155:
135:
395:
38:
639:
estimated the economic value of the damages caused by the 1997 fires and haze. They estimated one billion US$ from haze-related damages for
Indonesia only. The damages to Malaysia and Singapore are figured at 0.4 billion US$ . Including the fire related damages, the total damages are estimated to
566:
techniques adopted by farmers in
Indonesia. Slash and burn has been extensively used for many years as the cheapest and easiest means to clear the lands for traditional agriculture. Fire is also used during the long fallow rotation of the so-called jungle rubber in Sumatra and Kalimantan to remove
647:
Fire-related smoke haze episodes also reveal a social component: a large part of the population in
Southeast Asia do not have the financial means to buy protective measures such as respiratory masks and air conditioning, nor are they able to refrain from outdoor work when air pollution is high.
585:, the dry season in Southeast Asia was even drier than normal. These accidental fires may have the same underlying socio-economic and institutional problems. In cases like this, fire suppression can be very difficult and costly especially when they reach the highly flammable peat-swamp areas.
505:
concentrations frequently exceeded national ambient air quality standards. Monthly mean horizontal visibility at most locations in
Sumatra and Kalimantan in September was below 1 km (0.62 mi) and daily maximum visibility was frequently below 100 metres (330 ft).
468:
extinguished the fires and improved air quality within the region. During the peak episode, satellite imagery (NASA/TOMS aerosol index maps) showed a haze layer that expanded over an area of more than 3,000,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi), covering large parts of
631:; impairing transportation by air, land and water and seriously affecting the economies of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Among the economic sectors affected most were air, land and sea transportation, construction, tourism and agricultural industries.
807:
612:. In Singapore, for instance, health surveillance showed a 30% increase in hospital attendance due to air quality related symptoms. Generally, children and the elderly, as well as those with pre-existing respiratory and
876:
596:
was the form of air pollutant that predominantly contributed to the haze and degradation in ambient air quality standards during this crisis. In all countries affected by the smoke
578:
and large operators alike. After burning out its previous owner, the smallholder or large operator plants their own crops there, gaining de facto control over the disputed land .
1616:
424:
1238:
574:
Fire may also be deliberately used as a weapon to claim property on the islands and provinces where land ownership is not clear, an action taken by both
841:"Farmers' perspectives on slash-and-burn as a land clearing method for small-scale rubber producers in Sepunggur, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia"
1902:
903:
333:
1538:
1150:
445:
disaster that occurred during the second half of 1997, its after-effects causing widespread atmospheric visibility and health problems within
2050:
1463:
1543:
1478:
1493:
1375:
1049:
383:
600:, an increase of acute health outcomes was observed. Health effects; included emergency room visits due to respiratory symptoms such as
102:
1218:
871:
55:
1423:
74:
417:
17:
1438:
1408:
1393:
2129:
1671:
632:
1448:
1598:
1558:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1473:
1468:
1443:
81:
1418:
1398:
1810:
1573:
1385:
1168:
1018:
2139:
1553:
1403:
924:
345:
1458:
2010:
1102:
410:
88:
464:
on ambient air quality was evident by July and peaked in
September/October before weakening by November, when the delayed
896:
2119:
2027:
1980:
1957:
1710:
1413:
1213:
1127:
1293:
70:
2124:
1975:
1428:
1331:
1228:
1223:
350:
121:
154:
2109:
1633:
1270:
862:
Investigating the haze transport from 1997 biomass burning in
Southeast Asia: Its impact upon Singapore : Asia
2114:
2094:
1303:
1177:
1079:
1064:
840:
1265:
1145:
889:
593:
502:
59:
2089:
1608:
1321:
1084:
1059:
399:
795:
Geography Vol. 84, No. 3 (The Forest Fires in
Indonesia 1997-98: Possible Causes and Pervasive Consequences)
2099:
1985:
1737:
1664:
1548:
1326:
1260:
950:
557:
461:
189:
582:
2134:
1578:
1453:
1243:
1200:
1074:
727:
605:
2032:
1835:
1359:
1341:
1336:
1250:
1044:
636:
298:
95:
1949:
1912:
1850:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1010:
1000:
995:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
933:
712:
697:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
378:
366:
315:
267:
262:
257:
247:
242:
237:
219:
214:
164:
2022:
2017:
2005:
1919:
1316:
1208:
1288:
1855:
1657:
1233:
1069:
702:
640:
amount to 4.5 billion US$ . However, a variety of the damages such as decreased quality of life,
293:
48:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1568:
1311:
872:
The 1997-98 Air
Pollution Episode in Southeast Asia Generated by Vegetation Fires in Indonesia
1255:
1190:
1185:
1054:
861:
581:
During the dry season, dry fuels readily ignite and lead to large wildfires, and due to the
1886:
1488:
1483:
759:
722:
641:
457:
9 billion, due mainly to health care and disruption of air travel and business activities.
