 17144:from the original on 31 October 2019. 16179:Rees-Bloor, Natasha (February 2023). 16033:Anna Fazackerley (27 November 2022). 12833: 12181:University staff strike over pensions 11852: 11807: 11713: 11707: 11690: 11333: 11253: 11209:from the original on 25 February 2018 11108: 11102: 11078: 10475:Todd Gillespie and Catherine Lally, ' 10116:Lally, Catherine (21 February 2018). 10115: 10049: 9741:Universities Superannuation Scheme, ' 9307:"Ballot result on Joint Expert Panel" 9152: 8756: 8731: 8697: 8695: 8623: 8619: 8617: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8498:from the original on 28 February 2018 8456: 8454: 8452: 8364:from the original on 26 February 2018 8188: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8079:from the original on 28 February 2018 8051: 8049: 8047: 7958: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7754: 7477: 7329: 6859: 6826: 6814:from the original on 27 February 2018 6801: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6672:from the original on 26 February 2018 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6635:Lawford, Melissa (17 December 2023). 6565: 6561: 6559: 5556:Royal Holloway, University of London 5352:Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh 2141: 2095: 2091:Strikes recommence (20 February 2020) 1963:Office of the Independent Adjudicator 1536:Office of the Independent Adjudicator 1141:Responses to the 2018 pension strikes 1122:On 21 May 2019, it was revealed that 857:UUK makes a new offer (23 March 2018) 467: 33:2021–present UK cost-of-living crisis 16803: 16767: 16639: 16610: 16594: 16560: 16487:"The Pause, and UCU decision-making" 16453: 16372: 16316: 16288: 16271: 16191: 16120: 16023: 15939: 15888: 15803:Josephine Cumbo and Bethan Staton, " 15726: 15676: 15626: 15610: 15582: 15558: 15460: 15396: 15376: 15346: 15330: 15317: 15270: 15253: 15220: 15204: 15195:UCU submits new USS reform proposals 15052: 15013: 14950: 14933: 14900: 14837: 14804: 14722: 14677:Josephine Cumbo and Bethan Staton, " 14668:", USSbriefs, 110 (29 October 2021). 14583:Josephine Cumbo and Bethan Staton, " 14510: 14463: 14450: 14430: 14312: 14227: 14114: 14085: 14063: 13985: 13821: 13422: 13389: 13128: 12807: 12768: 12608: 12500:Higher Education Pay Vote to strike 12486:"Higher education pay ballot result" 12313: 10249: 9991: 9443: 9172: 9137: 8989:UCU responds to UUK valuation review 8352:Turner, Camilla (24 February 2018). 8097: 8055:Sally Weale and Alexandra Topping, ' 7997: 7811: 7372:https://www.dannydorling.org/?p=6109 7245:from the original on 15 January 2018 7103:Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 6847:from the original on 2 February 2018 6744: 1968:UK Home Office's hostile environment 1954:, expressed support for the strike. 1659: 1578:(Scottish National Party) tabled an 1153: 429: 354:wave of industrial action nationwide 17502:Archive of 2018 USS strike material 16252:Doughty, Emily (18 February 2023). 12164:Call to support in pensions dispute 11900:Curiel, Joshua (25 November 2019). 11188: 9088:NewsUUK tables new proposal for UCU 8783: 8128: 8024: 7420: 7398: 7233:Phillips, James (15 January 2018). 6781:", OfS 2021.20 (25 June 2021), §60. 6261:2019: cleaners winning insourcing. 5719:Senate House, University of London 5094:Manchester Metropolitan University 2298: 1398:at St Andrews, with the Principal, 521:National UK higher education policy 13: 17479:The USS: How did it come to this? 17382: 16605:University strike action in the UK 15215:USS reballot results, January 2022 13568:Sally Weale and Laith Al-Khalaf, " 13019:Eleanor Busby and Gina Gambetta, " 11941:from the original on 17 March 2018 11778:from the original on 5 March 2018. 11557:from the original on 16 March 2018 11388:Oliver Guest and Todd Gillespie, ' 11285:Traynor, Luke (27 February 2018). 11235:from the original on 16 March 2018 10540:from the original on 19 March 2018 10191:from the original on 8 March 2018. 10128:from the original on 8 March 2018. 10002:Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy 8845:from the original on 15 March 2018 8802:from the original on 13 March 2018 8713:from the original on 13 March 2018 8692: 8636:from the original on 13 March 2018 8614: 8582:from the original on 13 March 2018 8558: 8472:from the original on 11 March 2018 8449: 8387:Richard Adams and Emily Hawkins, ' 8222:Baynes, Chris (22 February 2018). 8153: 8141:from the original on 12 March 2018 8110:from the original on 11 March 2018 8044: 7984:from the original on 20 March 2018 7946:from the original on 12 March 2018 7922: 7844: 7832:from the original on 12 March 2018 7370:(19 September 2017); available at 7276:from the original on 19 March 2018 7214:from the original on 19 March 2018 7202:Imeson, Sophia (16 January 2018). 6988:(Liverpool University Press 1985). 6924:, 74.44 (21 February 2018), p. 23. 6802:Burns, Judith (21 February 2018). 6784: 6718: 6684: 6647: 6556: 6292:University of the West of England 5901:St George's, University of London 4517:Institute for Development Studies 3796:Central Lancashire, university of 1218:; for example, geographers at the 420:Universities Superannuation Scheme 374:Higher Education Statistics Agency 338:Universities Superannuation Scheme 14: 17573: 17459: 16723:Fazackerley, Anna (28 May 2023). 16566:Emma Battell Lowman and others, " 16434:Sloane, Peter (8 February 2023). 14115:Hall, Rachel (26 November 2020). 13589:(20-26 February 2020), pp. 16, 7. 13585:"Education Workers Strike Back", 13327:" (London: Wellcome Trust, 2020). 12729:UCU statement on latest pay talks 11691:Weale, Sally (20 February 2018). 11346:from the original on 5 March 2018 11266:from the original on 6 March 2018 11018:from the original on 8 March 2018 10970:from the original on 3 March 2018 9773:2018 Valuation update: 9 May 2019 9672:Hilary Salt and Derek Benstead, ' 7934:Gardiner, Becky (12 March 2018). 7869:from the original on 5 March 2018 7742:from the original on 29 July 2017 7264:McInnes, Kathie (12 March 2018). 7056:https://ssrn.com/abstract=3039364 6691:Woolcock, Nicola (9 March 2018). 5381:Queen Mary, University of London 4345:Goldsmiths, University of London 2225:University of the West of England 1924:Reading University Students Union 1527:signed up: enough to apply for a 740:UCU's proposal (27 February 2018) 514:National Health Service (England) 17361: 17344: 17327: 17303: 17286: 17273: 17260: 17243: 17226: 17208: 17191: 17174: 17161: 17148: 17124: 17110: 17085: 17072: 17059: 17045: 17020: 16995: 16978: 16952: 16926: 16900: 16874: 16857: 16840: 16823: 16786: 16750: 16716: 16691: 16665: 16577: 16547: 16530: 16504: 16478: 16427: 16401: 16346: 16245: 16219: 16172: 16153:Finnis, Alex (23 January 2023). 16146: 16094: 16077: 16052: 15997: 15972: 15955: 15922: 15905: 15866: 15844: 15827: 15814: 15797: 15780: 15763: 15746: 15709: 15696: 15659: 15646: 15545: 15532: 15515: 15498: 15481: 15443: 15426: 15409: 15359: 15300: 15283: 15236: 15187: 15170: 15153: 15140: 15123: 15106: 15089: 15072: 15035: 14983: 14970: 14916: 14883: 14866: 14853: 14820: 14787: 14770: 14757: 14740: 14705: 14688: 14671: 14666:The USS Trustee's risky strategy 14658: 14641: 14624: 14607: 14594: 14577: 14560: 14543: 14530: 14497: 14480: 14413: 14396: 14379: 14362: 14345: 14328: 14299: 14286: 14269: 14256: 14243: 14214: 14201: 14188: 14171: 14149: 14136: 14064:Pidd, Helen (12 November 2020). 14057: 14040: 14014: 14001: 13968: 13951: 13934: 13905: 13888: 13875: 13858: 13841: 13810:Richard Adams and Rachel Hall, " 13804: 13787: 13774: 13761: 13748: 13731: 13714: 13701: 13688: 13660: 13647: 13634: 13621: 13608: 13592: 13579: 13562: 13545: 13528: 13502: 13485: 13472: 13455: 13438: 13409: 13376: 13369:Nick Megoran and Olivia Mason, " 13363: 13347: 13330: 13317: 13304: 13291: 13278: 13261: 13235: 13221: 13216:Report of the Joint Expert Panel 13208: 13195: 13182: 13165: 13148: 13111: 13094: 13077: 13060: 13043: 13030: 13013: 12996: 12979: 12962: 12949: 12929: 12912: 12895: 12878: 12861: 12834:Weale, Sally (4 December 2019). 12827: 12790: 12751: 12734: 12721: 12708: 12691: 12674: 12661: 12625: 12591: 12574: 12557: 12542: 12525: 12512: 12492: 12478: 12461: 12421:HE national negotiations 2018-19 12399: 12378:HE national negotiations 2018-19 12330: 12300: 12283: 12272: 12255: 12238: 12221: 12197: 12173: 12156: 12136: 12123: 12110: 12097: 12080: 12056: 12032: 12015: 11991: 11967: 11954: 11927: 11893: 11871: 11867:from the original on 1 May 2022. 11846: 11834:Havergal, Chris (17 June 2018). 11827: 11801: 11782: 11759: 11745:Griffiths, Sian (4 March 2018). 11738: 11684: 11660: 11643: 11619: 11593: 11569: 11543: 11519: 11495: 11471: 11447: 11430: 11406: 11382: 11358: 11309: 11278: 11254:Bacon, Lucy (27 February 2018). 11247: 11221: 11171: 11154: 11133: 11054: 11030: 10999: 10982: 10956: 10932: 10908: 10890: 10864: 10832: 10815: 10798: 10774: 10749: 10724: 10699: 10669: 10644: 10618: 10600:Noella Chye & Jack Conway, ' 10594: 10570: 10553: 10517: 10493: 10469: 10445: 10420: 10396: 10379: 10355: 10331: 10307: 10294: 10281: 10225: 10208: 10195: 10173: 10156: 10132: 10109: 10043: 10029: 10015: 9978: 9965: 9948: 9931: 9914: 9897: 9880: 9863: 9846: 9829: 9812: 9795: 9778: 9765: 9748: 9735: 9722: 9705: 9692: 9679: 9666: 9649: 9636: 9623: 9603: 9590: 9573: 9556: 9543: 9538:Report of the Joint Expert Panel 9530: 9477: 9460: 9438:Report of the Joint Expert Panel 9430: 9417: 9405: 9392: 9366: 9341: 9324: 9299: 9286: 9260: 9243: 9226: 9209: 9153:Adams, Richard (28 March 2018). 9080: 9064:Wright, Robert (23 March 2018). 9041: 9024: 9007: 8994: 8981: 8790:Coughlan, Sean (13 March 2018). 8570:Coughlan, Sean (13 March 2018). 7889:UUK and UCU strike pensions deal 7111:10.1016/j.insmatheco.2016.04.001 5586:Royal Northern College of Music 2482: 2082:Posters in Leeds, February 2020. 153: 17542:2023 labor disputes and strikes 17537:2022 labor disputes and strikes 17532:2021 labor disputes and strikes 17527:2020 labor disputes and strikes 17522:2019 labor disputes and strikes 17517:2018 labor disputes and strikes 15570:Williams, Tom (26 April 2022). 14848:Four Fights ballot results 2021 14600:David Miles and James Sefton, " 13913:"Letter to Michelle Donelan MP" 12380:' (accessed 11 September 2018). 11789:Barlow, Jamie (23 March 2018). 11766:Dumont, Sylvie (4 March 2018). 11006:Maclure, Abbey (7 March 2018). 10531:(16 March 2018), accessed from 10339:Britain: Universities on Strike 9869:Ellie Arden and Dylan Perera, ' 9373:Freedman, Des (16 April 2018). 9197:from the original on 1 May 2022 9112:', UCUBAN/HE29 (21 March 2018). 8968: 8924: 8904: 8884: 8827: 8814: 8725: 8668: 8648: 8594: 8534: 8510: 8484: 8429: 8405: 8381: 8344: 8331: 8318: 8246: 8215: 8122: 8091: 8033:David Bailey and John Clancy, ' 7975:(18 March 2018), accessed from 7898: 7881: 7787: 7774: 7708: 7695: 7671: 7668:', BBC News (19 February 2018). 7651: 7634: 7610: 7593: 7572: 7551: 7534: 7521: 7504: 7453: 7440: 7381: 7356: 7312: 7288: 7257: 7226: 7195: 7004:The European Journal of Finance 6951: 6927: 6910: 6886: 6771: 6566:Booth, Robert (15 March 2023). 6492:2013 UK higher education strike 2821:yes-votes % of electorate 2518:without gaining UUK's support. 2477:inflation in the United Kingdom 1691: 1497: 1298:(Loughborough). In a letter to 1249: 1241:Freedom of Information Act 2000 484:inflation in the United Kingdom 278:National Health Service (2022–) 17409:Studies in Arts and Humanities 17067:Industrial Action Ballot – UCU 14613:David Miles and James Sefton," 12779:Sally Weale and David Batty, ' 12407:Higher education ballot result 11853:Busby, Eleanor (14 May 2019). 11714:Burns, Judith (5 March 2018). 11334:Burns, Judith (6 March 2018). 11147:(10 March 2018); archived at: 9440:' (September 2018), pp. 70-71. 8732:Weale, Sally (13 March 2018). 