884:, the two countries came to an agreement in April. The agreement was designed to last fifteen years, which gave prospect of a lasting settlement. The most difficult questions were those of the protection of minorities, and of German private property liquidation in the portions of Upper Silesia assigned to Poland. Difficulties arose when Poland claimed an unrestricted right of liquidation, and failed to recognize the right of the chairman of the Mixed Commission to arbitrate. A compromise was reached, in which Poland gained a limited right of liquidation, without inflicting too great a hardship on the German owners.
534:
out the terms of the peace treaty was now 187,531,000,000 marks. Of this sum 16,500,000,000 were provided by the ordinary budget; the other 171,000,000,000 would have had to be raised by a loan. As soon as the mark fell to a sixtieth of par the deficit became 210,000,000,000 instead of 171,000,000,000; and it swelled to fantastic dimensions with the further depreciation of the mark which followed. The floating debt had risen from 247,000,000,000 at the beginning of the year to 272,000,000,000 by March 31, then to 962,000,000,000 and to 1,494,000,000,000 by the end of the year.
159:
24:
566:, which usually is composed of non-politicians. In this case, however, it was largely composed of deputies of the bourgeois coalition in addition to Cuno, who did not belong to any party and in fact was not a member of the Reichstag when he first took over. These parties did not form a majority in the House by themselves. Consequently, the cabinet depended on the good will either of the Social Democrats or the German Nationalists.
1619:
512:
Commission promised to reply, if possible, by August 15. But France returned an abrupt negative to the request for a reduction of the clearing payments, and even threatened reprisals if
Germany did not carry out its clearing obligations by August 5. Eventually, an agreement was reached. Eventually, Germany was allowed to stop cash payments for the rest of 1922 via a conference of the Allies, which commenced on August 7.
551:, which represented the property-owning classes. Previously, the moderate socialist party had reunited with the Independent Social Democrats who had seceded during the war, while as a kind of counterpoise the bourgeois parties in the government coalition had formed a "working agreement" in the Reichstag with the German People's Party. The united
716:, and received a vote of confidence on this point in the Reichstag. A frivolous strike of the Berlin municipal workers, which left the capital without light, water, and electricity, ended after three days with an unconditional resumption of work. Food disturbances broke out at some places in the summer, but they were easily suppressed.
779:) was issued investing the government with extraordinary powers to cope with the emergency. A few days later it was withdrawn in favour of a bill for the protection of the republic, increasing the penalties for attacks on republican institutions and officials, establishing a special State Court alongside the
466:, went to Paris. As a result of his discussions with the Reparations Commission, the government was able to make a proposal that was accepted. The government promised to keep its finances in order so that it could pay the reparations, even if it meant raising taxes. The Reparations Commission consented.
441:
German delegates' assurances that no disloyalty had been intended by these agreements were rejected with scorn. German delegates futilely asserted that they had reliable information that the other powers were about to conclude arrangements with Russia which would put
Germany in a tight corner if she
826:
in Munich, who left the city for good a few days before the trial. It came out in the trial that Dard had acquainted the accused with the plans for separating South from North
Germany, and that these plans were, if necessary, to be assisted by an advance of French troops through the Main valley. He
797:
In response to the Law for the
Protection of the Republic, a number of organizations which espoused anti-republican sentiment were dissolved, including the Organisation Consul, which was responsible for the assassinations of Matthias Erzberger on 26 August 1921 and Walther Rathenau on 24 June 1922.
