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disaffiliate with the FTA. In addition, union members took an anti-communist oath as
Spellman contended that he would continue to use strikebreakers for as long as was necessary. In response to the action, a representative for the ACTU said, "With all reverence and respect for the cardinal, it is more important to recognize the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively in unions of their own choosing, and to pay the living a just wage, than to bury the dead." Within a week of the seminarians being brought in, gravediggers on strike at Calvary voted to unionize as Local 365 of the
3188:
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270:
456:
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190:) and members of the United Cemetery Workers Union Local 293 reached an impasse. The union had been pushing for a reduction in their workweek from 48 hours Monday through Saturday to 40 hours Monday through Friday at the same weekly pay, which the trustees countered with slight pay increases and no changes in hours. As a result, about 250 workers at Calvary went on strike, garnering support from left-leaning Catholic groups and activists including the
3510:
3498:
2009:
540:, with this announcement made on March 11. Spellman was happy in the change of union affiliation, and the striking workers returned to work on March 12, a Saturday. Ultimately, the workers received an 8.3% wage increase and a check for $ 65 from Spellman for "hardships" sustained during the strike, while the seminarians who had worked as gravediggers were given a
478:
strikers arguing that union officials were to blame for the strike and threatened the strikers with possible job replacement. However, by mid-February, the strike was continuing and over 1,000 dead bodies were being stored in temporary vaults at
Calvary Cemetery. In addition, strike action had spread to 47 Local 293 gravediggers at the
531:
newspaper, said, "We support the seminary. But to allow the seminary to take the bread and butter out of our mouths is wrong. They are strikebreakers." The seminarians continued to work as gravediggers for several days, and on March 4, Local 293 members reversed their earlier decision and agreed to
524:
and bury the 1,020 dead bodies in storage at
Calvary. Spellman stated that he would do the same at Gate of Heaven. According to a later report of the strike, the seminarians were caught off guard when they realized they had been called by the archbishop to act as gravediggers, and the strikers were
477:
from outside of the archdiocese arbitrate the strike under the question of "Is the present strike morally justified?" These offers were turned down by union officials, who argued that the strike was due to economic rather than theological or moral issues. On
January 21, Ehardt sent a letter to the
494:
approaching, Spellman took on a more active role in trying to end the strike. Starting on
February 18, Spellman tried to appeal to the workers to return to work as individuals, without the union, and on February 28, at a meeting of union members he had called for, he stated that the workers would
347:
Throughout 1948, relations between the workers and their employers deteriorated, and on
December 27 of that year, union representatives submitted a proposal to management for changes in working conditions. Of primary concern, the union was seeking a reduction in their workweek from 48 hours to 40
515:
On March 2, union officials informed
Spellman that they would not return to work except as continued members of their current union, affiliated with the FTA, as union members earlier that day had voted 183 to 0 against quitting their membership in that union. As a result, in the early morning of
356:
pay for
Saturday work. The St. Patrick's trustees, taking a hardline stance against the union from the beginning of discussions, countered that Saturday work was necessitated by the numerous weekend funeral services and instead offered the workers a 2.6%
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also caught off guard by the action. Picketers at the cemetery taunted the seminarians and priests with calls of "strikebreakers", and when seminarians returned the following day to continue gravedigging, a spokesman for the union, speaking to the
249:. In late February, Spellman offered the strikers an 8% raise if they returned to work without union affiliation, but the strikers rejected this offer. With important Catholic events approaching, on March 2, Spellman brought in 100 students from
495:
receive an 8% salary increase if they returned to work by noon of the following day without union membership. However, the union members rejected the offer. At the same time, Spellman attempted to hurt public support for the strike by employing
377:, wrote front-page opinion pieces for almost every major newspaper in New York City about how the CIO was "a well-known Communist dominated union". With both sides at an impasse, approximately 250 Local 293 workers (composed of
315:
of the archdiocese and presided over the trustees of St. Patrick's, having risen to that position in 1939 and being made cardinal in 1946. As both a cardinal and archbishop, he was considered the most powerful and well-known
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outside of St. Patrick's
Cathedral. The day after the strike began, 35 burials at the cemetery were postponed on account of the strike. Early on, the strike received the support of several leftist Catholic groups. The
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hours, with 8-hour shifts Monday through Friday. Additionally, they were seeking an increase in hourly pay so that they would still be receiving the same weekly pay of $ 59.40. Additionally, workers would receive
1206:
Sparr, Arnold (Summer 2008). ""The Most
Memorable Labor Dispute in the History of U.S. Church-Related Institutions": The 1949 Calvary Cemetery Workers' Strike against the Catholic Archdiocese of New York".
451:
for strikers in need. In addition, the newspaper published articles that were supportive of the strike and Day wrote several times to Spellman arguing that the strikers were justified in their actions.