454:
450:
145:
8:
2104:
1772:
1742:
1498:
990:
960:
657:
627:
By scattering and absorbing light, the fire-related particulate also resulted in reduced
608:, decreased lung function as well as eye and skin irritation, were caused mainly by this
371:
252:
209:
763:
620:
exposure. The smoke haze episode has added to the urban and industrial air pollution in
1638:
1094:
1032:
877:
Hazy
Solutions in Struggle to Stop People Burning Indonesia's Forests - Jakarta Globe.
1871:
775:
692:
687:
609:
310:
305:
819:
1967:
767:
285:
1933:
1433:
1119:
613:
1907:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1563:
1137:
747:
717:
621:
563:
446:
340:
2083:
2065:
2052:
1881:
1686:
1036:
779:
442:
866:
575:
134:
771:
540:
494:
1649:
881:
1876:
1702:
1280:
820:"The Role of Fire in Changing Land Use and Livelihoods in Riau-Sumatra"
628:
571:, including the woody parts before new plantations are re-established.
474:
1720:
545:
520:
515:
498:
482:
453:
event of all time, the total costs of the 1997 haze are estimated at
37:
1351:
916:
912:
530:
525:
490:
478:
624:, causing it to reach alarming levels in many metropolitan areas.
568:
470:
465:
601:
535:
486:
160:
616:
were the most susceptible to adverse health outcomes from the
1724:
942:
707:
617:
597:
808:
1617:
Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia
644:
and atmospheric impacts are difficult to establish.
562:The 1997 Southeast Asian haze was caused mainly by
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
138:Air pollution over Southeast Asia in October 1997
2081:
1903:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
1239:2014–15 floods in Southeast Asia and South Asia
27:Haze over the Southeast Asia region in mid-1997
1151:2014 Negeri Sembilan and Selangor water crisis
1665:
897:
748:"Preventing fires and haze in Southeast Asia"
418:
1085:COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020–present)
797:. Geographical Association. pp. 253–55.
477:. Its northward extension partially reached
1376:Peninsula Malaysia tornado outbreak of 2014
384:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
1672:
1658:
1219:2010 floods in Thailand and north Malaysia
904:
890:
425:
411:
1679:
911:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
133:
1958:2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
1050:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
745:
14:
2082:
1811:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
1070:Sarawak rabies outbreak (2017–present)
1019:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
1653:
885:
509:
346:Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014
1060:2009 flu pandemic in Malaysia (H1N1)
462:1997 fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
1539:Severe Tropical Storm Sonamu (2013)
1424:Severe Tropical Storm Irving (1985)
867:The Asian Forest Fires of 1997-1998
792:
497:and its westward extension reached
24:
1981:2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution
1128:2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution
25:
2151:
1976:2016 Vietnam marine life disaster
1439:Tropical Depression BOB 03 (1993)
1409:Severe Tropical Storm Judy (1971)
1394:Tropical Depression Gloria (1965)
1332:2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide
1229:2014 Cameron Highlands mud floods
1224:2013 Cameron Highlands mud floods
1634:Environmental issues in Malaysia
1464:Tropical Depression Hilda (1999)
1271:2022 Malaysian east coast floods
1103:2015–16 Kuantan bauxite disaster
394:
393:
334:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary
153:
36:
2130:Environmental disasters in Asia
1950:Water radioactive contamination
1449:Tropical Depression Greg (1996)
1080:2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak
47:needs additional citations for
1599:Tropical Depression 29W (2021)
1559:Tropical Depression 29W (2017)
1544:Tropical Storm Shanshan (2013)
1534:Tropical Depression 25W (2012)
1529:Tropical Depression 26W (2011)
1524:Tropical Depression 25W (2011)
1519:Tropical Depression 19W (2010)
1514:Tropical Depression 01W (2010)
1509:Tropical Depression 01W (2008)
1494:Tropical Depression 25W (2005)
1479:Tropical Depression 29W (2001)
1474:Tropical Depression 32W (1999)
1469:Tropical Depression 31W (1999)
1444:Tropical Depression 34W (1995)
1214:2006–07 Southeast Asian floods
1146:1998 Klang Valley water crisis
833:
812:
801:
786:
739:
594:Atmospheric particulate matter
351:People's Movement to Stop Haze
13:
1:
1803:Air radioactive contamination
1569:Tropical Storm Kai-tak (2017)
1434:Tropical Storm Forrest (1992)
1322:2002 Taman Hillview landslide
1294:2024 Southeast Asia heat wave
733:
449:. Considered the most severe
2140:Health disasters in Malaysia
1986:Pollution of the Pasig River
1738:1997 Indonesian forest fires
1574:Tropical Storm Toraji (2018)
1549:Tropical Storm Jangmi (2014)
1327:2006 Kampung Pasir landslide
951:1997 Indonesian forest fires
558:1997 Indonesian forest fires
190:1997 Indonesian forest fires
7:
1579:Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019)
1484:Tropical Storm Vamei (2001)
1454:Tropical Storm Linda (1997)
1312:1993 Pantai Remis landslide
1075:2018 Malaysia HFMD outbreak
1065:2015–16 Zika virus epidemic
746:Tacconi, Luca (July 2016).
