483:, located northwest of the bend in the Lituya Glacier at the head of Lituya Bay, had dropped 100 ft (30 m). This proposed another possible cause to the production of the 100 ft (30 m) wave which caused destruction as high as 1,720 ft (520 m) above the surface of the bay as its momentum carried it upslope. The wave caused damage to the vegetation up the headlands around the area where the rockfall occurred, up to a height of 524 meters, as well as along the shoreline of the bay. It is possible that a good amount of water drained from the glacial lake through a glacial tunnel flowing directly in front of the glacier, though neither the rate of drainage nor the volume of water drained could produce a wave of such magnitude. Even if a large enough drainage were to take place in front of the Gilbert Glacier, the run-off would have been projected to be on the opposite side in Crillon Inlet. After these considerations it was determined that glacial drainage was not the mechanism that caused the giant wave.
535:
can't ordinarily see that glacier from where I was anchored. People shake their heads when I tell them I saw it that night. I can't help it if they don't believe me. I know the glacier is hidden by the point when you're in
Anchorage Cove, but I know what I saw that night, too. The glacier had risen in the air and moved forward so it was in sight. It must have risen several hundred feet. I don't mean it was just hanging in the air. It seems to be solid, but it was jumping and shaking like crazy. Big chunks of ice were falling off the face of it and down into the water. That was six miles away and they still looked like big chunks. They came off the glacier like a big load of rocks spilling out of a dump truck. That went on for a little while—it's hard to tell just how long—and then suddenly the glacier dropped back out of sight and there was a big wall of water going over the point. The wave started for us right after that and I was too busy to tell what else was happening up there.
639:
unknown depth. The displaced water and the displacement and folding of the sediments broke and uplifted 1,300 feet (400 meters) of ice along the entire front of the Lituya
Glacier at the north end of Gilbert Inlet. Also, the impact and the sediment displacement by the rockfall resulted in an air bubble and in water splashing action that reached the 1,720-foot (520 m) elevation on the other side of the head of Gilbert Inlet. The same rockfall impact, in combination with the strong ground movements, the net vertical crustal uplift of about 3.5 feet , and an overall tilting seaward of the entire crustal block on which Lituya Bay was situated, generated the giant solitary gravity wave which swept the main body of the bay.
435:
444:
684:, caused around 400 meters (1,300 feet) of ice from the glacial toe to break off (as shown in photographs from the time), and possibly injected considerable water under the glacier. The glacier, lightened, rose before stabilizing in the water, and a large amount of trapped infill (subglacial and proglacial sediment) that was trapped under the glacier and had already been loosened by the earthquake was released as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide. The debris released was estimated by the study as being between 5 and 10 times the volume of the initial rockfall, a
257:
32:
415:
427:
452:
359:
53:
508:. It ripped limbs off trees and swept many away, decimating the shoreline's surrounding forest and leaving the high tide line barren and with few upright surviving trees except on the northern and southern edges. The megatsunami flooded the entire bay and created a damage line up to 213 m (699 ft) around the outline of the bay, with evidence of this damage line still visible from space to this day.
39:
347:. It is a T-shaped bay with a width of 2 miles (3 km) and a length of 7 miles (11 km). Lituya Bay is an ice-scoured tidal inlet with a maximum depth of 722 feet (220 m). The narrow entrance of the bay has a depth of only 33 feet (10 m). The two arms that create the top of the T-shape of the bay are the Gilbert and Crillon inlets and are a part of a trench on the Fairweather Fault.
492:
was 150 m (490 ft) tall. Five people were killed, many people were injured, and many homes destroyed. Two people on a fishing boat died from a wave in the bay. Two more persons, a fishing boat captain and his seven-year-old son, were struck by the wave and lifted hundreds of feet into the air by the swell. Remarkably, both survived with minimal injuries. In
676:
10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya
Glacier, a ratio comparable with other events where this "dual slide" effect is known to have happened. Lituya Bay has a history of megatsunami events, but the 1958 event was the first for which sufficient data was captured and was responsible for the deaths of 5 people.
680:
could be explained by the rockfall alone, or even the rockfall and sediment disturbed by it, and the energy of the resulting waves from the rockfall and stirred-up sediment would not have been sufficient. The study concluded that, instead, a "dual slide" event was more likely – the rockfall, impacting very close to the head of the
647:
667:, 1999, Mader & Gittings, 2002) supported the proposed mechanism – as there was indeed sufficient volume of water and an adequately deep layer of sediments in the Lituya Bay inlet to account for the giant wave runup and the subsequent inundation. The modeling reproduced the documented physical observations of runup.
