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1998–99 NBA lockout

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374: 330:, 57 percent of basketball-related income was used to pay players, while the previous deal called for a 48 percent split. According to the NBA, 15 of the 29 teams posted losses that season. The NBPA disputed this figure and claimed that only four teams had losses. The league's owners voted on whether to reopen the CBA on March 23, 1998, and the vote passed by a 27–2 margin. Negotiations between the NBPA and owners started on April 1, and nine further bargaining sessions took place in the next three months. 304: 2961: 2972: 576:, who had been largely responsible for an increase in fan interest during his career. The average attendance during the shortened season was 16,738 fans per game, down 2.2 percent from the 1997–98 average of 17,117 spectators per contest. Ticket sales fell nearly two percent further in the opening months of 1999–00, and remained under 17,000 per game for the following three seasons. The league also saw 565:
believed to hold weaker positions comparatively. In addition, Hayden noted that a contrast existed between the work activities of regular workers and NBA players, as perceived by typical employees, and that "the NBA lockout may have strengthened the view of many that unions are out of touch with their lives and thus have little to offer them."
365:. The players union, wanting to avoid a decline in salaries, opposed changes to the salary cap system, in particular those involving the Larry Bird exception. Other NBPA positions included opposition to a cap on individual player salaries and support for a raise of the minimum salary, which 22 percent of NBA players earned during 1997–98. 541:
public supported the owners 24 percent to 22 percent. One-quarter of basketball fans who responded to the poll stated that they did not know enough about the lockout to give an opinion, along with 45 percent of the general public. Media members were frequently critical of the owners and players. Sportswriter
517:. The Larry Bird exception was retained, though maximum annual pay raises were capped. New "average" and "median" salary cap exemptions, which the NBPA had proposed, allowed teams to sign one player per category even if they were over the spending limit. For teams that wished to exceed the salary cap, a 564:
From a broader labor perspective, Hayden commented that the lockout was "rather pedestrian" and "made no noteworthy contributions to legal doctrine." He considered the NBPA to be a union that had more power, and a greater ability to enter a labor dispute, than most other labor organizations, which he
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Widely viewed as a victory for Stern and the owners, the agreement was signed by both parties on January 20, officially ending the lockout after 204 days. It capped players' salaries at between $ 9 million and $ 14 million, depending on how long they had played in the NBA. The league became
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stated that most players "were just ready to Wednesday at our meeting if an agreement hadn't been reached." Faced with a splintering union, Hunter moved to resume talks with Stern. On January 6, the day before Stern's deadline, he and Hunter reached an agreement, which was ratified by the NBPA later
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that ended within three hours. However, on both occasions, the players and owners reached a deal before the start of the season, and before 1998, the NBA was the only major sports league in the United States that had never lost a game because of a work stoppage. A six-year CBA had been in place since
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were canceled and training camps were postponed indefinitely as a result of stalled talks. Further negotiating sessions took place in October and November, but no agreement was reached. The season's first two weeks were officially canceled on October 13, and 99 games scheduled for November were lost
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poll conducted in October 1998 showed that, while most fans' opinion of professional basketball was unaffected by the work stoppage, 29 percent reported that their views had become more negative. The same poll showed that fans backed the NBPA in the dispute by a 36–29 margin, while the general
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was instituted requiring offenders to pay on a dollar-for-dollar basis, provided total league salaries were above a specified level. The league's minimum salary was increased to $ 287,500, a $ 15,000 raise from before the lockout. The players were promised that their salaries would equal 55 percent
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who was an early beneficiary of the rule. The Bird exception enabled teams to spend an unlimited amount of money to re-sign their own players, causing a substantial increase in the value of upper-end contracts. Club owners wanted to remove the exemption and place limits on maximum player salaries.