1177:
Hayes, Patrick J. (2011). "Estote Firmi: New York's Local Church under Cardinal Spellman's Watch - Some Foundations for an Intellectual Journey". In Denny, Christopher D.; McMahon, Christopher (eds.).
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cemeteries in the United States. By that time, the cemetery covered several hundred acres and had almost 2 million interments, with approximately 10,000 additional burials per year.
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made the union a final offer, after which they refused to entertain any further counteroffers from the union. Additionally during negotiations, Spellman, a noted
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261:-affiliated union and agreed to return to work on March 12. In the end, the strikers received an 8.3% wage increase, though without a change to their schedules.
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picketed with strikers. As a result of their support of the strike, Spellman would later stop his annual $ 3,000 donation to the group. In addition, the
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418:(ACTU) voiced their support of the strike in defiance of Spellman, who was a noted donator to that organization, and ACTU member and noted
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2714:
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517:
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293:
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187:
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136:
129:
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2799:
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2459:
2424:
2279:
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2789:
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393:) at Calvary went on strike on January 13, 1949. This marked the first recorded instance of a labor strike conducted by
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2639:
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2309:
2194:
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3260:
2589:
2544:
2174:
2114:
1353:
575:
Sources vary on the exact size of the cemetery, with values of 400 acres (160 ha) and 550 acres (220 ha).
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While union officials requested third party government arbitration, Schmidt countered by offering to have three
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However, church officials took a hardline stance against the union, and this was especially true of the noted
3340:
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2709:
2669:
2464:
2334:
2189:
1793:
3300:
2494:
2274:
2269:
2254:
533:
258:
101:
3403:
3235:
3205:
2649:
1596:
1328:
499:, criticizing the CIO as a "Communist-affiliated" union. Additionally, church officials began seeking an
427:
3345:
3225:
3215:
2559:
1720:
588:. In 1949, the local had a total membership of about 1,100, of which several hundred worked at Calvary.
585:
305:
219:
2129:
1948:
1209:
1155:
358:
277:
164:
3577:
3442:
3427:
3245:
1943:
1843:
1823:
1788:
1778:
1629:
1118:
3514:
3478:
3417:
3360:
3210:
1993:
1833:
1672:
1868:
1863:
1848:
1828:
1798:
1763:
1753:
1725:
1677:
1526:
1180:
Finding Salvation in Christ: Essays on Christology and Soteriology in Honor of William P. Loewe
504:
466:
3250:
1983:
1938:
1758:
1682:
1358:
1184:
486:, which was also owned by the archdiocese. With important Catholic events such as the city's
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sessions, with the final held on January 10. During the last meeting, church representatives
362:
3526:
3452:
3172:
1973:
1958:
1888:
1808:
1715:
1581:
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In addition to Calvary Cemetery, Local 293 represented workers ten other cemeteries in the
8:
3457:
3255:
3187:
2096:
1783:
1773:
1687:
1644:
1634:
1546:
1438:
483:
419:
3502:
3315:
3162:
2013:
1893:
1838:
1710:
1576:
1281:
1247:
1230:
1145:
370:
3285:
1968:
1928:
1667:
1320:
1286:
1252:
1222:
1188:
1159:
1122:
1090:
1420:
3290:
1953:
1858:
1768:
1705:
1624:
1606:
1586:
1571:
1521:
881:
780:
545:
459:
332:
293 of the United Cemetery Workers Union (UCW). This union was affiliated with the
308:
222:
51:
3167:
1978:
1853:
1748:
1639:
1315:
1178:
1149:
1112:
1080:
455:
440:
398:
353:
269:
196:
178:
The strike began on January 13 after labor negotiations between the trustees of
1933:
1803:
1566:
1141:
1048:
1035:
1016:
1003:
984:
971:
952:
939:
823:
810:
773:
760:
527:
521:
394:
374:
301:
254:
216:
805:
755:
3541:
1988:
1743:
1591:
1324:
1290:
1256:
1226:
1030:
998:
966:
934:
491:
448:
285:
172:
82:
47:
1963:
1918:
1898:
1662:
1415:
1198:
1169:
1132:
1108:
1100:
444:
436:
422:
386:
209:
201:
160:
156:
1601:
1531:
1151:
The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law, Politics, & Human Nature
541:
496:
439:, supported the strike, with the newspaper's headquarter building in the
432:
329:
257:. Shortly thereafter, the strikers changed their union affiliation to an
238:
234:
230:
205:
3153:
List of Catholic charities in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
1234:
106:
Workers accept an 8.3% wage increase after strikebreakers are brought in
1385:
500:
474:
312:
226:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
410:
390:
382:
378:
366:
325:
297:
77:
344:
national union. Almost all of the Local 293 members were Catholics.