533:
In such circumstances it was impossible to exercise proper supervision over the national finances. The budget submitted at the beginning of the year had provided for an ordinary revenue and expenditure of 103,208,000,000 Marks. With the mark at one forty-fifth of its par value, the cost of carrying
478:
On
November 13, the Wirth government made definite proposals regarding stabilization and reparations in a note to the Reparations Commission. These proposals were: to fix the German reparation obligations definitely at a tolerable figure, to release Germany for three to four years from all payments
707:
The internal position of the republic was somewhat weakened by unrest arising from economic fragility, which resulted from uncertainty concerning the war debts and its adverse effect on the economy. In
February, a strike engineered by the more reckless elements of labor among the railway employees
689:
The new government continued the reparations policy of its predecessor. When a conference of the Allies met in London to consider the German request for a postponement of payment, the new government made fresh proposals on matters of detail regarding the periods and the application of the loans it
372:
On March 21, the
Reparations Commission answered by fixing the obligations of Germany at the figures proposed by the German government, but with certain conditions which would have to be carried out by May 31, including requiring a new taxation scheme of 60 billion marks. A number of measures for
474:
At the beginning of
November the Reparations Commission went to Berlin in the hope of there finding a way out of the impasse. At the same time, a conference was held in Berlin of economic and financial authorities who had been asked to give reasoned opinions on the possibility of stabilizing the
511:
Owing to this new development, the German government on July 12 made a fresh application for postponement of the payments that had been fixed for 1922, and for a simultaneous reduction of the monthly payments for the clearing of private prewar claims from £2,000,000 to £500,000. The
Reparations
887:
On July 17, the transfer to Poland of the parts of Upper
Silesia assigned to her commenced. At the same time, large portions of the population moved from newly-Polish districts into the parts that remained German. A few weeks later, the German districts voted on whether they should become an
783:
for trying such cases, and banning societies, meetings, and printed matter that opposed "the constitutionally established republican form of government". It was followed by an amnesty bill, a crimes bill, and a supplement to the officials law. The Reichstag passed the
712:. It then collapsed, and was followed by disciplinary action against some of the instigators and also those participators in the strike who had been guilty of acts of violence and sabotage. The government, supported by public opinion, held that state employees had no
537:
The government sought to prevent the further fall of the mark by a regulation forbidding dealing in foreign currencies. The measure, however, was not well conceived and proved wholly ineffective; it met with sharp opposition, and soon had to be altered.
802:
in May for abetting the murder of Erzberger, the two assassins to whom Killinger had given the orders escaped and Killinger was acquitted, although his connection with the murderers of Erzberger was not in doubt. The murderers of Rathenau, the engineer
508:. Four days before the assassination, the Mark was still at one sixty-seventh of its par value. On June 27, just one week later, it had sunk to one-eightieth of par, on July 3 to one hundred-and-fourteenth, and on August 1 to one hundred-and-fiftieth.
546:
Late in 1922, the Wirth cabinet found itself compelled to resign owing to party dissensions. In order to secure a broader basis for his government in the critical situation which faced the republic, Dr. Wirth had sought to gain the adherence of the
788:
after a long discussion by 303 votes to 102. The other bills were also passed by large majorities. Only the German Nationalists, the Bavarian People's Party, the Communists, and certain members of the German People's Party voted against them.
479:
in cash and kind, to summon an immediate conference of international financiers to consider the granting of a bank credit to Germany, and, finally, to support Germany's demand for complete equality of treatment in trade and commerce.
355:, which dominated the life of Germans in 1922. Although these social questions remained in the public consciousness, Germans focused most heavily on the economics of how Germany would meet the reparation obligations stipulated by the
520:
Despite the ending of cash payments for the rest of 1922, the main cause of Germany's inability to pay, the steady depreciation of the mark, was ongoing. Towards the end of the year it assumed a disastrous rapidity. On August 1, the
433:
government was accorded open recognition. The former Russian ambassador's palace in Berlin, after being empty for years, had already been handed over. This step added some difficulty to the negotiations of the Great Powers with the
529:
at 2,850 Marks to the Pound. But on September 5 the dollar had already risen to 1,440 Marks and the pound to 6,525 Marks, and in December the pound was worth between 30,000 and 40,000 marks and the dollar between 7,000 and 9,000.
919:
emphatically stigmatized this decision as a "scandalous breach of the peace of Versailles". The protest was so effective that the execution of the decision was postponed and had not yet been carried out at the end of the year.