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On December 23, Stern announced that he would recommend canceling the season if there was no deal by January 7, 1999. At a December 27 meeting, a "final" deal was proposed by the owners. The sides met again on January 4, and the NBPA gave its last proposal to the owners, who turned it down. Stern
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ruled that the owners did not have to pay players with guaranteed contracts during the lockout. Feerick's decision gave the owners leverage in bargaining talks. Another factor favoring the owners was that their teams received money from the NBA's television broadcasters, whose contracts with the
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called "an extremely heated, expletive-laden screaming match". Both men temporarily walked away from the bargaining table, and indicated after the session that the entire season might be canceled. Although the 1998 portion of the schedule was not played because of the lockout, 16 NBA players
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on January 6 to end the work stoppage. Quickly ratified by the owners and players, the deal was signed later in January, ending the lockout after 204 days. The settlement provided for maximum salaries for players and a pay scale for first-year players. In the months after the lockout,
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drop for three consecutive seasons after the lockout. On the court, players struggled to condition themselves for the season on short notice, leading to subpar play around the NBA. Scoring declined by about four points per game per team on average, to the lowest total in 20 years.
1259: 572:, which began on February 5, 1999, was shortened to 50 games per team, as opposed to the normal 82. As a result of the 204-day lockout, 464 regular-season games were lost. In addition to the lockout, the NBA's popularity was affected by the second retirement of 281:
The dispute received a tepid response from sports fans and provoked criticism from media members. It continued into January 1999, threatening the cancellation of the entire season. After division within the players union, however, NBPA executive director
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to Philadelphia. Discussions during the lockout were characterized by frequent hostility between the players and owners. One example of the heated nature of the talks came at an early December bargaining session, when Stern and NBPA executive director
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Grant M. Hayden described the NBA's action as an "offensive lockout", in which an employer attempts to force its workers into a settlement that does not favor them. An early byproduct of the lockout was the exclusion of NBA players from the
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of league revenues over the agreement's final three seasons. However, any higher percentage would lead to a salary decrease. The NBA's drug policy was expanded to cover performance-enhancing drugs and marijuana, with once-yearly testing.
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Bill Saporito believed that each side was damaged by the lockout, in terms of financial losses and negative publicity. Stern said that he had made concessions in the agreement, while Hunter said that the parties "both blinked."
596:, began signing shorter contracts that allowed for more flexibility in team choice and salary. The agreement expired in 2005, and both sides became concerned about the possibility of another work stoppage, at a time when the 384:
After negotiations between the sides broke off on June 22, the lockout started nine days later. Teams were barred from making player transactions and holding workouts and meetings for the duration of the work stoppage. The
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the first major sports organization in the U.S. to limit the salaries of its players. A rookie pay scale was introduced, with salary increases tied to how early a player was selected in the
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The NBPA scheduled a meeting on January 6 in New York City, where players would vote on the proposal by the owners, which the committee had recommended opposing. Several players, including
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September 1995, but it included a clause allowing NBA owners to reopen the contract after three years if more than 51.8 percent of "basketball-related income" went to player salaries.
278:(NBPA) opposed the owners' plans and wanted raises for players who earned the league's minimum salary. After the two sides failed to reach an agreement, the owners began the lockout. 726: 1203: 1028: 2822: 1723: 1757: 1060: 997: 1129: 2549: 669: 461:. The event's organizers intended to give NBPA members a share of the money raised, but the idea proved controversial, and charities ultimately received the proceeds. 530:
The lockout prompted indifference among most American sports fans, who thought that greed was shown by both sides, a similar sentiment to what fans voiced during the
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In the years following the lockout, a higher percentage of players signed contracts worth the maximum amount possible under the cap. Some young players, such as
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New six-year collective bargaining agreement ratified on January 20; players' salaries reduced from 57% to a maximum of 55% of the league's income
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players that would prevent them from gaining unrestricted free agency after three seasons, and wanted to ban the use of marijuana and
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had been a part of the CBA since 1983, but it included loopholes that allowed teams to exceed the payroll limit. Among them was the "
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as a result. It was the first time in NBA history that games were canceled due to a labor dispute. On October 20, arbitrator
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Stalemate over division of the NBA's basketball-related income and salary cap structure between NBA team owners and players
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Before 1998, there had been two lockouts in the previous three years: a labor dispute that lasted more than two months in
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and ticket sales declined during the 50-game season, and both remained below pre-lockout levels in subsequent seasons.
