452:
353:
489:
29:
111:
538:, announcing that the design limit had been reached, misinterpreted this as good news that the flooding had peaked. City sand-bagging stopped, and national reporters left the city, but the water continued to rise inside and outside of the city until the peak late on May 3 / early on May 4. The city officials have said that the peak occurred on May 1; scientific reports record a peak on May 3/4.
344:, an artificial waterway completed in 1968 and nicknamed "Duff's Ditch", exceeded its capacity flow but managed to divert the floodwaters around Winnipeg which minimized damage. From 2005 to 2010, the province made substantial upgrades to inlet control structures and fire protection, increased elevation of existing dikes (including the Brunkild dike), and widened the floodway channel.
573:. The town's dike system was prepared for the river approaching from the south, but the river had spread widely and floodwaters swamped the town from the west. At the flood's peak in Canada on May 4, the Red River occupied an area of 1,840 km (710 mi) with more than 2,560 km (990 mi) of land underwater, which earned it the nickname "Red Sea."
635:. At first, this graffiti was placed on trashed appliances to prevent theft and resale, but soon expanded in medium and purpose. The graffiti done mostly in spray paint (also mud) started to not only be a precaution, but a dialogue of emotions related to the effects of the flood. Post-flood emotions driving this largely consisted of frustration with the
325:) worked with the cities of Grand Forks and East Grand Forks to clear residential and business development from a large area of floodplain, because of the certainty of future regional floods, and also as the floodplain is intended to be a natural means to absorb floodwaters. They also redeveloped the floodplain along the river as the
436:(NWS) had forecast that the river would crest at 49 feet (14.9 m), which was its highest level during the 1979 flood. The cities had built dikes to this level, but the river continued to rise past it. Taken by surprise, the NWS did not upgrade its forecast until April 16, the day the river reached 49 feet.
479:
The river crested at 54.35 feet (16.6 m) on April 21, and the river level did not fall below 49 feet (14.9 m) until April 26. Because water drained so slowly out of the most low-lying areas, some homeowners could not visit their damaged properties until May. By May 30, the Red River had receded below
368:
reached a high of 30 ft (9.2 m) at
Winnipeg and caused the largest evacuation in Canada's history: an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 people had to be evacuated. An estimated $ 606 million CAD (1997) of damage resulted. In the aftermath, the government of Manitoba and the Canadian federal government
439:
The dikes in the low-lying
Lincoln Drive neighborhood of Grand Forks were the first to break, doing so early on April 18, as the river kept rising. Other dikes in the Grand Forks and East Grand Forks area failed that day and the next, flooding thousands of homes. During this time, Grand Forks mayor
360:
The Red River of the North has flooded repeatedly through the centuries. It is highly prone to spring flooding because of its northward flow, the nearly flat former lake bed of the valley, and ice formation on the river. As spring approaches, the snow melts from south to north in the same direction
639:
after it predicted a flood crest about five feet less than the actual. As this developed, catastroffiti was appearing on not just household appliances, but also houses, garages, and signs. In the aftermath of the 1997 Red River Flood, catastroffiti became a method of commentary and coping in the
316:
As a result of the 1997 flood and its extensive property losses, the United States and state governments made additional improvements to the flood protection system in North Dakota and
Minnesota. A dike system was built on both sides of the river to protect the twin Forks cities. In the aftermath,
533:
To compensate, the province broke operational rules for the
Floodway, as defined in legislation, during the night of April 30 / May 1, to prevent waters in Winnipeg from rising above the designed limit of 24.5 ft (7.5 m) above the "James Avenue datum", but causing additional flooding
312:
had to order the evacuation of more than 50,000 people, most of the population of the city, as a huge area was flooded. A large fire started in downtown Grand Forks, engulfing eleven buildings and sixty apartment units before being extinguished. Those affected by the flood in the U.S. received
372:
The first known records of floods along the Red River were documented in the 1770s. Severe floods have occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including in 1979. Residents and officials incorrectly assumed that homes that were safe in 1979 would be beyond the reach of a future flood.