534:
With the first jolt, I tumbled out of the bunk and looked toward the head of the bay where all the noise was coming from. The mountains were shaking something awful, with slide of rock and snow, but what I noticed mostly was the glacier, the north glacier, the one they call Lituya
Glacier. I know you
491:
The Lituya Bay megatsunami caused damage at higher elevations than any other tsunami, being powerful enough to push water up the tree covered slopes of the fjord with enough force to clear trees to a reported height of 524 m (1,719 ft). A 1:675 recreation of the tsunami found the wave crest
354:
Near the crest of the
Fairweather Mountains sit the Lituya and the North Crillon glaciers. They are each about 12 miles (19 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide with an elevation of 4,000 feet (1,200 m). The retreats of these glaciers form the present "T" shape of the bay, the Gilbert and
613:
Although the earthquake which caused the megatsunami was very energetic and involved strong ground movements, several possible mechanisms were not likely or able to have caused the resulting megatsunami. Neither water drainage from a lake, nor landslide, nor the force of the earthquake itself led to
634:
The giant wave runup of 1,720 feet (520 m) at the head of the Bay and the subsequent huge wave along the main body of Lituya Bay which occurred on July 9, 1958, were caused primarily by an enormous subaerial rockfall into
Gilbert Inlet at the head of Lituya Bay, triggered by dynamic earthquake
525:
on July 9, 1958, which was still daylight at that time of year, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 struck the Lituya Bay area. The tide was ebbing at about plus 1.5 m and the weather was clear. Anchored in a cove near the west side of the entrance of the bay, Bill and Vivian
Swanson were on
621:
impact when about 40 million cubic yards of rock several hundred meters above the bay was fractured from the side of the bay, by the earthquake, and fell "practically as a monolithic unit" down the almost vertical slope and into the bay. The rockfall also caused air to be dragged along due to
679:
A subsequent analysis to the 1999 one that examined the wider impact of the event found that the rockfall itself was inadequate to explain the resulting accounts and evidence. In particular, the amount of sediment apparently added to the bay, judging by the sea-floor shape, was much greater than
638:
The large mass of rock, acting as a monolith (thus resembling high-angle asteroid impact), struck with great force the sediments at bottom of
Gilbert Inlet at the head of the bay. The impact created a large crater and displaced and folded recent and Tertiary deposits and sedimentary layers to an
557:
The wave definitely started in
Gilbert Inlet, just before the end of the quake. It was not a wave at first. It was like an explosion, or a glacier sluff. The wave came out of the lower part, and looked like the smallest part of the whole thing. The wave did not go up 1,800 feet, the water
675:
A 2010 model examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay, which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone, as well as the energy and height of the waves. Scientists concluded that there had been a "dual slide" involving a rockfall which also triggered a release of 5 to
478:
in the
Gilbert Inlet. Over 30 million cubic meters of rock fell from a height of several hundred meters into the bay, creating a megatsunami. The impact of the rockslide included the creation of wave run up that shaved up to 400m of ice off the front of the Lituya Glacier and eroded or
1271:(Also presented under the title "The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958, in Lituya Bay, Alaska: Analysis of Mechanism", by George Pararas-Carayannis, Excerpts from Presentation at the Tsunami Symposium of Tsunami Society of May 25–27, 1999, in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA)
552:
and when the earthquake hit, the resulting rocking of his boat woke Ulrich up. He observed the wave's formation from the deck, hearing a very loud smash at the base of Lituya Bay. In his record of the wave he notes the appearance of it and how it formed:
700:
landslide (est. ratio 4). This additional volume would explain the large changes in the underwater shape of the sea floor in the bay, and the additional energy of waves, especially at the western end of the bay. The paper's authors suggest that
260:
False-color Landsat 8 image of Lituya Bay, 2020. The damaged trimline is still imprinted in the forest. The lighter green areas along the shore indicate places where forests are younger than older trees (darker areas) that were not affected by the
308:
that washed out trees to a maximum elevation of 524 meters (1,719 feet) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. This is the largest and most significant megatsunami in modern times; it forced a re-evaluation of large-wave events and the recognition of
648:
601:
There is an ongoing debate in scholarly circles regarding whether the megatsunami was a result of the rockfall generated by the earthquake, or a result of the earthquake itself. Various analyses to determine the true cause have been conducted.