1946:"A Brief History of Sports Labor Stoppages: The Issues, The Labor Stoppages and Their Effectiveness (Or Lack Thereof)" 1787: 608:. A lockout was prevented, however, when a six-year CBA was reached in June 2005. After the expiration of that CBA, a 349:
Owners also sought to prevent large contracts for young players similar to the $ 126 million, six-year deal that
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Further games were canceled as the lockout continued through November and December, including the league's
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Barovick, Harriet; Cooper, John; Lofaro, Lina; Orecklin, Michele; Tartakovsky, Flora (January 18, 1999).
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termed the lockout "an incomprehensible and unconscionable dispute between rival gangs of millionaires".
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described the labor dispute as one "between tall millionaires and short millionaires." An article in
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Harper, John (March 29, 2004). "Life After Death: Ten years since strike, baseball is back on top".
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in Philadelphia). As a result of the All-Star Game's cancellation, the NBA later awarded the
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and several owners left the talks after the NBPA presented an offer that included increased
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D'Alessandro, Dave (June 29, 1998). "It looks as if the NBA is headed for a lockout".
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Owners agreed to reopen the 1995 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement in March 1998
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Owners proposed a reduction of players' salaries, as well as a modified pay scale
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The primary issue was that of player salaries, which owners sought to curb. A
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Third lockout in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA)
820:"The three most lasting impacts of Kevin Garnett's revolutionary career" 258:(NBA). It lasted from July 1, 1998, to January 20, 1999, and forced the 2492: 2269: 1519:
Hummer, Steve (October 25, 1998). "This NBA lockout evoking big yawn".
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Clark, Paul F.; Delaney, John Thomas; Frost, Ann Christine (2002).
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and nine players on the union's 19-person negotiating committee.
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league called for payments to be made if games were not played.
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was the commissioner of the NBA during the 1998–99 lockout
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Playing For Keeps: Michael Jordan & the World He Made
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decreased, and teams typically played at a reduced pace.
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that day and by the NBA Board of Governors on January 7.
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system and a ceiling on individual player salaries. The
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reduced to 50 games per team; season began on February 5
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to be shortened to 50 games per team and that season's
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Agreement reached to end lockout on January 6, 1999