428:
also had severe flooding. Much of the flooding accumulated not only because of the rising river levels, but also from overland flooding, as meltwater did not drain away. Temporary dikes were erected along the riverfront and around the edges of towns, but were sometimes overwhelmed.
592:, requested a delay until the flooding was under control. When Chrétien let the election go ahead as originally planned, Alcock transformed his campaign office into a volunteer relief centre, spending his time in relief efforts instead of campaigning, and won re-election.
290:, where floodwaters reached more than 3 miles (4.8 km) inland. They inundated virtually everything in the twin communities. Total damages for the Red River region were US$ 3.5 billion. The flood was the result of abundant snowfall and extreme temperatures.
530:. It came close to overwhelming Winnipeg's existing flood protection system. At the time, the Winnipeg Floodway was designed to protect against a flow of 60,000 cu ft/s (1,700 m/s), but the 1997 flow was 63,000 cu ft/s (1,800 m/s).
361:
as the riverflow. At times high waters encounter ice on the river and back up, spreading out of the banks. The wide flatness of the terrain, formed from an ancient lake bed, and the low slope of the river also contribute to severe flooding in the region.
565:
around homes and property. An emergency 42 km (26 mi) long dike, later called the
Brunkild Z-dike, was constructed in a matter of days when officials realized that overland flooding threatened the city of Winnipeg. It cost $ 10 million (CAD).
459:
Water reached areas more than two miles (3 km) inland from the Red River, requiring evacuation of all of East Grand Forks and 75% of Grand Forks. School was cancelled in both cities for the remainder of the term, as were classes at the
615:(IJC) to provide a report on the flood event and to recommend measures to ensure further flood protection for the city of Winnipeg. Largely as a result of this study, the province widened the floodway between 2004 and 2010.
541:
Towns upriver of
Winnipeg, forewarned by footage of buildings in Grand Forks burning and covered in meters of water, built ring dikes to protect their homes and properties. The province of Manitoba called in the
313:
donations from across the nation, along with billions of dollars in federal aid. City officials and flood-forecasters were criticized for the difference in estimates and actual flood levels.
226:
440:
Pat Owens ordered the evacuation of more than 50,000 people, much of the population of the city. This was the largest evacuation in the United States since the evacuation of residents in
700:
1408:
1223:
Hagen, Carol A.; Ender, Morten G.; Tiemann, Kathleen A.; Hagen, Clifford O. Jr. (1999). "Graffiti on the Great Plains: A Social
Reaction to the Red River Valley Flood of 1997".
519:. Even with these flood protection measures, in 1997 the province had a flood cresting at 21.6 ft (6.6 m). It caused 28,000 people to be evacuated and $ 500 million
608:
appointed the
International Red River Basin Task Force, comprising members from both countries. The task force's purpose was to find ways to improve flood forecasting.
1469:
1108:
476:(residents stayed in airplane hangars, which were supplied with more than 3,000 cots). Many residents also evacuated to motels and homes in outlying communities.
672:
1524:
233:
464:. All transportation was cut off between the two cities (and for many miles, the two states). East Grand Forks residents were evacuated to nearby
845:
1134:
898:
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955:
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1488:
657:
387:
142:
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1325:
Living with the Red: A Report to the
Governments of Canada & the U.S. on Reducing Flood Impacts in the Red River Basin
1259:
1023:
318:
1473:
631:
related to natural disasters, starts to appear as affected residents gut their houses, placing damaged materials on the
507:, and built clay dikes and diversion dams in the Winnipeg area. Other flood control structures completed later were the
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1519:
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1003:
829:
469:
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1529:
330:
219:
207:
94:
612:
356:
A before and after view of a building that caught fire in downtown Grand Forks during the 1997 Red River flood.
