220:
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142:. The subsequent winter of 1930–31 was particularly harsh, creating large deposits of snow and ice in mountainous areas. In early 1931, melting snow and ice flowed downstream and arrived in the middle course of the Yangtze during a period of heavy spring rain. Ordinarily, the region experienced three periods of high water during the spring, summer and fall, respectively; however, in early 1931, there was a single continuous deluge. By June, those living in low areas had already been forced to abandon their homes. The summer was also characterized by extreme
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around 782,189 urban citizens and rural refugees were left homeless. The flood covered an area of 83 square kilometres (32 sq mi) and the city was flooded under many feet of water for close to three months. Large numbers gathered on flood islands throughout the city, with 30,000 sheltering on a railway embankment in central Hankou. With little food and a complete breakdown in sanitation, thousands soon began to succumb to diseases.
29:
150:
along the
Yangtze River reported rain totalling over 600 mm (24 in) for the month. The water flowing through the Yangtze reached its highest level since record-keeping began in the mid-nineteenth century. That autumn, further heavy rain added to the problem and some rivers did not return to
425:
to collapse. Eventually, the government managed to secure a large loan of wheat and flour from the United States. In the wake of the disaster, the government set up organizations such as the Huai River
Conservancy Commission to address flood problems. However, due to a lack of funding and the chaos
289:
There was no warning, only a sudden great wall of water. Most of Wuhan's buildings in those days were only one story high, and for many people there was no escape- they died by the tens of thousands. ... I was just coming off duty at the company's main office, a fairly new three-story building near
284:
As well as inundating rural areas, the flood caused widespread destruction to a number of cities. Refugees had been arriving in the city of Wuhan since the late spring. When the city itself was inundated in the early summer and after a catastrophic dike failure at just before 6:00 AM on 27 July,
256:
with the price of vital commodities rising rapidly. The combined ecological and economic impacts of the disaster caused many areas to descend into famine. With no food, people were reduced to eating tree bark, weeds, and earth. Some sold their children to survive, while others resorted to
290:
the center of town ... When I heard the terrible noise and saw the wall of water coming, I raced to the top story of the building. ... I was in one of the tallest and strongest buildings left standing. At that time no one knew whether the water would subside or rise even higher.
167:. In Chinese, this event is commonly known as 江淮水灾, which roughly translates to "Yangtze-Huai Flood Disaster." Waterways throughout much of the country were inundated, particularly the Yellow River and Grand Canal. The eight most seriously affected provinces were
154:
The floods inundated approximately 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 sq mi) – an area equivalent in size to
England and half of Scotland, or the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut combined. The high-water mark recorded on 19 August at
234:
At the time the government estimated that 25 million people had been affected by the flood. Historians since have suggested that the true number may have been as many as 53 million. Estimated death tolls also vary widely. Contemporary studies conducted by
251:
The flood destroyed vast swaths of housing and farmland. Throughout the entire
Yangtze Valley, around 15% of the wheat and rice crops were destroyed, with the proportion being much higher in the flood-affected areas. The disaster also caused an
122:, and that this number represented less than a quarter of all fatalities during the first 100 days of the flood." The official report found 140,000 drowned and claims that "2 million people died during the flood, having drowned or died from
445:
shortly before the flood-hit. This coincidence led to widespread discontent afterwards, as many locals linked the disaster to the anger of Dragon King, a rainmaking deity. As a response, prominent officials, including He Baohua, mayor of
239:
allege that at least 150,000 people had drowned in the first few months of the flood, with hundreds of thousands more dying of starvation and disease over the following year. Using contemporary media reports, Chinese historians led by
351:, as well as securing the funds for it. However, the flood remains widely unknown to the Chinese. Steve Harnsberger, the grandson of Thomas Harnsberger, wrote in 2007, "The 1931 flood killed 15 times the number of people lost in the
996:
413:, a British refugee expert. Charity poured in to help with the relief effort from throughout the world, with overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia being particularly generous. In the United States, the celebrated author
754:
1330:
The 1931 flood in China: an economic survey by the
Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture and Forestry, the University of Nanking, in cooperation with the National Flood Relief Commission
408:
became involved, as they were commissioned to conduct an aerial survey of the flood zone. Although Song Ziwen remained the head of the commission, the day-to-day running the relief effort was entrusted to
304:, then the capital of Republican China, was also severely affected by the disaster. One of the most disastrous single events during the flood occurred on 25 August 1931, when the water rushing through the
458:, held ritual ceremonies and kowtowed to the deity. Meanwhile, many believed that evacuation efforts were hindered by superstition. According to a contemporary report, thousands "are convinced that
1069:
244:
have calculated the death toll at 422,420. Some
Western sources allege that the death toll was between 3.7 and 4 million people based on their own claims of famine and disease. The
261:. The most lethal effect of the flood was the diseases that swept through the refugee population due to displacement, overcrowding, and the breakdown of sanitation. These included
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if he could not stop the construction of the dam. The project did not move beyond the planning stage in Mao's time, due to a lack of resources, rising
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340:
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Government. As the scale of the disaster became apparent, the government established the
National Flood Relief Commission under the auspices of
1080:
396:, health minister Liu Ruiheng, public health worker John Grant, and hydraulic engineer Oliver Todd. It also secured the assistance of the
1098:
1179:
Courtney, Chris (2015). "The Dragon King and the 1931 Wuhan flood: religious rumors and environmental disasters in republican China".
785:
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activity. In July of that year alone, nine cyclones hit the region, which was significantly above the average of two per year. Four
565:
355:, and yet scarcely a word has been written of it. History focused instead on other disasters that year. China’s attention was on a
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228:
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111:
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1420:"An Analysis of Flood and Social Risks Based on the 1931 Changjiang & Huai River Flood During the Republic of China"
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wrote short stories to encourage charitable donations. The relief effort became much more difficult following the
392:. The commission employed a range of Chinese and foreign experts, including figures such as famous epidemiologist
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219:
418:
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showed water levels 16 m (53 ft) above the average, an average of 1.7 m (5.6 ft) above
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and dyke reconstruction. Beijing: Beijing
Workers Press. (倪文才. 1931年高邮特大洪灾和运堤修复历史再现纪实. 2006. 北京: 中国工人出版社.)
130:
in the subsequent year, from May 1932, was officially reported to have 31,974 deaths and 100,666 cases.
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alone, 18,000 people drowned and 58,000 died due to famine and diseases the following year.
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is doomed and refuse to help themselves or be helped. They sit stoically awaiting death."
434:, the various commissions were only able to construct small dams along the Yangtze River.
8:
499:
495:
491:
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164:
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755:
The River at the Center of the World: A Journey Up the
Yangtze, and Back in Chinese Time
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Engineering the State: The Huai River and
Reconstruction in Nationalist China 1927–1937
617:
526:
517:, a prominent scientist and minister of geological resources, told Mao he would commit
1425:
1382:
Ni, Wencai (2006). A documentary on uncovering the history of the 1931 Great Flood in
486:
Three Gorges Dam project should excel other major projects in Chinese history such as
248:
who traditionally live on boats along the Yangtze suffered greatly from the flooding.
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Agricultural Instability in China, 1931–1990: Weather, Technology, and Institutions
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969:(in Chinese). Tsinghua University Institute of Qing History. Archived from
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854:"NOAA'S top global weather, water and climate events of the 20th century"
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As part of an anti-superstition campaign by the Kuomintang Government, a
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1099:"The Great Floods Of 1931 At Gaoyou: August 26, 1931 – The Floods Come"
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794:, p. 303, Appendix VII-12 Number of people sick per 1000 persons.
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On the engineering aspect of dyke breaching and their reconstruction
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204:
200:
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On food relief, refugee camps, farm rehabilitation, sanitation, etc
1426:"Extremely heavy meiyu over the Yangtze and Huaihe vaneies in 1931"
1213:
295:
Jin Shilong, Senior Engineer at the Hubei Flood Prevention Agency,
196:
184:
28:
624:(4 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 546–547.