3497:
2008:
602:
349:
183:
341:
324:. In 1946, with Spellman's blessing, workers at Calvary Cemetery
317:
281:
168:
43:
1508:
3126:
1419:. Vol. XIII, no. 10. pp. 1, 3. Archived from
2056:
1468:
1354:"Dorothy Day & the Gravediggers vs. Cardinal Spellman"
2906:
St. Joachim and St. John the Evangelist's Church (Beacon)
854:
1114:
Dreadful Conversions: The Making of a Catholic Socialist
712:
702:
700:
687:
685:
683:
681:
175:. The strike began on January 13 and ended on March 12,
2140:
Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church
830:
233:. Spellman attempted to break the strike by employing
2155:
Our Lady of the Nativity of Our Blessed Lady's Church
1140:
Gregory, David (2006). "Dorothy Day (1897–1980)". In
905:
903:
901:
899:
871:
869:
731:
729:
727:
697:
678:
2370:
Church of Sts. Cyril & Methodius and St. Raphael
1082:
Identity's Strategy: Rhetorical Selves in Conversion
1055:
656:
654:
652:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
2846:
Church of St. Mary, Mother of the Church (Fishkill)
2325:
Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
1275:
1241:
915:
887:
842:
786:
3047:Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Scarsdale)
896:
866:
724:
361:. Church and union officials met for two separate
666:
649:
626:
3539:
2876:Our Lady of Mount Carmel's Church (Poughkeepsie)
1381:"When Cemetery Workers In Queens Went On Strike"
334:Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers
247:Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers
3083:St. Vito-Most Holy Trinity Parish (Mamaroneck)
2831:Saint Kateri Tekakwitha Church (LaGrangeville)
2365:Church of Our Lady of the Scapular–St. Stephen
1408:"Cardinal Leads Scabs Against Cemetery Strike"
756:"Cardinal, Priests Defy 'Strikebreaker' Taunt"
538:Building Service Employees International Union
3112:
2841:Church of St. Martin de Porres (Poughkeepsie)
2455:Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic
2042:
1494:
1454:
2886:St. Charles Borromeo's Church (Dover Plains)
516:March 3, Spellman brought 100 students from
510:
34:(1 month, 3 weeks and 6 days)
2505:Our Lady of Guadalupe at St. Bernard Church
1031:"Cardinal Sees Early End to Diggers Strike"
273:Aerial view of part of the cemetery in 2020
3119:
3105:
3057:Immaculate Conception St. Mary's (Yonkers)
2911:St. John the Evangelist's Church (Pawling)
2049:
2035:
1501:
1487:
1461:
1447:
3568:February 1949 events in the United States
2430:Church of the Incarnation, Roman Catholic
1509:Ordinaries of the Archdiocese of New York
1378:
65:Reduction in workweek from 48 to 40 hours
3563:January 1949 events in the United States
3127:Education in the Archdiocese of New York
3027:Church of the Holy Family (New Rochelle)
2896:St. Columba's Church (Hopewell Junction)
2475:Holy Name of Jesus Roman Catholic Church
1352:Campbell, Kaitlin (September 30, 2015).
1351:
1078:
860:
718:
706:
691:
454:
268:
3067:Our Lady of Mercy Church (Port Chester)
3052:Immaculate Conception Church (Tuckahoe)
3022:Blessed Sacrament Church (New Rochelle)
2861:Church of the Good Shepherd (Rhinebeck)
2815:St. Teresa of the Infant Jesus's Church
2700:St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Church
2620:St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church
2400:Church of the Ascension, Roman Catholic
2087:Basilica of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
2059:Churches in the Archdiocese of New York
1379:Manoukian, Marina (December 14, 2021).