8624:Weale, Sally (13 March 2018). 7728:Gordon, Sarah (28 July 2017). 7362:D. Spiegelhalter and others, ' 6628: 6593: 6518: 6504: 4232:Glasgow Caledonian University 3563:Bishop Grosseteste University 2599:accrual rate (previously 1/75) 2389:accrual rate (previously 1/75) 1569: 1450:Occupations and other activism 1: 17453:10.1080/20507828.2021.1836776 17438:10.1080/20507828.2021.1827481 17283:', BBC news (1 October 2021). 14142:Sue Hubble and Paul Bolton, " 11999:Backing for lecturers' strike 11808:Grove, Jack (24 April 2018). 11109:Smith, Annie (5 March 2018). 10525:The future of UK universities 10203:Another Education is Possible 10050:Javid, Sajid (12 July 2018). 10010:10.1080/15505170.2018.1500325 9732:' (Birmingham: Mercer, 2019). 9505:Concluding the 2017 valuation 7588:10.1080/13603124.2019.1631387 7016:10.1080/1351847X.2015.1071714 6497: 5036:London South Bank University 1649:British Psychological Society 833:Developments 14–23 March 2018 633:Arguments against the changes 17197:UCU Finance Working Group, " 16964:Times Higher Education (THE) 16938:Times Higher Education (THE) 16912:Times Higher Education (THE) 16886:Times Higher Education (THE) 16677:Times Higher Education (THE) 16651:Times Higher Education (THE) 16625:Times Higher Education (THE) 16516:Times Higher Education (THE) 16440:Times Higher Education (THE) 16413:Times Higher Education (THE) 16387:Times Higher Education (THE) 16358:Times Higher Education (THE) 16231:Times Higher Education (THE) 16132:Times Higher Education (THE) 16106:Times Higher Education (THE) 16009:Times Higher Education (THE) 14602:How Much Risk is USS Taking? 13756:Detailed negotiations update 13675:University and College Union 12144:Changes to Academic Pensions 11203:Times Higher Education (THE) 10872:"Frequently Asked Questions" 9272:Times Higher Education (THE) 8098:Hunt, Sally (5 March 2018). 7826:Times Higher Education (THE) 7567:10.1371/journal.pone.0274486 7081:Times Higher Education (THE) 6730:Times Higher Education (THE) 5745:Sheffield Hallam University 4438:Huddersfield, university of 4109:Edinburgh Napier University 2824:number of branches striking 2210:2020–21 student rent strikes 1952:American Studies Association 1873:of high impact on teaching. 951:Yes to accept the UUK offer 722:2018 British Isles cold wave 326:University and College Union 7: 14209:Four Fights branch briefing 8921:' (accessed 15 March 2018). 7180:Mervyn King and John Kay, ' 6485: 6428:Writtle University College 6374:Westminster, university of 6150:UAL London College of Arts 5983:Strathclyde, university of 5839:Southampton, university of 5805:SOAS, University of London 5414:Queen's University Belfast 5409:2021: student rent strike. 5183:Northampton, university of 5146:2020: student rent strike. 4980:London School of Economics 4319:Gloucestershire University 4057:East London, university of 4029:East Anglia, university of 3881:Courtauld Institute of Art 3849:City, University of London 3705:2020: student rent strike. 1991:further industrial action. 1550: 1413: 1371:50% per breach of contract 959:No to reject the UUK offer 653:economist Dennis Leech and 582:defined contribution scheme 408: 261:Scotland bin workers (2022) 211:Russian invasion of Ukraine 145:2021–present United Kingdom 66:– 6 November 2023 10: 17578: 17497:Joint Expert Panel website 17270:', BBC news (24 May 2021). 13091:(25 November 2019), p. 13. 10205:, 10 (Spring 2018), 12-13. 6401:Winchester, university of 6236:University College London 5869:St Andrews, university of 5298:Oxford Brookes University 5236:Nottingham, university of 5121:Manchester, university of 4839:Liverpool Hope University 3533:Birmingham, university of 2818:yes-votes % of votes 2777:Queen's University Belfast 2133:Weeks 1–2 (20–26 February) 2048:workload and mental health 1912:National Union of Students 1897:As the strikes began, the 1113:Trinity College, Cambridge 674:London School of Economics 556:Prior to industrial action 241:Higher education (2018–23) 14224:" (updated 29 July 2020). 10302:Interview with a Dinosaur 5773:Sheffield, university of 5475:Robert Gordon University 4921:Liverpool, university of 4808:Leicester, university of 4747:Leeds Trinity University 4721:Leeds Beckett University 4691:Lancaster, university of 4378:Greenwich, university of 4138:Edinburgh, university of 3736:Cambridge, university of 3260: 3255: 3248: 3172: 3166: 3161: 3103: 3097: 3092: 3030: 3024: 3019: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2561:UCU August 2020 proposal 2558:UUK August 2020 proposal 2012:In mid-January 2020, the 1540:Higher Education Act 2004 1457:University College London 1269:, vice-chancellor at the 935:Total number valid votes 821:A UUK spokesperson said: 613:Arguments for the changes 364:Background to the strikes 124: 116: 87: 77: 58:29 January 2018 54: 42: 28: 23: 17488:' (Twitter docu-thread). 17445:Architecture and Culture 17430:Architecture and Culture 14296:" (updated 2 July 2021). 14238:Previous Pay Settlements 13998:" (updated 9 June 2020). 12640:www.universitiesuk.ac.uk 12004:23 February 2018 at the 10482:25 February 2018 at the 10181:"Organising a teach-out" 9860:(3 October 2019), p. 11. 9311:www.universitiesuk.ac.uk 8839:www.universitiesuk.ac.uk 8442:28 February 2018 at the 8311:28 February 2018 at the 8259:27 February 2018 at the 8204:27 February 2018 at the 8062:27 February 2018 at the 7664:26 February 2018 at the 7623:26 February 2018 at the 6940:22 February 2018 at the 6899:27 February 2018 at the 6875:25 February 2018 at the 5953:Stirling, university of 5062:Loughborough University 4490:Imperial College London 3648:Brighton, university of 3618:Bradford, university of 3332:Aberdeen, university of 2800:total UK academic staff 2260:Four fights negotiations 2041:contractual arrangements 1887:University of Birmingham 1807:2019-20 pay negotiations 1773:2018-19 pay negotiations 1654: 1426: 1347:University of St Andrews 1220:University of Nottingham 1174: 457:Staffordshire University 266:Postal workers (2022–23) 93:Opposition to USS reform 14959:Weronika Strzyżyńska, " 14815:USS ballot results 2021 14323:HE negotiations 2021-22 14294:HE negotiations 2020-21 14222:HE negotiations 2019-20 13514:www.ussemployers.org.uk 13419:' (London: UCEA, 2020). 12505:5 November 2019 at the 12170:, 31 (April 2018), 1-2. 10656:www.uculeicester.org.uk 10185:University of Leeds UCU 9939:USS whistleblower fired 9619:, 59 (16 October 2018). 7582:, 24.5 (2021), 571-87, 7294:E.g. Christine Berry, ' 6346:Warwick, university of 6266:University of the Arts 5665:Salford, university of 5446:Reading, university of 5210:Northumbria University 4545:Institute of Education 4406:Heriot-Watt University 4286:Glasgow, university of 3939:De Montfort University 3822:Chester, university of 3678:Bristol, university of 3590:Bournemouth University 3359:Aberystwyth University 2250:University of Cambridge 2184:Responses to the strike 1972:University of Liverpool 1724:UCU Four Fights placard 1559:, wrote an article for 1461:University of Liverpool 1357:University of Sheffield 999:Employer contributions 805:University of Edinburgh 283:Railway workers (2022–) 107:Reversing casualisation 49:Strike placards in 2018 17298:Times Higher Education 17053:"Who's working in HE?" 16990:Times Higher Education 16818:Times Higher Education 16542:Times Higher Education 15967:Times Higher Education 15934:Times Higher Education 15917:Times Higher Education 15876:. University of Exeter 15758:Times Higher Education 15741:Times Higher Education 15691:Times Higher Education 15671:Times Higher Education 15641:Times Higher Education 15576:Times Higher Education 15527:Times Higher Education 15510:Times Higher Education 15438:Times Higher Education 15391:Times Higher Education 15371:Times Higher Education 15312:Times Higher Education 15248:Times Higher Education 15182:Times Higher Education 15084:Times Higher Education 15067:Times Higher Education 15047:Times Higher Education 15030:Times Higher Education 14928:Times Higher Education 14878:Times Higher Education 14832:Times Higher Education 14799:Times Higher Education 14782:Times Higher Education 14752:Times Higher Education 14653:Times Higher Education 14572:Times Higher Education 14540:" (17 September 2020). 14525:Times Higher Education 14492:Times Higher Education 14475:Times Higher Education 14445:Times Higher Education 14425:Times Higher Education 14408:Times Higher Education 14374:Times Higher Education 14357:Times Higher Education 14340:Times Higher Education 14281:Times Higher Education 14183:Times Higher Education 14159:. Student-Claims.co.uk 13980:Times Higher Education 13836:Times Higher Education 13799:Times Higher Education 13743:Times Higher Education 13728:, 2694 (4 March 2020). 13602:Times Higher Education 13557:Times Higher Education 13540:Times Higher Education 13497:Times Higher Education 13467:Times Higher Education 13450:Times Higher Education 13404:Times Higher Education 13273:Times Higher Education 13177:Times Higher Education 13106:Times Higher Education 12974:Edinburgh Evening News 12746:Times Higher Education 12686:Times Higher Education 12620:Times Higher Education 12586:Times Higher Education 12473:Times Higher Education 12456:Times Higher Education 12439:Times Higher Education 12362:Times Higher Education 12342:Times Higher Education 12267:Times Higher Education 12261:Sherrill Stroschein, ' 12250:Times Higher Education 12092:Times Higher Education 11840:Times Higher Education 11814:Times Higher Education 11166:Times Higher Education 10927:Times Higher Education 10827:Times Higher Education 10810:Times Higher Education 10793:Times Higher Education 10512:Times Higher Education 10464:Times Higher Education 10415:Times Higher Education 10374:Times Higher Education 10168:Times Higher Education 10077:Times Higher Education 9926:Times Higher Education 9824:Times Higher Education 9754:Stephanie Hawthorne, ' 9717:Times Higher Education 9661:Times Higher Education 9568:Times Higher Education 9553:' (13 September 2018). 9551:USS Joint Expert Panel 9525:Times Higher Education 9489:Times Higher Education 9472:Times Higher Education 9336:Times Higher Education 9255:Times Higher Education 9132:Times Higher Education 8963:Times Higher Education 8943:Times Higher Education 8039:Times Higher Education 8019:Times Higher Education 7917:Times Higher Education 7718:(27 February 2018), 2. 7546:Times Higher Education 7499:Times Higher Education 7472:Times Higher Education 7415:Times Higher Education 7393:Times Higher Education 7186:Times Higher Education 6935:Stillstand an den Unis 6933:Daniel Zylbersztajn, ' 6922:Frankfurther Rundschau 6777:Office for Students, " 6124:Trinity Laban, London 6038:Sussex, university of 6012:Surrey, university of 5501:Roehampton University 5324:Oxford, university of 4954:London, university of 4631:King's College London 4259:Glasgow School of Art 4202:Exeter, university of 3965:Dundee, university of 2714: 2513:February – August 2022 2499:Focusing on pensions, 2471: 2463: 2455: 2318:Times Higher Education 2308: 2272: 2219: 2164: 2127:Times Higher Education 2117: 2109: 2083: 2067: 1945:University of Stirling 1940:Strathclyde University 1869: 1816: 1782: 1725: 1640: 1621: 1529:group litigation order 1524: 1463:(28 February) and the 1439:Times Higher Education 1423: 1308:Great St Mary's Church 1259: 1184: 1150: 869: 827: 814:UCU general secretary 807: 780: 717: 620:the Pensions Regulator 578:defined benefit scheme 512:in the history of the 495:freedom of information 453:Southampton University 414:The USS pension scheme 394: 386: 377: 256:British Telecom (2022) 101:Achieving pay equality 17468:Narrative of a Strike 17447:, 9.2 (2021), 260–85 17432:, 9.2 (2021), 179–92 17411:, 5.1 (2019), 145–72. 17398:10.15124/yao-96w7bxwa 17316:22 March 2018 at the 17171:' (25 November 2019). 