550:, and the provincial Department of Natural Resources. Many people chose to evacuate, including residents from
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1514:
547:
1574:
1559:
326:
405:
287:
1609:
473:
461:
294:
1599:
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1549:
1534:
401:
283:
1429:
636:
433:
305:
849:
577:
425:
902:
472:. Residents of Grand Forks were given mandatory evacuation orders on April 18, and retreated to
421:
255:
102:
993:
956:"Psychosocial effects of a natural disaster: a post-flood assessment in the Red River Valley"
570:
1544:
1086:
963:
667:
662:
652:
465:
365:
154:
149:
132:
722:
33:
The Sorlie Bridge connecting Grand Forks and East Grand Forks became submerged on April 17
8:
1171:
1154:
562:
413:
409:
301:
275:
270:. It was the most severe flood of the river since 1826. The flood reached throughout the
53:
1064:
1366:
503:
in 1968 after six years of construction, built permanent dikes in eight towns south of
500:
445:
341:
191:
63:
1445:
1275:
1236:
1387:
1347:
1328:
1309:
1240:
999:
825:
516:
508:
1271:
1232:
551:
271:
175:
121:
601:
581:
304:. These dikes were constructed based on a 49-foot estimate of flooding set by the
991:
929:
543:
520:
337:
776:
750:
535:
527:
512:
417:
1279:
1508:
1344:
Red River Rising: The
Anatomy of a Flood and the Survival of an American City
1244:
585:
400:. A few sets of "sister cities" developed along opposite sides of the river.
1186:
Harper, Tim (April 29, 1997). "McDonough says election call 'insensitive'".
751:"Flood of criticism from 1997 floods: Did faulty forecasts add to disaster?"
1188:
605:
432:
It was difficult for the cities to prepare for such an enormous flood. The
397:
263:
170:
1260:"Who Decides? Forecasts and Responsibilities in the 1997 Red River Flood"
451:
352:
293:
In Grand Forks, thousands of people, including Air Force personnel from
589:
569:
Almost all of the ring dikes around the towns held, except for that at
488:
992:
Etkin, David; Chowdhury Emdadul Haque; Gregory Robert Brooks (2003).
393:
309:
259:
28:
1169:
Robertson, Bud (April 29, 1997). "Politicians unite against flood".
1138:
628:
555:
504:
493:
279:
267:
110:
58:
455:
Grand Forks after a levee overtopped and Grand Forks was evacuated
559:
441:
308:. The river crested at 54 feet in Grand Forks. Grand Forks mayor
298:
923:
1135:"1997's 'Z-dike' showcased province's flood-fighting machine"
251:
1446:"Photographs of Flooding In the Fargo-Moorhead Region: 1997"
1425:
115:
The Red River drainage basin, with the Red River highlighted
926:"North Dakota After Action Report – Historical Perspective"
632:
322:
1496:, from Minnesota Public Radio, Retrieved on March 25, 2009
588:. Several of the party's MPs from the province, including
408:, were the pair most severely affected by the 1997 flood.
1065:"Flood of the Century: Chronology of Flood Events – 1997"
995:
An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada
899:"Grand Forks 1997 Flood Recovery: Facts and Statistics"
1489:
Selected Bibliography, Red River of the North Flooding
1322:
1222:
1152:
Lett, Dan (April 15, 1997). "MPs want vote delayed".
1049:"Artificial Crest to keep Red high well into June".
1500:
North Dakota State University's Fargo Flood website
928:. North Dakota Emergency Management. Archived from
576:While the flooding was still underway, the federal
701:"A city submerged: Winnipeg and the flood of 1950"
297:, tried to prepare for the 1997 flood by building
1386:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Great Plains Publications.
1308:. Grand Forks, North Dakota: Grand Forks Herald.
924:Douglas C. Friez; Kathleen Donahue (March 1998).
1506:
1362:"Red Cross Is Accused Of Misusing Flood Relief"
824:. United States: Borealis Books. p. 102.
723:"A History of Flooding in the Red River Basin"
554:, who had only two days notice to evacuate to
364:Serious floods occurred in 1948 and 1950. The
254:that occurred in April and May 1997 along the
1087:"Flood of the Century: What does James mean?"
1024:"Bracing for the next 'flood of the century'"
949:
947:
813:
745:
743:
381:
227:
1426:"The 1997 Flood in Grand Forks North Dakota"
1323:Galloway, Gerald E.; Clamen, Murray (2000).
