Annexation of Goa - Knowledge

3746: 3109: 389: 248: 3974:, the Portuguese national radio station, to urge Goans to resist and oppose the Indian administration. An effort was made to create clandestine resistance movements in Goa, and within Goan diaspora communities across the world to use general resistance and armed rebellion to weaken the Indian presence in Goa. The campaign had the full support of the Portuguese government with the ministries of defence, foreign affairs, army, navy and finance involved. A plan was chalked out called the 'Plano Gralha' covering Goa, Daman and Diu, which called for paralysing port operations at Mormugao and Bombay by planting bombs in some of the ships anchored at the ports. 4508:. Certainly the people of Kashmir could draw inspiration from what the Indians are reported to have stated in the leaflets they dropped ... on Goa. The leaflets stated that it was India's task to ‘defend the honour and security of the Motherland from which the people of Goa had been separated far too long' and which the people of Goa, largely by their own efforts could again make their own. We hope the Indians will apply the same logic to Kashmir. Now the Indians can impress their electorate with having achieved military glory. The mask is off. Their much-proclaimed theories of non-violence, secularism, and democratic methods stand exposed." 366: 2509:

transported to Goa, reinforcing a locally raised battalion and increasing the Portuguese military presence there from almost nothing to 12,000 men. Other sources state that, at the end of 1955, Portuguese forces in India represented a total of around 8,000 men (Europeans, Africans and Indians), including 7,000 in the land forces, 250 in the naval forces, 600 in the police and 250 in the Fiscal Guard, split between the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu. Following the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, the Portuguese authorities markedly strengthened the garrison of Portuguese India, with units and personnel sent from the

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and the transfer of populations that inhabit them to foreign sovereigns," said Salazar. He went on to state that the UN's failure to halt aggression against Portugal, showed that effective power in the U.N. had passed to the Communist and Afro-Asian countries. Salazar also accused Britain of delaying for a week her reply to Portugal's request to be allowed the use of certain airfields. "Had it not been for this delay," he said, "we should certainly have found alternative routes and we could have rushed to India reinforcements in men and material for a sustained defence of the territory."

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in illegality. But it did not involve the abandonment of the legal principle prohibiting the acquisition of territory by force-even in respect of territories defined as colonies. The conclusion that India's successful annexation of Goa cannot be taken to indicate the existence of a legal right of reconquest in cases where a former colony seeks to recover what it considers to be its pre-colonial frontiers is reinforced-even more strongly and conclusively-by the practice of states in connection with Argentina's attempted conquest or reconquest of the Faulkland islands.

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assaulted the light machine gun trenches at Fort-De-Cova and eliminated the weapon operators. The Portuguese medium machine gun fire from another position wounded the officer and two of his men. However, with the efforts of company Havildar Major Mohan Singh and two other men, the three wounded were evacuated back across the creek to safety. As dawn approached, the Portuguese increased the intensity of fire and the battalion's water crossing equipment suffered extensive damage. As a result, the Indian battalion was ordered to fall back to Kob village by first light.

2761:. Despite orders from the Portuguese government in Lisbon not to allow anyone to embark on this vessel, Governor General Manuel Vassalo e Silva allowed 700 Portuguese civilians of European origin to board the ship and flee Goa. The ship had capacity for only 380 passengers, and was filled to its limits, with evacuees occupying even the toilets. On arranging this evacuation of women and children, Vassalo e Silva remarked to the press, "If necessary, we will die here." Evacuation of European civilians continued by air even after the commencement of Indian air strikes. 3138:

aircraft to leave was the TAP Constellation, commanded by Manuel Correia Reis, which took off using only 700 metres; debris from the runway damaged the fuselage, causing 25 holes and a flat tire. To make the 'short take-off' possible, the pilots had jettisoned all the extra seats and other unwanted equipment. The TAIP DC-4 then also took off, piloted by TAIP Director Major Solano de Almeida. The two aircraft successfully used the cover of night and very low altitudes to break through Indian aerial patrols and escape to Karachi, Pakistan.

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made by the 4th Madras on a police border post at 01:30 on 18 December at Gogol and was repulsed by 13 Portuguese police officers. Another attempt by the 4th Madras at 02:00 was again repulsed, this time backed with Portuguese 87.5mm artillery and mortar which suffered due to poor quality of munitions. By 04:00, ten of the original 13 Portuguese defenders at Gogol had been wounded and were evacuated to a hospital. At 05:30, the Portuguese artillery launched a fresh attack on the 4th Madras assaulting Gogol and forced their retreat.

2640:'s Independent Territorial Command of India, headed by Brigadier António José Martins Leitão. At the time of the invasion, they consisted of a total of 3,995 men, including 810 native (Indo-Portuguese) soldiers, many of whom had little military training and were utilised primarily for security and anti-extremist operations. These forces were divided amongst the three Portuguese enclaves in India. The Portuguese Army units in Goa included four motorised reconnaissance squadrons, eight rifle companies ( 8190: 4348:

Menon have been under continuous harassment from Indian leftists for not expelling the Portuguese "imperialists" and from moderates and rightists for ignoring Red China's new incursions on India's northern frontier. Acting against Goa was one way to cover up inaction against China. Moreover, Menon's own parliamentary seat was in danger, and shrewd Indian political opinion held that Menon could only win if he made himself popular by "solving" the Goa situation. TIME Magazine, Friday, Dec. 29, 1961

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invading forces," were putting up "stiff resistance" and "fighting a delaying action and destroying communications in order to halt the advance of the enemy." In response, India's delegate, C. S. Jha said that the "elimination of the last vestiges of colonialism in India" was an "article of faith" for the Indian people, "Security Council or no Security Council." He went on to describe Goa, Daman, and Diu as "an inalienable part of India unlawfully occupied by Portugal."

9288: 543: 527: 507: 487: 8164: 458: 343: 9223: 1904:. The engagement lasted two days, and twenty-two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting. The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national soil and citizens. Justifying the successful military action, Nehru remarked that the "Portuguese ultimately left no choice open to us." 4679: 8147: 4651: 2670:), game wardens. In 1958, as an emergency measure, the Portuguese government gave provisional military status to the PEI and the Fiscal Guard, placing them under the command of the FAEI. The security forces were also divided amongst the three districts and were mostly made up of Indo-Portuguese policemen and guards. Different sources indicate between 900 and 1400 men as the total effective strength of these forces at the time of the invasion. 2547:, stated the necessity to reinforce the Portuguese military presence in that African territory, partly at the expense of the military presence in Goa, where the then existing 7,500 men were too many just to deal with anti-Portuguese actions, and too few to face an Indian invasion, which, if it were to occur, would have to be handled by other means. This led to the Portuguese forces in India suffering a sharp reduction to about 3,300 soldiers. 224: 3564: 3178: 2993: 275: 255: 4665: 2019:, a French-educated Goan engineer who founded the Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India in 1928. Cunha released a booklet called 'Four hundred years of Foreign Rule', and a pamphlet, 'Denationalisation of Goa', intended to sensitise Goans to the oppression of Portuguese rule. Messages of solidarity were received by the Goa Congress Committee from leading figures in the Indian independence movement including 210: 4366:, commanding India's 17th Infantry Division, and as the very model of a modern major general, he betrayed no sign that he is finding Goans less than happy about their "liberation". Goan girls refuse to dance with Indian officers. Goan shops have been stripped bare by luxury-hungry Indian soldiers, and Indian import restrictions prevent replacement. Even in India, doubts are heard. "India", said respected 7473: 4501:

wishes on the future of the territory." The Pakistani statement (issued on 18 December) continued: "The world now knows that India has double standards ... . One set of principles seem to apply to India, another set to non-India. This is one more demonstration of the fact that India remains violent and aggressive at heart, whatever the pious statements made from time to time by its leaders."

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making their last stand. By this time, the Indian Air Force had conducted six air attacks, severely demoralising the Portuguese forces. At 20:00, after a meeting between the Portuguese commanders, a delegation was dispatched to the Indian lines to open negotiations, but was fired on, and was forced to withdraw. A similar attempt by the artillery to surrender at 08:00 next day was also fired on.

5621:"1962. Re Delhi 1611 Dept, Lisbon 606 Dept. Assistant Secretary Talbot called in Ambassador Nehru to discuss Goa morning eighth. He said current situation re Goa has caused Portuguese Government to express deep concern to US. Within USG queries also have been coming to Talbot as to whether GOI would use force to settle issue (Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India)" 106: 3854:, strongly criticised India's use of force to resolve her dispute with Portugal, stressing that such resort to violent means was against the charter of the UN. He stated that condoning such acts of armed forces would encourage other nations to resort to similar solutions to their own disputes, and would lead to the death of the United Nations. In response, the Soviet delegate, 7764:

view is correct under twentieth century notions of international law, but hardly under sixteenth-century notions. The sympathies of most of the members of the United Nations lay with India, and neither the Security Council nor the General Assembly condemned India's actions. But this does not necessarily mean that they thought India's action was legally justified.

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the fact that Portugal relinquished its claim and recognised the sovereignty of India over Goa by a treaty) should be regarded as illegal and thus without any effect under international law. Such fundamental illegality can neither be justified by the subsequent conclusion of a peace treaty nor by the application of the doctrine of historic consolidation.

3088:, the administrative centre of southern Goa. Their rear battalion took some rest in a cattle shed and on the grounds and the balcony of an adjacent house before proceeding to Margão by 12:00. From here, the column advanced towards the harbour of Mormugão. En route they encountered fierce resistance from a 500-strong Portuguese unit at the village of 3065:, linked up at the border town of Mollem and then advanced by separate routes on Ponda. By nightfall, the 2nd Bihar had reached the town of Candeapur, while the 3rd Sikh had reached Darbondara. Although neither column had encountered any resistance, their further progress was hampered because all bridges spanning the river had been destroyed. 2119:

non-negotiable, and that India had no rights to this territory because the Republic of India did not exist at the time when Goa came under Portuguese rule. When the Portuguese government refused to respond to subsequent aide-mémoires in this regard, the Indian government, on 11 June 1953, withdrew its diplomatic mission from Lisbon.

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were followed at 13:10 by the rest of the crew, who, along with their injured commander, set fire to the ship and disembarked directly onto the beach. Following this, the commander was transferred by car to the hospital at Panaji. On the Indian Union side, two frigates were hit, killing five sailors and injuring thirteen.

3632:—based at Daman under the command of 2nd Lieutenant Abreu Brito—was ordered to sail out and fight the imminent Indian invasion. The boat stayed in position from 07:00 on 18 December and remained a mute witness to repeated air strikes followed by ground invasion until 19:20, when it lost all communications with land. 2250:, which, in a decision dated 12 April 1960, stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. Therefore, the Portuguese authorities could not legally pass through Indian territory. 2074:

destroy economic targets, telegraph and telephone lines, road, water and rail transport, in order to impede economic activity and create conditions for a general uprising of the population. A Portuguese army officer stationed with the army in Goa, Captain Carlos Azaredo, stated in 2001 in the Portuguese newspaper

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emigrate to Portugal rather than remain under Indian rule. This was amended in 2006 to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961. Later, in a show of defiance, Prime Minister Salazar's government offered a reward of US$ 10,000 for the capture of Brigadier Sagat Singh, the commander of the

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It is submitted that in the light of the jus cogens rule prohibiting the threat or use of force any annexation which has taken place after the entry into force of the UN Charter e.g. the annexation of Tibet by China in 1951, the annexation of Hyderabad by India in 1948, the annexation of Goa (despite

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Portugal acquired Goa by conquest in the sixteenth century, and India recognized the Portuguese title after becoming independent in 1947. However, in the Security Council debates which followed the invasion, India argued that Portugal's title was void because it was based on colonial conquest. Such a

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Upon independence in 1947 India had accorded recognition to the Portuguese sovereignty over Goa. After annexing Goa India's case was built around the illegality of colonial acquisitions. This argument was correct according to the legal norms of the twentieth century, but did not hold to the standards

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spokesman described the operation on Goa as "naked militarism". The statement emphasised that Pakistan stood for the settlement of international disputes by negotiation through the United Nations and stated that the proper course was a "U.N.-sponsored plebiscite to elicit from the people of Goa their

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In a communication to all Portuguese forces under his command, he stated, "Having considered the defence of the Peninsula of Mormugão ... from aerial, naval and ground fire of the enemy and ... having considered the difference between the forces and the resources ... the situation does

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The Indian air operations in the Diu Sector were entrusted to the Armaments Training Wing led by Wg Cdr Micky Blake. The first air attacks were made at dawn on 18 December and were aimed at destroying Diu's fortifications facing the mainland. Throughout the rest of the day, the Air Force had at least

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M.P.O. "Micky" Blake, planning-in-charge of the Indian Air Force operations in Diu, to attack only on first light when close air support would be available. The Portuguese defences repulsed the attack backed by 87.6mm artillery and mortars, inflicting heavy losses on the Indians. The first attack was

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was ordered to open fire. The commander of the battery, Captain Felgueiras de Sousa, instead dismantled the guns and surrendered to the Indians. By 12:00, the airfield was assaulted by the Indian A and C companies simultaneously. In the ensuing exchange of fire the A Company lost one more soldier and

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was outnumbered by the Indians, and was at a severe disadvantage since it was in a confined position that restricted its maneuvering, and because its four 120mm guns could fire only two rounds a minute, as compared to the 16 rounds per minute of the guns aboard the Indian frigates. A few minutes into

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in Portugal to Goa to assist in its defence. When the Portuguese Air Force was unable to obtain stopover facilities at any air base along the way because most countries, including Pakistan, denied passage of Portuguese military aircraft, the mission was passed to the Portuguese international civilian

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Meanwhile, the Portuguese authorities asked the Indian Government for permission to cross the Indian territory with reinforcements to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, but no permission was given. Surrounded and prevented from receiving reinforcements by the Indian authorities, the Portuguese Administrator and

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On 15 August 1955, 3,000–5,000 unarmed Indian activists attempted to enter Goa at six locations and were violently repulsed by Portuguese police officers, resulting in the deaths of between 21 and 30 people. The news of the incident built public opinion in India against the presence of the Portuguese

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It may therefore be argued that the recognition of India's annexation of Goa involved the bending of a principle (the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by the use of force) to accommodate a reality which was regarded as being, on the whole, beneficial, even if this situation originated

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rule forceful annexations including the annexation of Goa are held as illegal since they have taken place after the UN Charter came into force. A later treaty cannot justify it. Sharon Korman argues that the principle of self-determination may bend the rule to accommodate the new reality but it will

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THE man most widely held responsible for India's conquest of Goa is not Jawaharlal Nehru, but Nehru's abrasive, acerbic Defense Minister, Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon, who apparently provided the necessary push to overcome his master's remaining scruples. With elections due in February, Nehru and

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military chaplain. Following the foiled escape attempt, Captain Carlos Azeredo (now retired general) was beaten with rifle butts by four Indian soldiers while a gun was pointed at him, on the orders of Captain Naik, the 2nd Camp Commander. The beating was in retaliation for Azeredo's telling Captain

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Council to reject the Portuguese charge of aggression against India; and (3) called upon Portugal "to terminate hostile action and co-operate with India in the liquidation of her colonial possessions in India." This resolution was supported only by the Soviet Union, the other seven members opposing.

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took a direct hit in its control tower, injuring its weapons officer. At 12:25, an anti-personnel shrapnel bomb fired from an Indian vessel exploded directly over the ship, killing its radio officer and severely injuring its commander, Captain António da Cunha Aragão, after which First Officer Pinto

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and one private. Hidden in the rocks, one corporal surrendered on 19 December. The other was captured in the afternoon of 20 December, but not before launching hand grenades that injured several Indian marines. The last of the three, Goan private Manuel Caetano, became the last Portuguese soldier in

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and obtain its surrender, after receiving information that a number of supporters of the Indian Republic were held prisoners there. However, the Portuguese defenders of the fort had not yet received orders to surrender and responded by opening fire on the Indian forces, Major Sidhu and Captain Vinod

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When they received news of the fall of Goa, the Portuguese government formally severed all diplomatic links with India and refused to recognise the incorporation of the seized territories into the Indian Republic. An offer of Portuguese citizenship was instead made to all Goan natives who wished to

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At 07:00, with the onset of dawn, Indian air strikes began, forcing the Portuguese to retreat from Passo Covo to the town of Malala. By 09:00 the Portuguese unit at Gogol also retreated, allowing the Rajput B Company (who replaced the 4th Madras) to advance under heavy artillery fire and occupy the

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The Indians assaulted the airfield the next morning, upon which the Portuguese surrendered at 11:00 without a fight. Garrison commander Major Costa Pinto, although wounded, was stretchered to the airfield, as the Indians were only willing to accept a surrender from him. Approximately 600 Portuguese

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to Panaji, just minutes ahead of the arrival of the Indian armoured forces. The Indian tanks had reached Betim, just across the Mandovi River from Panaji, without encountering any opposition. The 2nd Sikh Light Infantry joined it by 21:00, crossing over mines and demolished bridges en route. In the

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squadron), stationed near Maulinguém, asked for permission to engage the Indians, but permission was refused at about 13:45. During the afternoon of the 17th, the Portuguese command issued instructions that all orders to defending troops would be issued directly by headquarters, bypassing the local

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The Portuguese government and military commands were, however, well aware that even with this effort to strengthen the garrison of Goa, the Portuguese forces would never be sufficient to face a conventional attack from the overwhelmingly stronger Indian Armed Forces. The Portuguese government hoped

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Eventually, on 10 December, nine days prior to the armed action, code named Operation Vijay, Nehru stated to the press: "Continuance of Goa under Portuguese rule is an impossibility". The American response was to warn India that if and when India's armed action in Goa was brought to the UN security

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Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art. 1–3 & Art. 162–64 of

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Hinting that Portugal would yet be vindicated, Salazar went on to state that "difficulties will arise for both sides when the programme of the Indianization of Goa begins to clash with its inherent culture ... It is therefore to be expected that many Goans will wish to escape to Portugal from

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Salazar, while addressing the Portuguese National Assembly on 3 January 1962, invoked the principle of national sovereignty, as defined in the legal framework of the Constitution of the Estado Novo. "We can not negotiate, not without denying and betraying our own, the cession of national territory

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The official Portuguese surrender was conducted in a formal ceremony held at 20:30 hours on 19 December when Governor General Manuel António Vassalo e Silva signed the instrument of surrender bringing to an end 451 years of Portuguese Rule in Goa. In all, 4,668 personnel were taken prisoner by the