17158:" (26 November 2019). 16064:www.unitetheunion.org 14913:" (16 November 2021). 14767:" (29 November 2021). 14507:" (7 September 2021). 13996:USS dispute 2017-2020 13644:" (27 February 2020). 13631:" (26 February 2020). 13618:" (24 February 2020). 13205:" (13 December 2019). 13192:" (18 December 2019). 13160:The Reading Chronicle 12731:' (27 November 2019). 12718:' (27 November 2019). 12671:' (19 November 2019). 12418:'Next Steps Agreed', 12297:, 10 (2018), 196-214. 12227:Daniel Finkelstein, ' 12045:11 March 2018 at the 11673:23 March 2018 at the 11632:23 March 2018 at the 11582:19 March 2018 at the 11532:16 March 2018 at the 11508:14 March 2018 at the 11484:16 March 2018 at the 11460:16 March 2018 at the 11419:16 March 2018 at the 11395:16 March 2018 at the 11377:The Reading Chronicle 11371:19 March 2018 at the 10787:21 March 2018 at the 10607:19 March 2018 at the 10583:19 March 2018 at the 10506:12 March 2018 at the 10458:16 March 2018 at the 10409:10 March 2018 at the 10368:21 March 2018 at the 10361:Richard Watermeyer, ' 10344:19 March 2018 at the 10337:Christopher Phelps, ' 10320:16 March 2018 at the 10268:10.4324/9780429354274 10238:18 March 2018 at the 10098:12 March 2018 at the 10004:, 16:1 (2019), 6-34, 9702:' (14 November 2018). 9676:' (16 November 2018). 9646:', (16 October 2018). 9507:' (22 November 2018). 9349:"Latest developments" 8937:16 March 2018 at the 8917:16 March 2018 at the 8897:16 March 2018 at the 8873:18 March 2018 at the 8772:21 March 2018 at the 8681:16 March 2018 at the 8661:13 March 2018 at the 8607:12 March 2018 at the 8523:12 March 2018 at the 8446:' (27 February 2018). 8394:16 March 2018 at the 8341:' (20 February 2018). 8328:' (13 February 2019). 8177:16 March 2018 at the 7978:"USS Pensions Update" 7911:22 March 2018 at the 7800:16 March 2018 at the 7493:21 March 2018 at the 7466:21 March 2018 at the 7338:Phoebe Braithwaite, ' 7301:16 March 2018 at the 7239:Professional Pensions 6964:12 March 2018 at the 6318:Wales, university of 5528:Royal College of Art 5151:Newcastle University 4774:Leeds, university of 4170:Essex, university of 4083:Edge Hill University 3913:Cranfield University 2712: 2583:employee contribution 2567:employer contribution 2469: 2461: 2453: 2376:employee contribution 2363:employer contribution 2337:initiate legal action 2306: 2267: 2246:University of Glasgow 2217: 2162: 2115: 2103: 2081: 2036: 1976:Goldsmiths University 1891:University of Reading 1867: 1814: 1780: 1723: 1638: 1574:On 29 November 2017, 1520: 1512:King's College London 1475:), Sheffield (in the 1465:University of Bristol 1421: 1341:Threatened deduction 1275:University of Warwick 1257: 1182: 1148: 864: 823: 802: 778: 715: 651:University of Warwick 392: 383: 371: 358:cost of living crisis 147:cost-of-living crisis 17403:McKnight, Heather, " 15952:" (24 October 2022). 15919:(20 September 2022). 15901:. 20 September 2022. 15473:. 22 February 2022. 15343:' (7 February 2022). 15280:' (27 January 2022). 14863:" (5 November 2021). 14850:" (5 November 2021). 14817:" (4 November 2021). 14784:(22 September 2021). 14266:" (21 January 2021). 13482:' (3 February 2020). 13435:" (29 January 2020). 13301:' (17 January 2020). 13288:' (3 February 2020). 13040:' (2 December 2019). 12649:on 29 September 2020 12522:' (5 November 2019). 12409:' (29 October 2018). 12396:' (22 October 2018). 12210:1 March 2018 at the 12186:4 March 2018 at the 12149:2 April 2019 at the 12069:3 March 2018 at the 11980:4 March 2018 at the 11205:. 15 February 2018. 11091:4 March 2018 at the 11067:4 March 2018 at the 11043:6 March 2018 at the 10945:3 March 2018 at the 10921:4 March 2018 at the 10677:"Cardiff University" 10187:. 15 December 2017. 10145:8 March 2018 at the 9689:' (8 November 2018). 9633:' (13 October 2018). 9600:' (15 October 2018). 9570:(13 September 2018). 8547:9 March 2018 at the 8418:4 March 2018 at the 8376:The Sunday Telegraph 8073:"UCU Pension Strike" 8070:(22 February 2018); 8013:7 March 2018 at the 7684:7 March 2018 at the 7561:(9 September 2022), 7345:7 March 2018 at the 7188:(6 September 2018), 7105:, 69 (2016), 14–28. 7064:10.2139/ssrn.3039364 6760:9 March 2018 at the 6454:York, university of 6070:Suffolk, university 4664:Kingston University 4602:Kent, university of 4464:Hull, university of 3472:Bath Spa University 3443:Bath, university of 3321:Four Fights (Unison) 3306:Four Fights (Unison) 3250:2019–20 (r=reballot) 2744:Spinal Points 15–25 2014:University of Sussex 1934:, students occupied 1800:Trade Union Act 2016 1748:Trade Union Act 2016 1710:Sheffield University 1471:), Dundee, York (in 996:Staff contributions 695:Trade Union Act 2016 541:The creation of the 476:consumer price index 246:Stagecoach (2021–23) 198:Global energy crisis 17392:, 1 (2020), 137–44 17341:(25 November 2021). 17309:Sanjana Varghese, ' 17205:(26 November 2021). 17188:(20 December 2020). 17137:. 30 October 2019. 17055:. 17 February 2022. 16992:(6 September 2023). 16756:Anna Fazackerley, ' 16284:. 17 February 2023. 15936:(1 September 2022). 15874:"Industrial action" 15623:", (12 April 2022). 15457:(22 February 2022). 15440:(22 February 2022). 15314:(14 February 2022). 15297:(14 February 2022). 15184:(25 November 2021). 15103:(21 November 2021). 15086:(16 November 2021). 15069:(10 February 2022). 15001:on 27 November 2021 14930:(16 November 2021). 14737:" (31 August 2021). 14719:(28 February 2022). 14683:The Financial Times 14638:(14 November 2021). 14636:The Financial Times 14574:(26 November 2021). 14557:(16 November 2021). 14555:The Financial Times 14527:(13 November 2020). 14054:(10 December 2021). 13902:(20 February 2020). 13604:(24 February 2020). 13576:(20 February 2020). 13559:(20 February 2020). 13542:(10 February 2020). 13499:(18 February 2020). 13469:(10 February 2020). 13275:(23 December 2019). 13247:www.pensionsage.com 13231:. 16 December 2019. 13179:(26 November 2019). 13074:(27 November 2019). 13057:(26 November 2019). 13027:(21 February 2020). 13010:(26 November 2019). 12993:(26 November 2019). 12976:(26 November 2019). 12955:Rosemary Bennett, ' 12946:(28 November 2019). 12926:(25 November 2019). 12909:(25 November 2019). 12892:(28 November 2019). 12890:The Financial Times 12875:(25 November 2019). 12824:(28 November 2019). 12804:(25 November 2019). 12787:(27 November 2019). 12765:(25 November 2019). 12748:(25 November 2019). 12705:(25 November 2019). 12622:(18 November 2019). 12605:(15 November 2019). 12458:(25 February 2019). 12441:(22 February 2019). 12424:(26 November 2018). 12252:(28 February 2018). 12235:(27 February 2018). 12218:(25 February 2018). 12194:(22 February 2018). 12053:(28 February 2018). 12029:(24 February 2018). 12012:(23 February 2018). 11988:(22 February 2018). 11625:Sanjana Varghese, ' 10953:(28 February 2018). 10938:Kristian Johnson, ' 10929:(22 February 2018). 10829:(30 November 2021). 10711:www.admin.cam.ac.uk 10687:on 12 November 2019 10559:Rosemary Bennett, ' 10490:(23 February 2018). 10466:(26 February 2018). 10432:blogs.warwick.ac.uk 10417:(19 February 2018). 10153:(20 February 2018). 10091:Sanjana Varghese, ' 9988:' (23 August 2019). 9975:' (22 August 2019). 9745:' (2 January 2019). 9719:(14 November 2018). 9585:The Financial Times 9540:' (September 2018). 9527:(22 November 2018). 8866:Kristian Johnson, ' 8426:(27 February 2018). 8402:(27 February 2018). 8378:(24 February 2018). 8285:blogs.warwick.ac.uk 8267:, 22 February 2018. 8212:(21 February 2018). 7771:(25 February 2018). 7716:The Daily Telegraph 7631:(24 February 2018). 7437:(20 February 2020). 7368:The Financial Times 7353:(23 February 2018). 7326:(22 February 2018). 7166:The Financial Times 6972:(21 February 2018). 6959:Lecturers on Strike 6948:(22 February 2018). 6916:Sebastian Borger, ' 6907:(16 February 2018). 6883:(20 February 2018). 6881:The Financial Times 6768:(22 February 2018). 6096:Swansea University 3766:Cardiff University 3238: 2793: 2736:Spinal Points 6–14 2549: 2348: 2155:Week 4 (9–13 March) 2108:, 26 February 2020. 2020:On 15 January, the 1959:Office for Students 1631:Scholarly societies 1459:(26 February), the 1377:University of Leeds 1334: 1328:partial performance 1271:University of Essex 1193:Strike Up Your Life 990: 915: 803:UCU meeting at the 663:quantitative easing 543:Office for Students 510:their first strikes 356:in response to the 17486:The House of Mirth 17375:(4 December 2019). 17367:Leia Maia Donda, ' 17350:Graeme Demianyk, " 17240:(4 December 2021). 17232:Jacob Mukherjee, " 17120:. 31 October 2019. 16557:" (20 March 2023). 16518:. 21 February 2023 16415:. 14 February 2023 16233:. 17 February 2023 16108:. 17 February 2023 15969:(24 October 2022). 15833:Josephine Cumbo, ' 15673:(21 January 2022). 15656:" (13 April 2022). 15406:" (23 March 2022). 15327:" (December 2021). 15267:(27 January 2022). 15250:(18 January 2022). 15201:(26 January 2022). 15167:(7 November 2021). 15150:(1 December 2021). 15137:(1 December 2021). 15120:(26 October 2021). 15049:(6 December 2021). 14980:(6 December 2021). 14967:(1 December 2021). 14947:(1 December 2021). 14897:(5 November 2021). 14880:(9 November 2021). 14834:(4 November 2021). 14801:(18 October 2021). 14711:Benjamin Mercer, " 14702:(3 November 2021). 14685:(1 November 2021). 14655:(2 December 2021). 14621:(20 October 2021). 14469:Alistair Jarvis, " 14283:(28 January 2021). 14185:(13 October 2020). 14102:(21 January 2021). 14011:' (15 March 2020). 13885:" (12 March 2020). 13784:' (11 March 2020). 13720:Sadie Robinson , " 13516:. 19 February 2020 13452:(3 February 2020). 13406:(29 January 2020). 13359:(20 January 2020). 13344:(15 January 2020). 13314:(15 January 2020). 13249:. 13 December 2019 13218:" (December 2019). 13162:(4 December 2019). 13145:(6 December 2019). 13125:(5 December 2019). 13108:(3 December 2019). 13089:The Liverpool Echo 12597:Anthony Forster, ' 12588:(5 November 2019). 12571:(5 November 2019). 12539:(5 November 2019). 12488:. 31 October 2019. 12326:. 31 October 2019. 12179:E.g. Jane Deith, ' 12120:' (10 March 2018). 12094:(5 December 2019). 11436:Chloe Laversuch, ' 11291:The Liverpool Echo 11049:The Stoke Sentinel 10795:(8 December 2016). 10681:Cardiff University 10402:Anthony Forster, ' 10304:' (12 March 2018). 9945:(11 October 2019). 9928:(11 October 2019). 9903:Josephine Cumbo, ' 9886:Josephine Cumbo, ' 9792:(8 December 2018). 9663:(17 October 2018). 9609:Felicity Callard, 9587:(16 October 2018). 9579:Josephine Cumbo, ' 9491:(18 October 2018). 9296:' (13 April 2018). 9051:' (23 March 2018). 9004:' (23 March 2018). 8991:' (18 March 2018). 8978:' (18 March 2018). 8901:' (14 March 2018). 8824:' (14 March 2018). 8665:' (13 March 2018). 8611:' (12 March 2018). 8350:Camilla Turner, '[ 8252:Anthony Hesketh, ' 7967:Alistair Jarvis, ' 7793:Christine Berry, ' 6553:(5 November 2019). 6204:Ulster University 3997:Durham University 3710:Brunel University 3415:Bangor University 3236: 2791: 2752:Spinal Points 26– 2728:Spinal Points 3–5 2715: 2577:24.9% (3.8% rise) 2574:21.1% (no change) 2548: 2472: 2464: 2456: 2370:24.9% (3.8% rise) 2367:21.1% (no change) 2347: 2309: 2273: 2229:Bristol University 2220: 2165: 2142:Week 3 (2–5 March) 2118: 2110: 2106:Parkinson Building 2096:Before the strikes 2084: 1870: 1817: 1783: 1726: 1682:Daniel Finkelstein 1641: 1557:University of Kent 1424: 1367:University of Kent 1333: 1260: 1202:Spice Up Your Life 1185: 1160:Tier 2 and 5 visas 1151: 989: 914: 808: 781: 718: 480:retail price index 468:Pay and conditions 395: 387: 378: 17552:Education strikes 17421:Thurley, Djuna, " 17414:Thurley, Djuna, " 17300:(1 October 2021). 17292:Chris Havergal, " 17255:Leicester Mercury 17180:Aaliyah Harris, " 16389:. 27 January 2023 16360:. 26 January 2023 16134:. 24 January 2023 16011:. 