325:(following torch running tests in May 1947) that fuelled the flame itself. The solid fuel increased the distance each runner could run to 2 miles (3.2 km) over flat terrain, decreasing the number of torches needed to be produced, which in turn reduced the cost of the relay. There were eight tablets loaded into each torch, with the bottom tablets pushed up by the use of a spring. The design increased the burning time of each torch up to around fifteen minutes, an increase from the four-minute torches of the 1936 Olympics. The torch itself was designed by
911:
649:
88:
1050:
1133:
667:
376:
1013:
1121:
1088:
952:
850:
693:
Instead, the simplest route from
Olympia to London was to be used, going by sea to Italy and then run through Switzerland and France. The route was modified only when Luxembourg and Belgium both requested that the torch travel their territories. A longer Greek route was planned, but reduced from an expected 750 kilometres (470 mi) down to 35 kilometres (22 mi) due to concerns over
692:
While the general negotiation with other countries and the specific route were handled by the
Organising Committee for the Games, the detailed organisation was delegated to a subgroup led by F.W. Collins. Due to cost implications, the extensive route conducted by the 1936 Games was ruled out.
270:, taking in Italy, Switzerland and France. Belgium and Luxembourg were added to the route after those countries requested it. It was expected that the Greek part of the relay would be 750 kilometres (470 mi), but was reduced to 35 kilometres (22 mi) due to
716:. She was only chosen the previous evening due to the unsettled state of the country; the Athenian girl who was trained for the ceremony was unable to travel to Olympia. In a symbolic gesture, the first runner, Corporal Dimitrelis of the
720:, laid down his arms and removed his military uniform before taking his torch in hand. The kindling material for the first torch was handed over as a gift from the Chairman of the Greek Olympic Committee to Collins, for
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1813:
1808:
830:
during the games, and a secondary torch relay was conducted to take the flame from
Wembley south to the coast to Torquay. The arrangements were the same as from Dover to Wembley but in reverse.
1953:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1895:
1880:
1875:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1573:
729:
364:
807:, where it arrived only thirty seconds late after the entire journey. That delay may have only been in the final few hundred yards of the relay down Olympic Way outside of
811:
as the pressure of the crowds on the torch carrier and their escorts reduced the pace to walking speed. Special celebrations were held at each border crossing, and at
329:, with the brief that it should be "inexpensive and easy to make, of pleasing appearance and a good example of British craftmanship". The torches were made from
359:
in order to ensure that the flame showed up properly during the opening ceremony. It was also designed by Ralph Lavers, with the frame for the torch created by
1527:
333:, with a long shaft holding a cup that contained the burner. "With thanks to the bearer" was written on the cup of the torch itself, along with the
1450:
1498:
753:
torch in order to ensure that there was a 48-hour lifespan available for the flame, despite the crossing only being expected to take 22 hours.
192:
140:
1803:
1798:
1763:
1643:
704:, Greece. As with the 1936 Summer Olympic relay, the torch relay was begun by focusing the sun's rays onto kindling using a
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1885:
1253:
291:
1491:
213:, held in London, United Kingdom. The relay was nicknamed the "relay of peace". It was only the second occasion that a
185:
121:
111:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1693:
1683:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1568:
1558:
1553:
776:. The route then detours from the direct route to take in Luxembourg and into Belgium before re-entering France at
218:
136:
155:
294:, and the rest of the organising committee for the 1948 Games, agreed to run a torch relay for a second time.
2003:
1998:
1520:
1484:
274:. After the 12-day journey, the torch arrived at the Empire Stadium only thirty seconds later than expected.
178:
1507:
214:
1415:
162:
1823:
1790:
286:, the 1948 event was only the second Games to stage an Olympic torch relay, it being first run at the
1457:
962:
773:
743:
654:
428:
241:
1925:
1867:
760:
at 12:30 pm on 19 July. It was run north through several
Italian cities before crossing the
808:
248:
800:
1675:
1545:
833:
Outside Greece, the cities and towns visited by the
Olympic flame were the following ones:
287:
283:
222:
210:
103:
8:
812:
705:
338:
1187:
785:
749:
at 1:30 pm the following day where the flame was switched to a specially equipped
672:
555:
1476:
337:. The torches for the Greek leg of the relay were shipped to the Mediterranean aboard
1421:
765:
1183:
1027:
648:
1163:
1031:
970:
799:, arriving at 8:25 pm on 28 July. It travelled through several towns in the
792:
701:
694:
679:
352:
271:
263:
252:
1138:
1102:
1992:
1425:
990:
974:
941:
823:
769:
334:
308:
629:
Source: The
Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad
228:
There were three types of torches designed for use on the relay: a standard
1226:
900:
761:
739:
721:
713:
326:
75:
1292:
916:
896:
375:
322:
1420:. London: Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. 1951. p. 210.