133:
1206:
Cleveland, Cutler J.; Morris, Christopher G. (15 November 2013).
637:, the caption of photo 11, between page 90 and 91. Also cited by
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travelled to areas neighbouring the Yangtze River to promote the
388:, a prominent politician in the Kuomintang and brother-in-law of
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Handbook of Energy: Chronologies, Top Ten Lists, and Word Clouds
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231:, sometimes topping lists of the world’s deadliest disasters.
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The Nature of Disaster in China The 1931 Yangzi River Flood
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began full operation in 2012, becoming the world's largest
454:, then the local garrison commander and later governor of
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775:
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The 1931 flood was one of the first major tests for the
339:, was one of the two central figures (alongside General
1287:. Shanghai: The Comacrib Press – via Archive.org.
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910:
578:
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immediately after the flood found "150,000 people had
110:
Fatality estimates vary widely. A field survey by the
770:
684:
323:
1159:
Rediscovering China: Dynamics and Dilemmas of Reform
542:
505:
Scientists and officials who raised doubts, such as
199:. Beyond the core flood zone, areas as far south as
1199:
1416:DisasterHistory.Org (English and Chinese Versions)
938:
529:. The project was restarted in the 1980s, and the
1096:
1013:
470:In 1953, after the end of the Chinese Civil War,
357:civil war between the Communists and Nationalists
138:From 1928 to 1930, China was afflicted by a long
1433:
421:in the autumn of 1931, which caused the Chinese
347:) who supervised the rebuilding of the dikes at
1205:
465:
375:
134:Meteorological causes and physical consequences
1399:("The Ten Great Disasters of Modern China" by
1284:Report of the National Flood Relief Commission
936:
1157:Li, Cheng & Barnett, Arthur Doak (1997).
945:(5th ed.). National Geographic Society.
1319:Officially-sponsored report by universities
1230:
1067:
99:and beyond, and eventually culminated in a
669:Glantz, Mickey. Glantz, Michael H (2003).
27:
1297:National Flood Relief Commission (1933).
1281:National Flood Relief Commission (1933).
932:
930:
928:
846:
227:This flood is frequently featured in the
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941:The Torrent of Life (Journey into China)
919:
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663:
654:
638:
587:
566:List of disasters in China by death toll
229:list of disasters in China by death toll
218:
214:
1236:
1097:Steve Harnsberger (25 September 2007).
1044:
712:
710:
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615:The figure of 140,000 is also cited in
370:
361:the Japanese were invading in the North
87:, occurred from June to August 1931 in
52:July–November 1931 (depending on river)
1434:
1014:Steve Harnsberger (7 September 2006).
990:
925:
223:Victims of the flooding in August 1931
1274:Official report available free online
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1127:National Flood Relief Commission 1933
804:National Flood Relief Commission 1933
792:National Flood Relief Commission 1933
738:National Flood Relief Commission 1933
660:
651:National Flood Relief Commission 1933
635:National Flood Relief Commission 1933
604:National Flood Relief Commission 1933
151:their normal courses until November.
1428:1931年江淮异常梅雨 (in Chinese). CQVIP.com.
1324:
877:
821:
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363:, while the world was deep into the
353:Indonesian tsunamis of December 2004
616:
13:
1389:
1144:
815:
779:
653:, pp. 299–300. Also cited by
324:Rebuilding of dikes at Lake Gaoyou
14:
1483:
1407:
993:"追忆苏皖边区政府参议会驻会议员、著名爱国人士----王叔相先生"
1393:; 程歗; 刘仰东; 夏明方 (December 1994).
1243:Renewable Energy: A First Course
1047:"China's worst natural disaster"
545:
1193:10.1179/1521538515Z.00000000059
1172:
1090:
1068:Beth Ashley (30 January 2006).
1061:
1038:
1007:
984:
959:
871:
743:
540:in terms of installed capacity.