728:Garuda Indonesia Flight 152
651:
606:upper respiratory infection
71:"1997 Southeast Asian haze"
10:
2156:
1554:Tropical Depression (2016)
1404:Tropical Storm Ruth (1970)
1360:2024 Kuala Lumpur sinkhole
1342:2022 Batang Kali landslide
1337:2011 Hulu Langat landslide
1266:2021–2022 Malaysian floods
1251:2015 East Malaysian floods
1045:1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak
588:
555:
2120:Air pollution in Malaysia
1998:
1966:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1913:Pollutant Standards Index
1895:
1864:
1823:
1801:
1793:2019 Vietnam forest fires
1719:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1629:
1607:
1459:Tropical Storm Gil (1998)
1384:
1368:
1350:
1302:
1279:
1199:
1176:
1167:
1136:
1118:
1111:
1093:
1031:
1011:Radioactive contamination
1009:
1001:2019 Southeast Asian haze
996:2017 Southeast Asian haze
986:2015 Southeast Asian haze
981:2013 Southeast Asian haze
976:2010 Southeast Asian haze
971:2009 Southeast Asian haze
966:2006 Southeast Asian haze
956:1997 Southeast Asian haze
941:
932:
923:
713:Pollutant Standards Index
698:Borneo peat swamp forests
683:2019 Southeast Asian haze
678:2016 Southeast Asian haze
673:2015 Southeast Asian haze
668:2013 Southeast Asian haze
663:2006 Southeast Asian haze
551:
439:1997 Southeast Asian haze
367:Air pollution in Malaysia
268:2019 Southeast Asian haze
263:2017 Southeast Asian haze
258:2016 Southeast Asian haze
248:2015 Southeast Asian haze
243:2013 Southeast Asian haze
238:2010 Southeast Asian haze
220:2009 Southeast Asian haze
215:2006 Southeast Asian haze
185:1997 Southeast Asian haze
18:1997 Southeast Asian Haze
2125:Environment of Singapore
1920:Great Green Wall (China)
1317:Highland Towers collapse
1261:2020–21 Malaysian floods
1209:1971 Kuala Lumpur floods
2110:1997 in the environment
1244:2014–15 Malaysia floods
1234:Early 2014 Sabah floods
703:Deforestation in Borneo
2115:1997 natural disasters
2095:1997 disasters in Asia
1711:2010 China dust storms
1504:Typhoon Hagibis (2007)
501:. During this period,
139:
1680:Asia pollution topics
1594:Typhoon Molave (2020)
1589:Typhoon Saudel (2020)
1584:Typhoon Lekima (2019)
1564:Typhoon Tembin (2017)
1256:2016 Malaysian floods
1191:2015 Sabah earthquake
1186:1976 Sabah earthquake
1055:Global spread of H5N1
752:Nature Climate Change
583:1997–98 El Niño event
460:The influence of the
441:was an international
137:
2090:Southeast Asian haze
1887:Southeast Asian haze
1489:Typhoon Muifa (2004)
1419:Typhoon Percy (1983)
1414:Typhoon Sally (1972)
1399:Typhoon Sally (1967)
772:10.1038/nclimate3008
723:Southeast Asian haze
642:loss of biodiversity
451:Southeast Asian haze
146:Southeast Asian haze
56:improve this article
2100:1990s fires in Asia
2062: /
1773:2016 Malaysian haze
1743:2005 Malaysian haze
1499:Typhoon Utor (2006)
1289:2023 Asia heat wave
991:2016 Malaysian haze
961:2005 Malaysian haze
764:2016NatCC...6..640T
658:2005 Malaysian haze
253:2016 Malaysian haze
210:2005 Malaysian haze
2135:Fires in Indonesia
1639:Health in Malaysia
1429:Typhoon Gay (1989)
793:Jim, C.Y. (1999).