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By 13:00, the remaining Portuguese forces on the east border at Calicachigão exhausted their ammunition and retreated towards the coast. By 17:00, in the absence of resistance, the Indians had managed to occupy most of the territory, except the airfield and Damão Pequeno, where the Portuguese were

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had fired nearly 400 rounds at the Indian soldiers, hitting two of the Indian vessels, and had taken severe damage, the order was given to start abandoning ship. Under heavy fire directed at both the ship and the coast, non-essential crew including weapons staff left the ship and went ashore. They

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camped there. The letter read: "The Military Commander of the City of Goa states that he wishes to parley with the commander of the army of the Indian Union with respect to the surrender. Under these conditions, the Portuguese troops must immediately cease fire and the Indian troops do likewise in

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in Goa on 14 December, in which he ordered the Portuguese forces in Goa to fight to the last man: "Do not expect the possibility of truce or of Portuguese prisoners, as there will be no surrender rendered because I feel that our soldiers and sailors can be either victorious or dead." Salazar asked

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article – published before the statement from the Chinese Government – conceded that Goa was legitimately part of Indian territory and that the Indian people were entitled to take whatever measures were necessary to recover it. At the same time, however, the paper ridiculed Mr. Nehru for choosing

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of the Labour Party also expressed "profound regret" that India should have resorted to force in her dispute with Portugal, although the Opposition recognised that the existence of Portuguese colonies on the Indian mainland had long been an anachronism and that Portugal should have abandoned them

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had long understood the desire of the local Indians to incorporate Goa, Daman, and Diu in the Indian Republic, and their feeling of impatience that the Portuguese Government had not followed the example of Britain and France in relinquishing their Indian possessions, he had to "make it plain that

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on 19 December 1961, stated "With his invasion of Goa Prime Minister Nehru has done irreparable damage to India's good name and to the principles of international morality." The American press generally construed the war cynically, as a hypocritical and politically motivated action by Menon, with

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at gunpoint without immediate access to their families who had arrived to receive them. Following intense questioning and interrogations, the officers were charged with direct insubordination on having refused to comply with directives to not surrender. On 22 March 1963, the governor general, the

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The captivity lasted for six months "thanks to the stupid stubbornness of Lisbon" (according to Azeredo). The Portuguese Government insisted that the prisoners be repatriated by Portuguese aircraft—a demand that was rejected by the Indian Government who instead insisted on aircraft from a neutral

4000:, Goa was finally recognised as part of India, and steps were taken to re-establish diplomatic relations with India. On 31 December 1974, a treaty was signed between India and Portugal with the Portuguese recognising full sovereignty of India over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1992, 3878:

By the evening of 18 December, most of Goa had been overrun by advancing Indian forces, and a large party of more than two thousand Portuguese soldiers had taken position at the military base at Alparqueiros at the entrance to the port town of Vasco da Gama. Per the Portuguese strategy code named

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Following the debate, the delegates of Liberia, Ceylon and the U.A.R. presented a resolution which: (1) stated that "the enclaves claimed by Portugal in India constitute a threat to international peace and security and stand in the way of the unity of the Republic of India; (2) asked the security

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Meanwhile, at 03:00, two companies of the 20th Rajput attempted to cross a muddy swamp separating them from the Portuguese forces at Passo Covo under cover of dark on rafts made of bamboo cots tied to oil barrels. The attempt was to establish a bridgehead and capture the airfield. This attack was

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In later years, commentators have maintained that India's intense air strikes against the airfields were uncalled-for, since none of the targeted airports had any military capabilities and they did not cater to any military aircraft. As such, the airfields were defenceless civilian targets. The

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During the internment of the Portuguese prisoners of war at various camps around Goa, the prisoners were visited by large numbers of Goans—described by Captain Azeredo as "Goan friends, acquaintances, or simply anonymous persons"—who offered the internees cigarettes, biscuits, tea, medicines and

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Portuguese non-combatants present in Goa at the surrender—which included Mrs Vassalo e Silva, wife of the Portuguese Governor General of Goa—were transported by 29 December to Mumbai, from where they were repatriated to Portugal. Manuel Vassalo e Silva, however, remained along with approximately

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When surrendering to the Indians, the Diu Governor stated that he could have stalled the army's advances for a few days to weeks, but he had no answer to the Indian Air Force and Navy. The Indian Air Force was also present at the ceremony and was represented by Gp Capt Godkhindi, Wing Cmdr Micky

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As the Rajputs reached the middle of the creek, the Portuguese on Diu opened fire with two medium and two light machine-guns, capsizing some of the rafts. Major Mal Singh of the Indian Army along with five men pressed on his advance and crossed the creek. On reaching the far bank, he and his men

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At 04:30, the Indian artillery began to bombard Damão Grande. The artillery attack and transportation difficulties isolated the Portuguese command post there from the forces in Damão Pequeno. At 07:30, a Portuguese unit at the fortress of São Jerónimo fired mortars on Indian forces attempting to

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By 10:00, Portuguese forces of the 1st EREC, faced with the advancing 2nd Sikh Light Infantry, began a south-bound withdrawal to the town of Mapuca where, by 12:00, they came under the risk of being surrounded by Indian forces. At 12:30, the 1st EREC began a retreat, making their way through the

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By 1954, the Republic of India instituted visa restrictions on travel from Goa to India which paralysed transport between Goa and other exclaves like Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In the same year, India instituted sanctions on Portugal with the aim of the annexation of Goa into India; the

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supported the establishment of armed groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal, giving them full financial, logistic and armament support. The armed groups acted from bases situated in Indian territory and under cover of Indian police forces. The Indian government—through these armed groups—attempted to

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Referring to the perception, especially in the West, that India had previously been lecturing the world about the virtues of nonviolence, President Kennedy told the Indian ambassador to the US, "You spend the last fifteen years preaching morality to us, and then you go ahead and act the way any

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After the defeat of the Afro-Asian resolution, a resolution was presented by France, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States which: (1) Called for the immediate cessation of hostilities; (2) Called upon India to withdraw her forces immediately to "the positions prevailing before 17 Dec

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Opening the debate, Portugal's delegate, Vasco Vieira Garin, said that Portugal had consistently shown her peaceful intentions by refraining from any counter-action to India's numerous "provocations" on the Goan border. Garin also stated that Portuguese forces, though "vastly outnumbered by the

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At 18:00, the Portuguese commanders agreed in a meeting that in view of repeated military advances with naval and air strikes, along with the inability to establish contact with headquarters in Goa or Lisbon, there was no way to pursue an effective defence and decided to surrender to the Indian

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on 8 December 2001 as "a totally unrealistic and unachievable plan, which was quite incomplete. It was based on exchange of ground with time. But, for this purpose, portable communication equipment was necessary." The plans to mine roads and beaches were also unviable because of an insufficient

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Portuguese military preparations began in 1954, following the Indian economic blockade, the beginning of the anti-Portuguese attacks in Goa and the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Three light infantry battalions (one each sent from Portugal, Angola and Mozambique) and support units were

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and the Azad Gomantak Dal, with the support of Indian Police forces, began to launch assaults against Dadra and Nagar Haveli. On the night of 22 July, UFG forces stormed the small Dadra police station, killing Police Sergeant Aniceto do Rosário and Constable António Fernandes, who resisted the

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In one incident, recounted by Lieutenant Francisco Cabral Couto (now retired general), on 19 March 1962 some of the prisoners tried to escape the Ponda camp in a garbage truck. The attempt was foiled, and the Portuguese officers in charge of the escapees were threatened with court martial and

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belonging to the Goan airline TAIP—were parked on the apron. On the night of 18 December, the Portuguese used both aircraft to evacuate the families of some government and military officials after airport workers had hastily recovered part of the heavily damaged runway that evening. The first

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This resolution received seven votes in favour (the four sponsors and Chile, Ecuador, and Nationalist China) and four against (the Soviet Union, Ceylon, Liberia, and the United Arab Republic). It was thus defeated by the Soviet veto. In a statement after the vote, Mr. Stevenson said that the

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The advance commenced at 04:00 when one battalion and three companies of Indian soldiers progressed through the central area of the northern territory, aiming to seize the airfield. However, the surprise was lost when the Indian A Company tried to capture the control tower and suffered three

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is a 13.8 km by 4.6 km island (area about 40 km) at the south tip of Gujarat. The island is separated from the mainland by a narrow channel running through a swamp. The channel could only be used by fishing boats and small craft. No bridges crossed the channels at the time of

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The Portuguese garrison in Daman was headed by Major António José da Costa Pinto (combining the roles of District Governor and military commander), with 360 soldiers of the Portuguese Army, 200 policemen and about 30 customs officials under him. The army forces consisted of two companies of

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under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel S.J.S. Bhonsle in a pre-dawn operation on 18 December. The plan was to capture Daman piecemeal in four phases, starting with the area of the airfield, then progressively the open countryside, Damão Pequeno and finally Damão Grande including the fort.

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Local Indians argued that their actions were legally permitted as Goa was an integral part of India and not Portugal, and so India could not have breached the UN Charter by using force in its own territory. It also referred to the UN Charter which guarantees a right to self determination.

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On 27 February 1950, the government of India asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of Portuguese colonies in India. Portugal asserted that its territory on the Indian subcontinent was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was

2220:, totally surrounded by Indian territory. The connection between the exclaves and the coastal territory of Daman had to be made by crossing about 20 kilometres (12 mi) of Indian territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli did not have any Portuguese military garrison, but only police forces. 3778:

In the absence of any Portuguese air presence, Portuguese ground-based anti-aircraft units attempted to offer resistance to raids, but were overwhelmed and quickly silenced, leaving complete air superiority to India. Continued attacks forced the Portuguese governor of Diu to surrender.

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Shortly after the conflict, the new Brazilian ambassador to India, Mário Guimarães, stated to the Portuguese ambassador to Greece that it was "necessary for the Portuguese to comprehend that the age of colonialism is over". Guimarães dismissed the Portuguese ambassador's argument that

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Harbour. Besides engaging Indian naval units, the ship was also tasked with providing a coastal artillery battery to defend the harbour and adjoining beaches, and providing vital radio communications with Lisbon after on-shore radio facilities had been destroyed in Indian airstrikes.

2931:

firing ahead to cover the withdrawal of the personnel carrier vehicles. This unit relocated by ferry further south to the capital city of Panaji. At 13:30, just after the retreat of the 2nd EREC, the Portuguese destroyed the bridge at Banastarim, cutting off all road links to Panaji.

2123:

sanction would remain until 1961. Meanwhile, the Indian Union of Dockers had, in 1954, instituted a boycott on shipping to Portuguese India. Between 22 July and 2 August 1954, armed activists attacked and forced the surrender of Portuguese forces stationed in Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

1955:

was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union, mainly in Bombay). Religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 37% Christian (mostly Catholic) and 2% Muslim. The economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining—principally

3516:

At 11:30, Portuguese forces resisting an Indian advance on the eastern border at Varacunda ran out of ammunition and withdrew westwards to Catra. At 12:00, to delay the Indian advance following the withdrawal from Varacunda, the Portuguese artillery battery on the banks of the

2714:, the Constellation landed in Goa at 18:00 on 17 December with a consignment of half a dozen bags of sausages as food supplies instead of the intended grenades. In addition it transported a contingent of female paratroopers to assist in the evacuation of Portuguese civilians. 4361:

The world's initial outrage at pacifist India's resort to military violence for conquest has subsided into resigned disdain. And in Goa, a new Governor strikes a symbolic pose before portraits of men who had administered the prosperous Portuguese enclave for 451 years. He is

3858:, argued that the Goan question was wholly within India's domestic jurisdiction and could not be considered by the Security Council. He also drew attention to Portugal's disregard for UN resolutions calling for the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples. 4127:

for failing to follow orders, expelled from the military and sent into exile. He returned to Portugal only in 1974, after the fall of the regime, and was given back his military status. He was later able to conduct a state visit to Goa, where he was given a warm reception.

4521:

stated: "My Dear President, The forcible taking of Goa by India has demonstrated what we in Pakistan have never had any illusions about—that India would not hesitate to attack if it were in her interest to do so and if she felt that the other side was too weak to resist."

4248:'s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, Sadok Mokaddem expressed the hope that "the liberation of Goa will bring nearer the end of the Portuguese colonial regime in Africa." Similar expressions of support for India were forthcoming from other Arab countries. 3683:

as well as light and medium machine guns. According to Indian sources this unit included between 125 and 130 soldiers, but according to Portuguese sources this post was defended by only eight soldiers, but this number doesn't support the total number of weapon operators.

5069:

Numbers from 1955, thus excluding Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. The bulk (547,448) was in Goa (composed of the districts of Old and New Goa, Bardez, Mormugão and Salsete, and the offshore island of Anjediva), the remainder in Dammam (69,005) and Diu (21,138). See Kay (1970)

2500:

Vassalo e Silva to hold out for at least eight days, within which time he hoped to gather international support against the Indian invasion. Vassalo e Silva disobeyed Salazar to avoid the unnecessary loss of human lives and surrendered the day after the Indian invasion.

3866:

1961." (3) Urged India and Portugal "to work out a permanent solution of their differences by peaceful means in accordance with the principles embodied in the Charter"; and (4) Requested the U.N. Secretary-General "to provide such assistance as may be appropriate."

2966:

The order for Indian forces to cross the Mandovi River was received on the morning of 19 December, upon which two rifle companies of the 2nd Sikh Light Infantry advanced on Panaji at 07:30 and secured the town without facing any resistance. On orders from Brigadier

2869:

command outposts. This led to confusion in the chain of command. At 02:00 on 18 December, the 2nd EREC was sent to the town of Doromagogo to support the withdrawal of police forces present in the area, and were attacked by Indian Army units on their return journey.

4146:

Before the invasion the press speculated about international reaction to military action and recalled the recent charge by African nations that India was "too soft" on Portugal and was thus "dampening the enthusiasm of freedom fighters in other countries". Many

3888:

policy—that Goa was to be destroyed before it was given up to India. Canadian political scientist Antonio Rangel Bandeira has argued that the sacrifice of Goa was an elaborate public relations stunt calculated to rally support for Portugal's wars in Africa.

2914:

At 05:30, Portuguese troops left their barracks at Ponda in central Goa and marched towards the town of Usgão, in the direction of the advancing eastern column of the Indian 2nd Para Maratha, which was under the command of Major Dalip Singh Jind and included

2000:

a vast, centuries-old empire with a total area of 2,168,071 square kilometres (837,097 sq mi), while other former colonial powers had, by this time, largely acceded to global calls for self-determination and independence of their overseas colonies.

7806:

In the case of the annexation of Goa by India in 1961, the Supreme Court of India held that the annexation was valid and the law of occupation no longer applicable. In 1974, Portugal recognized the Indian sovereignty over Goa by a treaty with retroactive

3954:

Lisbon went virtually into mourning, and Christmas celebrations were extremely muted. Cinemas and theatres shut down as tens of thousands of Portuguese marched in a silent parade from Lisbon's city hall to the cathedral, escorting the relics of St.

3766:

attacked and destroyed the airfield runway with 4 1000 lb Mk 9 bombs. A second sortie aimed at the runway and piloted by Wg Cdr Blake himself was aborted when Blake detected what he reported as people waving white flags. In subsequent sorties,

3691:

Another assault at 05:00 was similarly repulsed by the Portuguese defenders. At 06:30, Portuguese forces retrieved rafts abandoned by the 20th Rajput, recovered ammunition left behind and rescued a wounded Indian soldier, who was given treatment.

2223:

The Indian government started to develop isolation actions against Dadra and Nagar Haveli already in 1952, including the creation of impediments to the transit of persons and goods between the two landlocked enclaves and Daman; the use of these

2062:(then spelt 'Panjim') organised by Lohia, Cunha and others including Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre in defiance of a ban on public gatherings, and arrested them. There were intermittent mass demonstrations from June to November. 6627: 3656:

hostilities. The Portuguese garrison in Diu was headed by Major Fernando de Almeida e Vasconcelos (district governor and military commander), with around 400 soldiers and police officers, organised as the battlegroup "António da Silveira".

2949:

At 20:00, a Goan by the name of Gregório Magno Antão crossed the Mandovi River from Panaji and delivered a ceasefire offer letter from Major Acácio Tenreiro of the Portuguese Army to Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu, the commanding officer of the

2228:

tactics by India caused a deep economic depression in Goa with subsequent hardship for the inhabitants and, in attempt to remedy the situation and with land travel precluded, Salazar established a new airline to communicate the enclaves of

3715:

military. On 19 December, by 12:00, the Portuguese formally surrendered. 403 prisoners were taken, which included the Governor of the island along with 18 officers and 43 sergeants. Seven Portuguese soldiers had been killed in the battle.

4550:"the world's tiniest imperialist country" to achieve his aim and asserted that "internal unrest, the failure of Nehru's anti-China campaign, and the forthcoming election forced him to take action against Goa to please the Indian people." 4055:, who met some of the captured Portuguese soldiers, wrote in his memoirs several years later "I have never seen such a set of troops looking so miserable in my life. Short, not particularly well built and certainly very unsoldierlike." 3530:

soldiers and policemen (including 24 officers) were taken prisoner. The Indians suffered 4 dead and 14 wounded, while the Portuguese suffered 10 dead and two wounded. The 1st Light Maratha Infantry was decorated for the battle with one

3278:

The Portuguese defences were eventually overrun after fierce shelling from the Indian ships offshore. The island was secured by the Indians at 14:00 on the next day, all the Portuguese defenders being captured with the exception of two

3092:, where they were joined by the 2nd Bihar. The Portuguese unit surrendered at 15:30 after fierce fighting, and the 4th Sikh then proceeded to Mormugão and Dabolim Airport, where the main body of the Portuguese Army awaited the Indians. 7526:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XXIII, Southeast Asia, Document 219. Memorandum From Robert H. Johnson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs

2566:), with one assigned to each sector and tasked with slowing the progress of an invading force. Then-Captain Carlos Azaredo, who was stationed in Goa at the time of hostilities, described the Plano Sentinela in the Portuguese newspaper 2796:

over Dabolim Airport in Goa was met with five rounds fired from a ground anti-aircraft gun. The aircraft took evasive action by drastically dropping altitude and escaping out to sea. The anti-aircraft gun was later recovered near the

3791:

was anchored off the coast of Diu and fired a barrage from its 6-inch guns at the Portuguese occupied Diu Fortress. The Commanding Officer of the Indian Air Force operating in the area reported that some of the shells fired from the

2532:, who combined the civil role of Governor-General with the military role of Commander-in-Chief. Guedes ended his commission in 1958, with General Vassalo e Silva being appointed to replace him in both the civil and military roles. 3274:

stormed the island at 14:25 on 18 December and engaged the Portuguese garrison. The assault was repulsed by the Portuguese defenders, with seven Indian marines killed and 19 wounded. Among the Indian casualties were two officers.