978:
367:. Neither the suppliers nor designer charged a fee for the final torch.
351:
A differently designed torch was used for the final leg. It was made of
1147:
1106:
1035:
1018:
998:
750:
717:
709:
345:
314:
237:
229:
1451:"The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad"
1002:
1456:. The Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. 1948. Archived from
1175:
1159:
1155:
921:
666:
356:
330:
256:
233:
986:
768:
on 23 July. From there it was run west until leaving the country at
1195:
1069:
1061:
1023:
933:
929:
925:
888:
816:
725:
318:
708:, which then lit the first torch. The kindling was conducted by a
1179:
1171:
1167:
1151:
1126:
1077:
1055:
880:
868:
827:
804:
267:
1417:
Official Report of the
Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad
262:
The route itself was initially designed to be a direct one from
35:
Greece, Italy, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, England
1199:
1191:
1110:
1093:
982:
966:
957:
937:
876:
872:
864:
781:
24:
1143:
1098:
1073:
1065:
1039:
892:
884:
855:
796:
777:
735:
683:
994:
860:
757:
700:
The torch lighting ceremony took place on 17 July 1948 in
379:
The
Olympic torch relay route for the 1948 Summer Olympics
360:
344:, along with a purpose-built torch for the leg aboard a
1506:
427:
209:
was run from 17 July until 29 July 1948, prior to the
728:, where at 7 pm it boarded the Greek destroyer
1293:"London 2012: The 1948 torch relay on a shoestring"
660:, which carried the torch from Corfu to Bari, Italy
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
554:
1990:
1245:
1271:
1227:"A gallery of memorable Olympic torch designs"
641:Vessels that carried the Olympic torch in 1948
1492:
780:on 28 July, finally departing the country at
600:
582:
564:
537:
521:
503:
487:
471:
455:
437:
414:
186:
587:
508:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1315:
1313:
1499:
1485:
193:
179:
1395:
1370:
1346:
1325:
1310:
1254:"Olympic flame begins journey to London"
724:. It was then run to the Greek coast at
374:
1358:
569:
547:
542:
442:
363:, and the magnesium candle supplied by
1991:
1251:
370:
1480:
1290:
678:, which carried the torch across the
292:David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter
13:
756:The ship dropped the torch off in
290:in Berlin. Former British athlete
247:, and a final torch used to enter
14:
2015:
297:
1252:Nellas, Demetris (11 May 2012).
1131:
1119:
1086:
1048:
1011:
950:
909:
848:
665:
647:
616:3,160 kilometres (1,960 mi)
313:Each of the torches contained a
207:1948 Summer Olympics torch relay
86:
1407:
217:was held for the Olympics; the
1219:
822:It was agreed for a secondary
633:
1:
1291:Heald, Claire (18 May 2011).
1208:
791:carried the torch across the
738:. It stayed overnight in the
277:
348:vessel from Corfu to Italy.
7:
1510:and Paralympic torch relays
1449:
1401:
1389:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1319:
597:England (Wembley - Torquay)
365:Wessex Aircraft Engineering
10:
2020:
695:instability in the country
306:
1924:
1866:
1859:
1822:
1789:
1674:
1544:
1537:
1515:
772:, and entering France at
579:England (Dover - Wembley)
405:
402:
399:
396:
389: *
282:London having hosted the
71:
63:
55:
47:
39:
31:
20:
774:Saint-Julien-en-Genevois
734:bound for the island of
697:and a lack of security.
302:
1402:Official Report (1948)
1390:Official Report (1948)
1365:Official Report (1948)
1353:Official Report (1948)
1341:Official Report (1948)
1320:Official Report (1948)
963:St. Julien en Genevois
380:
272:concerns over security
232:powered torch made of
1521:Olympic torch designs
801:South East of England
378:
2004:1948 Summer Olympics
1999:Olympic torch relays
803:until it arrived at
288:1936 Summer Olympics
284:1908 Summer Olympics
240:torch used on board
223:1936 Summer Olympics
211:1948 Summer Olympics
104:1948 Summer Olympics
813:Pierre de Coubertin
706:parabolic reflector
371:Planned torch route
95:Part of a series on
1528:Final torchbearers
722:Princess Elizabeth
381:
355:and was fueled by
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1855:
1854:
1258:The Vancouver Sun
1206:
1205:
842:Cities and towns
766:Brig, Switzerland
626:
625:
255:and powered by a
251:that was made of
203:
202:
81:
80:
32:Countries visited
2011:
1864:
1863:
1542:
1541:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1017:
1015:
1014:
971:Lons-le-Saulnier
956:
954:
953:
915:
913:
912:
854:
852:
851:
836:
835:
669:
651:
602:
589:
584:
571:
566:
561:
549:
544:
539:
523:
510:
505:
489:
473:
457:
456:1,072 kilometres
444:
439:
434:
416:
394:
393:
390:
195:
188:
181:
148:
147:Closing ceremony
133:
132:Opening ceremony
117:
90:
89:
83:
82:
27:, United Kingdom
18:
17:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1920:
1851:
1818:
1785:
1670:
1533:
1511:
1505:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1463:on 27 July 2011
1460:
1453:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1414:"Torch Relay".