438:
The effects of the tsunami still visible in 2010. Differently-aged vegetation grows on the ridge separating Lituya Glacier from the main part of the bay. The orientation is looking north from the head of the bay, with Lituya Glacier to the
650:
566:
down to the southern shore and then back near the center of the bay. Ulrich was able to control the boat once the main wave passed, maneuvering through subsequent waves up to 20 ft high until he could finally exit the bay.
422:, Alaska as the lighter areas at the shore where trees have been stripped away. The red arrow shows the location of the landslide, and the yellow arrow shows the location of the high point of the wave sweeping over the headland.
350:
In the past 170 years Lituya Bay has had four tsunamis over 100 ft (30 m): 1854 (395 ft or 120 m), 1899 (200 ft or 60 m), 1936 (490 ft or 150 m), and 1958 (1,720 ft or 520 m).
393:, 7.5 miles (12.1 km) east of the surface trace of the Fairweather fault, and 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Lituya Bay. This earthquake was the strongest in over 50 years for this region, since the
651:
397:
on 3 September 1899 which was estimated to be magnitude 8.2 on the Richter scale. The shock was felt in southeastern Alaskan cities over an area of 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 km), as far south as
496:, the only permanent settlement close to the epicenter at the time, infrastructure such as bridges, docks, and oil lines all sustained damage. A wave tower collapsed and a cabin was damaged beyond repair.
785:
642:
This was the most likely scenario of the event – the "PC model" that was adopted for subsequent mathematical modeling studies with source dimensions and parameters provided as input.
786:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).
649:
500:
and fissures occurred near the coast southeast of there, and underwater cables that supported the Alaska Communication System were cut. Lighter damage was also reported in
1673:
152:
1295:
693:
1084:
1727:
1421:
31:
447:
Diagram of the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami showing the landslide movement, wave movement, and areas devastated by the wave with the use of arrows.
1518:
685:
1742:
1016:
1490:
1199:
610:
The mechanism giving rise to megatsunamis was analyzed for the Lituya Bay event in a study presented at the Tsunami Society in 1999.
1752:
921:
730:
579:
Reports by early explorers of the loss of all trees and vegetation along the shore, and cut tree-lines. One example is the log of
1422:"The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Movement on the Fairweather fault and field investigation of southern epicentral region"
1384:
377:
The major earthquake that struck on the Fairweather Fault had a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (
1767:
589:
A further event that erased the above evidence and uprooted trees over 150 meters (490 feet) up the sides of the bay, in 1936.
813:
225:
1737:
917:
1369:
1511:
1141:
879:
765:
76:
548:
They were anchored in a small inlet on the southern side of the bay. The two had gone out on the water at 20:00 hours
300:
of 30 million cubic meters (40 million cubic yards) and about 90 million tons into the narrow inlet of
1562:
1329:
434:
1762:
1616:
1556:
1550:
1538:
1102:
304:, Alaska. The impact was heard 80 kilometers (50 mi) away, and the sudden displacement of water resulted in a
90:
817:
1732:
1634:
1504:
1224:
787:
660:
1652:
544:
When the earthquake struck, Howard G. Ulrich and his 7-year-old son were in Lituya Bay aboard their boat, the
1610:
1527:
725:
689:
1646:
1592:
1544:
1475:
394:
1747:
1628:
1598:
1586:
720:
838:
871:
65:
1717:
1640:
1622:
197:
382:
281:
1722:
1712:
1658:
1466:
580:
467:(note: this is the run up height of the wave and not the height of the wave as it hit the shore).
95:
936:
575:
Four or five megatsunamis are believed to have occurred at Lituya Bay during a 150-year period:
1604:
1580:
1568:
277:
129:
821:
1757:
1486:
1181:
549:
522:
460:
418:
Damage from the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami can be seen in this oblique aerial photograph of
372:
340:
293:
289:
273:
82:
586:"At least one and possibly two waves" between 1854 and 1916, based on photographic evidence.
1433:
1396:
443:
697:
8:
1374:
705:
may show a 70-meter (230-foot) deep layer of reworked sediment if this model is correct.