2855:

Although the 50th Para Brigade was charged with merely assisting the main thrust conducted by the 17th Infantry, its units moved rapidly across minefields, roadblocks and four riverine obstacles to be the first to reach Panaji.

2134:, argued in favour of a referendum in Goa to determine its future. This proposal was however rejected by the Ministers for Defence and Foreign Affairs. The demand for a referendum was repeated by presidential candidate General 3378:

was hoisted under instructions from the sergeant in charge of signals, but the flag coiled itself around the mast and as a result was not spotted by the Indians, who continued their barrage. The flag was immediately lowered.

4457:'s reaction to the annexation of Goa was one of staunch support with Portugal, reflecting earlier statements by Brazilian presidents that their country stood firmly with Portugal anywhere in the world and that ties between 4267:

issued an order on 18 December directing that "transport carrying troops and equipment for the Portuguese in Goa shall not be permitted the use of Ceylon's seaports and airports." Ceylon went on, along with delegates from

3883:

the defending forces were to make their last stand at the harbour, holding out against the Indian soldiers until Portuguese naval reinforcements could arrive. Orders delivered from the Portuguese President called for a

7113:"Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal On Recognition of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters [1974] INTSer 53" 3128:

The second Indian raid was conducted on the same target by eight Canberras led by Wing Commander Surinder Singh, again leaving the airport's terminal and other buildings untouched. Two civilian transport aircraft—a

3124:

aircraft. 63,000 pounds of explosives were dropped within minutes, completely destroying the runway. In line with the mandate given by the Air Command, structures and facilities at the airfield were left undamaged.

2876:

in the area. By 04:30, Bicholim was under fire. At 04:40, the Portuguese forces destroyed the bridge at Bicholim and followed this with the destruction of the bridges at Chapora in Colvale and at Assonora at 05:00.

3900:

took stock of the numerical superiority of the Indian troops, as well as the food and ammunition supplies available to his forces and took the decision to surrender. He later described his orders to destroy Goa as

2483:

told Prime Minister Salazar that a sustained Portuguese campaign against decolonisation would create for the army "a suicide mission in which we could not succeed". His opinion was shared by Army Minister Colonel

1900:(meaning "Victory" in Sanskrit) by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining 3456:, approximately 193 km north of Bombay. The countryside is broken and interspersed with marsh, salt pans, streams, paddy fields, coconut and palm groves. The river Daman Ganga splits the capital city of 3099:

company staged a decoy attack south of Margão in order to mislead the Portuguese. This column overcame minefields, roadblocks and demolished bridges, and eventually went on to help secure the town of Margão.

4468:, and long time friend and supporter of Portuguese PM Salazar, stated to Indian PM Nehru that "Seventy million Brazilians could never understand, nor accept, an act of violence against Goa." In a speech in 7327: 2859:

Hostilities at Goa began at 09:45 on 17 December 1961, when a unit of Indian troops attacked and occupied the town of Maulinguém in the north east, killing two Portuguese soldiers. The Portuguese 2nd EREC

3807:

around 12 miles (19 km) off the coast of Diu, and was attacked with heavy machine gun fire. Staying out of range, the boat had no casualties and minimal damage, the boat withdrew to the port at Diu.

3409:

by the Indian Navy—lay grounded at the beach near Dona Paula until 1962, when it was towed to Bombay and sold for scrap. Parts of the ship were recovered and are on display at the Naval Museum in Mumbai.

2080:: "To the contrary to what is being said, the most evolved guerrilla warfare which our Armed Forces encountered was in Goa. I know what I'm talking about, because I also fought in Angola and in Guinea ( 7353: 2872:

At 04:00, the Indian assault commenced with artillery bombardment on Portuguese positions south of Maulinguém, launched on the basis of the false intelligence that the Portuguese had stationed heavy

3498:

casualties. The Portuguese lost one soldier dead and six taken captive. The Indian D Company captured a position named "Point 365" just before the next morning. At the crack of dawn, two sorties by

2485: 5409:

Lambert Mascarenhas, "Goa's Freedom Movement," excerpted from Henry Scholberg, Archana Ashok Kakodkar and Carmo Azevedo, Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India New Delhi, Promilla (1982)

3924:

placed directly under the President of India, and Major-General K. P. Candeth was appointed as its military governor. The war had lasted two days, and had cost 22 Indian and 30 Portuguese lives.

7029: 4888:

Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). "Passagem para a Índia" . Revista. Expresso (in Portuguese) (Paço d'Arcos). Archived from the original on 8 December 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

5126:

Prof. Frank D'Souza, "Frankly Speaking, The Collected Writings of Prof. Frank D'Souza" Editor-in-chief Mgr. Benny Aguiar, published by the Prof. Frank D'Souza Memorial Committee, Bombay 1987.

4437:

and consistently opposed the use of force to achieve national purposes. Fears were expressed in the Dutch press lest the operation on Goa might encourage Indonesia to make a similar attack on

1889:

had hoped that the popular movement in Goa and the pressure of world public opinion would force the Portuguese Goan authorities to grant it independence, but without success; consequently,

3819:

spotted two Indian aircraft led by Flt. Lt. PM Ramachandran on patrol missions and opened fire on them with the ship's 20mm Oerlikon gun. In retaliation the Indian aircraft attacked the

2733:—which later turned out to be false intelligence. Air defence was limited to a few obsolete anti-aircraft guns manned by two artillery units who had been smuggled into Goa disguised as 694: 3758:

two aircraft in the air at any time, giving close support to advancing Indian infantry. During the morning, the air force attacked and destroyed Diu Airfield's ATC as well as parts of

3152:

of No. 45 squadron, which patrolled the sector but did not receive any requests into action. In an incident of friendly fire, two Vampires fired rockets into the positions of the 2nd

2597:. It was armed with four 120 mm guns capable of two shots per minute, and four automatic rapid-firing guns. In addition to the sloop, the Portuguese Naval Forces had three light 5541:"Ancient Goan History – GOACOM – Goa – India – Information and Services in Goa. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages" 6544: 5103:"Portugal não é um país pequeno: superfície do império colonial português comparada com a dos principais países da Europa, Penafiel, [ca 1935] - Biblioteca Nacional Digital" 4038:

under harsh conditions which included sleeping on cement floors and hard manual labour. By January 1962, most prisoners of war had been transferred to the newly established camp at

2717:

The Portuguese air presence in Goa at the time of hostilities was thus limited to the presence of two civilian transport aircraft, the Lockheed Constellation belonging to TAP and a

6279: 2558:(Barrage Plan), which envisaged the demolition of all bridges to delay the invading army, as well as the mining of approach roads and beaches. Defence units were organised as four 6320:

Os Transportes Aéreos Da Índia Portuguesa (TAIP), Lecture delivered by Major-General Flight Pilot (Retd.) José Krus Abecasis on 23 March 2002 in the Society of Geography of Lisbon

6071:

Não prevejo a possibilidade de tréguas, nem prisioneiros portugueses, como não haverá navios rendidos, pois sinto que apenas pode haver soldados e marinheiros vitoriosos ou mortos

4620:

of sixteenth century international law. India gained sympathy from much of the international community, but this did not, however, signify any legal support for the invasion. The

2979:. Fort Aguada was also captured on that day, when the Indian 7th Cavalry attacked with assistance from the armoured division stationed at Betim and freed its political prisoners. 4276:, to present a resolution in the UN in support of India's annexation of Goa. Ceylon argued that as Goa had been taken by force from India, it was entitled to use force in turn. 4220:

indignation as it came "from those who are accustomed to strangle the peoples striving for independence ... and from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder".

2141:

Prime Minister Salazar, alarmed by India's hinted threats at armed action against Portugal's presence in Goa, first asked the United Kingdom to mediate, then protested through

7374: 4539:

stressed its "resolute support" for the struggle of the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America against "imperialist colonialism". However, the Hong Kong Communist newspaper

7090: 2745:

The military buildup created panic amongst Europeans in Goa, who were desperate to evacuate their families before the commencement of hostilities. On 9 December, the vessel

2157:, India's defence minister and head of India's UN delegation, stated in no uncertain terms that India had not "abjured the use of force" in Goa. The US ambassador to India, 3835:

for a debate on the conflict in Goa. The request was approved when the bare minimum of seven members supported the request (the US, UK, France, Turkey, Chile, Ecuador, and

4357:, in its issue dated 12 February 1962, carried an article titled "Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor" in which it expressed its vehement condemnation of the military action. 4224:, the de facto Soviet leader, telegraphed Nehru stating that there was "unanimous acclaim" from every Soviet citizen for "Friendly India". The USSR had earlier vetoed a 4120:

by the council of ministers for cowardice and expelled from military service. Four captains, four lieutenants and a lieutenant commander were suspended for six months.

5285: 4589:

Although the Vatican did not voice its reaction to the annexation of Goa, it delayed the appointment of a native head of the Goan Church until the inauguration of the

4052: 2536:

however to politically deter the Indian government from attempting a military aggression through the showing of a strong will to fight and to sacrifice to defend Goa.

2233:

with its ports. In July 1954, pro-Indian forces, including members of organisations like the United Front of Goans, the National Movement Liberation Organisation, the

2089: 7793: 7593: 7572: 7551: 7360:, Prince Mathews Thomas Thomas, 01.26.11, 06:00 PM EST, Fifty years after its liberation from Portuguese rule, this tiny tourist state is rethinking its future again. 2263:

On receiving Krishna Menon's order to initiate military action and capture of all occupied territories for the Indian government, Lieutenant-General Chaudhari of the

7879: 7836: 7750: 2084:). In 1961 alone, until December, around 80 policemen died. The major part of the freedom fighters of Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) were not Goans. Many had fought in the 6513: 7324: 5712: 4567: 9147: 7711: 2066: 687: 7247: 6401: 2316:, was appointed as the commander of all air resources assigned to the operations in Goa. Air resources for the assault on Goa were concentrated in the bases at 11457: 10021: 8266: 6817: 4934: 7962: 7350: 3635:

With all information pointing to total occupation of all Portuguese enclaves in India, Lieutenant Brito decided to save his crew and vessel by escaping; the

3390:

The sloop's crew formally surrendered with the remaining Portuguese forces on 19 December 1961 at 20:30. As a gesture of goodwill, the commanders of the INS

3241:

was a small 1.5 km island of Portuguese India, then almost uninhabited, belonging to the District of Goa, although off the coast of the Indian state of

2682:

did not have any presence in Portuguese India, with the exception of a single officer with the role of air adviser in the office of the Commander-in-Chief.

7052: 4441:. On 27 December 1961, Dutch ambassador to the United States, Herman Van Roijen asked the US government if their military support in the form of the USN's 4616:

wrote that India's actions were of "legal importance" as "it indicated a major difference between the East and the West in the interpretation" of UN law.

3080:

in their military tankers and then waded through chest-high water across a small stream to reach a dock known as Embarcadouro de Tembim in the village of

2811:

was deployed 75 miles (121 km) from the coast of Goa to head off a possible amphibious operation on Goa and deter any foreign military intervention.

11502: 11330: 9657: 9117: 8919: 5022: 4076:

money. This surprised the Indian military authorities, who first limited the visits to twice a week, and then only to representatives of the Red Cross.

3823:

twice, killing the captain and the gunner and forcing the rest of the crew to abandon the boat and swim ashore, where they were taken prisoners of war.

2833:

and attached troops of the Indian Army were ordered to advance into Goa to capture Panaji and Mormugão. The main thrust on Panaji was to be made by the

9122: 8829: 8824: 2375:

anti-submarine frigate—off the coast of Goa. The actual attack on Goa was delegated to four task groups: a Surface Action Group comprising five ships:

680: 7165: 7021: 6567: 6304: 1367: 8666: 5044: 3927:

Those Indian forces who served within the disputed territories for 48 hours, or flew at least one operational sortie during the conflict, received a

4433:

regretted that India, "of all countries," had resorted to force to gain her ends, particularly as India had always championed the principles of the

9741: 8281: 4168: 2161:, requested the Indian government on several occasions to resolve the issue peacefully through mediation and consensus rather than armed conflict. 1305: 1275: 1180: 1045: 6479: 6214: 6125: 4216:, who was touring India at the time of the war, made several speeches applauding the operation. In a farewell message, he urged Indians to ignore 11320: 9395: 8880: 8393: 7425: 6709: 6111: 4536: 4244:

government spokesman said that "India has been extraordinarily patient and a non-violent country has been driven to violence by Portugal"; while

3663:—with the capture of the Diu Airfield being the primary objective—and from the northeast along Gogal and Amdepur by the Rajput B Company and the 2646:), two artillery batteries and an engineer detachment. In addition to the military forces, the Portuguese defences counted on the civil internal 2209: 2058:

techniques to oppose the government. On 18 June 1946, the Portuguese government disrupted a protest against the suspension of civil liberties in

7198: 1195: 10271: 7531: 6980: 4742: 4035: 1407: 7612: 11522: 11335: 9034: 8316: 8081: 6329: 5507: 4393: 2463: 17: 7116: 5375: 5364: 5353: 5342: 4417:

long since in pursuance of the example set by Britain and France. Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, Sir

8405: 6536: 3734: 6958: 5738: 5675: 5656: 5250:

Francisco Monteiro, Chronology of Freedom Struggle Activities Unleashed by the Indian Union Against the Territories of Goa, Damão and Diu

11467: 11305: 9594: 9007: 8276: 8271: 8136: 8089: 6759: 6062: 4559: 3913:, I have decided with ... my patriotism well present, to get in touch with the enemy ... I order all my forces to cease-fire." 2722: 2184:

intent on storming the island. The incidents lent themselves to fostering widespread public support in India for military action in Goa.

6725: 6357: 6159: 5989: 5956: 4871: 11315: 10529: 10014: 7225: 6672: 6432: 6271: 4628:. In a treaty with retroactive effect, Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty in 1974. Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland argues that under the 1711: 1664: 1659: 7369: 4320:

To express its displeasure with India's operation in Goa, the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee attempted, over the objections of

4292:

stated: “We know India is a peace-loving nation which has been compelled to use force. There can be no compromise with colonialism.”.

4183: 11487: 11350: 9736: 9710: 8834: 8819: 8806: 7282: 1733: 1362: 7674: 5128: 11355: 10333: 8873: 8437: 8383: 7082: 5767: 4841: 4409:

H.M. Government deeply deplores the decision of the Government of India to use military force to attain its political objectives."

1780: 895: 5229: 11507: 11375: 10534: 10473: 9112: 8814: 8109: 5540: 5392: 5156: 4172: 2476: 2153:

offered the Indian government its influence in Latin America to bring pressure on the Portuguese to relieve tensions. Meanwhile,

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described Indian actions as "a desperate attempt by Mr. Nehru to regain his sagging prestige among the Afro-Asian nations." The

3330:

and secure sea access to the port. At 11:00, Indian planes bombed Mormugão harbour. At 12:00, upon receiving clearance, the INS

11325: 11278: 9599: 6842: 4401: 3711:, forcing the Portuguese to order the evacuation of the fortress—a task completed by 14:15 under heavy bombardment from India. 3679:

repulsed, with losses on the Indian side, by a well entrenched unit of Portuguese soldiers armed with small automatic weapons,

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with right to succeed Alvernaz. After the annexation, Silva remained in Portugal and was never consecrated; in 1965 he became

4566:

was always a Portuguese-born cleric; at the time of the annexation, José Vieira Alvernaz was archbishop, and days earlier Dom

1951:. Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around 1,540 square miles (4,000 km) and held a population of 637,591. The Goan 11482: 10580: 10007: 9292: 9049: 8644: 8338: 8104: 8099: 8094: 7060: 6905: 5934: 4994: 4967: 4909: 4818: 2309: 2246:

police forces in Nagar Haveli eventually surrendered to the Indian police forces on 11 August 1954. Portugal appealed to the

1457: 738: 425: 10038: 7926: 5293: 2923:. At 09:00, these Portuguese troops reported that Indian troops had already covered half the distance to the town of Ponda. 42: 9276: 9065: 8958: 8868: 8676: 7588: 7567: 7546: 3870:"fateful" Goa debate might have been "the first act of a drama" which could have ended in the death of the United Nations. 2197: 2031:. On 12 October 1938, Cunha with other members of the Goa Congress Committee met Subhas Chandra Bose, the President of the 1810: 1723: 77: 5320: 3421:

running aground and not having communications from the Goa Naval Command, Lieutenant Marques Silva decided to scuttle the

2039:. The Goa Congress was also made affiliate to the Indian National Congress and Cunha was selected as its first President. 11406: 10051: 8893: 8728: 8696: 8358: 8321: 6509: 3815:, 2nd Lt Oliveira e Carmo was ordered to sail out and fight until the last round of ammunition. At 07:30 the crew of the 3727: 1795: 1567: 8051:

Pöllath, Moritz. "‘Far away from the Atlantic...': Goa, West New Guinea and NATO's out-of-area policy at Bandung 1955."

6872: 3639:

traversed 530 miles (850 km), escaping detection by Indian forces, and arrived at Karachi at 20:00 on 20 December.