1139:
557:1973 New York City gravediggers' strike
416:Association of Catholic Trade Unionists
409:Starting on January 13, strikers began
404:
192:Association of Catholic Trade Unionists
123:United Cemetery Workers Union Local 293
3608:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
3573:March 1949 events in the United States
3540:
2871:Immaculate Conception Church (Bangall)
2315:St. Theresa of the Infant Jesus Church
1471:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
806:"35 Calvary Burials Held Up by Strike"
290:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
288:. By 1949, the cemetery (owned by the
188:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
130:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
3613:Service Employees International Union
3100:
3062:Most Holy Trinity Church (Mamaroneck)
2866:Immaculate Conception Church (Amenia)
2735:Church of Our Lady Help of Christians
2030:
1482:
1442:
1405:
1205:
1176:
1061:
999:"Anti-Red Vow Fails To Move Spellman"
967:"Gravediggers Quit Union Labeled Red"
935:"Cardinal's Gravediggers Back on Job"
921:
909:
875:
800:
798:
750:
748:
746:
744:
735:
672:
660:
643:
3583:Congress of Industrial Organizations
3474:John A. Coleman Catholic High School
3423:John F. Kennedy Catholic High School
2901:St. Denis Church (Hopewell Junction)
2856:St. Mary's Church (Wappingers Falls)
2635:St. Joseph of the Holy Family Church
2515:Our Lady of the Holy Rosary's Church
1309:
1219:American Catholic Historical Society
1107:
848:
836:
617:
338:Congress of Industrial Organizations
322:Catholic Church in the United States
292:and administered by the trustees of
243:Congress of Industrial Organizations
98:Congress of Industrial Organizations
96:Workers change affiliation from the
3072:St. Gabriel's Church (New Rochelle)
3037:Church of St. Augustine (Larchmont)
2891:St. Christopher's Church (Red Hook)
2450:Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
2235:St. Gabriel's Roman Catholic Church
1311:"Religion: Strike in the Graveyard"
280:is a large cemetery located in the
13:
3548:1940s strikes in the United States
3392:John S. Burke Catholic High School
2881:St. Anthony's Church (Pine Plains)
2836:Church of Regina Coeli (Hyde Park)
2750:Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea
2355:Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
2077:St. Patrick's Cathedral, Manhattan
1393:from the original on June 10, 2023
1366:from the original on June 29, 2021
1345:
1087:University of South Carolina Press
795:
741:
14:
3624:
3356:St. Joseph by the Sea High School
3178:University of Mount Saint Vincent
3042:Church of St. Joseph (Bronxville)
2936:St. Peter's Church (Poughkeepsie)
2765:Our Lady of Good Counsel's Church
2745:Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace
2655:St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church
2435:Church of the Most Precious Blood
2150:Our Lady of Mount Carmel's Church
1243:"Strike Suspends Calvary Burials"
3603:Labor relations in New York City
3520:
3508:
3496:
3261:St. Raymond High School for Boys
3186:
3032:Church of the Resurrection (Rye)
2926:St. Patrick's Chapel (Millerton)
2916:St. Joseph's Chapel (Rhinecliff)
2851:St. Mary's Church (Poughkeepsie)
2530:Our Lady Queen of Martyrs Church
2375:Church of St. Catherine of Genoa
2295:St. Nicholas of Tolentine Church
2285:St. Margaret of Cortona's Church
2095:
2007:
1587:Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman
1545:
1277:"Gate of Heaven Cemetery Struck"
3598:Labor disputes in New York City
3558:1949 labor disputes and strikes
3448:Archbishop Stepinac High School
3380:Our Lady of Lourdes High School
3281:Cristo Rey New York High School
2921:St. Joseph's Church (Millbrook)
2755:Church of the Blessed Sacrament
2595:St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church
2500:Our Lady of Good Counsel Church
2405:Church of the Blessed Sacrament
2220:St. Frances de Chantal's Church
1023:
991:
959:
943:. March 4, 1949. pp. 1, 15
927:
520:in Yonkers, New York to act as
3326:St. Vincent Ferrer High School
3077:St. Vito's Church (Mamaroneck)
2931:St. Paul's Chapel (Staatsburg)
2660:St. Mark the Evangelist Church
2630:St. John the Evangelist Church
2580:St. Cecilia Church and Convent
1859:Patrick Joseph Thomas Sheridan
1607:Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan
1154:. Vol. I. New York City:
578:
569:
369:George C. Ehardt and attorney
1:
3341:Monsignor Farrell High School
3321:St. Jean Baptiste High School
3231:Monsignor Scanlan High School
3221:Cardinal Spellman High School
2725:Slovenian Church of St. Cyril
2705:St. Stephen of Hungary Church
2575:St. Catherine of Siena Church
2380:Church of St. Ignatius Loyola
2360:Church of Our Lady of Sorrows
1597:John Joseph Cardinal O'Connor
1582:Patrick Joseph Cardinal Hayes
814:. January 14, 1949. p. 1
595:
264:
16:Labor action in United States
3366:St. Peter's Boys High School
3301:Marymount School of New York
2941:St. Sylvia's Church (Tivoli)
2615:St. Gregory the Great Church
2605:St. Francis of Assisi Church
2570:St. Benedict the Moor Church
2550:St. Aloysius Catholic Church
2495:Our Lady of Esperanza Church
2490:Immaculate Conception Church
2395:Church of St. Vincent Ferrer
2260:St. John Chrysostom's Church
2225:St. Frances of Rome's Church
2210:St. Clare of Assisi's Church
2135:Immaculate Conception Church
1602:Edward Michael Cardinal Egan
1592:Terence James Cardinal Cooke
1406:Preis, Art (March 7, 1949).