690:
had in view. The conference rejected the proposals as inadequate. The London negotiations brought no solution of the reparations question. Poincaré's plans for the seizing of "productive pledges" and the occupation of the
404:
had consented to take part in it only on condition that reparations were not officially raised. Nevertheless, the German government regarded the congress as a moral victory. Yet very little actual progress was made.
811:, had escaped arrest and condemnation by suicide. A number of persons who were accused partly of complicity, partly of abetting or assisting, were brought before the new court in October. Thirteen were convicted.
429:, but laid aside before being finally adopted. This agreement finally established peace between the two countries, waived all claims arising from the war on both sides and restored diplomatic relations. Thus, the
694:
valley met with the opposition of the other powers, while Poincaré on his side was not to be moved from his designs, which were of a military and political rather than economic character, by any offers of
454:
Of more consequence to Germany was the approach of May 31, with the threat of dire consequences if the obligations fixed by the Reparations Commission were not carried out. New French Prime Minister
1563:
896:
which had been postponed on account of the occupation. They ended unfavourably for the Poles, who won no seat out of five in the Reichstag, and only one out of eight in the Landtag.
743:
on July 3. The feeling aroused found vent in great demonstrations on the part of the republican section of the population, especially among the working classes. In certain places,
888:
autonomous federated state, or remain incorporated with Prussia. The result was: 513,126 votes for Prussia, 50,400 for autonomy. It was now possible to hold the elections to the
719:
More disturbing to the peace of the republic were the subterraneous movements which were forming in anti-republican circles. The preceding year had been marked by the murder of
373:
securing strict control over German finances and the German budget were required to be introduced at early dates, and the scheme for an internal loan submitted by April 30.
804:
555:
objected to the entry of the German People's Party into the government coalition. Having made this a question of confidence, Dr. Wirth felt himself compelled to resign.
819:
562:, manager of the Hamburg-America Line, who accomplished the task with some difficulty. As the Social Democrats refused to join, Dr. Cuno formed a so-called
413:
The German delegation became the object of unwelcome attention when it concluded a political and economic agreement with the Russian foreign minister
458:
had already set forth the programme of pledges and sanctions with which he meant to overcome the alleged "bad will" of Germany. Accordingly, the
475:
mark. Both conferences ended without positive result. The Reparations Commission failed to find the concrete proposals that it had looked for.
2887:
1642:
430:
1585:
380:
on March 30 passed a resolution protesting the new regulations, which many believed would cause the rapid depreciation of German money.
1607:
2472:
785:
88:
771:
The republican authorities acted with great energy and proclaimed relentless warfare against the "Right". An order (invoking
60:
1518:
299:
865:. Most were economic in character, and served to clear away the debris left by the war. The extension of the Russo-German
1125:
552:
307:
67:
107:
772:
501:
459:
438:
government due to the open hostility that many of the European democracies displayed against the Communist regime.
41:
677:
74:
1600:
45:
1356:
2681:
668:
622:
56:
2747:
2465:
1097:
599:
869:
to the Soviet republics federated with Russia took place as a matter of course, and aroused no attention.
1615:
915:, in spite of protests by the inhabitants, the Reichstag, and the Prussian Landtag. The Prussian premier
889:
649:
640:
612:
586:
377:
899:
Great dissatisfaction arose in Germany in response to the fate of five villages on the east bank of the
2851:
2791:
2669:
1471:
985:
659:
655:
631:
266:
1153:
699:
for a mutual cancellation of debts. Thus the year ended with a situation full of ominous uncertainty.
2551:
1593:
947:
246:
241:
235:
229:
224:
2892:
2882:
2725:
2631:
1623:
908:
866:
618:
548:
270:
2897:
2458:
595:
34:
2782:
873:
608:
323:
763:, etc., violent exhibitions of popular resentment erupted, at times accompanied by bloodshed.