399:
256:
1437:
1400:
1412:
430:
Damage to a tree at the mouth of the bay from the wave. Hat placed on stump for scale.
1346:
1158:
1137:
991:
875:
618:
403:
390:
187:
1264:
1053:
479:
completely eradicated its rocky deltas. After the earthquake it was observed that a
1441:
1404:
1338:
1092:
791:
735:
714:
664:
562:
The wave made its way to his boat 2–3 minutes after he saw it and carried the
1133:
414:
1460:
865:
740:
501:
493:
480:
909:
362:
Part of the south shore of Lituya Bay showing the trimline, with bare rock below
681:
344:
1342:
389:
of the quake was at latitude 58.37° N, longitude 136.67° W near the
1706:
1688:
1675:
1350:
1321:
995:
626:
effects, which added to the volume of displacement, and further impacted the
505:
310:
167:
154:
976:
630:
on the floor of the bay, creating a large crater. The study concluded that:
1445:
1408:
464:
456:
426:
1126:
702:
451:
305:
1496:
1461:
Video retelling of their surviving the event & simulated megatsunami
761:
1280:
Miller, Don J., 1954, "Cataclysmic Flood Waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska",
655:
Computer-generated video of Lituya Bay Tsunami generated by a rockslide
419:
330:
318:
301:
207:
1265:
Mader, Charles L., 1999, "Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay Mega-Tsunami",
358:
1322:"The 1958 Lituya Bay Landslide and Tsunami – A Tsunami Ball Approach"
795:
623:
497:
472:
386:
297:
1097:
627:
475:
314:
1385:"The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Giant wave in Lituya Bay"
52:
1200:"Benchmarks: July 9, 1958: Megatsunami drowns Lituya Bay, Alaska"
527:
1370:"Our Ocean Backyard: Tsunami rocked Alaska's Lituya Bay in 1958"
688:
comparable with that of other events such as the September 2002
211:
762:"ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)"
583:
who was the first European person to discover the bay in 1786.
614:
the megatsunami, although all of these may have contributed.
336:
617:
Instead, the megatsunami was caused by a massive and sudden
692:(estimated ratio between 5 and 10), the November 1987
1471:
1054:"The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958, in Lituya Bay, Alaska"
1482:
790:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
1269:, Volume 17, Number 1, pp 57–67 (1999).
1159:"Lituya Bay case: Rockslide Impact and Wave Run-Up"
1125:
1051:
908:Coffman, Jerry L; von Hake, Carl A., eds. (1970).
1182:"What's the tallest wave ever recorded on Earth?"
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1704:
1426:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1389:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
984:The International Journal of The Tsunami Society
975:Mader, Charles L.; Gittings, Michael L. (2002).
977:"Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay Mega-Tsunami, II"
907:
1034:
1512:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
974:
1296:"Tsunami rocked Alaska's Lituya Bay in 1958"
1156:
635:ground motions along the Fairweather Fault.
270:
1728:1958 natural disasters in the United States
1313:
1274:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
833:
831:
807:
805:
1519:
1505:
1287:
1067:
570:
1526:
1117:
1096:
910:"Earthquake History of the United States"
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
839:"M 8.3 - 19 km NNW of Elfin Cove, Alaska"
1243:
828:
802:
731:List of earthquakes in the United States
659:Subsequent mathematical modeling at the
645:
450:
442:
433:
425:
413:
357:
255:
1319:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
696:(est. ratio 2.5) and the May 1970
1705:
1419:
1382:
1367:
1293:
1082:
934:
928:
888:
781:
779:
777:
775:
753:
511:
1743:July 1958 events in the United States
1500:
1474:, first broadcast October 12, 2000. (
1179:
1157:Hermann, Fritz; Hager, Willi (2001).
1123:
1089:Geological Survey Professional Papers
1021:Western States Seismic Policy Council
863:
455:Height of megatsunami, compared with
1320:Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (2010).
1091:. Professional Paper. 354-C: 51–86.
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
955:
918:United States Department of Commerce
857:
811:
788:"Significant Earthquake Information"
16:Geologic events off the Alaska coast
1476:"Mega-tsunami: Wave of Destruction"
1085:"Giant Waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska"
1052:Pararas-Carayannis, George (1999).
772:
759:
13:
1483:International Seismological Centre
1361:
766:International Seismological Centre
516:
14:
1779:
1453:
1330:Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
1169:: 3–19 – via Research Gate.