1085:. Columbia, South Carolina:
534:American Federation of Labor
431:newspaper, led by activists
259:American Federation of Labor
153:1949 Calvary Cemetery strike
102:American Federation of Labor
24:1949 Calvary Cemetery strike
7:
3515:New York (state) portal
3404:Albertus Magnus High School
3276:Convent of the Sacred Heart
3236:Mount Saint Michael Academy
3206:Academy of Mount St. Ursula
2685:St. Paul the Apostle Church
2675:St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
2625:St. John the Baptist Church
2585:St. Charles Borromeo Church
2565:St. Anthony of Padua Church
2415:Church of the Good Shepherd
2320:SS. Peter and Paul's Church
2290:St. Martin of Tours' Church
2230:St. Francis Xavier's Church
2185:St. Anthony of Padua Church
2160:Our Lady of Solace's Church
1959:Bernard John Joseph McQuaid
1919:St. John Nepomucene Neumann
1910:priests in the archdiocese,
1880:priests in the archdiocese,
1577:John Murphy Cardinal Farley
1039:. March 10, 1949. p. 2
764:. March 3, 1949. p. 23
550:
182:(the administrators of the
32:January 13 – March 12, 1949
10:
3629:
3346:Moore Catholic High School
3337:Staten Island high schools
3226:Fordham Preparatory School
3216:Cardinal Hayes High School
2740:Church of Our Lady of Pity
2525:Our Lady of Victory Church
2520:Our Lady of Pompeii Church
2510:Our Lady of Lourdes Church
2445:Chapel of the Resurrection
2345:Chapel of the Resurrection
2340:Church of the Annunciation
2280:St. Margaret Mary's Church
2165:St. Angela Merici's Church
2145:Our Lady of Mercy's Church
2120:Church of the Sacred Heart
1572:Michael Augustine Corrigan
1071:
1007:. March 5, 1949. p. 1
975:. March 9, 1949. p. 2
586:New York metropolitan area
3491:
3466:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3195:
3184:
3159:Universities and colleges
3132:
3096:
3014:
3001:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2823:
2760:Church of the Holy Family
2610:St. Francis Xavier Church
2425:Church of the Holy Family
2310:Church of St. Simon Stock
2104:
2093:
2066:
2026:
2002:
1949:Francis Patrick McFarland
1907:
1877:
1734:
1696:
1653:
1615:
1554:
1543:
1514:
1478:
1210:American Catholic Studies
1156:Columbia University Press
511:Strikebreakers brought in
359:cost of living adjustment
300:) was one of the largest
200:newspaper, and activists
186:, which was owned by the
163:and other workers at the
117:
112:
90:
71:
59:
38:
28:
23:
3588:Economy of New York City
3527:New York City portal
3443:School of the Holy Child
3433:Sacred Heart High School
3428:Maria Regina High School
3246:St. Barnabas High School
2420:Church of the Holy Agony
2250:St. Joan of Arc's Church
2125:Christ the King's Church
2115:Blessed Sacrament Church
1944:Charles Edward McDonnell
1924:Patrick Aloysius O'Boyle
1824:William Jerome McCormack
1789:William Jerome McCormack
1779:Joseph Francis Flannelly
1699:former, currently living
1645:Joseph Armando Espaillat
1630:Gerardo Joseph Colacicco
1119:Fordham University Press
562:
488:St. Patrick's Day parade
3593:Events in New York City
3479:College of New Rochelle
3418:Iona Preparatory School
3361:St. Joseph Hill Academy
3211:All Hallows High School
3143:Saint Joseph's Seminary
2695:St. Rose of Lima Church
2540:San Lorenzo Ruiz Chapel
2190:St. Athanasius's Church
1834:Anthony Francis Mestice
1721:Edwin Frederick O'Brien
1673:Dominick John Lagonegro
1567:John Cardinal McCloskey
1555:Archbishops of New York
1079:Anderson, Dana (2007).
480:Gate of Heaven Cemetery
294:St. Patrick's Cathedral
180:St. Patrick's Cathedral
137:St. Patrick's Cathedral
3503:Catholicism portal
3267:Manhattan high schools
2715:St. Thomas More Church
2440:Church of the Nativity
2410:Church of the Epiphany
2195:St. Augustine's Church
2014:Catholicism portal
1869:Robert Anthony Brucato
1864:Austin Bernard Vaughan
1849:Joseph Maria Pernicone
1829:James Francis McIntyre
1799:George Henry Guilfoyle
1764:Joseph Patrick Donahue
1726:Dennis Joseph Sullivan
1678:James Francis McCarthy
507:against the strikers.