723:. This year was marked by the aforementioned murder of Walther Rathenau, an attempt to poison
2806:
2735:
2710:
2641:
808:
799:
315:
81:
822:
was on trial for high treason. This man was accused of being in the pay of Dard, the French
442:
did not act quickly. The French delegation showed itself particularly indignant, as did the
2841:
2636:
1492:"[Erstes] Gesetz zum Schutze der Republik. Vom 21. Juli 1922 (full text in German)"
1370:
563:
356:
1293:
1223:
8:
2846:
2817:
1566:[Battle for the Republik 1919–1923 / Uprisings and Putsch Attempts / Terrorism].
1494:[ Law for the Protection of the Republic of 21 July 1922 (full text in German)].
776:
724:
2829:
455:
2765:
2740:
2730:
2698:
2574:
2509:
2500:
2495:
1491:
1412:
1195:
907:, were inhabited almost entirely by Germans, and had voted to remain in Germany in the
720:
582:
492:
The most serious event of the year internally occurred on the morning of June 24, when
262:
1111:
2856:
2834:
2688:
2656:
2624:
1398:
1307:
740:
1342:
2861:
2693:
2538:
2518:
1384:
1083:
971:
893:
493:
414:
389:
1251:
2703:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2567:
2558:
2529:
2487:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1458:
1444:
1430:
1416:
1402:
1388:
1374:
1360:
1346:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1255:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1213:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1073:
1059:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1003:
989:
975:
961:
957:
912:
837:
of March 1920, was going to put to trial, but died before he could put on trial.
682:
664:
627:
505:
352:
303:
201:
196:
191:
145:
140:
135:
2777:
2760:
2676:
2593:
2579:
1181:
1015:
881:
696:
604:
463:
443:
2876:
2772:
2617:
1564:"Kampf um die Republik 1919–1923 / Aufstände und Putschversuche / Terorismus"
1440:
1069:
1055:
877:
850:
830:
780:
713:
709:
636:
526:
497:
1454:
1279:
1219:
1205:
904:
732:
691:
645:
591:
576:
569:
559:
327:
319:
946:, German-born American intelligence officer and Holocaust historian (died
876:
and Germany made good progress towards coming to terms on the question of
1450:
1426:
1328:
1303:
1209:
1191:
999:
981:
967:
846:
834:
736:
673:
340:
158:
1436:
1422:
1289:
1275:
1261:
1247:
1167:
953:
939:
933:
916:
823:
351:, but now receded into the background. In their place was the issue of
344:
400:
conference. The congress lost much of its significance for Germany as
1408:
1265:
1233:
1177:
1041:
943:
929:
760:
752:
685:– Treasury Minister of Germany and Reconstruction Minister of Germany
522:
383:
23:
1352:
1079:
1051:
1037:
1009:
845:
A number of treaties were concluded with various states, including
756:
2450:
1627:
1394:
1380:
1366:
1338:
1324:
1163:
1149:
1135:
1121:
1107:
1065:
995:
900:
862:
827:
was condemned to imprisonment for life and loss of civil rights.
748:
418:
348:
281:
176:
167:
1545:
Weimar 1918–1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie
1184:, German television director and writer and film director (died
858:
815:
728:
435:
426:
422:
401:
397:
708:
paralyzed traffic for six days in North Germany and a part of
558:
The president entrusted the formation of a new cabinet to Dr.
1093:
854:
393:
347:
had previously been similar sources of anxiety and unrest in
911:. The boundary commission nevertheless assigned them to the
1332:
258:
1549:
Weimar 1918–1933. The History of Germany's First Democracy
818:
was of quite a different character. The author Freiherr
504:. This event spurred another economic downturn for the
840:
425:
Sunday (April 16). The agreement had been drawn up in
449:
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1373:, Chief of the German general staff 1914–16 (born
384:The World Economic Congressional meeting in Genoa
2874:
1551:] (in German). Munich: CH Beck. p. 161.