2004: 1970: 1845:"NBA could cash in if TV ratings soar with Jordan" 1355:Starr, Mark; Samuels, Allison (January 18, 1999). 83:Players proposed an increase in the minimum salary 1968: 457:participated in a December 19 exhibition game in 266:to be canceled. NBA owners reopened the league's 3254: 752: 380:was the president of the NBPA during the lockout 1902:"For commish, CBA helps 'avoid the Apocalypse'" 3007: 2140: 1892: 1890: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 225: 36:(6 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) 1751: 1749: 1299:. CBS News. CBS Sportsline. December 7, 1998 270:(CBA) in March 1998, seeking changes to the 1973:Collective Bargaining in the Private Sector 1391:. CBS News. CBS Sportsline. January 6, 1999 286:reached an agreement with NBA commissioner 3023:Sports labor disputes in the United States 3014: 3000: 2147: 2133: 1999: 1887: 1865: 1755: 1633: 1610: 1538:"Fans' Hoop Dreams Tainted by N.B.A. Rift" 1536:Christian, Nichole M. (November 7, 1998). 1244: 630: 628: 232: 218: 2089: 2052: 1819:"NHL's future buoyed by die-hard fanbase" 1812: 1810: 1746: 1535: 1434: 1432: 525: 2033:Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal 1760:. CNN Sports Illustrated. Archived from 1383: 1381: 1379: 1282: 1280: 1058: 932:"Lockout cuts into preseason schedule". 891: 634: 388:Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal 372: 357:. They desired a modified pay scale for 302: 1781: 1779: 1721: 1629: 1627: 1580: 1578: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1159: 1157: 863: 748: 746: 744: 625: 276:National Basketball Players Association 120:National Basketball Players Association 3255: 2025: 1943: 1866:Youngblood, Kent (December 26, 2011). 1842: 1816: 1807: 1566: 1518: 1429: 1257: 1175:from the original on November 18, 2011 1091: 951: 949: 947: 945: 817: 782: 710: 708: 706: 667: 2995: 2128: 1896: 1843:Rovell, Darren (September 25, 2001). 1634:Pellegrini, Frank (January 7, 1999). 1376: 1277: 1124: 1106:from the original on February 6, 2009 637:"Timeline to the 1998–99 NBA lockout" 500:, wanted the vote to be conducted by 2112:from the original on January 8, 2013 2090:Staudohar, Paul D. (December 2012). 1944:Birren, Genevieve F. (Spring 2014). 1785: 1776: 1624: 1575: 1447: 1409: 1343: 1193: 1171:. CBS Sportsline. December 5, 1998. 1154: 1018: 987: 897:"NBA labor talks break off abruptly" 741: 714: 532:1994–95 Major League Baseball strike 470:discussed the possibility of having 1817:Rovell, Darren (February 8, 2005). 1758:"Lockout revisited, 10 years later" 1703:from the original on April 23, 2009 1636:"NBA Lockout Over; Both Sides Lose" 1548:from the original on April 17, 2009 1226:"Charity Game ' Gift To The Fans '" 1206:from the original on April 17, 2009 1059:Reynolds, Tim (December 24, 2018). 1031:from the original on April 23, 2009 1000:from the original on April 23, 2009 942: 818:Harper, Zach (September 23, 2016). 729:from the original on April 17, 2009 703: 635:Zillgitt, Jeff (October 12, 2011). 13: 1786:Roth, Daniel (February 21, 2000). 1756:Aschburner, Steve (July 8, 2008). 1722:Donovan, John (February 4, 1999). 1260:"To The Victor Belongs The Spoils" 1092:Steele, David (December 9, 1998). 1069:. Associated Press. Archived from 938:. September 25, 1998. p. D11. 783:Araton, Harvey (October 4, 1998). 14: 3289: 2053:Staudohar, Paul D. (April 1999). 2011:. New York City: Broadway Books. 1586:"CBS Poll: NBA Fans Back Players" 1438:Clark, Delaney and Frost, p. 244. 1297:"Charity Game Set Without Jordan" 1258:Taylor, Phil (January 18, 1999). 965:. January 7, 1999. Archived from 3216:2017 gender discrimination claim 2971: 2970: 2959: 2555:2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal 2092:"The basketball lockout of 2011" 2077:from the original on May 8, 2009 1522:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 1357:"Taking It Hard To The NBA Hoop" 1165:"NBA Labor Talks Turn #*%! Ugly" 34:July 1, 1998 – January 20, 1999 3273:1999 labor disputes and strikes 3268:1998 labor disputes and strikes 3208:United States Soccer Federation 3089:National Basketball Association 2859:collective bargaining agreement 2156:National Basketball Association 1925: 1916: 1859: 1836: 1715: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1604: 1560: 1529: 1512: 1503: 1470: 1441: 1410:Wise, Mike (January 21, 1999). 1403: 1311: 1289: 1218: 1194:Wise, Mike (December 5, 1998). 