2550:

Faced with this reduced force strength, the strategy employed to defend Goa against an Indian invasion was based on the

9012: 8240: 7873: 7830: 7787: 7744: 7458: 7339: 6035: 5909: 5867: 5824: 5720: 5430: 4772: 4594: 3971: 3585: 3199: 3014: 1915:. On 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the Lieutenant Governor nominated an informal 995: 915: 328: 7701: 7251: 6921: 6600: 1347: 11452: 11300: 11295: 9385: 9332: 9254: 9091: 8691: 8639: 8348: 8328: 8261: 8231: 7951: 7920: 6409: 5632: 4747: 4722: 4123:

Ex-governor Manuel António Vassalo e Silva had a hostile reception when he returned to Portugal. He was subsequently

3768: 3611: 3225: 3040: 1830: 7400: 6811:"International Reactions to Indian Attack on Goa – Soviet Veto of Western Cease-fire Resolution in security Council" 6810: 3897: 3593: 3207: 3022: 2609:

ships in Goa. An attempt by Portugal to send naval warships to Goa to reinforce its marine defences was foiled when

2554:(Sentinel Plan), which divided the territory into four defence sectors (North, Center, South and Mormugão), and the 2496: 795: 547: 11517: 11310: 10223: 9178: 9086: 9081: 9044: 8723: 8634: 8412: 8251: 7959: 5566: 5253: 4926: 1627: 1507: 1295: 743: 632: 333: 3796:

were bouncing off the beach and exploding on the Indian mainland. However, no casualties were reported from this.

3260: 2382: 10463: 10453: 10418: 9731: 9002: 8898: 8417: 8246: 8129: 5888: 4579: 4331:

normal country would behave ... People are saying, the preacher has been caught coming out of the brothel."

4310: 3985:

agent of Goan descent, along with Ismail Dias, a Goan settled in Portugal, executed a series of bombings in Goa.

3432:

s crew avoided being captured by the Indian forces and boarded a Greek freighter on which they reached Pakistan.

3072:, which reached Candeapar in the early hours of 19 December, and not to be bogged down by the destruction of the 2146: 1644: 1382: 1240: 1205: 1170: 1150: 810: 356: 4022:

After they surrendered, the Portuguese soldiers were interned by the Indian Army at their own military camps at

3920:

Upon the surrender of the Portuguese governor general, Goa, Daman and Diu was declared a federally administered

3468:). The strategically important features were Daman Fort (fortress of São Jerónimo) and the air control tower of 3374:

swerved 180 degrees and was run aground against Bambolim beach. At that time, against the commander's orders, a

3164:

Indian navy continues to control the Dabolim Airport, although it is also once more used as a civilian airport.

2896: 2885: 11426: 9370: 9193: 9127: 8311: 8256: 8236: 7669: 7192: 7147: 6255: 5624: 4152: 3703:, anchored off Diu, began to bombard targets on the shore. At 12:45, Indian jets fired a rocket at a mortar at 3589: 3203: 3018: 2834: 2830: 2283: 2272: 2247: 2016: 1835: 1728: 1497: 1372: 1225: 1165: 1095: 925: 758: 471: 379: 5011: 2131: 511: 11512: 11497: 11396: 11365: 9956: 9951: 9203: 8974: 8475: 8333: 3745: 1738: 1377: 845: 5102: 4586:

but remained titular Patriarch until resigning in 1975 after Portuguese recognition of the 1961 annexation.

4116:

military commander, his chief of staff, one naval captain, six majors, a sub lieutenant and a sergeant were

3108: 2605:), each armed with a 20 mm Oerlikon gun, one based in each of Goa, Daman and Diu. There were also five 2046:, a nationalist leader, who had founded the Gomantak Praja Mandal in Bombay and edited the weekly newspaper 11416: 11072: 10423: 10030: 9662: 9631: 9604: 9584: 8654: 8591: 8586: 8541: 7163: 6868: 6575: 6301: 5497:

Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Published by Columbia University Press, 1998

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The first Indian raid was led by Wing Commander N.B. Menon on 18 December on the Dabolim Airport using 12

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On the morning of 18 December, the 50th Para Brigade of the Indian Army moved into Goa in three columns.

2785:, undertook linear patrolling of the Goa coast at a distance of 8 miles (13 km). By 8 December, the 2540: 2238: 2065:

In addition to non-violent protests, armed groups such as the Azad Gomantak Dal (Free Goa Party) and the

1825: 1557: 1502: 305: 10458: 6751: 3367:

da Cruz took command of the vessel. The ship's propulsion system was also badly damaged in this attack.

2176:, was fired upon by Portuguese ground troops, resulting in the death of a passenger and injuries to the 1260: 11477: 10997: 10549: 10266: 10261: 9672: 9352: 9226: 8718: 8701: 8343: 8122: 6487: 6349: 6222: 6133: 4497: 4321: 3928: 2972: 2346:

Denial of airfields at Daman and Diu, which were, however, not to be attacked without prior permission.

1622: 1552: 1155: 955: 945: 860: 517: 393: 63: 7429: 6707: 6300:

Egypt and India, A study of political and cultural relations, 1947–1964; Zaki Awad, El Sayed Mekkawi,

3909:

not allow myself to proceed with the fight without great sacrifice of the lives of the inhabitants of

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In 1956, the Portuguese ambassador to France, Marcello Mathias, along with Portuguese Prime Minister

1907:

Following the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, Goa was placed under military administration headed by

1858: 1785: 1748: 1694: 1597: 1412: 1235: 1135: 1030: 865: 830: 790: 594: 38: 7528: 6988: 4602: 3917:

Indian Army—a figure which included military and civilian personnel, Portuguese, Africans and Goan.

3771:

of the Indian Air Force attacked and destroyed the Portuguese ammunition dump as well a patrol boat

3116:

bomber of the Indian Air Force. The Indian Air Force used 20 small and lightweight Canberra bombers.

1743: 11257: 11232: 10769: 10468: 10448: 10308: 10168: 10126: 9682: 9441: 9375: 9269: 8738: 8601: 8556: 8470: 8465: 8422: 8400: 8353: 7609: 6953: 6667: 4732: 3772: 3574: 3425:. This was done by damaging the propellers and making the boat hit the rocks. The eight men of the 3188: 3003: 2544: 2489: 2279: 2268: 2234: 2042:

In June 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia, an Indian Socialist leader, entered Goa on a visit to his friend,

2032: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1679: 1649: 1562: 1492: 1437: 1300: 1270: 1070: 1020: 1015: 985: 975: 885: 840: 815: 805: 773: 733: 439: 402: 5517: 2792:

On 17 December, a tactical reconnaissance flight conducted by Squadron Leader I. S. Loughran in a

2202:

The hostilities between India and Portugal started seven years before the annexation of Goa, when

10977: 10947: 10684: 10664: 10499: 10408: 10131: 10121: 10111: 10101: 9854: 9715: 9342: 8935: 8596: 8480: 8460: 8455: 8216: 7112: 5372: 5361: 5350: 5339: 4737: 4717: 4702: 4418: 3578: 3192: 3007: 2928: 2865: 2412: 2372: 2365: 2010: 1997: 1820: 1701: 1612: 1602: 1572: 1517: 1482: 1422: 1357: 1332: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1230: 1210: 1190: 1145: 1055: 1050: 990: 970: 940: 930: 890: 778: 285: 7386: 4421:, stated in the UN that Britain had been "shocked and dismayed" at the outbreak of hostilities. 4240:

expressed its full support for India's "legitimate efforts to regain its occupied territory". A

4007:

became the first Portuguese head of state to visit Goa after its annexation by India, following

3156:, injuring two soldiers, while elsewhere, Indian ground troops mistakenly opened fire on an IAF 2539:

In 1960, during an inspection visit to Portuguese India and referring to a predictable start of

11202: 11112: 11107: 10348: 10287: 10179: 10106: 10096: 9687: 9464: 9431: 9039: 8953: 8858: 8853: 8839: 8746: 8513: 7777: 7162:

Air Marshal S Raghavendran, 'Eye Witness to the Liberation of Goa', para 8, Bharatrakshak.com,

6948: 5763: 5736: 5673: 5654: 5628: 5620: 4621: 4590: 4080:

country. The negotiations were delayed even further when Salazar ordered the detention of 1200

4011: 3993: 3490: 3130: 2703: 2655: 2456: 2294: 2203: 2158: 2035:, and on his advice, opened a Branch Office of the Goa Congress Committee at 21, Dalal Street, 1980: 1973: 1944: 1639: 1477: 1442: 1427: 1337: 1327: 1285: 1280: 1130: 1125: 1075: 1005: 880: 748: 542: 526: 506: 486: 419: 396: 229: 93: 8013: 7865:

The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice

7863: 7820: 7734: 6895: 6245: 6066: 5845: 5604: 3547: 3502: 2529: 2480: 1352: 618: 553: 62:

This article is about the Indian annexation of Goa. For the conquest by Portugal in 1510, see

11472: 11401: 11340: 11167: 10952: 10897: 10729: 10689: 10494: 10413: 10358: 10343: 10293: 10281: 10158: 9874: 9869: 9829: 9589: 9198: 9188: 9183: 8911: 8508: 8503: 8485: 8064: 6729: 5997: 5966: 5802: 4875: 4512: 4476:

commented on the annexation of Goa by declaring that "a Portuguese wound is Brazilian pain".

4264: 4200:, while condemning "Portuguese domination over Indian people for five and a half centuries". 4081: 4064:

Naik to "Go to Hell", and was serious enough to make him lose consciousness and cause severe

4001: 3811:

At 07:00, news was received that the Indian invasion had commenced, and the commander of the

3753:

of the Indian Air Force, this type of aircraft formed the backbone of the air strikes on Diu.

3671: 3445: 2789:

had commenced baiting missions and fly-bys to lure out Portuguese air defences and fighters.

2774: 2583:), headed by the Naval Commander of Goa, Commodore Raúl Viegas Ventura. The only significant 2518: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2276: 2217: 1532: 1512: 1432: 1397: 1290: 1265: 1215: 1140: 1065: 980: 920: 728: 497: 462: 7982: 7221: 6662: 6444: 6155: 4151:

countries, themselves former European colonies, reacted positively to the Indian operation.

3659:

Diu was attacked on 18 December from the north west along Kob Forte by two companies of the

2852:, in company strength, was to be made from the south along the Majali-Canacona-Margao axis. 1753: 11252: 11207: 11142: 11087: 11032: 10917: 10822: 10779: 10734: 10654: 10554: 10398: 10303: 10153: 9905: 9626: 9337: 9236: 9231: 8979: 8706: 8432: 8427: 4465: 4454: 4273: 4237: 3840: 3457: 3149: 2793: 2734: 2711: 2679: 2206:

were invaded and occupied by pro-Indian forces with the support of the Indian authorities.

2076: 1577: 1542: 1487: 1200: 1105: 950: 600: 416: 319: 4624:

recognised the validity of the annexation and rejected the continued applicability of the

3417:, under the command of Lieutenant Marques Silva, was also present at Goa. After observing 2632:

Portuguese ground defences were organised as the Land Forces of the State of India (FTEI,

1527: 1085: 8: 11462: 11237: 11182: 11067: 11062: 10957: 10937: 10862: 10659: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10604: 10443: 9966: 9926: 9641: 9262: 8984: 8754: 8561: 8150: 7678: 6537:"Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese: Telo de Mascarenhas – A carta de Rendição (1974)" 5132: 4462: 4374:, "has totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against the use of military power" 4225: 4187: 4049: 3664: 3531: 3354:

lifted anchor, headed out towards the enemy and returned fire with its 120 mm guns.

3284:

India to be captured, on 22 December, after he had reached the Indian shore by swimming.

3153: 2958:

The same night Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu with a force of the 7th Cavalry decided to take

2903: 2798: 2070: 2028: 1870: 1582: 1522: 1115: 1000: 905: 820: 800: 448: 370: 299: 4849: 3951:

of India's parachute regiment who were the first troops to enter Panaji, Goa's capital.

3145:, successfully targeting the wireless station at Bambolim with rockets and autocannons. 2706:(registration CS-TLA) on charter. However, when permission to transport weapons through 2685:

On 16 December, the Portuguese Air Force was placed on alert to transport ten tonnes of

11421: 11267: 11187: 11117: 11102: 11012: 11002: 10912: 10902: 10887: 10872: 10852: 10827: 10699: 10644: 10368: 10338: 10233: 10213: 10163: 10061: 9614: 9553: 8992: 8711: 8581: 8211: 8041: 8033: 7307: 7299: 6105: 5225: 4515: 4438: 4306: 4257: 4008: 3910: 3851: 2805: 2613: 2610: 2559: 2433: 1866: 1654: 1452: 1417: 1310: 1025: 1010: 870: 768: 753: 578: 491: 265: 147: 9284: 5544: 5396: 5153: 4504:"The lesson from the Indian action on Goa is of practical interest on the question of 2941:

Company of the Portuguese Battlegroup North had completed their ferry crossing of the

2524:

The Portuguese forces were organised as the Armed Forces of the State of India (FAEI,

11242: 11227: 11127: 11022: 10982: 10907: 10812: 10784: 10744: 10569: 10353: 10313: 10276: 10238: 10218: 10208: 10091: 10081: 9844: 9362: 8045: 7947: 7916: 7869: 7826: 7783: 7740: 7665: 7502: 7454: 7382: 7335: 7311: 7188: 7143: 6901: 6706:

Gp Capt Kapil Bhargava (Retd), Operations at Diu: The One Day War, Bharatrakshak.com

6251: 6031: 5905: 5863: 5849: 5820: 5783: 5775: 5758:

Lele, Purushottam Shiripad (1987). Lele, Purushottam Shiripad; Lele, Usha P. (eds.).

5716: 5426: 5173: 5017: 4990: 4963: 4905: 4814: 4625: 4481: 4314: 4221: 4164: 4160: 4069: 3978: 3518: 2951: 2920: 2838: 2686: 2514: 2422: 2358: 2287: 2181: 2081: 2051: 1758: 1607: 1537: 1467: 1120: 1110: 1080: 875: 835: 704: 190: 186: 6846: 2328:). The mandate handed to Pinto by the Indian Air Command was listed out as follows: 11431: 11345: 11222: 11192: 11172: 11147: 11137: 11077: 10987: 10932: 10927: 10817: 10739: 10564: 10519: 10504: 10428: 10403: 10373: 10136: 10076: 9849: 9784: 9697: 9636: 9208: 8903: 8796: 8786: 8523: 8195: 8025: 7639: 7291: 5199: 4727: 4575: 4060: 3832: 3763: 3750: 3697: 3499: 3319: 3253: 2955:

order to prevent the slaughter of the population and the destruction of the city."

2786: 2758: 2699: 2694: 2579:

The naval component of the FAEI were the Naval Forces of the State of India (FNEI,

2407: 2389: 2377: 2230: 2225: 2180:. The action was precipitated by Portuguese fears that the boat carried a military 2135: 2024: 1992:

viewed Portugal's overseas territories as extensions of Portugal itself. Under the

1948: 1901: 1886: 1862: 1775: 1674: 1617: 1592: 1472: 1462: 1402: 1392: 1342: 1322: 1060: 1035: 960: 935: 825: 763: 606: 350: 279: 151: 5931: 4059:

execution. This situation was defused by the intervention of Ferreira da Silva, a

2906:

as well as an armoured division which crossed the border at 06:30 and advanced on

11380: 11370: 11272: 11177: 11122: 11037: 11017: 10837: 10807: 10802: 10759: 10749: 10714: 10709: 10674: 10599: 10524: 10363: 10086: 9946: 9900: 9814: 9789: 9416: 9327: 9322: 8801: 8768: 8733: 8068: 7966: 7910: 7616: 7597: 7576: 7555: 7535: 7477: 7450: 7378: 7357: 7331: 7169: 6713: 6334: 6308: 5938: 5853: 5806: 5742: 5679: 5660: 5512: 5420: 5379: 5368: 5357: 5346: 5257: 5160: 4984: 4957: 4899: 4697: 4692: 4656: 4598: 4485: 4473: 4371: 4353: 4340: 4324: 4317:

and demanded that all Indian forces be unconditionally withdrawn from Goan soil.

4213: 4112: 3921: 3660: 3506: 3335: 3096: 2730: 2647: 2637: 2606: 2584: 2395: 2321: 2302: 2298: 2020: 1805: 1770: 1669: 1547: 1447: 1387: 1100: 1090: 965: 900: 850: 531: 347: 259: 8105:

Image: Foreign journalists rescue a protester shot by Portuguese police officers

4780: 4004: 672: 11212: 11162: 11152: 11132: 11097: 11057: 11042: 10764: 10694: 10679: 10619: 10609: 10438: 10328: 10198: 10173: 10148: 10046: 9999: 9961: 9864: 9779: 9774: 9751: 9705: 9492: 9482: 9477: 9400: 9312: 9304: 5961: 5859: 4707: 4469: 4413: 4305:

The United States' official reaction to the annexation of Goa was delivered by

4284:

Indonesia expressed their support and termed it a fight against colonialism. A

3970:

In the months after the conflict, the Portuguese Government used broadcasts on

3956: 3885: 3855: 3708: 3238: 3142: 3058: 2770: 2336:, without causing damage to the terminal building and other airport facilities. 2293:. The assault on the enclave of Daman was assigned to the 1st battalion of the 2177: 2173: 2069:(UFG) conducted violent attacks aimed at weakening Portuguese rule in Goa. The 2043: 1928: 1800: 1790: 1160: 910: 5324: 3252:

The Indian Naval Command assigned the task of securing Anjidiv to the cruiser

1919:

of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory.

1684: 11446: 11157: 11082: 11047: 11007: 10922: 10892: 10882: 10867: 10754: 10724: 10704: 10433: 9517: 9426: 9317: 8375: 7506: 5858:. Goa University Publication Series. Vol. II (2nd ed.). New Delhi: 4613: 4405: 4397: 4363: 4217: 4155:

termed it as the "Liberation of Goa" and went on to state that the people of

4124: 4087:

By May 1962, most of the prisoners had been repatriated—being first flown to

3988:

Relations between India and Portugal thawed only in 1974, when, following an

3469: 3246: 3069: 3062: 2942: 2154: 1940: 1890: 1689: 1185: 855: 612: 585: 465: 373: 111: 8110:

Portugal-India relations (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India)

7590:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

7569:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

7548:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

5787: 4095:, in chartered French aircraft, and then sent off to Lisbon by three ships: 3737:

off Diu, where a group of 13 Portuguese soldiers surrendered to them there.