1002:
937:"Surviving the Biggest Wave Ever"
596:
539:
38:
717:for a very similar event in 2015
670:
605:
343:in the northeastern part of the
324:
242:524 m (1,719 ft) runup
51:
37:
30:
1753:Landslides in the United States
1225:"Lituya Bay's Apocalyptic Wave"
1217:
1192:
1173:
1150:
818:United States Geological Survey
321:as causes of very large waves.
218:
1368:Griggs, Gary (April 9, 2011).
1294:Griggs, Gary (April 9, 2011).
1180:Baker, Harry (April 9, 2022).
814:"PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog"
661:Los Alamos National Laboratory
486:
1:
1768:Tsunamis in the United States
935:Kiffer, Dave (July 8, 2008).
746:
726:List of earthquakes in Alaska
690:Kolka-Karmadon rock ice slide
366:
292:earthquake took place on the
280:of 7.8 to 8.3 and a maximum
7:
1738:Floods in the United States
721:List of earthquakes in 1958
708:
409:
10:
1784:
1267:Science of Tsunami Hazards
1163:Science of Tsunami Hazards
922:Department of the Interior
872:Cambridge University Press
867:Active Faults of the World
812:USGS (September 4, 2009).
370:
328:
267:1958 Lituya Bay earthquake
22:1958 Lituya Bay earthquake
1534:
1459:Sonny and Howard Ulrich,
1343:10.1142/S1793431110000893
1229:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
1017:"1958 Lituya Bay Tsunami"
530:when the earthquake hit:
271:July 9, 1958 at 22:15:58
246:
238:
217:
203:
193:
183:
146:
138:
124:
116:
101:
88:
75:
64:
26:
924:: 108. Publication 41-1.
471:The earthquake caused a
395:Cape Yakataga earthquake
383:Mercalli intensity scale
1763:Strike-slip earthquakes
1083:Miller, Don J. (1960).
581:Jean-François de Galaup
571:Evidence of past events
142:35 km (22 mi)
1689:58.64250°N 137.56500°W
1563:1957 Andreanof Islands
1446:10.1785/BSSA0500020267
1409:10.1785/BSSA0500020253
1383:Miller, D. J. (1960).
1132:. Doubleday. pp.
656:
644:
560:
537:
468:
448:
440:
431:
423:
363:
262:
105:July 9, 1958
1733:Earthquakes in Alaska
1617:2014 Aleutian Islands
1557:1946 Aleutian Islands
1551:1906 Aleutian Islands
1539:1585 Aleutian Islands
1528:Earthquakes in Alaska
1204:www.earthmagazine.org
1124:Casey, Susan (2010).
816:. Version 2008_06.1.
694:Parraguirre landslide
654:
632:
555:
532:
461:Empire State Building
454:
446:
437:
429:
417:
402:, and as far east as
373:Strike-slip tectonics
361:
259:
1694:58.64250; -137.56500
1282:Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.
1105:on November 23, 2004
1685: /
1438:1960BuSSA..50..267T
1420:Tocher, D. (1960).
1401:1960BuSSA..50..253M
1375:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1300:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1231:. November 20, 2020
943:. Ketchikan, Alaska
941:Stories in the News
843:earthquake.usgs.gov
824:on October 4, 2016.
512:Eyewitness accounts
400:Seattle, Washington
164: /
71:1958-07-10 06:15:58
23:
1748:Landslides in 1958
1491:authoritative data
864:Yeats, R. (2012).
657:
469:
449:
441:
432:
424:
364:
282:Mercalli intensity
263:
168:58.370°N 136.665°W
21:
1668:
1667:
1593:1975 Near Islands
1415:on July 14, 2015.
652:
404:Whitehorse, Yukon
391:Fairweather Range
341:Fairweather Fault
294:Fairweather Fault
254:
253:
188:Fairweather Fault
1775:
1718:1958 earthquakes
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1629:2016 Old Iliamna
1599:1979 Saint Elias
1587:1965 Rat Islands
1545:1899 Yakutat Bay
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1449:
1416:
1411:. Archived from
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1355:
1354:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
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1189:
1186:live science.com
1177:
1171:
1170:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:. Archived from
1100:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1049:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1013:
1000:
999:
981:
972:
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952:
950:
948:
932:
926:
925:
905:
886:
885:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
835:
826:
825:
820:. Archived from
809:
800:
799:
796:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
783:
770:
769:
764:. Version 1.05.