26 October 2022 15665:Chris Havergal, " 15521:Chris Havergal, " 15432:Chris Havergal, " 15365:Chris Havergal, " 15306:Chris Havergal, " 15242:Chris Havergal, " 15176:Chris Havergal, " 15078:Chris Havergal, " 15061:Chris Havergal, " 15024:Chris Havergal, " 14922:Chris Havergal, ' 14826:Chris Havergal, " 14746:Chris Havergal, " 14519:Chris Havergal, " 14196:Without Prejudice 14094:Mollie Simpson, " 13946:The Cambridge Tab 13771:" (5 March 2020). 13758:" (5 March 2020). 13737:Chris Havergal, " 13711:" (3 March 2020). 13698:" (3 March 2020). 13657:" (4 March 2020). 12944:Reading Chronicle 12688:(7 January 2020). 12614:Chris Havergal, ' 12467:Chris Havergal, ' 12433:Chris Havergal, ' 12336:Ellie Bothwell, ' 12133:' (1 March 2018). 12116:George Gosling, ' 11553:. 15 March 2018. 11036:Kathie McInnes, ' 10576:Louis Ashworth, ' 10536:. 16 March 2018. 10244:Violet by Varsity 10104:The New Statesman 9962:(25 August 2019). 9877:(8 October 2019). 9852:Camilla Turner, " 9818:Chris Havergal, ' 9801:Rosie Bradbury, ' 9629:Michael Otsuka, ' 9466:Chris Havergal, ' 9330:Chris Havergal, ' 9215:Steven Parfitt, ' 9193:. 28 March 2018. 9134:(16 April 2018 ). 8930:Chris Havergal, ' 8411:Camilla Turner, ' 7828:. 12 March 2018. 7540:David Matthews, " 7518:(30 August 2016). 7510:Elisabeth Pain, " 7168:(5 October 2018). 7083:. 15 January 2015 6957:Steven Parfitt, ' 6616:Missing or empty 6483: 6482: 4571:Keele University 3385:Aston University 3316:Four Fights (UCU) 3301:Four Fights (UCU) 3291:Four Fights (UCU) 3234: 3233: 3175:(2020-21 figure) 3169:(2020-21 figure) 3106:(2020-21 figure) 3100:(2020-21 figure) 3033:(2020-21 figure) 3027:(2020-21 figure) 2960:(2020-21 figure) 2954:(2020-21 figure) 2759: 2758: 2660: 2659: 2593:8.1% (1.5% drop) 2590:9.6% (no change) 2439: 2438: 2383:8.1% (1.5% drop) 2380:9.6% (no change) 2177:COVID-19 pandemic 1660:Traditional media 1534:By May 2019, the 1502:Students, who in 1395: 1394: 1233:Louise Richardson 1154:Changes in UK law 1047: 1046: 966: 965: 927:Total votes cast 437:Pensions Act 2004 430:Wider UK pensions 346:declining funding 322: 321: 251:Barristers (2022) 226:Industrial action 188:COVID-19 pandemic 139: 138: 120:Industrial action 104:Reducing workload 97:The Four Fights: 29:"The Four Fights" 17569: 17376: 17365: 17359: 17348: 17342: 17333:Izzy Schifano, " 17331: 17325: 17324:(16 March 2018). 17307: 17301: 17290: 17284: 17277: 17271: 17264: 17258: 17247: 17241: 17230: 17224: 17223: 17212: 17206: 17195: 17189: 17178: 17172: 17165: 17159: 17152: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17136: 17128: 17122: 17121: 17114: 17108: 17107: 17105: 17103: 17089: 17083: 17076: 17070: 17063: 17057: 17056: 17049: 17043: 17042: 17040: 17038: 17024: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17013: 16999: 16993: 16982: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16971: 16966:. 14 August 2023 16956: 16950: 16949: 16947: 16945: 16930: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16919: 16904: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16893: 16878: 16872: 16861: 16855: 16844: 16838: 16829:Gabriel McKay, ' 16827: 16821: 16810: 16801: 16798:Socialist Worker 16792:Sophie Squire, ' 16790: 16784: 16774: 16765: 16754: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16743: 16720: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16709: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16684: 16669: 16663: 16662: 16660: 16658: 16643: 16637: 16636: 16634: 16632: 16627:. 10 August 2023 16617: 16608: 16601: 16592: 16591:(18 March 2023). 16581: 16575: 16574:(20 March 2023). 16564: 16558: 16551: 16545: 16544:(15 March 2021). 16534: 16528: 16527: 16525: 16523: 16508: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16497: 16482: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16471: 16457: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16446: 16431: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16420: 16405: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16394: 16379: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16350: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16339: 16325: 16314: 16313: 16311: 16309: 16295: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16275: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16264: 16249: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16223: 16217: 16216: 16214: 16212: 16198: 16189: 16188: 16176: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16165: 16150: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16139: 16124: 16118: 16117: 16115: 16113: 16098: 16092: 16081: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16070: 16056: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16045: 16030: 16021: 16020: 16018: 16016: 16001: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15990: 15976: 15970: 15959: 15953: 15946: 15937: 15926: 15920: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15895: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15881: 15870: 15864: 15863: 15861: 15859: 15854:. Student-Claims 15848: 15842: 15831: 15825: 15818: 15812: 15801: 15795: 15786:Izzy Schifano, ' 15784: 15778: 15767: 15761: 15750: 15744: 15733: 15724: 15715:Richard Adams, ' 15713: 15707: 15706:" (20 May 2022). 15700: 15694: 15693:(26 April 2022). 15683: 15674: 15663: 15657: 15650: 15644: 15633: 15624: 15617: 15608: 15607: 15605: 15603: 15589: 15580: 15579: 15567: 15556: 15549: 15543: 15536: 15530: 15529:(28 April 2022). 15519: 15513: 15512:(31 March 2022). 15502: 15496: 15485: 15479: 15478: 15467: 15458: 15447: 15441: 15430: 15424: 15423:(28 March 2022). 15413: 15407: 15400: 15394: 15393:(21 March 2022). 15383: 15374: 15363: 15357: 15350: 15344: 15337: 15328: 15321: 15315: 15304: 15298: 15287: 15281: 15274: 15268: 15257: 15251: 15240: 15234: 15227: 15218: 15211: 15202: 15191: 15185: 15174: 15168: 15157: 15151: 15144: 15138: 15127: 15121: 15110: 15104: 15093: 15087: 15076: 15070: 15059: 15050: 15039: 15033: 15022: 15011: 15010: 15008: 15006: 14997:. Archived from 14987: 14981: 14974: 14968: 14957: 14948: 14937: 14931: 14920: 14914: 14907: 14898: 14889:Richard Adams, " 14887: 14881: 14870: 14864: 14857: 14851: 14844: 14835: 14824: 14818: 14811: 14802: 14791: 14785: 14774: 14768: 14761: 14755: 14744: 14738: 14731: 14720: 14709: 14703: 14692: 14686: 14675: 14669: 14662: 14656: 14645: 14639: 14628: 14622: 14611: 14605: 14598: 14592: 14591:(10 March 2021). 14581: 14575: 14564: 14558: 14547: 14541: 14534: 14528: 14517: 14508: 14501: 14495: 14484: 14478: 14477:(20 April 2021). 14467: 14461: 14454: 14448: 14447:(15 April 2020). 14437: 14428: 14427:(23 March 2020). 14417: 14411: 14400: 14394: 14383: 14377: 14366: 14360: 14349: 14343: 14332: 14326: 14319: 14310: 14303: 14297: 14290: 14284: 14273: 14267: 14260: 14254: 14247: 14241: 14234: 14225: 14218: 14212: 14205: 14199: 14192: 14186: 14175: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14153: 14147: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14112: 14103: 14092: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14078: 14061: 14055: 14044: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14018: 14012: 14005: 13999: 13992: 13983: 13982:(17 March 2021). 13972: 13966: 13963:The Morning Star 13957:Peter Lazenby, " 13955: 13949: 13940:Claudia Rowan, " 13938: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13927: 13917: 13909: 13903: 13892: 13886: 13879: 13873: 13872:(12 March 2020). 13862: 13856: 13855:(12 March 2020). 13847:Richard Adams, " 13845: 13839: 13838:(12 March 2020). 13828: 13819: 13808: 13802: 13801:(10 March 2020). 13791: 13785: 13778: 13772: 13765: 13759: 13752: 13746: 13735: 13729: 13726:Socialist Worker 13718: 13712: 13705: 13699: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13681: 13672: 13664: 13658: 13651: 13645: 13638: 13632: 13625: 13619: 13612: 13606: 13596: 13590: 13583: 13577: 13566: 13560: 13549: 13543: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13506: 13500: 13489: 13483: 13476: 13470: 13459: 13453: 13442: 13436: 13429: 13420: 13413: 13407: 13396: 13387: 13380: 13374: 13367: 13361: 13353:Richard Adams, " 13351: 13345: 13334: 13328: 13321: 13315: 13308: 13302: 13297:Joanne Segars, ' 13295: 13289: 13282: 13276: 13265: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13239: 13233: 13232: 13225: 13219: 13212: 13206: 13199: 13193: 13186: 13180: 13169: 13163: 13154:Alex Seabrook, " 13152: 13146: 13135: 13126: 13115: 13109: 13098: 13092: 13081: 13075: 13072:The Conversation 13064: 13058: 13047: 13041: 13034: 13028: 13017: 13011: 13002:James Delaney, ' 13000: 12994: 12991:The Daily Record 12983: 12977: 12966: 12960: 12953: 12947: 12935:Alex Seabrook, ' 12933: 12927: 12918:Eleanor Busby, ' 12916: 12910: 12899: 12893: 12882: 12876: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12831: 12825: 12814: 12805: 12796:Helena Horton, ' 12794: 12788: 12777: 12766: 12757:Alistair Fitt, ' 12755: 12749: 12738: 12732: 12725: 12719: 12712: 12706: 12695: 12689: 12678: 12672: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12648: 12642:. Archived from 12637: 12629: 12623: 12612: 12606: 12595: 12589: 12578: 12572: 12563:Eleanor Busby, ' 12561: 12555: 12546: 12540: 12529: 12523: 12516: 12510: 12496: 12490: 12489: 12482: 12476: 12465: 12459: 12448: 12442: 12431: 12425: 12416: 12410: 12403: 12397: 12390: 12381: 12374: 12365: 12354: 12345: 12334: 12328: 12327: 12320: 12311: 12310:' (7 June 2019). 12304: 12298: 12287: 12281: 12276: 12270: 12269:(12 March 2018). 12259: 12253: 12242: 12236: 12225: 12219: 12201: 12195: 12177: 12171: 12168:The Psychologist 12160: 12154: 12140: 12134: 12127: 12121: 12114: 12108: 12107:' (5 March 2018) 12101: 12095: 12084: 12078: 12060: 12054: 12038:Eleanor Busby, ' 12036: 12030: 12019: 12013: 11995: 11989: 11973:Emma Bartlett, ' 11971: 11965: 11960:Djuna Thurley, ' 11958: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11897: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11881:. Student Claims 11875: 11869: 11868: 11858: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11805: 11799: 11798: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11763: 11757: 11756: 11753:The Sunday Times 11750: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11722:. Archived from 11711: 11705: 11704: 11688: 11682: 11681:(18 March 2018). 11664: 11658: 11657:(22 March 2018). 11647: 11641: 11640:(20 March 2018). 11623: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11597: 11591: 11590:(15 March 2018). 11573: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11547: 11541: 11540:(14 March 2018). 11523: 11517: 11516:(14 March 2018). 11499: 11493: 11492:(14 March 2018). 11475: 11469: 11468:(14 March 2018). 11453:Dominic Penna, ' 11451: 11445: 11444:(13 March 2018). 11434: 11428: 11427:(13 March 2018). 11412:Nadia Vidinova, 11410: 11404: 11403:(12 March 2018). 11386: 11380: 11379:(13 March 2018). 11362: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11293:. Archived from 11282: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11214: 11195: 11186: 11185:(10 March 2018). 11177:Alice Goodman, ' 11175: 11169: 11168:(22 March 2018). 11158: 11152: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11117:. Archived from 11106: 11100: 11084:Dominic Penna, ' 11082: 11076: 11058: 11052: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11003: 10997: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10960: 10954: 10936: 10930: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10904:on 2 March 2018. 10900:. Archived from 10894: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10874:. Archived from 10868: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10851: 10845:. Archived from 10844: 10836: 10830: 10819: 10813: 10812:(20 March 2018). 