3292: 2110: 69:"Operation Vijay (1961)" redirects here. For the 1999 Indian operation, see 11360: 11247: 10877: 10842: 10832: 10774: 10574: 10478: 10388: 10378: 10143: 10071: 10056: 9980: 9799: 9794: 9764: 9609: 9507: 9497: 8848: 8114: 6925: 6604: 5873: 5830: 4684: 4670: 4434: 4209: 3948: 3271: 3134: 2976: 2718: 2690: 2588: 2400: 2317: 2213: 2093: 2085: 322: 6510:"Goa Liberation Vintage War Tank Restored by the Army - All About Belgaum" 5425:. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics. p. 21. 4959:

The Construction of a Political Community: Integration and Identity in Goa

4488:, stating that this was "not enough of a reason to prevent independence". 3478: 2937: 2642: 2015:

Resistance to Portuguese rule in Goa in the 20th century was pioneered by

10967: 10847: 10539: 10318: 10066: 9502: 9487: 9380: 8495: 8447: 8182: 8169: 4541: 4175:

stated: "We fully support the use of force against Portuguese butchers."

4027: 3482:(light infantry) and an artillery battery, organised as the battlegroup " 3453: 3077: 2968: 2959: 2873: 2841: 2598: 2354: 2313: 2290: 2264: 1985: 442: 158: 7325:

India-USSR Relations 1947–71: (From Ambivalence to Steadfastness) PART-I

5570: 5484:"Indian Volunteers Invade Goa; 21 Die; Unarmed Indians March into Goa", 5251: 4111:

in Portugal, returning Portuguese servicemen were taken into custody by

3550:

flew 14 sorties, continuously harassing Portuguese artillery positions.

2971:, the troops entering Panaji removed their steel helmets and donned the 2750: 11217: 10992: 10942: 10857: 10509: 10393: 10228: 9879: 9859: 9759: 9563: 9390: 8791: 8761: 8037: 7303: 4770: 4630: 4117: 4068:. Captain Naik was later punished by the Indian Army for violating the 4039: 3762:. On orders from Tactical Air Command located at Pune, a sortie of two 3652: 3535: 3375: 3347: 3089: 2916: 2889: 2726: 2621: 2297:

while the operations in Diu were assigned to the 20th battalion of the

1040: 572: 70: 8146: 7775: 7334:, Shri Ram Sharma, Shri Ram Sharma, Discovery Publishing House, 1999, 5915: 3398:

later visited Captain Aragão as he lay recuperating in bed in Panaji.

11197: 11092: 11052: 11027: 10962: 10624: 10614: 10514: 9454: 9449: 7983:"Political Transition in Post-Colonial Societies: Goa in Perspective" 7706: 7634: 7010:

José Manuel Barroso, Só soldados vitoriosos ou mortos, 2 January 2001

5897: 5812: 5616: 4771:

Azaredo, Carlos; Gabriel Figueiredo (translation) (8 December 2001).

4430: 4084:

allegedly as a bargaining chip in exchange for Portuguese prisoners.

4065: 3935: 3839:), two opposed (the Soviet Union and Ceylon), and two abstained (the 3346:

with their 4.5-inch guns while transmitting requests to surrender in

3242: 3157: 3081: 2824: 2510: 1984:

regime. This government was a dictatorship and a strong proponent of

1961: 623: 8029: 7295: 7009: 5419:

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly (2007).

4327:, to cut the 1962 foreign aid appropriation to India by 25 percent. 3563: 3177: 3085: 2992: 2650:

of Portuguese India. These included the State of India Police (PEI,

10559: 10203: 9421: 4571: 4092: 3759: 3704: 3311: 3280: 2340: 2055: 1957: 1952: 1878: 97: 4031: 2127:

in Goa. On 1 September 1955, India shut its consul office in Goa.

10719: 9621: 9568: 9527: 9522: 9512: 7529:

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v23/d219

5705:

O fim do Estado Português da Índia 1961: um testemunho da invasão

4505: 4289: 4269: 4245: 4241: 4193: 4179: 4088: 4023: 3733:

On 19 December, the 4th Madras C Company landed on the island of

3449: 3267: 3249:, defended by a platoon of Goan soldiers of the Portuguese Army. 2707: 2663: 2495:

Ignoring this advice, Salazar sent a message to Governor General

2333: 2325: 1932: 5779: 3326:

took up position off the harbour, awaiting orders to attack the

10243: 9884: 9804: 9558: 9548: 9543: 9472: 5619:; Horgan, Rogers B. (8 December 1961). Talbot, Phillips (ed.). 4583: 4461:

and Portugal were built on ties of blood and sentiment. Former

4148: 3997: 3893: 3836: 2902:

The western column—the main thrust of the attack—comprised the

2754: 2150: 2059: 2036: 1873:

in December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the "

7184:

A queda da Índia Portuguesa: crónica da invasão e do cativeiro

2437:; a Mine Sweeping Group consisting of mine sweepers including 9819: 9809: 9769: 7451:

India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991

5901: 5816: 5771: 4605:

in 1972, who became the first native-born Patriarch in 1978.

4511:

In a letter to the US president on 2 January 1962, Pakistani

4156: 4108: 3723: 3073: 3057:

advanced in two columns. The right column, consisting of the

2907: 2849: 2617: 2169: 1854: 274: 254: 215: 119: 8059:

Rubinoff, Arthur G. (1995), "Political Integration in Goa",

4901:

Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration

2725:. The Indians claimed that the Portuguese had a squadron of 2188:

council, it could expect no support from the US delegation.

2099: 6060: 3982: 3680: 3448:, approximately 72 km in area, is at the south end of 2946:

absence of orders, the unit stayed at Betim for the night.

2242:

attack. On 28 July, RSS forces took Naroli police station.

4635:

not change the illegal aspect of the original annexation.

2488:, by the Army under secretary of State Lieutenant-Colonel 9296: 7818: 6480:"17 / 18 / 19 de Dezembro: A invasão (Território de Goa)" 5735:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1461

5703:

Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006). Pissarra, José V. (ed.).

5672:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1261

5653:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1161

4190:(now Benin). Portugal recognised the annexation in 1975. 4159:

would "long for the day when our downtrodden brethren in

3489:

The advance on the enclave of Daman was conducted by the

1936: 115: 105: 7912:

Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964

5932:"Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory" 5129:"Tristao de Braganza Cunha Saturday, September 26, 1998" 3831:

On 18 December, a Portuguese request was made to the UN

3799:

At 04:00 on 18 December, the Portuguese patrol boat NRP

2844:

from the north. Another thrust was to be carried out by

2666:

enforcement and border protection; and the Rural Guard (

2654:), a general police corps modelled after the Portuguese 1931:

in August 1947, Portugal continued to hold a handful of

6752:"The sinking of N.R.P. Vega – a first person narrative" 5110: 3266:. Under covering artillery fire from the ships, Indian 3148:

The mandate to support ground troops was served by the

2587:

warship present in Goa at the time of invasion was the

2191: 7140:

Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories

6272:"Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search" 5808:

Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India

5635:. Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 561 5567:"Francisco Monteiro – India supported banditry in Goa" 5460:

Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India

3941: 2168:, a passenger boat passing between the Indian port of 2004: 8949:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu) 7248:"Dossier Goa – A Recusa Do Sacrifício Inútil Summary" 6019: 6017: 6015: 5418: 4535:

In an official statement issued on 19 December, the

4486:

race-mixing and the creation of multiracial societies

4412:

The Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons

4196:

insisted that Goa was not Portuguese territory but a

2899:

advanced towards Panaji via the village of Banastari.

7426:"Changing Perceptions of India in the U.S. Congress" 4646: 4228:

resolution condemning the Indian annexation of Goa.

3303:

On the morning of 18 December, the Portuguese sloop

1869:, starting with the armed action carried out by the 189:

colonial territories of Goa, Daman and Diu into the

7776:Andrew Clapham; Paola Gaeta; Marco Sassòli (2015). 7736:

Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law

7453:By Dennis Kux Published by Diane Publishing, 1993, 6595: 6593: 5855:

Goa Through The Ages: An Economic history, volume 2

5846:"Chapter 11: The Economic Scene in Goa (1926–1961)" 5843: 5360:, Art. I & Title X of the constitution of 1838 3287: 2764: 2503: 2253: 6718: 6012: 5174:"Kamat Research Database – Goa's Freedom Struggle" 5010: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 2825:Ground attack on Goa: North and North East sectors 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5371:, Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 4842:"Aviso / Canhoneira classe Afonso de Albuquerque" 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4343:dubbing the annexation 'Menon's war' and writing: 4256:Full support for India's action was expressed in 4046:3,300 Portuguese combatants as prisoners in Goa. 2935:By 17:45, the forces of the 1st EREC and the 9th 2773:operations had commenced on 1 December, when two 2740: 1978:During this period, Portugal was governed by the 702: 11444: 10029: 9742:National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research 7944:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 7280:Wright, Quincy (July 1962). "The Goa Incident". 7022:"Records show colonizers were not done with Goa" 6897:Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951-65 6590: 6431:Mohan, P. V. S. Jagan (November–December 2001). 6061:Constantino Hermanns Xavier (18 December 2006). 5709:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 5147: 5045:"Infrastructure | Goa Legislative Assembly" 4445:would be forthcoming in case of such an attack. 8881:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War 7999:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Vol. 3: 1956–1964 7732: 7610:Letter From President Ayub to President Kennedy 6098:Estado Português da Índia – Rememoração Pessoal 6056: 6054: 5890:Blueprint To Bluewater: The Indian Navy 1951–65 5538: 4976: 4949: 4795: 2216:were two Portuguese landlocked exclaves of the 8317:Department of Defence Research and Development 8267:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services 6861: 6395: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6027:The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution 5685: 5585: 5200:"On Rammanohar Lohia's 99th Birth Anniversary" 4904:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 4827: 3967:the inevitable consequences of the invasion." 3670:These Indian Army units ignored requests from 3460:(Damão in Portuguese) into halves—Nani Daman ( 3133:belonging to the Portuguese airline TAP and a 2814: 2050:. Cunha and other leaders were also with him. 1695:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 11458:Aerial operations and battles involving India 10015: 9270: 9035:Defence Research and Development Organisation 8130: 8014:"Goa: The Transformation of an Indian Region" 7861: 7137: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 5382:and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo. 5315: 5313: 5311: 5292:(in Portuguese). Paço d'Arcos. Archived from 4530: 4334:In an article titled "India, The Aggressor", 4313:, where he condemned the armed action of the 3167: 2528:), under a unified command headed by General 2513:and from the Portuguese African provinces of 2308:Meanwhile, the Commander-in-Chief of India's 688: 8144: 8063:, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 36–60, 8001:(Harvard University Press, 1984) pp 190–203. 7138:Bhatt, SC; Bhargava, Gopal K., eds. (2005). 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6063:"Invasão de Goa, Damão e Diu foi há 45 anos" 6051: 5990:"Liberation of Goa: Role Of The Indian Navy" 5950: 5948: 5946: 5226:"A Liberation From Lies By Prabhakar Sinari" 4496:In a statement released on 18 December, the 4042:where conditions were substantially better. 3726:Hakam Singh of the Indian Army were awarded 3435: 2543:, the Under Secretary of State of the Army, 1935:on the Indian subcontinent—the districts of 9595:Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi 7142:. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 453. 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6110:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6076: 5862:; Concept Publishing Company. p. 276. 5284:Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). 5283: 4743:12th Amendment of the Constitution of India 3826: 3592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3509:positions and guns inside Moti Daman Fort. 3318:At 09:00, three Indian frigates led by the 3206:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3141:A third Indian raid was carried out by six 3021:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2258: 23: 11503:Operations involving Indian special forces 10530:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 10022: 10008: 9277: 9263: 8894:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait 8137: 8123: 8004:Heimsath, Charles H. and Surjit Mansingh. 6887: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6372: 6247:India's Foreign Policy in the 21st Century 5615: 5308: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 4560:Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa and Daman 4131: 3642: 2819: 2332:The destruction of Goa's lone airfield in 695: 681: 220: 24: 7980: 7779:The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary 7283:The American Journal of International Law 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7180: 6656: 6424: 6341: 6126:"Invasão de Goa: O dispositivo português" 5943: 5800: 3612:Learn how and when to remove this message 3440: 3226:Learn how and when to remove this message 3061:, and the left column, consisting of the 3041:Learn how and when to remove this message 2461:, and a Support Group which consisted of 2100:Diplomatic efforts to resolve Goa dispute 8438:Armed Forces Special Operations Division 8058: 7628: 6687: 6663:"The forgotten battles of Daman and Diu" 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6565: 6459: 6174: 6118: 6095: 5954: 5837: 5768:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 5760:Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and present 5122: 5120: 4982: 4955: 3850:In the ensuing debate, the US delegate, 3744: 3553: 3291: 3107: 2982: 2721:Skymaster belonging to the Goan airline 2109: 1967: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7901: 7629:de Souza, Teotonio R. (December 1986). 7398: 6774: 6399: 5981: 5844:de Mendonça-Noronha, Silvia M. (1990). 5753: 5751: 5262: 4897: 4773:"Passage to India – 18th December 1961" 4472:on 10 June 1962, Brazilian congressman 3873: 3647: 3245:. On the island stood the 16th Century 2339:Destruction of the wireless station at 14: 11445: 8090:Photo gallery of the Liberation of Goa 8011: 7908: 7700:Costa, Cosme Jose (21 December 2014). 7664:, New Delhi: Concept Publ. Co., 1994 ( 7279: 7266: 7050: 6660: 6534: 6243: 5600: 5084: 5082: 5080: 4986:India-US Security Relations, 1947-1990 4808: 4553: 3782: 3534:(VSM) for the commanding officer, two 2963:Sehgal being killed in the firefight. 2431:centred on the light aircraft carrier 10003: 9258: 8118: 7941: 7699: 7228:from the original on 27 February 2012 7093:from the original on 24 February 2021 6946: 6900:. Lancer International. p. 407. 6893: 6762:from the original on 8 September 2020 6633: 6568:"Eyewitness to the Liberation of Goa" 6541:Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese 6433:"Remembering Sagat Singh (1918–2001)" 6430: 6282:from the original on 28 November 2021 6023: 5886: 5803:"3. Liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu" 5702: 5288:[Passage to India]. Revista. 5206:from the original on 16 November 2018 5117: 4989:. Chanakya Publications. p. 50. 4924: 4582:in Portugal. Alvernaz retired to the 3342:entered the harbour and fired on the 3103: 2895:The central column consisting of the 2486:Afonso Magalhães de Almeida Fernandes 2470: 676: 11523:Naval bombing operations and battles 9066:List of equipment of the Indian Army 8006:A Diplomatic History of Modern India 7929:from the original on 12 October 2023 7882:from the original on 12 October 2023 7839:from the original on 12 October 2023 7796:from the original on 12 October 2023 7753:from the original on 12 October 2023 7201:from the original on 12 October 2023 7181:de Morais, Carlos Alexandre (1995). 7119:from the original on 3 December 2013 7032:from the original on 17 October 2015 6823:from the original on 12 January 2022 6360:from the original on 4 February 2013 6347: 6323: 6250:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 219. 5757: 5748: 5180:from the original on 31 October 2019 4937:from the original on 1 December 2021 4601:of Goa in 1963. He was succeeded by 4173:Mozambique National Democratic Union 3740: 3590:adding citations to reliable sources 3557: 3491:1st Maratha Light Infantry Battalion 3362:the exchange of fire, at 12:15, the 3204:adding citations to reliable sources 3171: 3019:adding citations to reliable sources 2986: 2634:Forças Terrestres do Estado da Índia 2198:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 2192:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1927:After India's independence from the 536:(Minister of the Overseas Provinces) 426:Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet 78:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 8322:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare 8100:Image: The Protests of 18 June 1946 7960:Partial online version at GoaBooks2 7714:from the original on 1 October 2015 7702:"Reminiscences Of Goa's Liberation" 7631:"Unless Ye Become Like Children..." 7428:. Sga.myweb.uga.edu. Archived from 7401:"Keesing's Records of World Events" 6619: 6547:from the original on 11 August 2011 6516:from the original on 11 August 2022 6162:from the original on 6 January 2009 5819:: Mittle Publications. p. 39. 5232:from the original on 18 August 2017 5077: 4404:on 18 December 1961 that while the 4379:"Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor", 4017: 3942:Portuguese actions post-hostilities 3775:that attempted to escape from Diu. 3696:town. By 10:15, the Indian cruiser 2801:with a round jammed in its breech. 2349:Support to advancing ground troops. 2005:Local resistance to Portuguese rule 110:Location of the Union Territory of 56: 11468:Battles involving Portuguese India 9737:National Institute of Oceanography 8241:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 7974: 7868:. Clarendon Press. pp. 275–. 7819:Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland (2015). 7381:. 5 January 1962, Vol. 52, No. 1, 7051:Xavier, Constantino (3 May 2014). 6987:. 29 December 1961. Archived from 5012:"Obituary of Lt-Gen K. P. Candeth" 4813:. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. 4595:Francisco Xavier da Piedade Rebelo 4184:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá 4178:Also in 1961, the tiny Portuguese 3990:anti-colonial military coup d'état 3541: 3538:and five mentioned in dispatches. 2804:The Indian light aircraft carrier 2172:and the Portuguese-held island of 329:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 57: 11534: 9148:Indian Maritime Security Strategy 8085:magazine coverage of the conflict 8075: 8012:Newman, Robert S. (Autumn 1984), 7408:Keesing's Records of World Events 7219: 6961:from the original on 9 March 2009 6875:from the original on 14 July 2012 6661:Shorey, Anil (21 February 1999). 5633:United States Department of State 4962:. SAGE Publications. p. 74. 4898:Faleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023). 4748:Indonesian invasion of East Timor 4723:Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510) 4388: 4163:and other Portuguese territories 4141: 2884:The eastern column comprised the 2526:Forças Armadas do Estado da Índia 2405:; a Carrier Group of five ships: 2054:advocated the use of non-violent 11488:History of the Republic of India 10224:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9600:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary 9286: 9222: 9221: 9179:Women in the Indian Armed Forces 8802:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes 8413:Northern Theatre Command (India) 8188: 8175: 8162: 8145: 8053:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 7942:Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006). 7855: 7812: 7769: 7726: 7693: 7654: 7622: 7603: 7582: 6675:from the original on 8 July 2018 5987: 5801:Prabhakar, Peter Wilson (2003). 5516:. 29 August 1955. Archived from 5321:"Operação Vijay 18 a 19/12/1961" 4677: 4663: 4649: 4429:A Foreign Ministry spokesman in 4394:Commonwealth Relations Secretary 4300: 3719:Blake and Sqn Ldr Nobby Clarke. 3562: 3350:between shots. In response, the 3288:Naval battle at Mormugão harbour 3270:under the command of Lieutenant 3176: 3084:, from where a road connects to 2991: 2765:Indian reconnaissance operations 2627: 2581:Forças Navais do Estado da Índia 2504:Portuguese military preparations 2254:Events preceding the hostilities 541: 525: 505: 485: 456: 433: 410: 387: 364: 341: 313: 293: 273: 253: 246: 222: 208: 104: 10464:Provisional Government of India 8899:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 8418:Western Theatre Command (India) 8061:Journal of Developing Societies 7561: 7540: 7520: 7487: 7464: 7444: 7418: 7392: 7363: 7344: 7318: 7240: 7213: 7174: 7156: 7131: 7105: 7075: 7044: 7014: 7003: 6973: 6940: 6914: 6835: 6744: 6559: 6528: 6502: 6314: 6294: 6264: 6237: 6148: 6065:(in Portuguese). Archived from 5925: 5880: 5794: 5729: 5666: 5647: 5609: 5559: 5532: 5508:"India: Force & Soul Force" 5500: 5491: 5478: 5465: 5452: 5439: 5422:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 5412: 5385: 5331: 5323:(in Portuguese). Archived from 5244: 5218: 5192: 5166: 5095: 5063: 5037: 5025:from the original on 7 May 2022 5003: 4925:Davar, Praveen (January 2018). 4311:United Nations Security Council 4295: 4203: 3413:The Portuguese patrol boat NRP 3382:Eventually at 12:50, after the 2620:denied the ships access to the 2147:United Nations Security Council 1893:suggested taking Goa by force. 11508:Political integration of India 9194:Indian Armed Forces rank flags 8312:Department of Military Affairs 7782:. OUP Oxford. pp. 1465–. 6949:"Not all generals are leaders" 6947:Datta, Rakesh (26 June 2005). 6158:. Battleships-cruisers.co.uk. 5625:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 4918: 4891: 4882: 4864: 4811:Indian Army after Independence 4764: 4525: 4424: 4231: 4014:'s visit to Portugal in 1990. 3898:Manuel António Vassalo e Silva 2741:Portuguese civilian evacuation 2673: 2541:guerrilla activities in Angola 2497:Manuel António Vassalo e Silva 2364:, an 'R' Class destroyer, and 2248:International Court of Justice 59:1961 Indian military operation 13: 1: 9957:Kadamba Transport Corporation 9008:Counter-insurgency operations 8339:Standing Committee on Defence 8334:Cabinet Committee on Security 7981:Fernandes, Aureliano (2000), 7619:, Rawalpindi, 2 January 1962. 7399:Keesing, Isaac (March 1962). 7250:. Shvoong.com. Archived from 7187:. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa. 6726:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 6566:Raghavendran, Air Marshal S. 6535:Castro, Paul (19 June 2011). 5957:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 5473:Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography 5447:Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography 5074:, New York: Hawthorn, p. 295. 4872:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 4753: 2888:advanced towards the town of 2301:and the 5th battalion of the 1922: 1896:The operation was code named 1853:was the process in which the 706:Portuguese colonial campaigns 18:1961 Indian annexation of Goa 11483:December 1961 events in Asia 11073:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 10349:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 10031:Indian independence movement 9585:Churches and Convents of Goa 7915:. Cornell University Press. 7825:. Routledge. pp. 268–. 7739:. Routledge. pp. 156–. 7028:. Panaji. 19 December 2011. 6845:. Goacom.com. Archived from 6816:. Keesing's Worldwide, LLC. 6603:. Colaco.net. Archived from 4758: 4564:Patriarch of the East Indies 4279: 4198:non-self governing territory 3628:in Diu, the patrol boat NRP 3546:In the Daman sector, Indian 3055:63rd Indian Infantry Brigade 3053:Meanwhile, in the east, the 2846:63rd Indian Infantry Brigade 1881:, it is referred to as the " 7: 11263:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 10650:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 9911:Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium 9396:Fire and Emergency Services 9050:Weapons of mass destruction 8864:Nathu La and Cho La clashes 8854:Sino-Indian border skirmish 8389:Andaman and Nicobar Command 8384:Integrated Theatre Commands 8359:Defence Intelligence Agency 8262:Vice Chief of Defence Staff 7909:Rotter, Andrew Jon (2000). 6869:"Peaceful and quickly over" 6244:Chopra, V. D., ed. (2006). 5090:Salazar and Modern Portugal 5072:Salazar and Modern Portugal 4809:Praval, Major K.C. (2009). 4642: 4608: 4597:was consecrated Bishop and 4491: 4368:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 3505:fighters struck Portuguese 3068:The rear battalion was the 2862:esquadrão de reconhecimento 2815:Commencement of hostilities 2492:and by other top officers. 2477:Portuguese Defence Minister 2239:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 2132:António de Oliveira Salazar 1947:—collectively known as the 10: 11539: 10998:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 10550:Indian Independence League 10267:Partition of Bengal (1947) 10262:Partition of Bengal (1905) 8920:Indo-Myanmar border strike 8344:Defence Planning Committee 6100:. Lisboa: Revista Militar. 6096:Lopes (2007), José Alves. 4570:had been nominated by the 4531:People's Republic of China 4498:Pakistani Foreign Ministry 4136: 3929:General Service Medal 1947 3168:Storming of Anjidiv Island 3160:, causing minimal damage. 2927:Indian forces, with their 2794:Vampire NF54 Night Fighter 2652:Polícia do Estado da Índia 2357:deployed two warships—the 2195: 2103: 2008: 1971: 518:Prime Minister of Portugal 75: 68: 64:Portuguese conquest of Goa 61: 11389: 11288: 11173:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 10973:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 10793: 10670:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 10590: 10545:Indian Home Rule movement 10487: 10384:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 10324:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 10252: 10189: 10037: 9975: 9939: 9919: 9893: 9837: 9828: 9750: 9724: 9696: 9650: 9577: 9536: 9463: 9440: 9409: 9361: 9303: 9217: 9156: 9140: 9105: 9074: 9058: 9027: 8967: 8928: 8777: 8684: 8675: 8655:Border Roads Organisation 8619: 8607:Border Roads Organisation 8574: 8547:South Western Air Command 8522: 8494: 8446: 8374: 8367: 8349:Nuclear Command Authority 8329:National Security Council 8297: 8290: 8232:National Security Advisor 8204: 8157: 7484:, p. 32, 19 December 1961 5887:Singh, Satyindra (1992). 5805:. In Rai, Naurang (ed.). 5356:16 September 2019 at the 5345:16 September 2019 at the 5256:23 September 2015 at the 4713:NRP Afonso de Albuquerque 4448: 4251: 4208:The future leader of the 3905:" (a useless sacrifice). 3436:Military actions in Daman 3122:English Electric Canberra 2892:in central Goa via Usgão. 2723:Portuguese India Airlines 2145:and eventually asked the 2017:Tristão de Bragança Cunha 1859:Portuguese State of India 714: 640: 564: 236: 201: 125: 103: 91: 86: 11453:1961 in Portuguese India 11412:Indian annexation of Goa 11258:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10770:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10535:Indian National Congress 10334:Non-cooperation movement 9683:Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary 9174:President's Colour Award 9164:President's fleet review 8423:Maritime Theatre Command 8401:Strategic Forces Command 8354:Integrated Defence Staff 8252:Chief of the Naval Staff 8095:Image: Ram Manohar Lohia 7822:Public International Law 7733:Peter Malanczuk (2002). 7615:18 December 2017 at the 6981:"India: End of an Image" 6215:"A invasão: Damão e Diu" 5937:20 December 2011 at the 5904:: Lancer International. 5852:; Ali, B. Sheik (eds.). 5741:17 November 2017 at the 5678:17 November 2017 at the 5659:17 November 2017 at the 5475:. Mumbai: Allied. p. 282 5462:New Delhi: Mittal, p. 39 5449:. Mumbai: Allied. p. 283 5393:"Goa's Freedom Movement" 5159:14 February 2012 at the 4733:Portuguese Indian escudo 3892:Despite his orders from 3827:UN attempts at ceasefire 3076:Bridge, went across the 2545:Francisco da Costa Gomes 2490:Francisco da Costa Gomes 2259:Indian military build-up 2235:Communist Party of India 2106:India–Portugal relations 2033:Indian National Congress 1909:Kunhiraman Palat Candeth 1734:Banda Oriental (1816–20) 1712:Banda Oriental (1776–77) 1665:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 1438:Cape of Good Hope (1630) 629:3,500 military personnel 334:Chief of the Naval Staff 39:latest accepted revision 11518:Wars involving Portugal 11417:Indian Independence Act 11003:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 10978:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 10948:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 10685:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 10665:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 10500:All-India Muslim League 10454:Royal Air Force strikes 10419:Round table conferences 10409:Chittagong armoury raid 10299:Hindu–German Conspiracy 10282:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 10052:Porto Grande de Bengala 9855:Churchill Brothers S.C. 9605:Church of St. Augustine 8247:Chief of the Army Staff 7946:. Tribuna da Historia. 6922:"General Service Medal" 6350:"Four Sorties Over Goa" 6024:Porch, Douglas (1977). 5286:"Passagem para a Índia" 5228:. Countercurrents.org. 5163:By: Lambert Mascarenhas 4956:Rubinoff, A.G. (1998). 4927:"The liberation of Goa" 4738:Portuguese Indian rupia 4718:Portuguese Colonial War 4703:Goa liberation movement 4132:International reactions 3787:The Indian cruiser INS 3643:Military actions in Diu 3484:Constantino de Bragança 2904:2nd Sikh Light Infantry 2835:50th Para Brigade Group 2820:Military actions in Goa 2603:lanchas de fiscalização 2574: 2011:Goa liberation movement 1831:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74) 1368:Coromandel Coast (1619) 575:tanks and armoured cars 357:Chief of the Army Staff 286:Prime Minister of India 11203:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 11108:Purushottam Das Tandon 10474:Praja Mandala movement 10288:The Indian Sociologist 9353:1967 status referendum 9040:Ordnance Factory Board 8959:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 8667:Awards and Decorations 8514:Southern Naval Command 8257:Chief of the Air Staff 8237:Chief of Defence Staff 7965:3 October 2020 at the 7862:Sharon Korman (1996). 7660:Teotonio R. de Souza, 7600:, Jerry Dávila, p. 114 7579:, Jerry Dávila, p. 108 7471:"India, the Aggressor" 6712:12 August 2023 at the 6628:Três Navios Históricos 6572:www.bharat-rakshak.com 6437:Bharat Rakshak Monitor 6156:"Portuguese Navy 1875" 6069:on 24 September 2015. 5764:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 5629:John Kenneth Galbraith 5458:P.W. Prabhakar (2003) 5367:14 August 2019 at the 5154:Goa's Freedom Movement 4622:Supreme Court of India 4603:Raul Nicolau Gonçalves 4591:Second Vatican Council 4482:Portuguese colonialism 4386: 4350: 4012:Ramaswamy Venkataraman 3754: 3707:causing a fire near a 3513:capture the airstrip. 