1413:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1132:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1087:
1085:
1049:
1047:
1032:Luxembourg City
1012:
1010:
951:
949:
910:
908:
849:
847:
819:, Switzerland.
793:English Channel
690:
689:
688:
687:
686:
680:English Channel
670:
662:
661:
652:
643:
642:
636:
415:750 kilometres*
388:
373:
353:stainless steel
317:tablet made of
311:
305:
300:
280:
253:stainless steel
199:
170:
169:
168:
146:
131:
115:
107:
106:
87:
12:
11:
5:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1984:
1983:
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1961:
1956:
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1946:
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1406:
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1357:
1345:
1324:
1309:
1270:
1244:
1231:CBBC Newsround
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1141:
1139:United Kingdom
1115:
1114:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1058:
1044:
1043:
1021:
1007:
1006:
960:
946:
945:
919:
905:
904:
858:
844:
843:
840:
809:Empire Stadium
742:, and boarded
671:
664:
663:
653:
646:
645:
644:
640:
639:
638:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
624:
623:
620:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
601:330 kilometres
598:
594:
593:
590:
585:
583:255 kilometres
580:
576:
575:
572:
567:
562:
551:
550:
545:
540:
538:126 kilometres
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
522:287 kilometres
519:
515:
514:
511:
506:
504:108 kilometres
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
488:521 kilometres
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
472:261 kilometres
469:
465:
464:
461:
458:
453:
449:
448:
445:
440:
438:415 kilometres
435:
424:
423:
420:
417:
412:
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
386:
385:
372:
369:
307:Main article:
304:
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298:Relay elements
296:
279:
276:
249:Empire Stadium
201:
200:
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91:
79:
78:
73:
72:Torch designer
69:
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37:
36:
33:
29:
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22:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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1298:
1294:
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1259:
1255:
1248:
1233:. 10 May 2012
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
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1177:
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1128:
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1009:
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984:
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976:
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947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
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918:
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906:
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898:
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870:
866:
862:
859:
857:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
834:
831:
829:
826:to be lit in
825:
824:Olympic Flame
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Perly-Certoux
767:
763:
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754:
752:
748:
747:
746:Whitesand Bay
741:
740:city of Corfu
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
685:
681:
677:
676:
668:
659:
658:
657:Whitesand Bay
650:
628:
627:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
599:
596:
595:
591:
586:
581:
578:
577:
573:
568:
565:35 kilometres
563:
560:
559:
553:
552:
546:
541:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
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512:
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436:
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431:Whitesand Bay
426:
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409:
395:
392:
383:
382:
377:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
342:
336:
335:Olympic rings
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
310:
309:Olympic Flame
295:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
244:Whitesand Bay
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
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212:
208:
196:
191:
189:
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177:
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99:
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77:
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70:
66:
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58:
54:
50:
48:Torch bearers
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
16:
1824:Winter Youth
1791:Summer Youth
1563:
1526:
1519:
1465:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1429:. Retrieved
1416:
1409:
1397:
1360:
1348:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
965:, Belgarde,
914:
901:Simplon Pass
832:
821:
787:
762:Simplon Pass
755:
745:
730:
714:Pyrgos, Elis
712:leader from
699:
691:
674:
656:
557:
430:
387:
350:
340:
327:Ralph Lavers
312:
281:
261:
243:
236:, a special
227:
206:
204:
161:
154:
126:
76:Ralph Lavers
67:29 July 1948
59:17 July 1948
15:
1431:8 September
1103:Armentieres
1080:, Hertain.