505:New York Supreme Court
470:
467:archbishop of New York
274:
3553:1949 in New York City
3271:Cathedral High School
3251:St. Catharine Academy
2775:St. Adalbert's Church
2470:Holy Innocents Church
2460:Corpus Christi Church
2390:Church of St. Michael
1989:Joseph Francis Rummel
1984:Francis Frederick Reh
1939:Philip Joseph Furlong
1908:Bishops who served as
1878:Bishops who served as
1844:Joseph Thomas O'Keefe
1819:James Patrick Mahoney
1759:Edward Vincent Dargin
1744:Patrick Vincent Ahern
1285:. February 11, 1949.
1185:Pickwick Publications
518:St. Joseph's Seminary
458:
363:collective bargaining
272:
251:St. Joseph's Seminary
241:'s parent union, the
3453:The Montfort Academy
3438:Salesian High School
3173:Manhattan University
2795:St. Patrick's Church
2780:St. Charles's Church
2590:St. Elizabeth Church
2385:Church of St. Joseph
2350:Church of Notre Dame
2305:St. Raymond's Church
2215:St. Dominic's Church
2205:St. Brendan's Church
2200:St. Barnabas' Church
2180:St. Anthony's Church
1974:Joseph Thomas Dimino
1889:Charles Daniel Balvo
1809:Walter P. Kellenberg
1716:Timothy A. McDonnell
1251:. January 14, 1949.
1158:. pp. 190–219.
405:Course of the strike
237:tactics against the
3458:The Ursuline School
3256:St. Raymond Academy
3241:Preston High School
2770:Sacred Heart Church
2720:St. Veronica Church
2485:Holy Trinity Church
2300:St. Pius V's Church
2265:St. Joseph's Church
2245:St. Jerome's Church
2240:St. Helena's Church
2170:St. Anselm's Church
1814:John Joseph Maguire
1784:Francisco Garmendia
1774:John Michael Fearns
1688:Gerald Thomas Walsh
1640:John Samuel Bonnici
1635:Edmund James Whalen
1515:Bishops of New York
1146:Alexander, Frank S.
839:, pp. 168–169.
484:Hawthorne, New York
420:Christian socialist
3411:Westchester County
3351:Notre Dame Academy
3331:Xavier High School
3316:St. George Academy
3202:Bronx high schools
3163:Fordham University
3015:Westchester County
2800:St. Peter's Church
2785:St. Clare's Church
2690:St. Peter's Church
2535:Our Saviour Church
2480:Holy Rosary Church
1894:Charles John Brown
1839:Emerson John Moore
1804:Edward Dennis Head
1735:Auxiliary bishops,
1711:Theodore McCarrick
1697:Auxiliary bishops,
1683:John Joseph O'Hara
1654:Auxiliary bishops,
1616:Auxiliary bishops,
1562:John Joseph Hughes
1537:John Joseph Hughes
1426:on August 11, 2020
1319:. March 14, 1949.
1282:The New York Times
1248:The New York Times
1187:. pp. 23–48.
1183:. Eugene, Oregon:
889:The New York Times
788:The New York Times
471:
371:Godfrey P. Schmidt
275:
3535:
3534:
3487:
3486:
3311:Regis High School
3306:Notre Dame School
3286:Dominican Academy
3092:
3091:
2810:St. Roch's Church
2805:St. Rita's Church
2790:St. Mary's Church
2710:St. Teresa Church
2670:St. Monica Church
2640:St. Joseph Chapel
2600:St. Emeric Church
2555:St. Andrew Church
2465:Holy Cross Church
2335:All Saints Church
2275:St. Luke's Church
2270:St. Lucy's Church
2255:St. John's Church
2130:Holy Cross Church
2022:
2021:
1969:John Joseph Mitty
1964:Rrok Kola Mirdita
1929:Charles H. Colton
1668:John Joseph Jenik
1297:on March 10, 2018
1194:978-1-60608-638-4
1165:978-0-231-13358-6
1128:978-0-8232-2256-8
1117:. New York City:
1096:978-1-57003-706-1
863:, pp. 59–60.
721:, pp. 58–59.
469:during the strike
149:
148:
145:
144:
3620:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3291:La Salle Academy
3190:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3097:
2545:St. Agnes Church
2175:St. Ann's Church
2099:
2083:Former cathedral
2060:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2012:
2011:
1954:Francis McNeirny
1769:John Joseph Dunn
1737:former, deceased
1706:Henry J. Mansell
1625:Peter John Byrne
1549:
1522:R. Luke Concanen
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:on June 29, 2021
1327:. Archived from
1306:
1304:
1302:
1293:. Archived from
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:on June 29, 2021
1259:. Archived from
1238:
1202:
1173:
1136:
1104:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1012:
995:
989:
988:
982:
980:
963:
957:
956:
950:
948:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
894:
885:
879:
873:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
827:
821:
819:
802:
793:
784:
778:
777:
771:
769:
752:
739:
733:
722:
716:
710:
704:
695:
689:
676:
670:
664:
658:
647:
641:
624:
615:
589:
582:
576:
573:
546:Washington, D.C.