541:
500:in front of his house. Walther Rathenau was the
487:
792:
525:still stood at 643 Marks to the Dollar and the
408:
515:
2466:
1601:
376:By 248 votes to 81, with 43 abstentions, the
880:. Through the mediation of the Swiss deputy
2473:
2459:
1608:
1594:
1457:, Prussian scholar, Mesoamericanist (born
1170:, German editor, writer and scholar (died
903:. These villages had formerly belonged to
766:
367:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1542:
1519:"Organisation Consul (O.C.), 1920–1922"
1331:, German pharmacist and inventor (born
2875:
1516:
1212:, German singer and folk singer (died
786:Law for the Protection of the Republic
2454:
1589:
1568:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
1561:
469:
362:
2888:Years of the 20th century in Germany
1562:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011).
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
1126:Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin
841:Treaties and the Creation of Poland
13:
2480:
1517:Sabrow, Martin (8 February 2010).
833:, the instigator of the notorious
702:
157:
14:
2909:
1543:Winkler, Heinrich August (1993).
960:, German Nazi war criminal (died
739:, and the stabbing of journalist
450:Negotiating an international loan
330:(Non-partisan) (from 22 November)
293:
1617:
396:—the one positive result of the
22:
807:and Naval Lieutenant (retired)
33:needs additional citations for
1555:
1536:
1510:
1484:
1:
1477:
1345:, German archaeologist (born
1028:, German film director (died
596:German Democratic Party (DDP)
542:Cuno takes over as Chancellor
488:Assassination and instability
288:
1523:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1401:, Bavarian politician (born
1226:, German news speaker (died
1098:Friedrich Wilhelm Christians
1058:, German entrepreneur (died
988:, German musicologist (died
793:Politically motivated trials
502:minister for foreign affairs
409:Recognition of Soviet Russia
7:
1465:
1415:, German philologist (born
1357:Clemens von Podewils-Dürniz
1268:, German pair skater (died
1018:, German philosopher (died
798:In the trial of ex-Captain
656:Bavarian Centre Party (BVP)
619:German People's Party (DVP)
583:Frederic Hans von Rosenberg
516:Inflation and repercussions
482:
334:
10:
2914:
1472:Timeline of German history
1387:, German politician (born
1359:, German politician (born
1296:, German journalist (died
1240:, German politician (died
1156:, German politician (died
1142:, German SS officer (died
1072:, German test pilot (died
1044:, German politician (died
814:A political trial held at
2815:
2486:
2312:
1801:
1635:
1443:, German zoologist (born
1318:
1198:, German physicist (died
1128:, German publisher (died
1114:, German architect (died
948:2023 in the United States
923:
254:
218:
122:
1429:, German sculptor (born
909:East Prussian plebiscite
1282:, German painter (died
1254:, German general (died
1154:Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski
1086:, German actress (died
890:Reichstag (institution)
820:Hubert von Leoprechting
767:Political repercussions
609:German Centre Party (Z)
460:German finance minister
390:World Economic Congress
1100:, German banker (died
874:Second Polish Republic
368:Revisions and requests
162:
2822:and other territories
1310:, German actor (died
1002:, war criminal (died
974:, German actor (died
800:Manfred von Killinger
549:German People's Party
388:Meanwhile, the great
161:
1371:Erich von Falkenhayn
727:, the lord mayor of
357:Treaty of Versailles
326:) (to 22 November),
259:Other events of 1922
42:improve this article
777:Weimar Constitution
725:Philipp Scheidemann
278:Events in the year
269: •
265: •
1413:Friedrich Schrader
1196:Hans Georg Dehmelt