610:particulate matter
510:Countries affected
503:particulate matter
140:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
1994:
1993:
1942:Notable incidents
1928:
1927:
1872:Asian brown cloud
1819:
1818:
1695:Notable incidents
1647:
1646:
1625:
1624:
1169:Natural disasters
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1027:
1026:
693:Asian brown cloud
688:Air quality index
435:
434:
311:Peat swamp forest
306:Mega Rice Project
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2147:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
1968:Marine pollution
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1896:Counter-measures
1865:Recurrent issues
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1174:
1173:
1116:
1115:
939:
938:
930:
929:
925:Health disasters
906:
899:
892:
883:
882:
855:
854:
852:
850:
845:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
816:
810:
805:
799:
798:
790:
784:
783:
743:
614:cardiac diseases
427:
420:
413:
402:
397:
396:
286:Chemical equator
157:
142:
141:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2037:
1990:
1962:
1934:Water pollution
1924:
1891:
1860:
1815:
1797:
1715:
1681:
1678:
1648:
1643:
1621:
1603:
1386:Tropical storms
1380:
1364:
1346:
1298:
1275:
1195:
1155:
1132:
1107:
1089:
1023:
1005:
919:
910:
858:
848:
846:
843:
839:
838:
834:
824:
822:
818:
817:
813:
806:
802:
791:
787:
744:
740:
736:
654:
591:
560:
554:
512:
431:
392:
335:
273:
272:
233:
225:
224:
205:
197:
196:
180:
167:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1908:Operation Haze
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:Soil pollution
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:Viral diseases
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:
936:
927:
921:
920:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
857:
856:
832:
811:
800:
785:
758:(7): 640–643.
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
725:
720:
718:Slash and burn
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
653:
650:
622:Southeast Asia
590:
587:
564:slash-and-burn
556:Main article:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
511:
508:
466:monsoonal rain
447:Southeast Asia
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
389:
388:
387:
386:
381:
376:
375:
374:
361:
360:
356:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
341:Operation Haze
338:
336:Haze Pollution
328:
327:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
318:
308:
303:
302:
301:
296:
290:Deforestation
288:
280:
279:
275:
274:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
212:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
193:
192:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
168:
158:
150:
149:
130:
129:
112:September 2012
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
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1768:2015 SEA haze
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1748:2006 SEA haze
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379:Singapore PSI
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2047:
2011:Water crisis
1999:By countries
1824:By countries
1732:
1721:Forest fires
1112:Water issues
955:
847:. Retrieved
835:
823:. Retrieved
814:
803:
794:
788:
755:
751:
741:
646:
626:
592:
580:
576:smallholders
573:
567:most of the
561:
459:
438:
436:
299:in Indonesia
184:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2069: /
2028:Philippines
1178:Earthquakes
541:Philippines
495:Philippines
2105:1997 fires
2084:Categories
1877:Asian Dust
1703:Dust storm
1304:Landslides
1281:Heat waves
1033:Contagious
734:References
629:visibility
475:Kalimantan
278:Key topics
82:newspapers
2066:3°S 105°E
1836:Hong Kong
1369:Tornadoes
1352:Sinkholes
1120:Pollution
913:Disasters
780:1758-6798
546:Sri Lanka
521:Singapore
516:Indonesia
499:Sri Lanka
483:Singapore
326:Responses
294:in Borneo
1851:Malaysia
1609:Tsunamis
1138:Scarcity
917:Malaysia
652:See also
531:Thailand
526:Malaysia
493:and the
491:Thailand
479:Malaysia
400:Category
359:See also
159:Haze in
2071:-3; 105
2033:Vietnam
760:Bibcode
589:Effects
569:biomass
471:Sumatra
172:History
96:scholar
1882:Shamal
1856:Taiwan
1201:Floods
849:11 May
825:11 May
778:
633:EEPSEA
602:asthma
552:Causes
536:Brunei
487:Brunei
398:
316:Borneo
161:Borneo
148:series
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2057:105°E
2023:Japan
2018:India
2006:China
1846:Macau
1841:India
1831:China
844:(PDF)
232:2010s
204:2000s
179:1990s
103:JSTOR
89:books
1725:haze
1723:and
943:Haze
851:2016
827:2016
776:ISSN
708:Haze
618:haze
598:haze
473:and
455:US$
437:The
165:2019
75:news
2054:3°S
915:in
768:doi
637:WWF
372:API
58:by
2086::
774:.
766:.
754:.
750:.
604:,
489:,
485:,
481:,
163:,
1673:e
1666:t
1659:v
1035:/
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853:.
829:.
782:.
770::
762::
756:6
635:/
426:e
419:t
412:v
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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