757:
736:List of tsunamis
715:Icy Bay (Alaska)
653:
355:Crillon inlets.
335:Lituya Bay is a
296:and triggered a
278:moment magnitude
272:
234:
232:
220:
179:
178:
176:
175:
174:
173:58.370; -136.665
169:
165:
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161:
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157:
112:
110:
55:
54:
41:
40:
34:
24:
20:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
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1773:
1772:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1575:1958 Lituya Bay
1530:
1525:
1493:for this event.
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1362:Further reading
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741:Lituya Mountain
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592:The 1958 event.
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558:splashed there.
542:
521:At 22:15 hours
519:
517:Swanson account
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481:subglacial lake
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339:located on the
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1454:External links
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686:bulking ratio
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671:2010 analysis
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325:Event outline
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1758:Megatsunamis
1670:
1659:2021 Chignik
1574:
1487:bibliography
1465:
1429:
1425:
1413:the original
1392:
1388:
1373:
1334:
1328:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
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1233:. Retrieved
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1207:. Retrieved
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1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1088:
1059:February 11,
1057:. Retrieved
1024:. Retrieved
1020:
987:
983:
945:. Retrieved
940:
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866:
859:
847:. Retrieved
842:
822:the original
760:ISC (2014).
755:
703:core samples
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490:
470:
465:Eiffel Tower
457:Burj Khalifa
378:
376:
353:
349:
334:
285:
269:occurred on
266:
264:
228:
18:
1692: /
1680:137°33′54″W
1635:2018 Kodiak
1605:2002 Denali
1581:1964 Alaska
1569:1958 Huslia
1235:December 1,
1209:November 6,
1026:October 13,
914:Publication
526:their boat
487:Megatsunami
306:megatsunami
290:strike-slip
198:Strike-slip
171: /
159:136°39′54″W
79: event
1707:Categories
1677:58°38′33″N
1611:2013 Craig
747:References
498:Sand boils
420:Lituya Bay
406:, Canada.
371:See also:
367:Earthquake
331:Lituya Bay
319:landslides
302:Lituya Bay
247:Casualties
208:Lituya Bay
156:58°22′12″N
109:1958-07-09
68: time
1351:1793-4311
1305:April 22,
1109:April 23,
996:8755-6839
947:April 22,
698:Huascarán
624:viscosity
619:impulsive
473:subaerial
387:epicenter
381:) on the
315:rockfalls
298:rockslide
221:intensity
147:Epicenter
125:Magnitude
120:22:15 PST
45:Anchorage
1284:65, 1346
1128:The Wave
849:June 26,
709:See also
628:sediment
476:rockfall
410:Rockfall
261:tsunami.
227:MMI XI (
128:7.8–8.3
1489:and/or
1467:Horizon
1434:Bibcode
1397:Bibcode
528:fishing
502:Pelican
494:Yakutat
379:Extreme
288:). The
286:Extreme
284:of XI (
276:with a
239:Tsunami
229:Extreme
107: (
1553:(8.35)
1485:has a
1349:
1140:
1134:153–58
994:
878:
845:. USGS
546:Edrie.
439:right.
385:. The
317:, and
250:5 dead
212:Alaska
96:ComCat
83:884702
1661:(8.2)
1655:(7.6)
1649:(7.8)
1643:(7.0)
1637:(7.9)
1631:(7.1)
1625:(6.0)
1619:(7.9)
1613:(7.6)
1607:(7.9)
1601:(7.5)
1595:(7.6)
1589:(8.7)
1583:(9.2)
1577:(7.8)
1571:(7.3)
1565:(8.6)
1559:(8.6)
1547:(8.2)
1541:(9.3)
1325:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
665:Mader
564:Edrie
506:Sitka
337:fjord
184:Fault
139:Depth
89:USGS-
1481:The
1347:ISSN
1307:2016
1237:2021
1211:2021
1138:ISBN
1111:2016
1061:2012
1028:2021
992:ISSN
949:2016
876:ISBN
851:2021
504:and
463:and
265:The
219:Max.
194:Type
91:ANSS
1472:BBC
1442:doi
1405:doi
1339:doi
1093:doi
792:doi
550:PST
523:PST
274:PST
77:ISC
66:UTC
1709::
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663:(
231:)
132:w
130:M
111:)
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