721:Matthias Erzberger
669:Transport Minister
623:Economics Minister
470:Loan renegotiation
363:Reparation battles
263:History of Germany
163:
2870:
2869:
2448:
2447:
1496:documentArchiv.de
1399:Georg von Vollmar
1308:Klaus Schwarzkopf
1294:Gerhard Löwenthal
1224:Karl-Heinz Köpcke
867:Treaty of Rapallo
781:German High Court
741:Maximilian Harden
617:Johannes Becker (
600:Interior Minister
564:business ministry
496:was shot dead by
343:and the trial of
276:
275:
214:
213:
118:
117:
110:
92:
57:"1922 in Germany"
2905:
2741:Byelorussian SSR
2488:Sovereign states
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2451:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1385:Walther Rathenau
1084:Angelika Hurwicz
972:Gustl Bayrhammer
894:Prussian Landtag
650:Defence Minister
641:Justice Minister
613:Finance Minister
587:Foreign Minister
572:was as follows:
553:Social Democrats
494:Walther Rathenau
456:Raymond Poincaré
415:Georgi Chicherin
308:Social Democrats
187:
180:
179:
170:
131:
124:
123:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2893:1922 by country
2883:1922 in Germany
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2482:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2308:
1797:
1631:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1468:
1321:
1238:Katharina Focke
1140:Elfriede Rinkel
1112:Günter Behnisch
1026:Horst Wendlandt
958:Gerda Steinhoff
926:
913:Polish Corridor
843:
805:Hermann Fischer
795:
769:
714:right to strike
705:
703:Internal unrest
683:Heinrich Albert
665:Wilhelm Groener
660:Postal Minister
632:Labour Minister
628:Heinrich Brauns
544:
518:
506:Weimar Republic
490:
485:
472:
452:
411:
386:
370:
365:
337:
304:Friedrich Ebert
296:
291:
261:
210:
185:
175:
174:
173:
171:
166:
154:
129:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2898:1922 in Europe
2895:
2890:
2885:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:United Kingdom
2789:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:Azerbaijan SSR
2733:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2682:Ottoman Empire
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2552:Czechoslovakia
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:1922 in Europe
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:(1871–present)
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1554:
1535:
1509:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1434:
1420:
1406:
1392:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1343:Richard Schöne
1336:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1287:
1273:
1259:
1245:
1231:
1217:
1203:
1189:
1182:Fritz Umgelter
1175:
1161:
1147:
1133:
1119:
1105:
1091:
1077:
1063:
1049:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1016:Karl-Otto Apel
1007:
993:
979:
965:
951:
937:
936:, German pilot
925:
922:
882:Felix Calonder
842:
839:
794:
791:
768:
765:
704:
701:
697:United Kingdom
687:
686:
680:
671:
662:
652:
643:
634:
625:
615:
605:Andreas Hermes
602:
589:
580:
570:Cuno's cabinet
543:
540:
517:
514:
489:
486:
484:
481:
471:
468:
464:Andreas Hermes
451:
448:
410:
407:
385:
382:
369:
366:
364:
361:
336:
333:
332:
331:
312:
311:
295:
294:National level
292:
290:
287:
274:
273:
256:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
232:
227:
220:
216:
215:
212:
211:
209:
208:
206:
204:
199:
194:
183:
181:
164:
155:
153:
152:
150:
148:
143:
138:
127:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2910:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:Ukrainian SSR
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Liechtenstein
2630:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:Oscar Hertwig
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:Jürgen Brandt