91:, hitting major cities such as
36:city hall during the 1931 flood
1414:"The 1931 Central China Flood"
609:
419:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
85:1931 Yangtze–Huai River floods
1:
1268:
1161:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1016:"Forgotten history revealed"
571:
482:flood control project. "The
466:Communist Era (1949–present)
376:Republican Era (1930s–1940s)
16:Series of devastating floods
7:
1457:20th-century floods in Asia
884:. Oxford University Press.
559:
525:and the disruptions of the
400:. Even the famous aviators
10:
1488:
1358:Cambridge University Press
1246:. CRC Press. p. 219.
991:胡彬、季云华 (8 December 2009).
1077:Marin Independent Journal
829:"Dealing with the Deluge"
671:Climate Affairs: A Primer
441:Temple was demolished in
73:Central and eastern China
69:
61:
56:
48:
41:
26:
1350:Courtney, Chris (2018).
1303:(in Chinese). Shanghai:
622:The Rise of Modern China
602:, p. , as cited in
428:Second Sino-Japanese War
1452:1931 disasters in China
1181:Twentieth-Century China
937:William Graves (1982).
472:Chinese Communist Party
1467:1931 natural disasters
1311:'s digital collection.
331:, a missionary of the
298:
224:
43:Meteorological history
1366:10.1017/9781108278362
1334:University of Nanking
1309:National Diet Library
1307:– via Japanese
716:Pietz, David (2002).
509:, were persecuted as
287:
222:
215:Death toll and damage
211:were also inundated.
207:, and as far west as
112:University of Nanking
1442:Yangtze River floods
523:Sino-Soviet tensions
371:Government reactions
1070:"Flood of memories"
878:Kueh, Y.Y. (1995).
782:, pp. 230–231.
618:Hsu, Immanuel C. Y.
430:and the subsequent
333:Presbyterian Church
107:on 25 August 1931.
23:
1326:Buck, John Lossing
860:. 13 December 1999
806:, pp. 5, 203.
728:. pp. xvii, 61–70.
527:Great Leap Forward
329:Thomas Harnsberger
225:
203:, as far north as
21:
1447:Huai River floods
1253:978-1-4665-9944-4
1240:(13 March 2013).
1223:978-0-12-417019-3
952:978-0-87044-437-1
907:, pp. 64–65.
750:Winchester, Simon
432:Chinese Civil War
411:John Hope Simpson
402:Charles Lindbergh
398:League of Nations
237:John Lossing Buck
165:the Shanghai Bund
116:John Lossing Buck
81:1931 China floods
77:
76:
65:422,499–4,000,000
22:1931 China floods
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1105:. Archived from
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1079:. Archived from
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1053:. Archived from
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1027:. Archived from
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480:Three Gorges Dam
365:Great Depression
337:Taizhou, Jiangsu
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148:weather stations
128:cholera epidemic
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1300:国民政府救済水災委員会工振報告
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967:"被遗忘的1931年中国水灾"
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835:. 26 March 1996
833:PBS NOVA Online
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1408:External links
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500:Grand Canal
496:Sui Yang Di
439:Dragon King
423:bond market
349:Lake Gaoyou
343:, a PhD in
314:Gaoyou Lake
306:Grand Canal
259:cannibalism
105:Lake Gaoyou
1436:Categories
1422:. ILIB.cn.
1397:. 上海人民出版社.
1269:References
1113:2020-05-10
977:2019-01-20
864:2012-11-29
839:2013-02-12
515:Li Siguang
492:Great Wall
476:Mao Zedong
452:Xia Douyin
415:Pearl Buck
386:T.V. Soong
382:Kuomintang
345:hydraulics
62:Fatalities
1401:Li Wenhai
1344:Monograph
681:. p. 252.
600:Buck 1932
572:Footnotes
511:rightists
484:Socialist
394:Wu Liande
275:dysentery
242:Li Wenhai
205:Manchuria
201:Guangdong
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1395:中国近代十大灾荒
1328:(1932).
858:NOAA.gov
752:(2004).
620:(1990).
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185:Zhejiang
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780:Li 1994
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474:leader
426:of the
302:Nanjing
271:malaria
267:measles
263:cholera
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189:Jiangxi
181:Jiangsu
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120:drowned
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1384:Gaoyou
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