460:Francis Spellman
309:Francis Spellman
278:Calvary Cemetery
223:Francis Spellman
165:Calvary Cemetery
119:
118:
21:
20:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3578:1940s in Queens
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3462:
3406:
3399:Rockland County
3394:
3382:
3375:Dutchess County
3370:
3191:
3182:
3168:Iona University
3128:
3125:
3088:
3010:
2997:
2989:Sullivan County
2984:
2976:Rockland County
2971:
2958:
2945:
2824:Dutchess County
2819:
2680:St. Paul Church
2665:St. Mary Church
2650:St. Lucy Church
2645:St. Jude Church
2100:
2091:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2018:
2006:
1998:
1979:William Quarter
1911:
1909:
1903:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1854:Fulton J. Sheen
1794:James Griffiths
1749:Edwin Broderick
1736:
1730:
1698:
1692:
1655:
1649:
1617:
1611:
1550:
1541:
1510:
1507:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1396:
1394:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1346:Further reading
1343:
1334:
1332:
1300:
1298:
1266:
1264:
1195:
1166:
1142:Witte Jr., John
1129:
1097:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:, pp. 7–8.
1060:
1056:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1010:
1008:
997:
996:
992:
978:
976:
965:
964:
960:
946:
944:
933:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
897:
886:
882:
874:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
817:
815:
804:
803:
796:
785:
781:
767:
765:
754:
753:
742:
734:
725:
717:
713:
705:
698:
690:
679:
671:
667:
659:
650:
642:
627:
616:
603:
598:
593:
592:
583:
579:
574:
570:
565:
553:
513:
463:(pictured 1946)
443:also housing a
441:Lower East Side
428:Catholic Worker
407:
399:Catholic clergy
354:time-and-a-half
267:
197:Catholic Worker
141:
124:
55:
54:, United States
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:St. Ann Church
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1994:William Scully
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:John J. Conroy
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1403:
1376:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1307:
1273:
1239:
1203:
1193:
1174:
1164:
1137:
1127:
1105:
1095:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1049:Newspapers.com
1036:Brooklyn Eagle
1022:
1017:Newspapers.com
1004:Brooklyn Eagle
990:
985:Newspapers.com
972:Brooklyn Eagle
958:
953:Newspapers.com
940:Brooklyn Eagle
926:
914:
895:
880:
865:
853:
851:, p. 170.
841:
829:
824:Newspapers.com
811:Brooklyn Eagle
794:
779:
774:Newspapers.com
761:Brooklyn Eagle
740:
723:
711:
696:
677:
665:
648:
625:
600:
599:
597:
594:
591:
590:
577:
567:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
552:
549:
528:Brooklyn Eagle
522:strikebreakers
512:
509:
406:
403:
395:Catholic laity
375:anti-communist
302:Roman Catholic
266:
263:
255:strikebreakers
217:anti-communist
147:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
127:
125:
122:
115:
114:
110:
109:
108:
107:
104:
92:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
73:
69:
68:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
42:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3625:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3387:Orange County
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Loyola School
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:New York City
3194:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3102:
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3075:
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3068:
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3063:
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3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:Ulster County
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:Putnam County
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:Orange County
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
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2738:
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2733:
2731:Staten Island
2730:
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2723:
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2718:
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2713:
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2138:
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2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:New York City
2103:
2098:
2088:
2085:
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2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2052:
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2038:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1982:
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1947:
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1757:
1755:
1754:Thomas Cusack
1752:
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1548:
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1528:
1527:John Connolly
1525:
1523:
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1519:
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1513:
1504:
1499:
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1330:
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1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
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1216:
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1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
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1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:Cort, John C.
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1006:
1005:
1000:
994:
986:
974:
973:
968:
962:
954:
942:
941:
936:
930:
924:, p. 35.
923:
918:
911:
906:
904:
902:
900:
892:
890:
884:
877:
872:
870:
862:
861:Anderson 2007
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
825:
813:
812:
807:
801:
799:
791:
789:
783:
775:
763:
762:
757:
751:
749:
747:
745:
737:
732:
730:
728:
720:
719:Anderson 2007
715:
709:, p. 60.
708:
707:Anderson 2007
703:
701:
694:, p. 59.