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:Lothar Sieber
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:Theo Albrecht
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
987:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
945:
941:
938:
935:
931:
928:
927:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
878:Upper Silesia
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:United States
848:
838:
836:
832:
831:Wolfgang Kapp
828:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
801:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
700:
698:
693:
684:
681:
679:
678:Food Minister
675:
672:
670:
666:
663:
661:
657:
654:Karl Stingl (
653:
651:
647:
644:
642:
638:
637:Rudolf Heinze
635:
633:
629:
626:
624:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
603:
601:
597:
593:
590:
588:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
573:
571:
567:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
539:
535:
531:
528:
527:British Pound
524:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
480:
476:
467:
465:
461:
457:
447:
445:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
374:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:war criminals
342:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
297:
286:
284:
283:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
217:
207:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
188:
182:
178:
169:
165:
160:
156:
151:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
126:
125:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2818:Dependencies
2761:Russian SFSR
2748:Georgian SSR
2731:Armenian SSR
2726:Soviet Union
2586:
2313:21st century
1913:
1802:20th century
1636:19th century
1574:14 September
1572:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1528:14 September
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1455:Eduard Seler
1280:Lucian Freud
1220:29 September
1206:14 September
905:West Prussia
898:
886:
871:
844:
829:
813:
796:
770:
744:
733:prussic acid
718:
706:
688:
646:Otto Gessler
592:Rudolf Oeser
579:– Chancellor
577:Wilhelm Cuno
568:
560:Wilhelm Cuno
557:
545:
536:
532:
519:
510:
491:
477:
473:
453:
440:
412:
387:
375:
371:
338:
328:Wilhelm Cuno
320:Joseph Wirth
279:
277:
234:
184:
128:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2852:Isle of Man
2783:Switzerland
2670:Netherlands
1570:(in German)
1498:(in German)
1451:23 November
1427:August Gaul
1329:Hugo Erfurt
1304:18 December
1210:Bally Prell
1192:9 September
1000:Wanda Klaff
986:Franz Beyer
982:26 February
968:12 February
847:Switzerland
835:Kapp Putsch
737:Whit Monday
674:Hans Luther
353:reparations
341:disarmament
2877:Categories
2820:, colonies
2807:Yugoslavia
2711:San Marino
2642:Luxembourg
1478:References
1437:25 October
1423:18 October
1290:8 December
1276:8 December
1262:2 November
1248:19 October
1168:Ulli Beier
954:29 January
940:14 January
934:Hugo Broch
917:Otto Braun
809:Erwin Kern
773:Article 48
431:Bolshevist
339:Issues of
316:Chancellor
289:Incumbents
68:newspapers
2842:Gibraltar
2637:Lithuania
1502:30 August
1409:28 August
1266:Ria Baran
1234:8 October
1178:18 August
1042:Egon Bahr
944:Guy Stern
930:6 January
761:Darmstadt
753:Magdeburg
523:US Dollar
498:assassins
378:Reichstag
300:President
255:See also:
98:July 2007
2847:Guernsey
2694:Portugal
2539:Bulgaria
1643:Pre-1871
1466:See also
1353:14 March
1080:22 April
1052:28 March
1038:18 March
1010:15 March
892:and the
757:Freiburg
648:(DDP) –
639:(DVP) –
483:Politics
335:Overview
280:1922 in
267:Timeline
219:Decades:
2704:Romania
2699:Prussia
2613:Ireland
2608:Iceland
2603:Hungary
2587:Germany
2575:Finland
2568:Estonia
2559:Denmark
2530:Belgium
2510:Austria
2501:Andorra
2496:Albania