1187: 1118: 1085: 1052: 1043: 1019:Wise, Mike (October 20, 1998). 1012: 988:Wise, Mike (October 15, 1998). 981: 925: 885: 864:Thomsen, Ian (August 3, 1998). 857: 848: 839: 668:Bembry, Jerry (July 10, 1996). 268:collective bargaining agreement 256:National Basketball Association 206:Collective bargaining agreement 176:National Basketball Association 128:National Basketball Association 2028:"Some Keys to the NBA Lockout" 811: 802: 776: 767: 694: 661: 254:of four in the history of the 1: 3237:2020 American athlete strikes 1937: 464: 353:had recently signed with the 318:and a brief work stoppage in 298: 2550:Criticisms and controversies 1950:DePaul Journal of Sports Law 1931:Staudohar (2012), pp. 29–31. 715:Wise, Mike (June 30, 1998). 401:1998 FIBA World Championship 7: 3232:1961 Boston Celtics boycott 1389:"NBA: Let The Games Begin!" 935:The San Diego Union-Tribune 363:performance-enhancing drugs 10: 3294: 2451:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 773:Staudohar (1999), pp. 3–5. 700:Staudohar (1999), pp. 3–4. 368: 3224: 3206: 3173: 3120: 3087: 3029: 2954: 2843: 2771: 2694:first overall draft picks 2656: 2510: 2421: 2379: 2341: 2303: 2292: 2250: 2212: 2174: 2163: 2026:Hayden, Grant M. (1999). 1673:Hayden. pp. 457–458, 463. 1135:The Philadelphia Inquirer 957:"NBA Lockout: Day By Day" 459:Atlantic City, New Jersey 144: 139: 113: 108: 89: 74: 59: 40: 30: 25: 3242:2024 MLS referee lockout 3122:National Football League 1983:Cornell University Press 619: 610:lockout occurred in 2011 474:brought in to begin the 452:became involved in what 2786:Maurice Podoloff Trophy 1509:Staudohar (1999), p. 8. 1099:San Francisco Chronicle 1049:Staudohar (1999), p. 7. 845:Staudohar (1999), p. 6. 3175:National Hockey League 2545:Walter A. Brown Trophy 2328:Portland Trail Blazers 2318:Minnesota Timberwolves 1728:CNN Sports Illustrated 808:Halberstam, pp. 30–31. 600:had recently lost its 598:National Hockey League 587:field goal percentages 526:Reaction and aftermath 381: 355:Minnesota Timberwolves 311: 260:1998–99 regular season 3031:Major League Baseball 2966:Basketball portal 2806:Conference Finals MVP 2351:Golden State Warriors 2323:Oklahoma City Thunder 1788:"The NBA's Next Shot" 1128:(December 21, 1999). 902:The Augusta Chronicle 616:was cut by 16 games. 376: 306: 151:(executive director) 3165:2012 referee lockout 3155:2001 referee lockout 2781:Larry O'Brien Trophy 2404:New Orleans Pelicans 2356:Los Angeles Clippers 2099:Monthly Labor Review 2063:Monthly Labor Review 1699:. February 5, 1999. 1682:Hayden, pp. 463–464. 1232:on November 18, 2011 682:on November 23, 2011 418:By September 25, 24 339:Larry Bird exception 2981:2023–24 season 2704:banned or suspended 2227:Cleveland Cavaliers 1873:The Palm Beach Post 1646:on October 28, 2010 1617:The Washington Post 1569:New York Daily News 1324:Amarillo Globe-News 1286:Halberstam, p. 408. 962:New York Daily News 472:replacement players 399:that played at the 341:", named after the 272:league's salary cap 248:1998–99 NBA lockout 26:1998–99 NBA lockout 3278:NBA labor disputes 3263:1998–99 NBA season 2689:race and ethnicity 2617:2019–20 suspension 2361:Los Angeles Lakers 2280:Washington Wizards 2199:Philadelphia 76ers 1922:Birren, pp. 9, 15. 1697:The New York Times 1592:. 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Index

1998–99 season
National Basketball Players Association
National Basketball Association
Billy Hunter
Patrick Ewing
David Stern
1995 lockout
1996 lockout
1998–99 lockout
2011 lockout
Collective bargaining agreement
v
t
e
lockout
National Basketball Association
1998–99 regular season
All-Star Game
collective bargaining agreement
league's salary cap
National Basketball Players Association
Billy Hunter
David Stern
television ratings
A man in his 50s with white hair speaks into a microphone. He wears a gray suit, red tie, and glasses.
David Stern
1995
1996
1997–98 season
salary cap

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