1179:
848:. University of North Dakota. Archived from
715:
1525:1997 natural disasters in the United States
1017:
1015:
987:
985:
983:
981:
917:
777:"Record floods along the Red River in 1997"
769:
693:
944:
740:
558:. Thousands of volunteers helped to build
523:in damage to property and infrastructure.
333:, and a 20-mile biking and walking trail.
331:Minnesota state campground recreation area
234:
220:
1168:
658:1997 Red River flood in the United States
480:flood stages everywhere in North Dakota.
388:1997 Red River flood in the United States
16:Major flood on the Red River of the North
1012:
978:
487:
450:
351:
1381:
1346:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Borealis Books.
1162:
1145:
1127:
499:The province of Manitoba completed the
392:The Red River forms the border between
1507:
1494:The Great Flood of 1997—10 Years Later
1423:
1341:
1303:
1257:
1185:
953:
819:
336:Flooding in Manitoba resulted in over
1470:"Canadian Government Satellite Photo"
1231:(2). Elsevier Science Inc.: 145–158.
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
891:
1450:Geology of the Fargo-Moorhead Region
1151:
1021:
838:
684:
618:
1456:from the original on April 26, 2006
1409:"Red River Rising: Manitoba Floods"
611:The province of Manitoba asked the
369:constructed flood safety measures.
319:Federal Emergency Management Agency
13:
1590:April 1997 events in North America
1297:
1205:
954:Hutton, David (November 1, 2004).
347:
14:
1621:
1570:Natural disasters in North Dakota
1452:. North Dakota State University.
1401:
1304:Jacobs, Mike, ed. (August 1997).
1264:Applied Behavioral Science Review
1225:Applied Behavioral Science Review
998:. London: Springer. p. 349.
600:In July, Canadian Prime Minister
470:University of Minnesota Crookston
1595:May 1997 events in North America
1432:from the original on May 8, 2006
109:
27:
1251:
1196:
1109:"Diking Commissioner's Reports"
1101:
1079:
1057:
1042:
882:
873:
864:
208:Canadian Heritage Rivers System
1565:Natural disasters in Minnesota
804:
795:
613:International Joint Commission
1:
1540:1990s floods in North America
1342:Shelby, Ashley (April 2004).
1276:10.1016/S1068-8595(00)80012-4
1258:Pielke, Roger A. Jr. (1999).
1237:10.1016/S1068-8595(00)80015-X
678:
548:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
329:, including several parks, a
604:and United States President
595:
340:500 million in damages. The
327:Greater Grand Forks Greenway
7:
1555:Floods in the United States
1022:Fong, Petti (May 5, 2007).
646:
483:
406:East Grand Forks, Minnesota
10:
1626:
1306:Come Hell & High Water
474:Grand Forks Air Force Base
462:University of North Dakota
385:
382:North Dakota and Minnesota
376:
295:Grand Forks Air Force Base
274:, affecting the cities of
1580:Grand Forks, North Dakota
1053:. May 4, 1997. p. 2.
627:Catastroffiti, a form of
402:Grand Forks, North Dakota
282:, but none so greatly as
80:
72:
46:
38:
26:
1520:1997 disasters in Canada
637:National Weather Service
534:upriver. Winnipeg Mayor
492:Red River Floodway near
434:National Weather Service
306:National Weather Service
1384:Floods of the Centuries
820:Shelby, Ashley (2003).
426:Breckenridge, Minnesota
248:Red River flood of 1997
1530:1997 natural disasters
1382:Bumsted, J.M. (1997).
901:. FEMA. Archived from
496:
456:
422:Wahpeton, North Dakota
357:
256:Red River of the North
103:Red River of the North
1424:Draves, Alan (2002).
1282:on September 25, 2016
526:The 1997 flood was a
491:
454:
444:, Georgia during the
355:
1605:1997 in North Dakota
1515:1997 Red River flood
1327:. Diane Publishing.