3441:Ground attack on Daman 3300: 3131:Lockheed Constellation 3117: 2831:17th Infantry Division 2775:Leopard class frigates 2704:Lockheed Constellation 2656:Public Security Police 2295:Maratha Light Infantry 2284:50th Parachute Brigade 2273:17th Infantry Division 2204:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 2159:John Kenneth Galbraith 2115: 1974:Estado Novo (Portugal) 1945:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1749:Mozambique (1847–1910) 1373:Persian Gulf (1621–22) 1276:Indian Ocean (1586–89) 1046:Indian Ocean (1538–60) 846:Persian Gulf (1507–15) 811:Indian Ocean (1505–17) 636:3 inshore patrol boats 579:light aircraft carrier 472:17th Infantry Division 380:Chief of the Air Staff 237:Commanders and leaders 94:Decolonisation of Asia 11427:Political integration 11168:Shyamji Krishna Varma 10953:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 10898:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 10730:Rettamalai Srinivasan 10690:Mahadev Govind Ranade 10495:All India Kisan Sabha 10459:Coup d'état of Yanaon 10359:Qissa Khwani massacre 10344:Coolie-Begar movement 10159:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9875:Sporting Clube de Goa 9870:Sesa Football Academy 9590:Basilica of Bom Jesus 9204:National War Memorial 9199:Indian military bands 9189:Armed Forces Tribunal 9184:Armed Forces Flag Day 8509:Eastern Naval Command 8504:Western Naval Command 8486:Army Training Command 8476:South Western Command 8055:11.4 (2013): 387–402. 7596:15 April 2023 at the 7575:14 April 2023 at the 7558:, Jerry Dávila, p. 27 7554:14 April 2023 at the 7377:15 April 2023 at the 6871:. Indianexpress.com. 5955:Pillarisetti, Jagan. 5850:de Souza, Teotonio R. 5539:Lambert Mascarenhas. 5092:, New York: Hawthorn. 4983:Ohajunwa, E. (1992). 4359: 4345: 4265:Sirimavo Bandaranaike 4082:Indians in Mozambique 3748: 3661:20th Rajput Battalion 3554:Naval action at Daman 3405:—having been renamed 3307:Afonso de Albuquerque 3298:Afonso de Albuquerque 3295: 3150:de Havilland Vampires 3111: 2983:Advance from the east 2829:On 11 December 1961, 2594:Afonso de Albuquerque 2164:On 24 November 1961, 2113: 2067:United Front of Goans 1968:Portuguese government 1628:East Africa (1696–98) 916:Sri Lanka (1520–1658) 641:Casualties and losses 548:M. A. Vassalo e Silva 498:President of Portugal 185:Incorporation of the 11513:Wars involving India 11498:Nehru administration 11253:Veeran Sundaralingam 11208:Tara Rani Srivastava 11143:Sahajanand Saraswati 11033:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 10918:Chandra Shekhar Azad 10823:Alluri Sitarama Raju 10780:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 10735:Sahajanand Saraswati 10655:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10555:Indian National Army 10399:Dharasana Satyagraha 10304:Champaran Satyagraha 10154:First Anglo-Sikh War 9906:Tilak Maidan Stadium 9651:Wildlife sanctuaries 9376:Legislative Assembly 8707:Battle of Asal Uttar 8587:National Cadet Corps 8542:Southern Air Command 8433:Defence Space Agency 8428:Defence Cyber Agency 7902:General bibliography 7675:"Goacom – Timelines" 7534:12 July 2015 at the 7501:. 29 December 1961. 7495:"World: MENON'S WAR" 7476:23 July 2018 at the 7168:26 June 2015 at the 7087:www.pressdisplay.com 6625:Revista de Marinha: 6307:4 March 2016 at the 5631:. Washington, D.C.: 5573:on 23 September 2015 5471:Sankar Ghose (1993) 5445:Sankar Ghose (1993) 5378:17 July 2018 at the 5349:, 1826 constitution 5327:on 26 February 2008. 5135:on 23 September 2009 4878:on 20 November 2013. 4466:Juscelino Kubitschek 4455:Brazilian government 4274:United Arab Republic 4238:United Arab Republic 4171:, the leader of the 4107:. On arrival at the 4002:Portuguese President 3992:and the fall of the 3903:um sacrifício inútil 3874:Portuguese surrender 3841:United Arab Republic 3722:Major Mal Singh and 3665:4th Madras Battalion 3648:Ground attack on Diu 3586:improve this section 3522:seven were wounded. 3200:improve this section 3015:improve this section 2712:Pakistani government 2680:Portuguese Air Force 2658:; the Fiscal Guard ( 1917:Consultative Council 1836:Mozambique (1964–74) 1801:Mozambique (1917-18) 1796:Mozambique (1917–18) 1781:East Timor (1911–12) 1724:French Guiana (1809) 1578:2nd Sri Lanka (1654) 1573:1st Sri Lanka (1654) 996:Moluccas (1530–1607) 11238:V. K. Krishna Menon 11183:Subhas Chandra Bose 11068:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11063:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 10958:Govind Ballabh Pant 10938:Dayananda Saraswati 10863:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10660:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 10640:Dhondo Keshav Karve 10635:Dayananda Saraswati 10630:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10605:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 10118:Anglo-Maratha Wars 9967:Mormugao Port Trust 9927:Goa Football League 9642:Shanta Durga Temple 9343:Liberation movement 9333:Portuguese conquest 9118:Historical Aircraft 9013:LOC surgical strike 8755:Battle of Longewala 8692:Indo-Pakistani wars 8660:Paramilitary forces 8631:Ranks and insignia 8592:Paramilitary forces 8562:Maintenance Command 8552:Western Air Command 8537:Eastern Air Command 8532:Central Air Command 8307:Ministry of Defence 8300:Committees/Councils 8222:Minister of Defence 8151:Indian Armed Forces 7997:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 7432:on 10 December 2009 7356:4 June 2016 at the 6991:on 20 November 2011 6843:"The Church in Goa" 6732:on 20 November 2013 6607:on 25 December 2009 6443:(3). Archived from 6330:"'Intolerable' Goa" 5715:. pp. 22–102. 5713:Tribuna da História 5547:on 14 February 2012 5520:on 15 December 2008 5399:on 14 February 2012 4783:on 24 December 2010 4593:in Rome, when Msgr 4568:José Pedro da Silva 4554:The Catholic Church 4463:Brazilian President 4226:UN Security Council 4188:Republic of Dahomey 4186:was annexed by the 3896:, Governor General 3783:Naval action at Diu 3532:Vishisht Seva Medal 3154:Sikh Light Infantry 3059:2nd Bihar Battalion 2662:), responsible for 2571:quantity of mines. 2530:Paulo Bénard Guedes 2481:Júlio Botelho Moniz 2312:, Air Vice Marshal 2310:Western Air Command 2029:Subhas Chandra Bose 1998:tried to perpetuate 1913:lieutenant governor 1871:Indian Armed Forces 1413:Persian Gulf (1625) 1383:Persian Gulf (1622) 1353:Persian Gulf (1614) 1296:Sri Lanka (1587–88) 1281:Persian Gulf (1586) 1166:Sri Lanka (1557–58) 1156:Gulf of Oman (1554) 1141:Persian Gulf (1551) 1011:Persian Gulf (1534) 991:Persian Gulf (1529) 615:multi-role aircraft 449:Operational Command 306:Minister of Defence 300:V. K. Krishna Menon 133:17–19 December 1961 29:Page version status 11493:Invasions by India 11422:Partition of India 11268:Yashwantrao Holkar 11233:V. O. Chidamabaram 11188:Subramania Bharati 11118:Rahul Sankrityayan 11103:Pritilata Waddedar 11013:Shri Krishna Singh 10913:C. Rajagopalachari 10903:Bidhan Chandra Roy 10888:Bhavabhushan Mitra 10873:Begum Hazrat Mahal 10828:Annapurna Maharana 10700:Muthulakshmi Reddy 10645:G. Subramania Iyer 10339:Christmas Day Plot 10214:Indian nationalism 10164:Sannyasi rebellion 10062:East India Company 9615:St. Cajetan Church 9123:Aircraft Squadrons 9045:Ballistic missiles 8712:Battle of Chawinda 8627:Military Academies 8582:Indian Coast Guard 8406:Commander-in-Chief 8394:Commander-in-Chief 8008:(1971) pp 324–339. 7482:The New York Times 7330:5 May 2023 at the 7254:on 17 January 2017 7083:"PressDisplay.com" 7053:"Lost in delusion" 7026:The Times of India 6894:Singh, S. (1992). 6756:bharat-rakshak.com 6601:"Dabolim and TAIP" 6447:on 4 February 2013 6400:Chakravorty, B.C. 6338:, 22 December 1961 6000:on 4 February 2013 5338:1822 Constitution 5296:on 9 December 2001 5051:on 11 January 2013 4537:Chinese government 4383:, 12 February 1962 4381:Life International 4354:Life International 4336:The New York Times 3994:authoritarian rule 3755: 3464:) and Moti Daman ( 3301: 3118: 3104:Air raids over Goa 3063:3rd Sikh Battalion 2973:Parachute Regiment 2952:Indian 7th Cavalry 2921:Indian 7th Cavalry 2710:was denied by the 2702:, which offered a 2687:anti-tank grenades 2614:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2556:Plano de Barragens 2471:Portuguese mandate 2116: 2114:Goa, Western India 2090:General Montgomery 1867:Goa, Daman and Diu 1791:Angola (1914–1917) 1707:Angola (1774–1778) 1518:Malaysia (1640–41) 1458:East Africa (1632) 1378:Trincomalee (1622) 1348:Brazil (1612–1615) 1081:East Africa (1542) 1041:Brazil (1534–1536) 986:East Africa (1528) 901:East Africa (1517) 826:East Africa (1507) 806:East Africa (1505) 661:1 patrol boat sunk 266:President of India 148:Goa, Daman and Diu 35: 11478:Conflicts in 1961 11440: 11439: 11407:Republic of India 11243:Vallabhbhai Patel 11228:Ubaidullah Sindhi 11128:Ram Prasad Bismil 11023:M. Bhaktavatsalam 10983:Jatindra Nath Das 10908:Bipin Chandra Pal 10843:Babu Kunwar Singh 10813:Achyut Patwardhan 10570:Khudai Khidmatgar 10414:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 10354:Kakori conspiracy 10314:Rowlatt Committee 10277:Direct Action Day 10239:Swadeshi movement 10219:Khilafat Movement 10209:Hindu nationalism 10169:Rebellion of 1857 10092:Anglo-Mysore Wars 10082:Battle of Plassey 9997: 9996: 9935: 9934: 9845:Goa football team 9386:Political parties 9348:Indian annexation 9252: 9251: 9136: 9135: 9023: 9022: 8840:Balakot airstrike 8615: 8614: 8570: 8569: 8227:Defence Secretary 6907:978-81-7062-148-5 6402:"Operation Vijay" 5969:on 5 October 2003 5018:Independent.co.uk 4996:978-81-7001-090-6 4969:978-0-7619-9259-2 4911:978-93-5708-175-7 4820:978-1-935501-10-7 4626:law of occupation 4315:Indian government 4222:Nikita Khrushchev 4070:Geneva Convention 3979:Casimiro Monteiro 3977:On 20 June 1964, 3972:Emissora Nacional 3837:Nationalist China 3741:The Diu air raids 3622: 3621: 3614: 3519:Daman Ganga River 3310:was anchored off 3236: 3235: 3228: 3070:4th Sikh Infantry 3051: 3050: 3043: 2848:from the east. A 2753:port en route to 2749:arrived at Goa's 2082:Portuguese Guinea 2071:Indian government 2052:Ram Manohar Lohia 1902:exclaves in India 1875:Liberation of Goa 1863:Portuguese Indian 1855:Republic of India 1851:Annexation of Goa 1846: 1845: 1759:Mozambique (1895) 1583:Malabar (1658–63) 1483:Gold Coast (1637) 1423:Gold Coast (1625) 1311:India (1599–1600) 1226:Chaul (1570–1571) 1111:Insulindia (1545) 966:Insulindia (1526) 961:Insulindia (1525) 956:Sumatra (1523–24) 931:Insulindia (1521) 791:India (1500–1513) 744:Morocco (1463–64) 671: 670: 557: 537: 521: 501: 475: 452: 429: 406: 383: 360: 337: 309: 289: 269: 197: 196: 191:Republic of India 87:Annexation of Goa 47:20 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 11530: 11432:Simla Conference 11223:Tiruppur Kumaran 11193:Subramaniya Siva 11148:Sangolli Rayanna 11138:Rash Behari Bose 11078:Nagnath Naikwadi 10988:Jawaharlal Nehru 10933:Dadabhai Naoroji 10928:Chittaranjan Das 10818:A. K. Fazlul Huq 10740:Savitribai Phule 10565:Khaksar movement 10520:Berlin Committee 10505:Anushilan Samiti 10469:Independence Day 10429:Aundh Experiment 10404:Vedaranyam March 10309:Kheda Satyagraha 10294:Singapore Mutiny 10077:Portuguese India 10024: 10017: 10010: 10001: 10000: 9850:Goa cricket team 9835: 9834: 9785:Konkani language 9732:Goans in science 9637:Mangueshi Temple 9291: 9290: 9289: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9256: 9255: 9225: 9224: 9209:Amar Jawan Jyoti 9087:Historical Ships 9056: 9055: 8797:Siachen conflict 8787:Kashmir conflict 8682: 8681: 8602:Territorial Army 8575:Other components 8557:Training Command 8471:Southern Command 8466:Northern Command 8372: 8371: 8295: 8294: 8282:Serving marshals 8277:Serving admirals 8272:Serving generals 8196:Indian Air Force 8194: 8192: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8149: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8116: 8115: 8071: 8048: 7994: 7957: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7896: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7677:. Archived from 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7638:. Archived from 7626: 7620: 7607: 7601: 7586: 7580: 7565: 7559: 7544: 7538: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7491: 7485: 7468: 7462: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7405: 7396: 7390: 7367: 7361: 7348: 7342: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7277: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7178: 7172: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7059:. Archived from 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7018: 7012: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6924:. Archived from 6918: 6912: 6911: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6728:. Archived from 6722: 6716: 6704: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6658: 6631: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6574:. Archived from 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6486:. Archived from 6476: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6412:on 31 March 2014 6408:. Archived from 6397: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6345: 6339: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6221:. Archived from 6211: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6132:. Archived from 6122: 6116: 6115: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6074: 6073: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6021: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5996:. Archived from 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5965:. Archived from 5952: 5941: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5914:. Archived from 5896:(1st ed.). 5895: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5811:(1st ed.). 5798: 5792: 5791: 5774:: Usha P. Lele. 5762:(1st ed.). 5755: 5746: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5700: 5683: 5670: 5664: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5569:. Archived from 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5543:. Archived from 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5488:, 15 August 1955 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5395:. Archived from 5389: 5383: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5317: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5281: 5260: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5131:. Archived from 5124: 5115: 5114: 5109:. Archived from 5099: 5093: 5086: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5047:. Archived from 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5021:. 10 July 2003. 5014: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4874:. Archived from 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4852:on 12 April 2015 4848:. Archived from 4838: 4825: 4824: 4806: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4779:. Archived from 4768: 4728:Portuguese India 4687: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4576:coadjutor bishop 4402:House of Commons 4384: 4370:, leader of the 4288:spokesperson in 4286:foreign ministry 4167:are liberated." 4018:Prisoners of war 4009:Indian President 3833:Security Council 3803:encountered the 3617: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3566: 3558: 3500:Indian Air Force 3431: 3259:and the frigate 3231: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3180: 3172: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3026: 2995: 2987: 2886:2nd Para Maratha 2850:deceptive thrust 2787:Indian Air Force 2695:Montijo Air Base 2269:Southern Command 2231:Portuguese India 2226:economic warfare 2136:Humberto Delgado 2025:Jawaharlal Nehru 1887:Jawaharlal Nehru 1826:Angola (1961–74) 1821:Africa (1961–74) 1786:Angola (1914–15) 1771:Angola (1902–04) 1739:Brazil (1821–25) 1690:Brazil (1762–63) 1568:Brazil (1652–54) 1523:Angola (1641–48) 1473:Arabia (1633–43) 1236:Mangalore (1571) 1151:Arabia (1552–54) 709: 707: 697: 690: 683: 674: 673: 621:fighter-bombers 582:2 light cruisers 554:Governor-General 551: 546: 545: 535: 530: 529: 515: 510: 509: 495: 490: 489: 469: 461: 460: 459: 446: 438: 437: 436: 423: 415: 414: 413: 403:Southern Command 400: 392: 391: 390: 377: 369: 368: 367: 354: 346: 345: 344: 326: 318: 317: 316: 303: 298: 297: 296: 283: 280:Jawaharlal Nehru 278: 277: 263: 258: 257: 251: 250: 249: 232: 228: 226: 225: 214: 212: 211: 162: 152:Portuguese India 127: 126: 108: 84: 83: 21: 11538: 11537: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11397:Cabinet Mission 11385: 11289:British leaders 11284: 11273:Yogendra Shukla 11178:Siraj ud-Daulah 11133:Rani Lakshmibai 11123:Rajendra Prasad 11113:R. Venkataraman 11058:Mithuben Petit‎ 11038:Mahadaji Shinde 11018:Lala Lajpat Rai 10853:Bahadur Shah II 10838:Ashfaqulla Khan 10808:Accamma Cherian 10803:Abul Kalam Azad 10795: 10789: 10760:Syed Ahmad Khan 10750:Sister Nivedita 10715:Pandita Ramabai 10710:Niralamba Swami 10675:J. B. Kripalani 10600:Ashfaqulla Khan 10592: 10586: 10525:Ghadar Movement 10483: 10364:Flag Satyagraha 10272:Revolutionaries 10254: 10248: 10191: 10185: 10087:Battle of Buxar 10033: 10028: 9998: 9993: 9971: 9952:Manohar Airport 9947:Dabolim Airport 9931: 9915: 9901:Fatorda Stadium 9889: 9824: 9815:Goans in sports 9746: 9720: 9692: 9688:Flora and fauna 9646: 9573: 9532: 9459: 9436: 9417:Dudhsagar Falls 9405: 9371:Chief Ministers 9357: 9338:Portuguese rule 9328:Goa Inquisition 9323:Kadambas of Goa 9299: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9253: 9248: 9213: 9152: 9132: 9113:Active Aircraft 9101: 9070: 9054: 9019: 8975:Northeast India 8963: 8924: 8869:Doklam standoff 8779: 8773: 8769:Sino-Indian War 8734:Battle of Chamb 8671: 8611: 8566: 8518: 8490: 8481:Western Command 8461:Eastern Command 8456:Central Command 8442: 8363: 8299: 8286: 8200: 8189: 8187: 8176: 8174: 8163: 8161: 8153: 8143: 8078: 8030:10.2307/2759068 8018:Pacific Affairs 7977: 7975:Further reading 7972: 7967:Wayback Machine 7954: 7932: 7930: 7923: 7904: 7899: 7885: 7883: 7876: 7860: 7856: 7842: 7840: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7799: 7797: 7790: 7774: 7770: 7756: 7754: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7673: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7642:on 26 July 2015 7627: 7623: 7617:Wayback Machine 7608: 7604: 7598:Wayback Machine 7587: 7583: 7577:Wayback Machine 7566: 7562: 7556:Wayback Machine 7545: 7541: 7536:Wayback Machine 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7478:Wayback Machine 7469: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7403: 7397: 7393: 7379:Wayback Machine 7368: 7364: 7358:Wayback Machine 7349: 7345: 7332:Wayback Machine 7323: 7319: 7296:10.2307/2196501 7278: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7218: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7195: 7179: 7175: 7170:Wayback Machine 7161: 7157: 7150: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6928:on 3 March 2016 6920: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6849:on 2 April 2012 6841: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6714:Wayback Machine 6705: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6659: 6634: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6599: 6598: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6578:on 26 June 2015 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6512:. 22 May 2021. 6508: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6490:on 26 June 2015 6478: 6477: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6373: 6363: 6361: 6348:Loughran, I.S. 6346: 6342: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6309:Wayback Machine 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6276:news.google.com 6270: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6225:on 27 June 2015 6213: 6212: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6136:on 27 June 2015 6124: 6123: 6119: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6077: 6059: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6022: 6013: 6003: 6001: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5953: 5944: 5939:Wayback Machine 5930: 5926: 5921:on 6 July 2006. 5918: 5912: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5870: 5842: 5838: 5827: 5799: 5795: 5756: 5749: 5743:Wayback Machine 5734: 5730: 5723: 5711:]. 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Kennedy 4307:Adlai Stevenson 4303: 4298: 4282: 4254: 4234: 4214:Leonid Brezhnev 4206: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4125:court martialed 4113:military police 4020: 3981:, a Portuguese 3944: 3922:union territory 3881:Plano Sentinela 3876: 3852:Adlai Stevenson 3829: 3785: 3769:PM Ramachandran 3743: 3650: 3645: 3618: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3583: 3567: 3556: 3544: 3542:Daman air raids 3443: 3438: 3429: 3290: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3197: 3181: 3170: 3106: 3047: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3012: 2996: 2985: 2897:1st Para Punjab 2827: 2822: 2817: 2767: 2743: 2731:Dabolim Airport 2676: 2648:security forces 2638:Portuguese Army 2630: 2607:merchant marine 2585:Portuguese Navy 2577: 2552:Plano Sentinela 2506: 2475:In March 1960, 2473: 2373:Blackwood class 2303:Madras Regiment 2299:Rajput Regiment 2261: 2256: 2200: 2194: 2108: 2102: 2021:Rajendra Prasad 2013: 2007: 1976: 1970: 1925: 1898:Operation Vijay 1883:Invasion of Goa 1865:territories of 1847: 1842: 1806:Timor (1942–43) 1729:China (1809–10) 1660:India (1729–32) 1533:India (1644–45) 1498:India (1638–39) 1428:Malaysia (1628) 1358:Malaysia (1615) 1338:Malaysia (1606) 1333:Malaysia (1606) 1291:Malaysia (1587) 1286:Malaysia (1586) 1256:Malaysia (1575) 1251:Malaysia (1574) 1246:Malaysia (1573) 1241:India (1570–75) 1221:Goa (1570–1571) 1161:Pakistan (1557) 1146:Malaysia (1551) 1126:Malaysia (1547) 1106:Ethiopia (1543) 1101:Ethiopia (1542) 1096:Ethiopia (1542) 1091:Ethiopia (1542) 1086:Ethiopia (1542) 1076:Ethiopia (1542) 1071:Ethiopia (1541) 1036:Moluccas (1536) 1031:Malaysia (1536) 1026:Malaysia (1535) 1016:Malaysia (1534) 951:Malaysia (1523) 911:Malaysia (1520) 866:Malaysia (1511) 710: 705: 703: 701: 667: 635: 630: 622: 616: 610: 609:fighter-bombers 604: 598: 592: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 571: 570:45,000 infantry 560: 550: 540: 534: 532:Adriano Moreira 524: 514: 512:António Salazar 504: 494: 484: 478: 468: 457: 455: 445: 434: 432: 422: 411: 409: 399: 397:J. N. Chaudhuri 388: 386: 376: 365: 363: 353: 342: 340: 332: 325: 314: 312: 302: 294: 292: 282: 272: 262: 260:Rajendra Prasad 252: 247: 245: 223: 221: 209: 207: 193: 180: 166: 165: 159:surrounding sea 156: 134: 118:in present-day 109: 80: 74: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11536: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11213:Tarak Nath Das 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11163:Shuja-ud-Daula 11160: 11155: 11153:Sarojini Naidu 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11098:Prafulla Chaki 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11043:Mahatma Gandhi 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10799: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10765:Vakkom Moulavi 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10695:Mahatma Gandhi 10692: 10687: 10682: 10680:Jyotirao Phule 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10620:B. R. Ambedkar 10617: 10612: 10610:Ayya Vaikundar 10607: 10602: 10596: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10439:Cripps Mission 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10329:Noakhali riots 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10258: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10195: 10193: 10192:and ideologies 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10176: 10174:Radcliffe Line 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10149:Vellore Mutiny 10146: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10043: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10027: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10004: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9984: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9962:Konkan Railway 9959: 9954: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9865:Salgaocar F.C. 