10802: 10796: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10683:. Archived from 10673: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10630:Glasgow Guardian 10622: 10616: 10615:(16 March 2018). 10598: 10592: 10591:(16 March 2018). 10574: 10568: 10567:(16 March 2018). 10557: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10523:Stephen Toope, ' 10521: 10515: 10497: 10491: 10473: 10467: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10424: 10418: 10400: 10394: 10393:(16 March 2018). 10383: 10377: 10376:(20 March 2018). 10359: 10353: 10352:(15 March 2018). 10335: 10329: 10313:Richard Adams, ' 10311: 10305: 10300:Arun Aggarwal, ' 10298: 10292: 10285: 10279: 10256: 10247: 10246:(11 March 2018). 10231:Ellie Mullett, ' 10229: 10223: 10222:(13 March 2018). 10212: 10206: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10177: 10171: 10170:(13 March 2018). 10160: 10154: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10113: 10107: 10089: 10080: 10079:(12 April 2018). 10069: 10060: 10059: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10033: 10027: 10026: 10019: 10013: 9998: 9989: 9982: 9976: 9969: 9963: 9954:Richard Adams, ' 9952: 9946: 9935: 9929: 9918: 9912: 9901: 9895: 9884: 9878: 9867: 9861: 9850: 9844: 9833: 9827: 9816: 9810: 9799: 9793: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9763: 9762:(15 March 2019). 9752: 9746: 9739: 9733: 9726: 9720: 9709: 9703: 9696: 9690: 9683: 9677: 9670: 9664: 9653: 9647: 9640: 9634: 9627: 9621: 9607: 9601: 9594: 9588: 9577: 9571: 9560: 9554: 9547: 9541: 9534: 9528: 9517: 9508: 9501: 9492: 9481: 9475: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9450: 9441: 9434: 9428: 9421: 9415: 9414:' (18 May 2018). 9409: 9403: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9345: 9339: 9338:(13 April 2018). 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9303: 9297: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9264: 9258: 9247: 9241: 9232:Richard Adams, ' 9230: 9224: 9217:Deal or No Deal? 9213: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9188: 9181: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9150: 9135: 9124: 9113: 9106: 9095: 9094:(23 March 2018). 9084: 9078: 9077: 9069: 9061: 9052: 9045: 9039: 9038:(24 March 2018). 9028: 9022: 9021:(23 March 2018). 9011: 9005: 8998: 8992: 8985: 8979: 8972: 8966: 8965:(23 March 2018). 8955: 8946: 8945:(16 March 2018). 8928: 8922: 8908: 8902: 8888: 8882: 8881:(14 March 2018). 8864: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8831: 8825: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8787: 8781: 8780:(18 March 2018). 8763: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8744:on 18 March 2018 8740:. Archived from 8729: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8699: 8690: 8689:(13 March 2018). 8674:Sean Coughlan, ' 8672: 8666: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8621: 8612: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8567: 8556: 8540:Robert Wright, ' 8538: 8532: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8468:. 8 March 2018. 8458: 8447: 8433: 8427: 8409: 8403: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8348: 8342: 8335: 8329: 8322: 8316: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8277: 8268: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8230:. Archived from 8219: 8213: 8197:Richard Adams, ' 8195: 8186: 8170:Richard Adams, ' 8168: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8053: 8042: 8041:(13 March 2013). 8031: 8022: 8006:John Marenbon, ' 8004: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7973:The Sunday Times 7965: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7931: 7920: 7919:(19 March 2018). 7902: 7896: 7895:(12 March 2018). 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7855: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7818: 7809: 7791: 7785: 7778: 7772: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7725: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7699: 7693: 7675: 7669: 7657:Sean Coughlan, ' 7655: 7649: 7648:(26 April 2018). 7638: 7632: 7614: 7608: 7597: 7591: 7576: 7570: 7555: 7549: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7519: 7508: 7502: 7501:(21 March 2018). 7484: 7475: 7457: 7451: 7444: 7438: 7427: 7418: 7417:(14 March 2022). 7407: 7396: 7395:(16 April 2016). 7385: 7379: 7360: 7354: 7336: 7327: 7318:Sean Coughlan, ' 7316: 7310: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7199: 7193: 7178: 7169: 7158: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7122: 7113: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7073: 7067: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7027: 6995: 6989: 6982: 6973: 6955: 6949: 6931: 6925: 6914: 6908: 6892:Richard Adams, ' 6890: 6884: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6833: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6799: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6658: 6645: 6644: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6563: 6554: 6545:Bethan Staton, ' 6543: 6534: 6533: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6508: 5268:Open University 3239: 3235: 2794: 2790: 2725: 2724: 2550: 2547: 2349: 2346: 2299:USS negotiations 1936:David Hume Tower 1883:Sheffield Hallam 1584:House of Commons 1580:Early Day Motion 1387:Keele University 1335: 1332: 1294:(Sheffield) and 1288:Anton Muscatelli 1128:fiduciary duties 991: 988: 916: 913: 503:Vice-chancellors 314: 307: 300: 157: 141: 140: 73: 71: 65: 63: 47: 21: 20: 17577: 17576: 17572: 17571: 17570: 17568: 17567: 17566: 17507: 17506: 17462: 17390:York Law Review 17385: 17383:Further reading 17380: 17379: 17366: 17362: 17358:(7 April 2021). 17356:Huffington Post 17349: 17345: 17332: 17328: 17318:Wayback Machine 17308: 17304: 17291: 17287: 17278: 17274: 17265: 17261: 17257:(10 June 2021). 17248: 17244: 17231: 17227: 17214: 17213: 17209: 17196: 17192: 17179: 17175: 17166: 17162: 17153: 17149: 17141: 17134: 17130: 17129: 17125: 17116: 17115: 17111: 17101: 17099: 17091: 17090: 17086: 17077: 17073: 17064: 17060: 17051: 17050: 17046: 17036: 17034: 17026: 17025: 17021: 17011: 17009: 17001: 17000: 16996: 16984:Tom Williams, ' 16983: 16979: 16969: 16967: 16958: 16957: 16953: 16943: 16941: 16932: 16931: 16927: 16917: 16915: 16906: 16905: 16901: 16891: 16889: 16880: 16879: 16875: 16871:(15 June 2023). 16869:Personnel Today 16862: 16858: 16854:(12 June 2023). 16846:Kimi Chaddah, " 16845: 16841: 16828: 16824: 16820:(23 June 2023). 16811: 16804: 16800:(21 June 2023). 16791: 16787: 16782:(23 June 2023). 16775: 16768: 16755: 16751: 16741: 16739: 16721: 16717: 16707: 16705: 16697: 16696: 16692: 16682: 16680: 16679:. 27 April 2023 16671: 16670: 16666: 16656: 16654: 16653:. 17 April 2023 16645: 16644: 16640: 16630: 16628: 16619: 16618: 16611: 16602: 16595: 16582: 16578: 16565: 16561: 16552: 16548: 16536:Tom Williams, " 16535: 16531: 16521: 16519: 16510: 16509: 16505: 16495: 16493: 16491:Vicky Blake UCU 16483: 16479: 16469: 16467: 16465:Universities UK 16459: 16458: 16454: 16444: 16442: 16432: 16428: 16418: 16416: 16407: 16406: 16402: 16392: 16390: 16381: 16380: 16373: 16363: 16361: 16352: 16351: 16347: 16337: 16335: 16327: 16326: 16317: 16307: 16305: 16297: 16296: 16289: 16281: 16277: 16276: 16272: 16262: 16260: 16250: 16246: 16236: 16234: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16210: 16208: 16200: 16199: 16192: 16177: 16173: 16163: 16161: 16151: 16147: 16137: 16135: 16126: 16125: 16121: 16111: 16109: 16100: 16099: 16095: 16091:(1 March 2023). 16082: 16078: 16068: 16066: 16058: 16057: 16053: 16043: 16041: 16031: 16024: 16014: 16012: 16003: 16002: 15998: 15988: 15986: 15978: 15977: 15973: 15961:Tom Williams, " 15960: 15956: 15947: 15940: 15928:Tom Williams, ' 15927: 15923: 15911:Tom Williams, " 15910: 15906: 15897: 15896: 15889: 15879: 15877: 15872: 15871: 15867: 15857: 15855: 15850: 15849: 15845: 15841:(18 June 2022). 15839:Financial Times 15832: 15828: 15819: 15815: 15809:Financial Times 15802: 15798: 15785: 15781: 15769:Suzanna Chen, ' 15768: 15764: 15752:Tom Williams, ' 15751: 15747: 15735:Tom Williams, " 15734: 15727: 15714: 15710: 15701: 15697: 15685:Tom Williams, " 15684: 15677: 15664: 15660: 15651: 15647: 15635:Tom Williams, " 15634: 15627: 15618: 15611: 15601: 15599: 15591: 15590: 15583: 15568: 15559: 15550: 15546: 15537: 15533: 15520: 15516: 15504:Tom Williams, " 15503: 15499: 15495:(22 July 2021). 15487:Sophie Smith, " 15486: 15482: 15469: 15468: 15461: 15448: 15444: 15431: 15427: 15414: 15410: 15401: 15397: 15385:Tom Williams, " 15384: 15377: 15373:(3 March 2022). 15364: 15360: 15351: 15347: 15338: 15331: 15322: 15318: 15305: 15301: 15288: 15284: 15275: 15271: 15258: 15254: 15241: 15237: 15228: 15221: 15212: 15205: 15192: 15188: 15175: 15171: 15158: 15154: 15145: 15141: 15128: 15124: 15112:Imogen Dixon, " 15111: 15107: 15094: 15090: 15077: 15073: 15060: 15053: 15040: 15036: 15032:(4 March 2022). 15023: 15014: 15004: 15002: 14989: 14988: 14984: 14975: 14971: 14958: 14951: 14938: 14934: 14921: 14917: 14908: 14901: 14888: 14884: 14871: 14867: 14858: 14854: 14845: 14838: 14825: 14821: 14812: 14805: 14792: 14788: 14775: 14771: 14762: 14758: 14745: 14741: 14732: 14723: 14717:Pensions Expert 14710: 14706: 14700:Pensions Expert 14693: 14689: 14676: 14672: 14663: 14659: 14646: 14642: 14629: 14625: 14619:Financial Times 14612: 14608: 14599: 14595: 14589:Financial Times 14582: 14578: 14565: 14561: 14548: 14544: 14535: 14531: 14518: 14511: 14502: 14498: 14494:(10 July 2020). 14485: 14481: 14468: 14464: 14460:' (April 2020). 14455: 14451: 14438: 14431: 14418: 14414: 14401: 14397: 14393:(30 June 2021). 14384: 14380: 14367: 14363: 14359:(13 July 2021). 14350: 14346: 14333: 14329: 14320: 14313: 14304: 14300: 14291: 14287: 14274: 14270: 14261: 14257: 14248: 14244: 14235: 14228: 14219: 14215: 14206: 14202: 14193: 14189: 14176: 14172: 14162: 14160: 14155: 14154: 14150: 14141: 14137: 14127: 14125: 14113: 14106: 14093: 14086: 14076: 14074: 14062: 14058: 14045: 14041: 14031: 14029: 14028:. 31 March 2020 14020: 14019: 14015: 14006: 14002: 13993: 13986: 13973: 13969: 13965:(2 March 2020). 13956: 13952: 13948:(3 March 2020). 13939: 13935: 13925: 13923: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13906: 13893: 13889: 13880: 13876: 13863: 13859: 13846: 13842: 13829: 13822: 13818:(6 March 2020). 13809: 13805: 13792: 13788: 13779: 13775: 13766: 13762: 13753: 13749: 13745:(4 March 2020). 13736: 13732: 13719: 13715: 13706: 13702: 13693: 13689: 13679: 13677: 13670: 13666: 13665: 13661: 13652: 13648: 13639: 13635: 13626: 13622: 13613: 13609: 13597: 13593: 13584: 13580: 13567: 13563: 13550: 13546: 13533: 13529: 13519: 13517: 13508: 13507: 13503: 13490: 13486: 13477: 13473: 13460: 13456: 13443: 13439: 13430: 13423: 13414: 13410: 13397: 13390: 13381: 13377: 13368: 13364: 13352: 13348: 13335: 13331: 13322: 13318: 13309: 13305: 13296: 13292: 13283: 13279: 13266: 13262: 13252: 13250: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13213: 13209: 13200: 13196: 13187: 13183: 13170: 13166: 13153: 13149: 13136: 13129: 13116: 13112: 13099: 13095: 13083:Max Clements, ' 13082: 13078: 13065: 13061: 13049:Bill Gardner, ' 13048: 13044: 13035: 13031: 13025:The Independent 13018: 13014: 13001: 12997: 12984: 12980: 12967: 12963: 12954: 12950: 12934: 12930: 12924:The Independent 12917: 12913: 12907:Huffington Post 12900: 12896: 12883: 12879: 12866: 12862: 12852: 12850: 12832: 12828: 12815: 12808: 12795: 12791: 12778: 12769: 12756: 12752: 12739: 12735: 12726: 12722: 12713: 12709: 12703:Financial Times 12696: 12692: 12679: 12675: 12666: 12662: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12635: 12631: 12630: 12626: 12613: 12609: 12596: 12592: 12579: 12575: 12569:The Independent 12562: 12558: 12547: 12543: 12530: 12526: 12517: 12513: 12507:Wayback Machine 12497: 12493: 12484: 12483: 12479: 12466: 12462: 12449: 12445: 12432: 12428: 12417: 12413: 12404: 12400: 12391: 12384: 12375: 12368: 12364:(29 June 2018). 