932:on February 22, 2001
846:"Great Flood of '97"
673:2022 Red River flood
668:2011 Red River flood
663:2009 Red River flood
653:1950 Red River flood
404:and its counterpart
22:1997 Red River flood
1575:History of Winnipeg
1560:Greater Grand Forks
1172:Winnipeg Free Press
1155:Winnipeg Free Press
1051:Winnipeg Free Press
783:. November 10, 1999
757:. November 10, 1999
414:Moorhead, Minnesota
410:Fargo, North Dakota
54:Greater Grand Forks
23:
1476:on August 21, 2008
1367:The New York Times
1089:. City of Winnipeg
1067:. City of Winnipeg
580:government led by
501:Red River Floodway
497:
457:
358:
342:Red River Floodway
192:Red River Floodway
21:
1610:1997 in Minnesota
1141:. April 25, 2007.
966:on March 27, 2009
905:on March 28, 2009
852:on March 11, 2008
619:Societal response
517:Assiniboine River
509:Portage Diversion
244:
243:
88:
87:
1617:
1600:Red River floods
1585:1997 in Manitoba
1550:Floods in Canada
1535:1997 meteorology
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:. Archived from
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1463:
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1439:
1437:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1376:
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1319:
1292:
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1278:. Archived from
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1176:
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1160:
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1111:. Archived from
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1039:
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989:
976:
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962:. Archived from
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886:
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822:Red River Rising
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468:, namely to the
288:East Grand Forks
272:Red River Valley
236:
229:
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176:Red River Valley
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124:
113:
90:
89:
31:
24:
20:
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266:, and southern
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1270:(2): 83–101.
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831:0-87351-500-5
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798:
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707:September 17,
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602:Jean Chrétien
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586:snap election
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582:Jean Chrétien
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84:$ 3.5 billion
83:
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1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1458:. Retrieved
1449:
1434:. Retrieved
1413:. Retrieved
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1365:
1343:
1324:
1305:
1286:November 22,
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
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1228:
1224:
1198:
1189:Toronto Star
1187:
1181:
1170:
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1129:
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1113:the original
1103:
1093:February 27,
1091:. Retrieved
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
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1032:. Retrieved
1027:
994:
968:. Retrieved
964:the original
960:Environments
959:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
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606:Bill Clinton
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398:North Dakota
391:
371:
363:
359:
335:
315:
292:
264:North Dakota
250:was a major
247:
245:
171:Lake Agassiz
143:U.S. impacts
137:
123:Major Floods
59:Winnipeg, MB
18:
1545:1997 floods
1071:January 13,
1034:November 3,
970:November 3,
856:November 3,
787:November 3,
761:November 3,
571:Ste. Agathe
284:Grand Forks
1509:Categories
1480:August 21,
1373:January 1,
936:October 4,
909:October 1,
732:October 3,
679:References
590:Reg Alcock
366:1950 flood
155:2011 flood
150:2009 flood
138:1997 flood
133:1950 flood
42:April 1997
1245:1068-8595
1030:. Toronto
781:USA Today
755:USA Today
596:Aftermath
584:called a
466:Crookston
446:Civil War
394:Minnesota
310:Pat Owens
260:Minnesota
1454:Archived
1430:Archived
1139:CBC News
1028:The Star
647:See also
629:graffiti
556:Winnipeg
511:and the
505:Winnipeg
494:Winnipeg
484:Manitoba
280:Winnipeg
268:Manitoba
95:a series
93:Part of
47:Location
1119:May 13,
578:Liberal
560:sandbag
515:on the
442:Atlanta
377:Impacts
299:sandbag
163:Geology
1460:May 9,
1436:May 9,
1415:May 9,
1390:
1350:
1331:
1312:
1243:
1002:
828:
728:. USGS
552:Morris
546:, the
420:) and
97:on the
73:Deaths
1411:. CBC
726:(PDF)
703:. CBC
633:berms
563:dikes
302:dikes
276:Fargo
252:flood
1482:2008
1462:2006
1438:2006
1417:2006
1388:ISBN
1375:2016
1348:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1288:2016
1241:ISSN
1121:2011
1095:2017
1073:2017
1036:2007
1000:ISBN
972:2007
938:2007
911:2007
858:2007
826:ISBN
789:2007
763:2007
734:2007
709:2007
396:and
323:FEMA
317:the
286:and
278:and
246:The
39:Date
1272:doi
1233:doi
521:CAD
258:in
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