1628:Germany
1395:30 June
1381:24 June
1367:8 April
1339:5 March
1325:4 March
1164:30 July
1150:24 July
1136:14 July
1122:10 July
1108:12 June
1066:7 April
996:6 March
901:Vistula
863:Finland
775:of the
751:, near
749:Zwickau
731:, with
444:British
419:Rapallo
392:met in
349:Germany
282:Germany
186:→
177:Germany
130:←
82:scholar
2857:Jersey
2835:Cyprus
2778:Sweden
2689:Poland
2677:Norway
2657:Monaco
2625:Latvia
2594:Greece
2580:France
1319:Deaths
924:Births
861:, and
859:Latvia
849:, the
816:Munich
729:Kassel
630:(Z) –
436:Moscow
427:Berlin
423:Easter
402:France
398:Cannes
324:Centre
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2862:Malta
2830:Åland
2773:Spain
2618:Italy
2519:Baden
1624:Years
1547:[
1094:1 May
855:Italy
824:envoy
710:Baden
394:Genoa
271:Years
247:1940s
242:1930s
236:1920s
230:1910s
225:1900s
89:JSTOR
75:books
2440:2025
2435:2024
2430:2023
2425:2022
2420:2021
2415:2020
2410:2019
2405:2018
2400:2017
2395:2016
2390:2015
2385:2014
2380:2013
2375:2012
2370:2011
2365:2010
2360:2009
2355:2008
2350:2007
2345:2006
2340:2005
2335:2004
2330:2003
2325:2002
2320:2001
2304:2000
2299:1999
2294:1998
2289:1997
2284:1996
2279:1995
2274:1994
2269:1993
2264:1992
2259:1991
2254:1990
2249:1989
2244:1988
2239:1987
2234:1986
2229:1985
2224:1984
2219:1983
2214:1982
2209:1981
2204:1980
2199:1979
2194:1978
2189:1977
2184:1976
2179:1975
2174:1974
2169:1973
2164:1972
2159:1971
2154:1970
2149:1969
2144:1968
2139:1967
2134:1966
2129:1965
2124:1964
2119:1963
2114:1962
2109:1961
2104:1960
2099:1959
2094:1958
2089:1957
2084:1956
2079:1955
2074:1954
2069:1953
2064:1952
2059:1951
2054:1950
2049:1949
2044:1948
2039:1947
2034:1946
2029:1945
2024:1944
2019:1943
2014:1942
2009:1941
2004:1940
1999:1939
1994:1938
1989:1937
1984:1936
1979:1935
1974:1934
1969:1933
1964:1932
1959:1931
1954:1930
1949:1929
1944:1928
1939:1927
1934:1926
1929:1925
1924:1924
1919:1923
1914:1922
1909:1921
1904:1920
1899:1919
1894:1918
1889:1917
1884:1916
1879:1915
1874:1914
1869:1913
1864:1912
1859:1911
1854:1910
1849:1909
1844:1908
1839:1907
1834:1906
1829:1905
1824:1904
1819:1903
1814:1902
1809:1901
1793:1900
1788:1899
1783:1898
1778:1897
1773:1896
1768:1895
1763:1894
1758:1893
1753:1892
1748:1891
1743:1890
1738:1889
1733:1888
1728:1887
1723:1886
1718:1885
1713:1884
1708:1883
1703:1882
1698:1881
1693:1880
1688:1879
1683:1878
1678:1877
1673:1876
1668:1875
1663:1874
1658:1873
1653:1872
1648:1871
1576:2023
1530:2023
1504:2023
1459:1849
1445:1849
1431:1869
1417:1865
1403:1850
1389:1867
1375:1861
1361:1850
1347:1840
1333:1834
1312:1991
1298:2002
1284:2011
1270:1986
1256:2003
1242:2016
1228:1991
1214:1982
1200:2017
1186:1981
1172:2011
1158:2005
1144:2018
1130:2013
1116:2010
1102:2004
1088:1999
1074:1945
1060:2010
1046:2015
1030:2002
1020:2017
1004:1946
990:2018
976:1993
962:1946
872:The
745:e.g.
692:Ruhr
658:) –
621:) –
611:) –
598:) –
202:1925
197:1924
192:1923
168:1922
146:1919
141:1920
136:1921
61:news
1626:in
735:on
421:on
417:in
44:by
2879::
1521:.
1453:–
1439:–
1425:–
1411:–
1397:–
1383:–
1369:–
1355:–
1341:–
1327:–
1306:–
1292:–
1278:–
1264:–
1250:–
1236:–
1222:–
1208:–
1194:–
1180:–
1166:–
1152:–
1138:–
1124:–
1110:–
1096:–
1082:–
1068:–
1054:–
1040:–
1012::
998:–
984:–
970:–
956:–
942:–
932:–
857:,
853:,
759:,
755:,
747:,
676:–
667:–
585:-
462:,
446:.
359:.
318:-
302:-
285:.
172:in
2474:e
2467:t
2460:v
1609:e
1602:t
1595:v
1578:.
1532:.
1506:.
1461:)
1447:)
1433:)
1419:)
1405:)
1391:)
1377:)
1363:)
1349:)
1335:)
1314:)
1300:)
1286:)
1272:)
1258:)
1244:)
1230:)
1216:)
1202:)
1188:)
1174:)
1160:)
1146:)
1132:)
1118:)
1104:)
1090:)
1076:)
1062:)
1048:)
1032:)
1022:)
1006:)
992:)
978:)
964:)
950:)
607:(
594:(
322:(
310:)
306:(
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)