917:Switzerland
897:Domodossola
815:'s tomb in
634:Torch route
534:France (ii)
468:Switzerland
391:As planned
323:naphthalene
221:was at the
215:torch relay
137:Medal table
127:Torch relay
112:Bid process
1993:Categories
1860:Paralympic
1209:References
1148:Canterbury
1064:, Marche,
1036:Ettelbruck
1019:Luxembourg
999:Thionville
751:butane gas
718:Greek Army
710:Girl Guide
500:Luxembourg
484:France (i)
346:Royal Navy
315:solid fuel
278:Background
238:butane gas
230:solid fuel
116:London bid
56:Start date
1426:220789552
1176:Guildford
1160:Westerham
1156:Maidstone
400:Distance
397:Location
357:magnesium
341:Liverpool
331:aluminium
257:magnesium
234:aluminium
141:medalists
21:Host city
1404:: p. 213
1392:: p. 217
1355:: p. 212
1343:: p. 210
1322:: p. 209
1297:BBC News
1214:Specific
1196:Uxbridge
1107:St. Omer
1070:Brussels
1062:Bastogne
1024:Frisange
979:Besancon
934:Lausanne
930:Montreux
926:Martigny
889:Piacenza
817:Lausanne
788:Bicester
731:Hastings
726:Katakolo
675:Bicester
558:Bicester
406:Torches
319:hexamine
259:candle.
64:End date
43:3,160 km
40:Distance
1538:Olympic
1508:Olympic
1443:General
1367:: p. 22
1188:Windsor
1180:Bagshot
1172:Dorking
1168:Reigate
1164:Redhill
1152:Charing
1127:England
1078:Tournai
1056:Belgium
1003:Evrange
975:Poligny
881:Bologna
869:Pescara
828:Torquay
805:Wembley
702:Olympia
518:Belgium
403:Stages
321:and 6%
268:Wembley
264:Olympia
1926:Winter
1868:Summer
1676:Winter
1546:Summer
1467:15 May
1424:
1302:15 May
1263:15 May
1237:15 May
1200:London
1192:Slough
1136:
1124:
1111:Calais
1094:France
1091:
1074:Renaix
1060:Bras,
1053:
1016:
987:Epinal
983:Vesoul
967:Nantua
958:France
955:
938:Geneva
899:, the
877:Rimini
873:Ancona
865:Foggia
853:
839:Nation
782:Calais
411:Greece
122:Venues
25:London
1764:route
1644:route
1461:(PDF)
1454:(PDF)
1184:Ascot
1144:Dover
1099:Lille
1066:Namur
1040:Wiltz
991:Nancy
942:Perly
893:Milan
885:Parma
856:Italy
797:Dover
778:Lille
764:into
736:Corfu
684:Dover
622:1688
613:Total
452:Italy
303:Torch
219:first
51:1,688
1974:2022
1969:2018
1964:2014
1959:2010
1954:2006
1949:2002
1944:1998
1939:1994
1934:1992
1916:2020
1911:2016
1906:2012
1901:2008
1896:2004
1891:2000
1886:1996
1881:1992
1876:1988
1847:2024
1842:2020
1837:2016
1832:2012
1814:2026
1809:2018
1804:2014
1799:2010
1781:2022
1776:2018
1771:2014
1759:2010
1754:2006
1749:2002
1744:1998
1739:1994
1734:1992
1729:1988
1724:1984
1719:1980
1714:1976
1709:1972
1704:1968
1699:1964
1694:1960
1689:1956
1684:1952
1666:2024
1661:2020
1656:2016
1651:2012
1639:2008
1634:2004
1629:2000
1624:1996
1619:1992
1614:1988
1609:1984
1604:1980
1599:1976
1594:1972
1589:1968
1584:1964
1579:1960
1574:1956
1569:1952
1564:1948
1559:1940
1554:1936
1469:2012
1433:2023
1422:OCLC
1304:2012
1265:2012
1239:2012
1028:Esch
995:Metz
922:Brig
861:Bari
786:HMS
758:Bari
744:HMS
673:HMS
655:HMS
619:1531
608:120
556:HMS
529:120
495:300
479:144
463:540
429:HMS
422:324
339:HMS
242:HMS
205:The
795:to
682:to
605:107
592:80
574:12
526:108
513:42
492:270
476:135
460:500
419:300
384:Key
361:EMI
266:to
163:BOA
156:IOC
1995::
1372:^
1327:^
1312:^
1295:.
1273:^
1256:.
1229:.
1202:.
1198:,
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
1182:,
1178:,
1174:,
1170:,
1166:,
1162:,
1158:,
1154:,
1150:,
1146:,
1129:,
1113:.
1109:,
1105:,
1101:,
1076:,
1072:,
1068:,
1042:.
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1005:.
1001:,
997:,
993:,
989:,
985:,
981:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
944:.
940:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
924:,
903:.
895:,
891:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
867:,
863:,
784:.
588:73
509:38
447:6
225:.
1500:e
1493:t
1486:v
1471:.
1435:.
1306:.
1267:.
1241:.
570:—
548:—
543:—
443:—
194:e
187:t
180:v
143:)
139:(
118:)
114:(
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