12355: 12348: 12335: 12331: 12322: 12321: 12314: 12305: 12301: 12288: 12284: 12277: 12273: 12260: 12256: 12244:Fiona Whelan, ' 12243: 12239: 12226: 12222: 12212:Wayback Machine 12202: 12198: 12188:Wayback Machine 12178: 12174: 12161: 12157: 12151:Wayback Machine 12141: 12137: 12128: 12124: 12115: 12111: 12102: 12098: 12085: 12081: 12077:(1 March 2018). 12071:Wayback Machine 12061: 12057: 12051:The Independent 12047:Wayback Machine 12037: 12033: 12027:The Independent 12021:Lizzy Buchan, ' 12020: 12016: 12006:Wayback Machine 11996: 11992: 11982:Wayback Machine 11972: 11968: 11959: 11955: 11944: 11942: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11918: 11916: 11898: 11894: 11884: 11882: 11877: 11876: 11872: 11861:The Independent 11851: 11847: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11816: 11806: 11802: 11795:Nottingham Post 11787: 11783: 11764: 11760: 11743: 11739: 11729: 11727: 11726:on 5 March 2018 11712: 11708: 11689: 11685: 11675:Wayback Machine 11665: 11661: 11648: 11644: 11634:Wayback Machine 11624: 11620: 11610: 11608: 11607:. 15 March 2018 11599: 11598: 11594: 11584:Wayback Machine 11574: 11570: 11560: 11558: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11534:Wayback Machine 11524: 11520: 11510:Wayback Machine 11500: 11496: 11486:Wayback Machine 11476: 11472: 11462:Wayback Machine 11452: 11448: 11435: 11431: 11421:Wayback Machine 11411: 11407: 11397:Wayback Machine 11387: 11383: 11373:Wayback Machine 11363: 11359: 11349: 11347: 11332: 11328: 11323:. 5 March 2018. 11315: 11314: 11310: 11300: 11298: 11297:on 4 March 2018 11283: 11279: 11269: 11267: 11252: 11248: 11238: 11236: 11227: 11226: 11222: 11212: 11210: 11197: 11196: 11189: 11176: 11172: 11160:Sarah Colvin, ' 11159: 11155: 11138: 11134: 11124: 11122: 11121:on 5 March 2018 11107: 11103: 11099:(1 March 2018). 11093:Wayback Machine 11083: 11079: 11075:(2 March 2018). 11069:Wayback Machine 11059: 11055: 11051:(3 March 2018). 11045:Wayback Machine 11035: 11031: 11021: 11019: 11004: 11000: 10996:(2 March 2018). 10987: 10983: 10973: 10971: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10947:Wayback Machine 10937: 10933: 10923:Wayback Machine 10913: 10909: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10881: 10879: 10878:on 1 March 2018 10870: 10869: 10865: 10855: 10853: 10852:on 1 March 2018 10849: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10820: 10816: 10803: 10799: 10789:Wayback Machine 10779: 10775: 10765: 10763: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10715: 10713: 10705: 10704: 10700: 10690: 10688: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10660: 10658: 10650: 10649: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10632:. 22 March 2018 10624: 10623: 10619: 10609:Wayback Machine 10599: 10595: 10585:Wayback Machine 10575: 10571: 10558: 10554: 10543: 10541: 10532: 10522: 10518: 10514:(8 March 2018). 10508:Wayback Machine 10498: 10494: 10484:Wayback Machine 10474: 10470: 10460:Wayback Machine 10451:Stuart Croft, ' 10450: 10446: 10436: 10434: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10411:Wayback Machine 10401: 10397: 10384: 10380: 10370:Wayback Machine 10360: 10356: 10346:Wayback Machine 10336: 10332: 10328:(7 March 2018). 10322:Wayback Machine 10312: 10308: 10299: 10295: 10286: 10282: 10257: 10250: 10240:Wayback Machine 10230: 10226: 10213: 10209: 10200: 10196: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10162:Jana Bacevic, ' 10161: 10157: 10147:Wayback Machine 10137: 10133: 10114: 10110: 10106:(8 March 2018). 10100:Wayback Machine 10090: 10083: 10070: 10063: 10048: 10044: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10021: 10020: 10016: 9999: 9992: 9983: 9979: 9970: 9966: 9953: 9949: 9936: 9932: 9919: 9915: 9911:(14 June 2019). 9909:Financial Times 9902: 9898: 9892:Financial Times 9885: 9881: 9868: 9864: 9851: 9847: 9843:(21 June 2019). 9835:Natalie Tuck, ' 9834: 9830: 9817: 9813: 9800: 9796: 9783: 9779: 9775:' (9 May 2019). 9770: 9766: 9760:Pensions Expert 9753: 9749: 9740: 9736: 9727: 9723: 9710: 9706: 9697: 9693: 9684: 9680: 9671: 9667: 9654: 9650: 9641: 9637: 9628: 9624: 9608: 9604: 9595: 9591: 9578: 9574: 9561: 9557: 9548: 9544: 9535: 9531: 9518: 9511: 9502: 9495: 9482: 9478: 9465: 9461: 9452: 9451: 9444: 9435: 9431: 9427:' (21 May 201). 9422: 9418: 9410: 9406: 9402:', 18 May 2018. 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9257:(4 April 2018). 9248: 9244: 9240:(4 April 2018). 9231: 9227: 9223:(3 March 2018). 9214: 9210: 9200: 9198: 9191:The Independent 9183: 9182: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9151: 9138: 9125: 9116: 9107: 9098: 9085: 9081: 9073:Financial Times 9062: 9055: 9046: 9042: 9029: 9025: 9013:Talya Misiri, ' 9012: 9008: 8999: 8995: 8986: 8982: 8973: 8969: 8956: 8949: 8939:Wayback Machine 8929: 8925: 8919:Wayback Machine 8909: 8905: 8899:Wayback Machine 8889: 8885: 8875:Wayback Machine 8865: 8858: 8848: 8846: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8819: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8788: 8784: 8774:Wayback Machine 8765:Nicole Kobie, ' 8764: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8730: 8726: 8716: 8714: 8701: 8700: 8693: 8683:Wayback Machine 8673: 8669: 8663:Wayback Machine 8653: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8622: 8615: 8609:Wayback Machine 8599: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8568: 8559: 8555:(8 March 2018). 8553:Financial Times 8549:Wayback Machine 8539: 8535: 8531:(6 March 2018). 8525:Wayback Machine 8516:Judith Burns, ' 8515: 8511: 8501: 8499: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8473: 8460: 8459: 8450: 8444:Wayback Machine 8434: 8430: 8420:Wayback Machine 8410: 8406: 8396:Wayback Machine 8386: 8382: 8367: 8365: 8349: 8345: 8336: 8332: 8323: 8319: 8313:Wayback Machine 8304:Susan Cooper, ' 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8278: 8271: 8261:Wayback Machine 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8234:on 4 March 2018 8228:The Independent 8220: 8216: 8206:Wayback Machine 8196: 8189: 8185:(2 March 2018). 8179:Wayback Machine 8169: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8135:www.hefce.ac.uk 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8071: 8064:Wayback Machine 8054: 8045: 8032: 8025: 8021:(2 March 2018). 8015:Wayback Machine 8005: 7998: 7987: 7985: 7976: 7966: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7932: 7923: 7913:Wayback Machine 7903: 7899: 7893:Pensions Expert 7886: 7882: 7872: 7870: 7857: 7856: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7808:(1 March 2018). 7802:Wayback Machine 7792: 7788: 7779: 7775: 7769:The Independent 7762: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7735:Financial Times 7726: 7722: 7713: 7709: 7700: 7696: 7692:(6 March 2018). 7690:Financial Times 7686:Wayback Machine 7676: 7672: 7666:Wayback Machine 7656: 7652: 7639: 7635: 7625:Wayback Machine 7616:Jamie Doward, ' 7615: 7611: 7607:(1 March 2020). 7598: 7594: 7577: 7573: 7556: 7552: 7548:(21 June 2021). 7539: 7535: 7526: 7522: 7509: 7505: 7495:Wayback Machine 7485: 7478: 7474:(6 March 2016). 7468:Wayback Machine 7458: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7428: 7421: 7408: 7399: 7386: 7382: 7361: 7357: 7347:Wayback Machine 7337: 7330: 7317: 7313: 7309:(1 March 2018). 7303:Wayback Machine 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7208:Pensions Expert 7200: 7196: 7179: 7172: 7159: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7124: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7053: 7049: 6996: 6992: 6984:Douglas Logan, 6983: 6976: 6966:Wayback Machine 6956: 6952: 6942:Wayback Machine 6932: 6928: 6915: 6911: 6901:Wayback Machine 6891: 6887: 6877:Wayback Machine 6867: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6835: 6834: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6800: 6785: 6776: 6772: 6766:Financial Times 6762:Wayback Machine 6752: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6732:. 28 March 2018 6724: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6666:www.wired.co.uk 6660: 6659: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6617: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6564: 6557: 6551:Financial Times 6544: 6537: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6488: 5639:Ruskin College 2948:2021 (November) 2812:turnout % 2789: 2772: 2707: 2682: 2669: 2542: 2515: 2485: 2448: 2301: 2293:Open University 2262: 2212: 2203: 2198: 2186: 2157: 2144: 2135: 2098: 2093: 2076: 2031: 1997: 1984: 1904:Financial Times 1862: 1834: 1809: 1775: 1770: 1757: 1718: 1700:#NoCapitulation 1694: 1673:Financial Times 1662: 1657: 1633: 1624: 1591:(Green Party), 1572: 1553: 1500: 1473:Heslington Hall 1452: 1429: 1416: 1324: 1267:Anthony Forster 1252: 1211:Fight the Power 1177: 1156: 1143: 1094: 1081: 1069:First Actuarial 1056: 983: 919:Total balloted 909: 885: 873:Financial Times 859: 835: 797: 773: 742: 710: 691: 635: 615: 558: 553: 523: 470: 432: 416: 411: 366: 330:Universities UK 318: 289: 220: 215:economic impact 192:economic impact 160: 146: 83: 69: 67: 61: 59: 50: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17575: 17565: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17505: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484:Rocha, Leon, ' 17482: 17472: 17461: 17460:External links 17458: 17457: 17456: 17441: 17426: 17419: 17412: 17401: 17384: 17381: 17378: 17377: 17360: 17343: 17326: 17322:London Student 17302: 17285: 17272: 17259: 17242: 17225: 17207: 17190: 17173: 17160: 17147: 17123: 17109: 17097:www.ucu.org.uk 17084: 17071: 17058: 17044: 17032:www.ucu.org.uk 17019: 17007:www.ucu.org.uk 16994: 16977: 16951: 16940:. 11 July 2023 16925: 16914:. 28 June 2023 16899: 16873: 16856: 16839: 16837:(4 June 2023). 16822: 16802: 16785: 16776:Alice Evans, ' 16766: 16764:(28 May 2023). 16749: 16715: 16703:www.ucu.org.uk 16690: 16664: 16638: 16609: 16593: 16576: 16559: 16553:Vicky Blake, " 16546: 16529: 16503: 16477: 16452: 16426: 16400: 16371: 16345: 16333:www.ucea.ac.uk 16315: 16303:www.ucu.org.uk 16287: 16270: 16244: 16218: 16206:www.ucu.org.uk 16190: 16171: 16145: 16119: 16093: 16083:Emma Irving, " 16076: 16051: 16022: 15996: 15984:www.ucu.org.uk 15971: 15954: 15938: 15921: 15904: 15887: 15865: 15843: 15826: 15813: 15811:(30 May 2022). 15796: 15794:(20 May 2022). 15779: 15777:(19 May 2022). 15762: 15760:(30 May 2022). 15745: 15743:(23 May 2022). 15725: 15723:(22 May 2022). 15708: 15695: 15675: 15658: 15645: 15625: 15609: 15597:www.ucu.org.uk 15581: 15557: 15544: 15531: 15514: 15497: 15480: 15459: 15442: 15425: 15415:Sally Weale, " 15408: 15395: 15375: 15358: 15345: 15329: 15316: 15299: 15282: 15269: 15259:Sally Weale, " 15252: 15235: 15219: 15203: 15186: 15169: 15152: 15139: 15122: 15105: 15095:Sanjana Rao, " 15088: 15071: 15051: 15034: 15012: 14995:www.ucu.org.uk 14982: 14969: 14949: 14932: 14915: 14899: 14882: 14872:Glen O'Hara, " 14865: 14852: 14836: 14819: 14803: 14793:Simon Baker, " 14786: 14769: 14756: 14754:(28 May 2021). 14739: 14721: 14704: 14694:Tom Higgins, " 14687: 14670: 14657: 14647:Neil Davies, " 14640: 14630:Martin Wolf, " 14623: 14606: 14593: 14576: 14566:Kate Barker, " 14559: 14549:Kate Barker, " 14542: 14529: 14509: 14496: 14486:Bill Galvin, " 14479: 14462: 14449: 14429: 14412: 14410:(7 July 2021). 14395: 14385:Rachel Hall, " 14378: 14376:(17 May 2021). 14361: 14344: 14342:(1 July 2021). 