693:
692:Anderson 2007
688:
686:
684:
682:
674:
669:
662:
657:
655:
653:
645:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
622:
620:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
601:
587:
581:
572:
568:
558:
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548:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
529:
523:
519:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
492:Easter season
489:
485:
481:
476:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
449:lodging house
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
424:
421:
417:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
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376:
372:
368:
364:
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355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
336:(FTA) of the
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:New York City
283:
279:
271:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
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189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
173:New York City
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
138:
134:
133:
132:
131:
126:
121:
120:
116:
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:
93:
89:
84:
83:Strike action
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
70:
64:
63:
62:
58:
53:
49:
48:New York City
45:
41:
37:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3081:
1899:William Muhm
1663:Josu Iriondo
1428:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1416:The Militant
1414:
1395:. Retrieved
1384:
1368:. Retrieved
1357:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1314:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:the original
1280:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:the original
1246:
1214:
1208:
1199:Google Books
1197:– via
1179:
1170:Google Books
1168:– via
1150:
1133:Google Books
1131:– via
1113:
1101:Google Books
1099:– via
1081:
1057:
1047:– via
1041:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1015:– via
1009:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
983:– via
977:. Retrieved
970:
961:
951:– via
945:. Retrieved
938:
929:
917:
912:, p. 7.
888:
883:
878:, p. 6.
856:
844:
832:
822:– via
816:. Retrieved
809:
787:
782:
772:– via
766:. Retrieved
759:
738:, p. 5.
714:
675:, p. 3.
668:
663:, p. 2.
646:, p. 4.
618:
580:
571:
536:-affiliated
526:
514:
472:
462:
445:soup kitchen
437:Peter Maurin
426:
423:John C. Cort
408:
387:gravediggers
346:
276:
245:-affiliated
214:
210:Peter Maurin
202:John C. Cort
195:
177:
161:gravediggers
157:labor strike
152:
150:
135:Trustees of
128:
18:
3133:Archdiocese
2067:Archdiocese
1532:John Dubois
542:sightseeing
497:red-baiting
475:theologians
433:Dorothy Day
284:borough of
239:local union
235:red-baiting
231:archdiocese
206:Dorothy Day
91:Resulted in
3542:Categories
3139:Seminaries
1397:January 5,
1386:Grunge.com
1359:Commonweal
1062:Sparr 2008
922:Hayes 2011
910:Sparr 2008
876:Sparr 2008
736:Sparr 2008
673:Sparr 2008
661:Sparr 2008
644:Sparr 2008
596:References
501:injunction
379:chauffeurs
313:archbishop
265:Background
253:to act as
227:archbishop
159:involving
3149:Charities
2331:Manhattan
2073:Cathedral
1325:0040-781X
1291:0362-4331
1257:0362-4331
1227:2161-8542
849:Cort 2003
837:Cort 2003
503:from the
411:picketing
391:mechanics
383:gardeners
367:Monsignor
340:(CIO), a
326:unionized
298:Manhattan
78:Picketing
1912:deceased
1656:emeritus
1430:June 29,
1391:Archived
1370:June 29,
1364:Archived
1335:June 29,
1301:June 29,
1267:June 29,
1235:44195067
1221:: 1–33.
1148:(eds.).
1111:(2003).
1043:June 29,
1011:June 29,
979:June 29,
947:June 29,
818:June 29,
768:June 29,
551:See also
544:tour of
490:and the
397:against
350:overtime
311:was the
306:Cardinal
220:Cardinal
184:cemetery
52:New York
39:Location
1618:current
1072:Sources
342:leftist
320:of the
318:prelate
229:of the
225:, then-
113:Parties
100:to the
72:Methods
3467:Closed
1882:living
1323:
1289:
1255:
1233:
1225:
1191:
1162:
1125:
1093:
465:, the
389:, and
282:Queens
208:, and
194:, the
169:Queens
155:was a
44:Queens
2111:Bronx
1424:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1231:JSTOR
1217:(2).
891:1949b
790:1949a
563:Notes
330:Local
328:with
60:Goals
1432:2021
1399:2024
1372:2021
1337:2021
1321:ISSN
1316:Time
1303:2021
1287:ISSN
1269:2021
1253:ISSN
1223:ISSN
1189:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1045:2021
1013:2021
981:2021
949:2021
820:2021
770:2021
621:1949
619:Time
447:and
435:and
352:and
151:The
29:Date
1215:119
482:in
296:in
167:in
3544::
1413:.
1389:.
1383:.
1362:.
1356:.
1313:.
1279:.
1245:.
1229:.
1213:.
1144:;
1121:.
1089:.
1033:.
1001:.
969:.
937:.
898:^
868:^
808:.
797:^
758:.
743:^
726:^
699:^
680:^
651:^
628:^
604:^
401:.
385:,
381:,
212:.
204:,
171:,
50:,
46:,
3120:e
3113:t
3106:v
2050:e
2043:t
2036:v
1502:e
1495:t
1488:v
1462:e
1455:t
1448:v
1434:.
1401:.
1374:.
1339:.
1305:.
1271:.
1237:.
1201:.
1172:.
1135:.
1103:.
1051:.
1019:.
987:.
955:.
893:.
826:.
792:.
776:.
623:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.