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9841: 9839: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9780:Konkani cinema 9777: 9775:Konkani people 9772: 9767: 9762: 9756: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9706:Goa University 9702: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9632:Mahadev Temple 9629: 9624: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9581: 9579: 9578:Heritage sites 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9469: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9413: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9401:Goa civil code 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9367: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9313:History of Goa 9309: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9094: 9092:Weapon Systems 9089: 9084: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8990: 8977: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8909: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8851: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8783: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8744: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8699: 8688: 8686: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8629: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8597:Special forces 8594: 8589: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8386: 8380: 8378: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8303: 8301: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8217:Prime Minister 8214: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8185: 8172: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8142: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8077: 8076:External links 8074: 8073: 8072: 8056: 8049: 8024:(3): 429–449, 8009: 8002: 7995: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7952: 7939: 7921: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7875:978-0191583803 7874: 7854: 7832:978-1317936411 7831: 7811: 7789:978-0191003523 7788: 7768: 7746:978-1134833887 7745: 7725: 7692: 7681:on 17 May 2011 7653: 7621: 7602: 7581: 7560: 7539: 7519: 7486: 7463: 7459:978-0788102790 7443: 7417: 7391: 7362: 7343: 7340:978-8171414864 7317: 7290:(3): 617–632. 7265: 7239: 7212: 7193: 7173: 7155: 7148: 7130: 7104: 7074: 7063:on 4 July 2014 7043: 7013: 7002: 6972: 6939: 6913: 6906: 6886: 6860: 6834: 6773: 6743: 6717: 6686: 6632: 6618: 6589: 6558: 6527: 6501: 6458: 6423: 6406:Bharat Rakshak 6371: 6354:Bharat Rakshak 6340: 6322: 6313: 6293: 6263: 6256: 6236: 6173: 6147: 6117: 6075: 6050: 6037:978-0856643910 6036: 6030:. Croom Helm. 6011: 5994:Bharat Rakshak 5980: 5962:Bharat Rakshak 5942: 5924: 5911:978-8170621485 5910: 5879: 5869:978-8170222590 5868: 5860:Goa University 5836: 5826:978-8170998907 5825: 5793: 5747: 5728: 5722:978-9728799533 5721: 5684: 5665: 5646: 5608: 5584: 5558: 5531: 5499: 5490: 5486:New York Times 5477: 5464: 5451: 5438: 5432:978-0881325362 5431: 5411: 5384: 5330: 5307: 5261: 5243: 5217: 5191: 5165: 5146: 5116: 5094: 5088:H. Kay (1970) 5076: 5062: 5036: 5002: 4995: 4975: 4968: 4948: 4917: 4910: 4890: 4881: 4863: 4826: 4819: 4794: 4777:Goancauses.com 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4708:History of Goa 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4674: 4660: 4644: 4641: 4610: 4607: 4555: 4552: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4493: 4490: 4470:Rio de Janeiro 4450: 4447: 4426: 4423: 4414:Hugh Gaitskell 4390: 4389:United Kingdom 4387: 4376: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4281: 4278: 4262:Prime Minister 4253: 4250: 4233: 4230: 4205: 4202: 4169:Adelino Gwambe 4143: 4142:African states 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4053:S Raghavendran 4019: 4016: 3957:Francis Xavier 3943: 3940: 3886:scorched earth 3875: 3872: 3856:Valerian Zorin 3843:and Liberia). 3828: 3825: 3784: 3781: 3742: 3739: 3709:munitions dump 3672:Wing Commander 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3620: 3619: 3570: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3543: 3540: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3370:At 12:35, the 3289: 3286: 3234: 3233: 3184: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3143:Hawker Hunters 3105: 3102: 3049: 3048: 2999: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2912: 2911: 2900: 2893: 2866:reconnaissance 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2771:reconnaissance 2766: 2763: 2742: 2739: 2693:aircraft from 2675: 2672: 2629: 2626: 2576: 2573: 2505: 2502: 2472: 2469: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2337: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2218:Daman district 2196:Main article: 2193: 2190: 2178:chief engineer 2149:to intervene. 2104:Main article: 2101: 2098: 2092:, against the 2044:Juliao Menezes 2009:Main article: 2006: 2003: 1972:Main article: 1969: 1966: 1949:State of India 1929:British Empire 1924: 1921: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702:Morocco (1769) 1699: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513:Morocco (1640) 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433:Malacca (1629) 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1328:Sumatra (1606) 1325: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301:Mombasa (1589) 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261:Morocco (1578) 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1231:Honavar (1571) 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216:Sumatra (1569) 1213: 1211:Malacca (1568) 1208: 1203: 1198: 1196:Morocco (1564) 1193: 1191:Morocco (1562) 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1066:Red Sea (1541) 1063: 1061:Red Sea (1541) 1058: 1056:Red Sea (1541) 1053: 1051:Red Sea (1541) 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1006:Morocco (1533) 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 981:Sumatra (1528) 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:Sumatra (1522) 938: 933: 928: 926:Bahrain (1521) 923: 921:Sumatra (1521) 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 896:Morocco (1516) 893: 891:Morocco (1515) 888: 886:Morocco (1515) 883: 881:Morocco (1514) 878: 876:Morocco (1514) 873: 871:Morocco (1513) 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 836:Socotra (1507) 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 796:Algeria (1501) 793: 787: 786: 782: 781: 779:Morocco (1490) 776: 774:Morocco (1489) 771: 769:Morocco (1487) 766: 761: 759:Morocco (1471) 756: 754:Morocco (1471) 751: 749:Morocco (1468) 746: 741: 739:Morocco (1458) 736: 734:Morocco (1437) 731: 729:Morocco (1419) 726: 724:Morocco (1415) 720: 719: 715: 712: 711: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 669: 668: 666: 665: 664:4,668 captured 662: 659: 656: 653: 649: 647: 643: 642: 638: 637: 627: 597:medium bombers 591:4 minesweepers 567: 566: 562: 561: 559: 558: 538: 522: 502: 481: 479: 477: 476: 453: 430: 407: 384: 361: 338: 310: 290: 270: 242: 239: 238: 234: 233: 218: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 184: 182: 176: 175: 174:Indian victory 172: 168: 167: 164: 163: 154: 144: 143: 141: 137: 136: 131: 123: 122: 101: 100: 89: 88: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11535: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11280: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11158:Satyapal Dang 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11083:Nana Fadnavis 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11048:Mangal Pandey 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11008:Khudiram Bose 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10923:Chetram Jatav 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10893:Bhikaiji Cama 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10883:Bharathidasan 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10868:Basawon Singh 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10755:Sri Aurobindo 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10725:Ram Mohan Roy 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10705:Narayana Guru 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488:Organisations 10486: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10449:Bombay Mutiny 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10434:Indian Legion 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10374:1928 Protests 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10319:Rowlatt Bills 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10020: 10018: 10013: 10011: 10006: 10005: 10002: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9554:Vasco da Gama 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9427:Western Ghats 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9318:Bhojas of Goa 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9268: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8934: 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8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8186: 8184: 8173: 8171: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8135: 8133: 8128: 8126: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8079: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7955: 7953:972-8799-53-5 7949: 7945: 7940: 7928: 7924: 7922:0-8014-8460-X 7918: 7914: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7894: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7858: 7851: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7808: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7772: 7765: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7729: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7585: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7564: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7366: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6819: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6297: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 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5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4763: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4675: 4672: 4661: 4658: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4614:Quincy Wright 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4484:was based on 4483: 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P. Candeth 4358: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4341:Time Magazine 4337: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301:United States 4293: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3949:maroon berets 3939: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3911:Vasco da Gama 3906: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3790: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3751:MD450 Ouragan 3747: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3730:(Class III). 3729: 3728:Ashoka Chakra 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3616: 3613: 3605: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3571:This section 3569: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3471: 3470:Daman Airport 3467: 3463: 3462:Damão Pequeno 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3227: 3219: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3185:This section 3183: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3115: 3110: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3045: 3042: 3034: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3000:This section 2998: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2978: 2977:maroon berets 2974: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2943:Mandovi River 2940: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2929:armoured cars 2924: 2922: 2919:tanks of the 2918: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2729:stationed at 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Guarda Fiscal 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2636:), under the 2635: 2628:Ground forces 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2286:commanded by 2285: 2281: 2280:K. P. Candeth 2278: 2277:Major General 2275:commanded by 2274: 2270: 2266: 2251: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2182:landing party 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2155:Krishna Menon 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Daman and Diu 1938: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1891:Krishna Menon 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1776:Angola (1907) 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:Brazil (1756) 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1655:Angola (1723) 1653: 1651: 1650:Brazil (1711) 1648: 1646: 1645:Brazil (1710) 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1618:Angola (1681) 1616: 1614: 1613:Angola (1671) 1611: 1609: 1608:Angola (1670) 1606: 1604: 1603:Angola (1670) 1601: 1599: 1598:Brazil (1666) 1596: 1594: 1593:Angola (1665) 1591: 1589: 1588:Margão (1659) 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1563:Arabia (1650) 1561: 1559: 1558:Brazil (1649) 1556: 1554: 1553:Brazil (1648) 1551: 1549: 1548:Angola (1647) 1546: 1544: 1543:Brazil (1645) 1541: 1539: 1538:Brazil (1645) 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1528:Brazil (1641) 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1508:Brazil (1640) 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1493:Brazil (1638) 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1478:Brazil (1636) 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1468:Arabia (1633) 1466: 1464: 1463:Bengal (1632) 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1453:Brazil (1631) 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Brazil (1630) 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1418:Brazil (1625) 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408:Angola (1624) 1406: 1404: 1403:Brazil (1624) 1401: 1399: 1398:Angola (1623) 1396: 1394: 1393:Angola (1622) 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1363:Jaffna (1619) 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1306:Jaffna (1591) 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271:Arabia (1581) 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:Brazil (1567) 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1181:Jaffna (1560) 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:Brazil (1558) 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1136:Arabia (1548) 1134: 1132: 1131:Arabia (1548) 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 946:Arabia (1523) 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 841:Arabia (1507) 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:Guinea (1478) 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 713: 708: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 678: 675: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 650: 648: 645: 644: 639: 634: 628: 625: 620: 614: 608: 602: 596: 587: 580: 574: 569: 568: 563: 555: 549: 544: 539: 533: 528: 523: 519: 513: 508: 503: 499: 493: 492:Américo Tomás 488: 483: 482: 480: 473: 467: 466:K. P. Candeth 464: 454: 450: 444: 441: 431: 427: 421: 418: 408: 404: 398: 395: 385: 381: 375: 374:Aspy Engineer 372: 362: 358: 352: 349: 339: 335: 330: 324: 321: 311: 307: 301: 291: 287: 281: 276: 271: 267: 261: 256: 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 231: 219: 217: 206: 205: 200: 192: 188: 183: 178: 177: 173: 170: 169: 161:and airspace) 160: 155: 153: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135:(2 days) 132: 129: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114:and state of 113: 112:Daman and Diu 107: 102: 99: 95: 90: 85: 82: 79: 72: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 11473:Colonial Goa 11411: 11402:Constitution 11390:Independence 11277: 11248:Vanchinathan 10878:Bhagat Singh 10833:Annie Besant 10794:Independence 10775:Vinoba Bhave 10579: 10575:Swaraj Party 10479:Lucknow Pact 10389:Purna Swaraj 10379:Nehru Report 10286: 10190:Philosophies 10178: 10144:Polygar Wars 10072:French India 10057:Dutch Bengal 10047:Colonisation 9986: 9979: 9920:Competitions 9610:Se Cathedral 9347: 9157:Other topics 9082:Active Ships 8994: 8986: 8968:Insurgencies 8946: 8944: 8937: 8913: 8905: 8887: 8849:Congo Crisis 8808: 8749:Cactus-Lilly 8748: 8740: 8298:Ministry and 8291:Organisation 8082: 8060: 8052: 8021: 8017: 8005: 7998: 7993:(1): 341–358 7990: 7986: 7943: 7931:. 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Charter 4428: 4419:Patrick Dean 4411: 4392: 4380: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4304: 4296:Condemnation 4283: 4255: 4235: 4210:Soviet Union 4207: 4204:Soviet Union 4192: 4177: 4145: 4122: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4036:Alparqueiros 4021: 4005:Mário Soares 3987: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3891: 3880: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3849: 3845: 3830: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3756: 3732: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3705:Diu Fortress 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3669: 3658: 3651: 3636: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3608: 3599: 3584:Please help 3572: 3545: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3496: 3488: 3477: 3474: 3466:Damão Grande 3465: 3461: 3444: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3394:and the INS 3391: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3277: 3272:Arun Auditto 3262: 3255: 3251: 3247:Anjidiv Fort 3237: 3222: 3213: 3198:Please help 3186: 3162: 3147: 3140: 3135:Douglas DC-4 3127: 3119: 3094: 3067: 3052: 3037: 3028: 3013:Please help 3001: 2965: 2957: 2948: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2913: 2879: 2874:battle tanks 2871: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2828: 2807: 2803: 2799:ATC building 2791: 2782: 2781:and the INS 2778: 2768: 2746: 2744: 2719:Douglas DC-4 2716: 2691:Douglas DC-6 2684: 2677: 2668:Guarda Rural 2667: 2659: 2651: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2602: 2599:patrol boats 2593: 2580: 2578: 2567: 2564:agrupamentos 2563: 2560:battlegroups 2555: 2551: 2549: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2507: 2494: 2474: 2462: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2307: 2271:fielded the 2262: 2244: 2222: 2214:Nagar Haveli 2208: 2201: 2186: 2165: 2163: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2086:British Army 2075: 2064: 2047: 2041: 2014: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1926: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1882: 1874: 1857:annexed the 1850: 1848: 1816:India (1961) 1815: 1811:India (1954) 1765:20th century 1754:China (1849) 1744:China (1846) 1718:19th century 1680:India (1752) 1675:India (1746) 1670:India (1746) 1640:India (1704) 1634:18th century 1623:India (1693) 1503:India (1639) 1488:India (1638) 1448:Jambi (1630) 1388:China (1622) 1343:India (1612) 1317:17th century 1266:India (1581) 1201:Japan (1565) 1186:Japan (1561) 1176:India (1559) 1121:India (1547) 1116:India (1546) 1021:Tunis (1535) 1001:India (1531) 971:India (1526) 936:China (1521) 861:India (1510) 856:India (1509) 851:India (1508) 831:India (1507) 821:India (1506) 816:India (1506) 801:India (1504) 785:16th century 718:15th century 658:1 sloop lost 417:Rear Admiral 351:P. N. Thapar 323:R. D. Katari 202:Belligerents 81: 46: 37:This is the 31: 11346:Mountbatten 10968:Hemu Kalani 10848:Bagha Jatin 10785:Vivekananda 10540:India House 10424:Act of 1935 10199:Ambedkarism 10067:British Raj 9988:Wikiproject 9760:Comunidades 9488:Dharbandora 8940:(Hyderabad) 8929:Annexations 8914:Devi Shakti 8650:Coast Guard 8183:Indian Navy 8170:Indian Army 7933:13 February 7205:13 February 6954:The Tribune 6766:8 September 6668:The Tribune 6484:ÁreaMilitar 6219:ÁreaMilitar 6130:ÁreaMilitar 5988:Kore, V.S. 5745:Document 72 5682:Document 69 5663:Document 68 5300:20 December 4846:ÁreaMilitar 4787:20 February 4547:Ta Kung Pao 4542:Ta Kung Pao 4526:Ambivalence 4425:Netherlands 4232:Arab states 4153:Radio Ghana 4050:Air Marshal 3773:N.R.P. Vega 3536:Sena Medals 3454:Maharashtra 3078:Zuari River 2969:Sagat Singh 2960:Fort Aguada 2842:Sagat Singh 2727:F-86 Sabres 2674:Air defence 2355:Indian Navy 2314:Erlic Pinto 2291:Sagat Singh 2265:Indian Army 1996:, Portugal 1994:Estado Novo 1990:Estado Novo 1986:colonialism 1981:Estado Novo 1861:, the then 1323:Java (1601) 976:Java (1527) 447:(AOC-in-C, 443:Erlic Pinto 420:B. S. Soman 401:(GOC-in-C, 179:Territorial 11463:Annexation 11447:Categories 11376:Linlithgow 11316:Chelmsford 11306:Cornwallis 11218:Tatya Tope 11088:Nana Saheb 10993:K. Kamaraj 10943:Dhan Singh 10858:Bakht Khan 10510:Arya Samaj 10444:Quit India 10394:Salt March 10253:Events and 10229:Satyagraha 9880:Vasco S.C. 9860:Dempo S.C. 9790:Literature 9627:Fontainhas 9391:Goa Police 9381:State seal 9363:Government 8993:Operation 8985:Operation 8945:Operation 8936:Operation 8912:Operation 8904:Operation 8886:Operation 8807:Operation 8792:Korean War 8762:Kargil War 8747:Operation 8739:Operation 8677:Operations 8205:Leadership 8069:1307824129 7685:2 February 7670:8170225043 7436:9 November 7351:Saude, Goa 7258:9 November 7222:"AEIOU.pt" 7194:9723311348 7149:8178353938 6965:9 November 6879:9 November 6853:9 November 6611:9 November 6551:26 October 6286:29 October 6257:8178355000 6166:9 November 5617:Rusk, Dean 5603:, p. 5236:9 November 5055:29 January 5029:29 January 4941:1 December 4754:References 4631:jus cogens 4105:Moçambique 4066:contusions 3735:Pani Khota 3452:bordering 3407:Saravastri 3376:white flag 3348:morse code 3097:4th Rajput 2917:M4 Sherman 2777:, the INS 2622:Suez Canal 2519:Mozambique 2458:Bimlipatan 1923:Background 906:Goa (1517) 655:57 wounded 589:8 frigates 573:M4 Sherman 187:Portuguese 76:See also: 71:Kargil War 11351:Wellesley 11336:Dalhousie 11198:Surya Sen 11093:P. Kakkan 11053:Mir Qasim 11028:M. N. Roy 10963:Har Dayal 10796:activists 10625:Baba Amte 10615:Ayyankali 10593:reformers 10515:Azad Hind 10255:movements 10234:Socialism 9940:Transport 9698:Education 9663:Netravali 9455:South Goa 9450:North Goa 9442:Districts 9410:Geography 9242:Air Force 9141:Documents 9106:Air Force 9028:Equipment 8987:Blue Star 8830:2016–2018 8825:2014–2015 8780:Conflicts 8778:External 8724:Naval War 8697:1947–1948 8645:Air Force 8620:Personnel 8524:Air Force 8212:President 8046:155219732 7987:Lusotopie 7707:O Heraldo 7662:Goa to Me 7635:Goa Today 7507:0040-781X 7387:0024-3019 7312:147417854 7036:6 January 6582:2 October 6520:4 October 6106:cite book 5898:New Delhi 5813:New Delhi 5639:29 August 4931:The Hindu 4759:Citations 4519:Ayub Khan 4513:President 4443:7th Fleet 4431:The Hague 4400:told the 4322:President 4280:Indonesia 4165:in Africa 4118:cashiered 4097:Vera Cruz 3931:with the 3749:Dassault 3681:sten guns 3624:Like the 3573:does not 3479:caçadores 3281:corporals 3243:Karnataka 3187:does not 3158:T-6 Texan 3002:does not 2938:Caçadores 2839:Brigadier 2837:, led by 2643:caçadores 2611:President 2511:Metropole 2452:Cannonore 2366:INS 2288:Brigadier 2166:Sabarmati 2138:in 1957. 1962:manganese 1960:and some 652:30 killed 646:22 killed 624:T-6 Texan 586:destroyer 463:Maj. 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