14334:Simon Baker, " 14327: 14311: 14298: 14285: 14268: 14255: 14242: 14226: 14213: 14200: 14187: 14170: 14148: 14135: 14104: 14084: 14056: 14046:Rachel Hall, " 14039: 14013: 14000: 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4 News 12172: 12155: 12135: 12122: 12109: 12096: 12086:Vicky Blake, " 12079: 12055: 12031: 12014: 11997:Liam Soutar, ' 11990: 11966: 11953: 11926: 11892: 11870: 11845: 11826: 11800: 11781: 11758: 11737: 11706: 11683: 11679:London Student 11659: 11649:Ceren Sagir, ' 11642: 11638:London Student 11618: 11592: 11568: 11542: 11518: 11494: 11470: 11446: 11429: 11405: 11381: 11357: 11326: 11308: 11277: 11246: 11220: 11187: 11170: 11153: 11139:Nathan Hyde, ' 11132: 11101: 11077: 11053: 11029: 10998: 10994:Yorkshire Post 10981: 10966:. March 2018. 10955: 10931: 10914:Sophie Inge, ' 10907: 10889: 10863: 10831: 10814: 10797: 10773: 10761:www.york.ac.uk 10748: 10736:Varsity Online 10723: 10698: 10668: 10643: 10617: 10593: 10569: 10552: 10516: 10499:Sophie Inge, ' 10492: 10468: 10444: 10419: 10395: 10378: 10354: 10330: 10306: 10293: 10280: 10248: 10224: 10207: 10194: 10172: 10155: 10151:The Bangor Aye 10131: 10108: 10081: 10061: 10042: 10028: 10014: 9990: 9977: 9964: 9947: 9930: 9913: 9896: 9894:(21 May 2019). 9879: 9862: 9845: 9828: 9826:(24 May 2019). 9811: 9809:(24 May 2019). 9794: 9784:Noella Chye, ' 9777: 9764: 9747: 9734: 9721: 9704: 9691: 9678: 9665: 9648: 9635: 9622: 9602: 9589: 9572: 9555: 9542: 9529: 9509: 9493: 9476: 9474:(1 June 2018). 9459: 9442: 9429: 9416: 9404: 9391: 9365: 9353:www.ucu.org.uk 9340: 9323: 9298: 9285: 9274:. 9 April 2018 9259: 9249:Sophie Inge, ' 9242: 9225: 9208: 9171: 9136: 9114: 9096: 9092:Oxford Student 9079: 9053: 9040: 9023: 9006: 8993: 8980: 8967: 8957:Sophie Inge, ' 8947: 8923: 8903: 8883: 8856: 8826: 8813: 8782: 8755: 8724: 8707:www.ucu.org.uk 8691: 8667: 8647: 8613: 8593: 8557: 8533: 8509: 8483: 8448: 8428: 8404: 8380: 8343: 8330: 8317: 8297: 8269: 8245: 8214: 8187: 8152: 8121: 8090: 8043: 8023: 7996: 7957: 7921: 7904:Bill Galvin, ' 7897: 7880: 7863:www.ucu.org.uk 7843: 7810: 7786: 7773: 7753: 7720: 7707: 7694: 7677:Thomas Hale, ' 7670: 7650: 7633: 7609: 7599:Sally Weale, " 7592: 7571: 7550: 7533: 7520: 7503: 7486:Sophie Inge, ' 7476: 7459:Sophie Inge, ' 7452: 7439: 7419: 7397: 7380: 7355: 7328: 7311: 7287: 7256: 7225: 7194: 7170: 7150: 7114: 7094: 7068: 7047: 7010:(4): 324–352. 6990: 6974: 6950: 6926: 6909: 6885: 6858: 6841:www.ucu.org.uk 6825: 6783: 6770: 6753:Thomas Hale, ' 6743: 6717: 6683: 6646: 6627: 6592: 6555: 6535: 6530:www.ucu.org.uk 6517: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6422: 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3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3326:Local disputes 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3267:September 2022 3264: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3094:2022 (October) 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797:academic year 2788: 2785: 2771: 2768: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2706: 2703: 2681: 2678: 2668: 2665: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2541: 2538: 2514: 2511: 2484: 2481: 2447: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2300: 2297: 2261: 2258: 2242:self-isolating 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2156: 2153: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2055:gender pay gap 2051: 2044: 2030: 2027: 2022:Wellcome Trust 1996: 1993: 1983: 1980: 1861: 1858: 1833: 1830: 1808: 1805: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1756: 1753: 1717: 1714: 1705:Ruskin College 1693: 1690: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1601:Jim Cunningham 1589:Caroline Lucas 1576:Carol Monaghan 1571: 1568: 1552: 1549: 1499: 1496: 1451: 1448: 1428: 1425: 1415: 1412: 1400:Sally Mapstone 1393: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1323: 1320: 1296:Robert Allison 1251: 1248: 1207:Public Enemy's 1195:(based on the 1176: 1173: 1165:home secretary 1155: 1152: 1142: 1139: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1065:Michael Otsuka 1055: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 982: 979: 964: 963: 960: 956: 955: 952: 948: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 932: 931: 928: 924: 923: 920: 908: 905: 884: 881: 858: 855: 834: 831: 796: 793: 772: 769: 764: 763: 760: 757: 754: 741: 738: 709: 706: 690: 687: 686: 685: 681: 677: 670:Michael Otsuka 666: 658: 634: 631: 614: 611: 603: 602: 599: 596: 593: 562:such shortfall 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 547: 546:intervention". 539: 535: 526:Debates about 522: 519: 518: 517: 506: 499: 487: 469: 466: 465: 464: 460: 449: 431: 428: 415: 412: 410: 407: 365: 362: 332:(UUK) and the 320: 319: 317: 316: 309: 302: 294: 291: 290: 288: 287: 286: 285: 280: 270: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 232: 229: 228: 222: 221: 219: 218: 208: 195: 185: 170: 167: 166: 162: 161: 158: 150: 149: 137: 136: 135: 134: 131: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 82:United Kingdom 81: 79: 75: 74: 56: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17574: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17514: 17512: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17475:Hillman, Nick 17473: 17470: 17469: 17465:Hill, Peter, 17464: 17463: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17424: 17420: 17417: 17413: 17410: 17406: 17402: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17386: 17374: 17370: 17364: 17357: 17353: 17347: 17340: 17336: 17330: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17312: 17306: 17299: 17295: 17289: 17282: 17276: 17269: 17263: 17256: 17252: 17249:Dan Martin, " 17246: 17239: 17235: 17229: 17221: 17217: 17211: 17204: 17200: 17194: 17187: 17183: 17177: 17170: 17164: 17157: 17151: 17140: 17133: 17127: 17119: 17113: 17098: 17094: 17088: 17081: 17075: 17068: 17062: 17054: 17048: 17033: 17029: 17023: 17008: 17004: 16998: 16991: 16987: 16981: 16965: 16961: 16955: 16939: 16935: 16929: 16913: 16909: 16903: 16888:. 3 July 2023 16887: 16883: 16877: 16870: 16866: 16860: 16853: 16849: 16843: 16836: 16832: 16826: 16819: 16815: 16812:Jack Grove, ' 16809: 16807: 16799: 16795: 16789: 16783: 16779: 16773: 16771: 16763: 16759: 16753: 16738: 16734: 16730: 16726: 16719: 16704: 16700: 16694: 16678: 16674: 16668: 16652: 16648: 16642: 16626: 16622: 16616: 16614: 16606: 16600: 16598: 16590: 16586: 16580: 16573: 16569: 16563: 16556: 16550: 16543: 16539: 16533: 16517: 16513: 16507: 16492: 16488: 16481: 16466: 16462: 16456: 16441: 16437: 16430: 16414: 16410: 16404: 16388: 16384: 16378: 16376: 16359: 16355: 16349: 16334: 16330: 16324: 16322: 16320: 16304: 16300: 16294: 16292: 16280: 16274: 16259: 16255: 16248: 16232: 16228: 16222: 16207: 16203: 16197: 16195: 16186: 16182: 16175: 16160: 16156: 16149: 16133: 16129: 16123: 16107: 16103: 16097: 16090: 16089:1843 Magazine 16086: 16080: 16065: 16061: 16055: 16040: 16036: 16029: 16027: 16010: 16006: 16000: 15985: 15981: 15975: 15968: 15964: 15958: 15951: 15945: 15943: 15935: 15931: 15925: 15918: 15914: 15908: 15900: 15894: 15892: 15875: 15869: 15853: 15847: 15840: 15836: 15830: 15824:' (May 2022). 15823: 15817: 15810: 15806: 15800: 15793: 15789: 15783: 15776: 15772: 15766: 15759: 15755: 15749: 15742: 15738: 15732: 15730: 15722: 15718: 15712: 15705: 15699: 15692: 15688: 15682: 15680: 15672: 15668: 15662: 15655: 15649: 15643:(4 May 2022). 15642: 15638: 15632: 15630: 15622: 15616: 15614: 15598: 15594: 15588: 15586: 15577: 15573: 15566: 15564: 15562: 15554: 15548: 15541: 15535: 15528: 15524: 15518: 15511: 15507: 15501: 15494: 15490: 15484: 15476: 15472: 15466: 15464: 15456: 15452: 15446: 15439: 15435: 15429: 15422: 15418: 15412: 15405: 15399: 15392: 15388: 15382: 15380: 15372: 15368: 15362: 15355: 15349: 15342: 15336: 15334: 15326: 15325:HE pay ballot 15320: 15313: 15309: 15303: 15296: 15292: 15286: 15279: 15273: 15266: 15262: 15256: 15249: 15245: 15239: 15232: 15226: 15224: 15216: 15210: 15208: 15200: 15196: 15190: 15183: 15179: 15173: 15166: 15162: 15156: 15149: 15143: 15136: 15132: 15126: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15102: 15098: 15092: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15068: 15064: 15058: 15056: 15048: 15044: 15041:Jack Grove, " 15038: 15031: 15027: 15021: 15019: 15017: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14986: 14979: 14973: 14966: 14962: 14956: 14954: 14946: 14942: 14936: 14929: 14925: 14919: 14912: 14906: 14904: 14896: 14892: 14886: 14879: 14875: 14869: 14862: 14856: 14849: 14843: 14841: 14833: 14829: 14823: 14816: 14810: 14808: 14800: 14796: 14790: 14783: 14779: 14776:Anna McKie, " 14773: 14766: 14760: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14736: 14730: 14728: 14726: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14701: 14697: 14691: 14684: 14680: 14674: 14667: 14661: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14637: 14633: 14627: 14620: 14616: 14610: 14603: 14597: 14590: 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13891: 13884: 13878: 13871: 13867: 13861: 13854: 13850: 13844: 13837: 13833: 13827: 13825: 13817: 13813: 13807: 13800: 13796: 13793:Anna McKie, " 13790: 13783: 13777: 13770: 13764: 13757: 13751: 13744: 13740: 13734: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13710: 13704: 13697: 13691: 13676: 13669: 13663: 13656: 13650: 13643: 13637: 13630: 13624: 13617: 13611: 13605: 13603: 13598:Anna McKie, " 13595: 13588: 13587:The Socialist 13582: 13575: 13571: 13565: 13558: 13554: 13551:Anna McKie, " 13548: 13541: 13537: 13534:Anna McKie, " 13531: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13498: 13494: 13491:Anna McKie, " 13488: 13481: 13475: 13468: 13464: 13461:Anna McKie, ' 13458: 13451: 13447: 13444:Anna McKie, ' 13441: 13434: 13428: 13426: 13418: 13412: 13405: 13401: 13398:Anna KcKie, ' 13395: 13393: 13385: 13379: 13372: 13366: 13360: 13358: 13350: 13343: 13339: 13336:Ian Sample, " 13333: 13326: 13320: 13313: 13307: 13300: 13294: 13287: 13281: 13274: 13270: 13267:Anna McKie, ' 13264: 13248: 13244: 13238: 13230: 13224: 13217: 13211: 13204: 13198: 13191: 13185: 13178: 13174: 13171:Anna McKie, ' 13168: 13161: 13157: 13151: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13132: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13107: 13103: 13100:Anna McKie, ' 13097: 13090: 13086: 13080: 13073: 13069: 13063: 13056: 13055:The Telegraph 13052: 13046: 13039: 13033: 13026: 13022: 13016: 13009: 13005: 12999: 12992: 12988: 12982: 12975: 12971: 12965: 12958: 12952: 12945: 12942: 12938: 12932: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12891: 12887: 12881: 12874: 12870: 12864: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12822:The Telegraph 12819: 12813: 12811: 12803: 12802:The Telegraph 12799: 12793: 12786: 12782: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12747: 12743: 12740:Anna McKie, ' 12737: 12730: 12724: 12717: 12711: 12704: 12700: 12694: 12687: 12683: 12680:Anna McKie, ' 12677: 12670: 12664: 12645: 12641: 12634: 12628: 12621: 12617: 12611: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12587: 12583: 12580:Anna McKie, ' 12577: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12554: 12551: 12545: 12538: 12534: 12528: 12521: 12515: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12495: 12487: 12481: 12475:(1 May 2019). 12474: 12470: 12464: 12457: 12453: 12450:Jo McNeill, ' 12447: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12423: 12422: 12415: 12408: 12402: 12395: 12389: 12387: 12379: 12373: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12356:Anna McKie, ' 12353: 12351: 12343: 12339: 12333: 12325: 12319: 12317: 12309: 12303: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12280: 12275: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12200: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12176: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12139: 12132: 12126: 12119: 12113: 12106: 12100: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12059: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12035: 12028: 12024: 12018: 12011: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11994: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11970: 11963: 11957: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11896: 11880: 11874: 11866: 11862: 11857: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11815: 11811: 11804: 11796: 11792: 11785: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11762: 11754: 11749: 11741: 11725: 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10893: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10848: 10841: 10835: 10828: 10824: 10821:Jack Grove, " 10818: 10811: 10807: 10804:Jack Grove, ' 10801: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10780:John Elmes, ' 10777: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10737: 10733: 10727: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10672: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10597: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10573: 10566: 10562: 10556: 10539: 10535: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10496: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10448: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10399: 10392: 10388: 10385:Celine Tan, ' 10382: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10358: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10334: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10310: 10303: 10297: 10290: 10284: 10277: 10276:9780429354274 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10228: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10198: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10169: 10165: 10159: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10135: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10088: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10071:Jack Grove, ' 10068: 10066: 10057: 10056:parliament.uk 10053: 10046: 10038: 10032: 10024: 10018: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9995: 9987: 9981: 9974: 9968: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9927: 9923: 9920:Anna McKie, ' 9917: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9893: 9889: 9883: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9859: 9858:The Telegraph 9855: 9849: 9842: 9838: 9832: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9774: 9768: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9744: 9738: 9731: 9725: 9718: 9714: 9711:Jack Grove, ' 9708: 9701: 9695: 9688: 9682: 9675: 9669: 9662: 9658: 9655:Jack Grove, ' 9652: 9645: 9639: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9618: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9593: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9569: 9565: 9562:Jack Grove, ' 9559: 9552: 9546: 9539: 9533: 9526: 9522: 9519:Jack Grove, ' 9516: 9514: 9506: 9500: 9498: 9490: 9486: 9483:Jack Grove, ' 9480: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9439: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9408: 9401: 9395: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9295: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9196: 9192: 9187: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9126:Jack Grove, ' 9123: 9121: 9119: 9111: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9093: 9089: 9086:Max Jenner, ' 9083: 9075: 9074: 9068: 9060: 9058: 9050: 9044: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9003: 8997: 8990: 8984: 8977: 8971: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8927: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8907: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8887: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8823: 8820:See further ' 8817: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8762: 8760: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8677: 8671: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8651: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8597: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8537: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8513: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8432: 8425: 8424:The Telegraph 8421: 8417: 8414: 8408: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8384: 8377: 8363: 8359: 8358:The Telegraph 8355: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8301: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8194: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8003: 8001: 7983: 7979: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7901: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7815: 7807: 7806:OpenDemocracy 7803: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7783: 7777: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7711: 7704: 7698: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7674: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7654: 7647: 7646:The Economist 7643: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7613: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7530: 7524: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7483: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7409:Jack Grove, " 7406: 7404: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7387:Jack Grove, ' 7384: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7307:OpenDemocracy 7304: 7300: 7297: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7130:The Economist 7127: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6954: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6930: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6889: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6642: 6641:The Telegraph 6638: 6631: 6623: 6610: 6602: 6596: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 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proposal 2356: 2354:UUK proposal 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2207: 2193: 2190: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2088: 2080: 2071: 2063: 2062:ethnicity pay 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002:discount rate 1992: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Angela Rayner 1913: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 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962:12,230 (36%) 961: 958: 957: 954:21,683 (64%) 953: 950: 949: 945: 942: 941: 937: 934: 933: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 917: 912: 904: 900: 898: 893: 889: 880: 877: 874: 868: 863: 854: 851: 848: 844: 841: 838: 830: 826: 822: 819: 817: 812: 806: 801: 792: 788: 784: 777: 768: 761: 758: 755: 751: 750: 749: 746: 737: 735: 730: 728: 723: 714: 705: 703: 698: 696: 682: 678: 675: 671: 667: 664: 659: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643: 642: 639: 630: 627: 623: 621: 610: 608: 600: 597: 594: 590: 589: 588: 585: 583: 579: 574: 571: 567: 563: 544: 540: 536: 533: 529: 525: 524: 515: 511: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 485: 481: 477: 472: 471: 461: 458: 454: 450: 447: 443: 438: 434: 433: 427: 424: 421: 406: 403: 401: 391: 382: 375: 370: 361: 359: 355: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 315: 310: 308: 303: 301: 296: 295: 293: 292: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 234: 233: 231: 230: 227: 224: 223: 216: 212: 209: 207: 206:chip shortage 203: 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Retrieved 17096: 17087: 17074: 17061: 17047: 17037:12 September 17035:. Retrieved 17031: 17022: 17012:12 September 17010:. Retrieved 17006: 16997: 16989: 16980: 16968:. Retrieved 16963: 16954: 16942:. Retrieved 16937: 16928: 16916:. Retrieved 16911: 16902: 16890:. Retrieved 16885: 16876: 16868: 16859: 16852:The Guardian 16851: 16842: 16834: 16825: 16817: 16797: 16788: 16781: 16780:', 'BBC News 16762:The Guardian 16761: 16752: 16742:12 September 16740:. Retrieved 16729:The Observer 16728: 16718: 16706:. Retrieved 16702: 16693: 16681:. Retrieved 16676: 16667: 16655:. Retrieved 16650: 16641: 16629:. Retrieved 16624: 16603:Joe Lewis, ' 16588: 16579: 16571: 16562: 16549: 16541: 16532: 16520:. Retrieved 16515: 16506: 16494:. Retrieved 16490: 16480: 16468:. Retrieved 16464: 16455: 16443:. Retrieved 16439: 16429: 16417:. Retrieved 16412: 16403: 16391:. Retrieved 16386: 16362:. Retrieved 16357: 16348: 16336:. Retrieved 16332: 16306:. Retrieved 16302: 16273: 16261:. 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Retrieved 15596: 15575: 15547: 15534: 15526: 15517: 15509: 15500: 15492: 15483: 15454: 15449:Jack Gray, " 15445: 15437: 15428: 15421:The Guardian 15420: 15411: 15398: 15390: 15370: 15361: 15348: 15319: 15311: 15302: 15294: 15285: 15272: 15265:The Guardian 15264: 15255: 15247: 15238: 15198: 15193:Jack Gray, " 15189: 15181: 15172: 15165:The Guardian 15164: 15155: 15147: 15142: 15134: 15125: 15117: 15108: 15100: 15091: 15083: 15074: 15066: 15046: 15037: 15029: 15003:. Retrieved 14999:the original 14994: 14985: 14977: 14972: 14965:The Guardian 14964: 14944: 14935: 14927: 14918: 14895:The Guardian 14894: 14885: 14877: 14868: 14855: 14831: 14822: 14798: 14789: 14781: 14772: 14759: 14751: 14742: 14716: 14707: 14699: 14690: 14682: 14673: 14660: 14652: 14643: 14635: 14626: 14618: 14609: 14596: 14588: 14579: 14571: 14562: 14554: 14545: 14532: 14524: 14499: 14491: 14482: 14474: 14465: 14452: 14444: 14424: 14415: 14407: 14398: 14391:The Guardian 14390: 14381: 14373: 14364: 14356: 14347: 14339: 14330: 14301: 14288: 14280: 14271: 14258: 14245: 14216: 14203: 14190: 14182: 14173: 14161:. Retrieved 14151: 14138: 14126:. Retrieved 14122:The Guardian 14120: 14099: 14075:. Retrieved 14071:The Guardian 14069: 14059: 14052:The Guardian 14051: 14042: 14030:. Retrieved 14025: 14016: 14003: 13979: 13970: 13962: 13953: 13945: 13936: 13924:. Retrieved 13919: 13907: 13899: 13890: 13877: 13869: 13860: 13853:The Guardian 13852: 13843: 13835: 13816:The Guardian 13815: 13806: 13798: 13789: 13776: 13763: 13750: 13742: 13733: 13725: 13716: 13703: 13690: 13678:. Retrieved 13674: 13662: 13649: 13636: 13623: 13610: 13601: 13594: 13586: 13581: 13574:The Guardian 13573: 13564: 13556: 13547: 13539: 13530: 13518:. Retrieved 13513: 13504: 13496: 13487: 13474: 13466: 13457: 13449: 13440: 13411: 13403: 13378: 13365: 13357:The Guardian 13356: 13349: 13342:The Guardian 13341: 13332: 13319: 13312:The Guardian 13311: 13306: 13293: 13280: 13272: 13263: 13251:. Retrieved 13246: 13237: 13223: 13210: 13197: 13184: 13176: 13167: 13159: 13150: 13143:The Guardian 13142: 13122: 13113: 13105: 13096: 13088: 13079: 13071: 13062: 13054: 13045: 13032: 13024: 13015: 13007: 12998: 12990: 12985:Lynn Love, ' 12981: 12973: 12964: 12951: 12943: 12940: 12931: 12923: 12914: 12906: 12897: 12889: 12880: 12873:The Guardian 12872: 12863: 12851:. Retrieved 12840:The Guardian 12839: 12829: 12821: 12801: 12792: 12785:The Guardian 12784: 12762: 12753: 12745: 12736: 12723: 12710: 12702: 12693: 12685: 12676: 12663: 12651:. Retrieved 12644:the original 12639: 12627: 12619: 12610: 12603:The Guardian 12602: 12593: 12585: 12576: 12568: 12559: 12549: 12548:UCU (2016). 12544: 12537:The Guardian 12536: 12527: 12514: 12494: 12480: 12472: 12463: 12455: 12446: 12438: 12429: 12419: 12414: 12401: 12361: 12341: 12332: 12302: 12294: 12285: 12274: 12266: 12257: 12249: 12240: 12232: 12223: 12216:The Observer 12215: 12199: 12191: 12175: 12167: 12158: 12138: 12125: 12112: 12099: 12091: 12082: 12075:China-Europe 12074: 12058: 12050: 12034: 12026: 12017: 12009: 11993: 11985: 11969: 11956: 11943:. Retrieved 11929: 11917:. Retrieved 11906:The Guardian 11905: 11895: 11883:. Retrieved 11873: 11860: 11848: 11839: 11829: 11817:. Retrieved 11813: 11803: 11794: 11784: 11771: 11761: 11752: 11740: 11728:. 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