1912 Lawrence textile strike

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Children were used several times during the strike to attract attention to the cause. On February 10, 119 children were sent to Manhattan to live with relatives, or strangers, who were able to feed them to alleviate the financial strain on the striking families. The children were welcomed in NY by cheering crowds that drew national attention. When another group of children were sent to NY, they were paraded down 5th Avenue, drawing even more attention. Embarrassed by the bad publicity, the city marshal tried to deter the next group of children that were being sent to Philadelphia on February 24, with disastrous results. Police attempted to stop the children from boarding the train and as mothers tried to force their children on board, police intervened with clubs and arrested parents and children, the latter being ferried out of the town to an orphanage. The next role that children played in the result of the strike was the testimony they gave about the working conditions in the factories. Most notable was that of

3099: 3331: 3068: 3358: 3226: 3206: 3288:, and a number of other organizers to Lawrence. Haywood participated little in the daily affairs of the strike. Instead, he set out for other New England textile towns in an effort to raise funds for the strikers in Lawrence, which proved very successful. Other tactics established were an efficient system of relief committees, soup kitchens, and food distribution stations, and volunteer doctors provided medical care. The IWW raised funds on a nationwide basis to provide weekly benefits for strikers and dramatized the strikers' needs by arranging for several hundred children to go to supporters' homes in 3261:, who was likely shot by the police. Ettor and Giovannitti had been 3 mi (4.8 km) away, where they spoke to another group of workers. They and a third defendant, who had not even heard of either Ettor or Giovannitti at the time of his arrest, were held in jail for the duration of the strike and several months thereafter. The authorities declared martial law, banned all public meetings, and called out 22 more militia companies to patrol the streets. Harvard students were even given exemptions from their final exams if they agreed to go and try to break up the strike. 3171: 3383: 3265: 33: 2998:(IWW). Prompted by a two-hour pay cut corresponding to a new law shortening the workweek for women, the strike spread rapidly through the town, growing to more than twenty thousand workers and involving nearly every mill in Lawrence. On January 1, 1912, the Massachusetts government enforced a law that cut mill workers' hours in a single work week from 56 hours, to 54 hours. Ten days later, they found out that pay had been reduced along with the cut in hours. 3301: 3493: 5652: 3089:, the leading employer in the industry and the town, were females between 14 and 18. Falsification of birth certificates, allowing for girls younger than 14 to work, was common practice at the time. Lawrence had the 5th highest child mortality rate of any city in the country at the time, behind four other mill towns in Massachusetts (Lowell, Fall River, Worcester, and Holyoke). 3038:

at the Lawrence train station. Congressional hearings followed, resulting in exposure of shocking conditions in the Lawrence mills and calls for investigation of the "wool trust." Mill owners soon decided to settle the strike, giving workers in Lawrence and throughout New England raises of up to 20 percent. Within a year, however, the IWW had largely collapsed in Lawrence.

4840: 3327:, a 14-year-old mill worker who testified in front of a Congressional hearing. Teoli had been hospitalized for seven months after the cotton-twisting machine she operated had pulled her scalp off. The company paid her hospital bills, but did not provide her with sick pay. The national sympathy that children elicited changed the outcome of the strike. 3624: 4929: 3319:. Soon, both the House and the Senate set out to investigate the strike. In the early days of March, a special House Committee heard testimony from some of the strikers' children, as well as various city, state and union officials. In the end, both chambers published reports detailing the conditions at Lawrence. 4365: 3370:

authorities arrested all of the members of the Ettor and Giovannitti Defense Committee. On March 10, 1912, an estimated 10,000 protestors gathered in Lawrence demanding the release of Ettor and Giovannitti. Then, 15,000 Lawrence workers went on strike for one day on September 30 to demand the release

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The children involved in the police riot were not only the children of striking workers, they were also striking workers themselves. Most of the workers at the mill were women and children. Families were suffering not only from the lost income of adult workers, but also the lost wages of children.

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quickly assumed leadership of the strike by forming a strike committee of 56 people, four representatives of fourteen nationalities, which took responsibility for all major decisions. The committee, which arranged for its strike meetings to be translated into 25 different languages, put forward a set

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By 1912, the Lawrence mills at maximum capacity employed about 32,000 men, women, and children. Conditions had worsened even more in the decade before the strike. The introduction of the two-loom system in the woolen mills led to a dramatic increase in the pace of work. The greater production enabled

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The national attention had an effect: the owners offered a 5% pay raise on March 1, but the workers rejected it. American Woolen Company agreed to most of the strikers' demands on March 12, 1912. The strikers had demanded an end to the Premium System in which a portion of their earnings were subject

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Children of the mill workers were brought to homes of supporters of the Lawrence textile strike. With the aid of Haywood and Flynn, these two individuals organized a way for donations for the children of strikers. In addition, the children began to form strike rallies to demonstrate the hardship and

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At the same time, the United Textile Workers (UTW) attempted to break the strike by claiming to speak for the workers of Lawrence. The striking operatives ignored the UTW, as the IWW had successfully united the operatives behind ethnic-based leaders, who were members of the strike committee and able

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In the meantime, Ernest Pitman, a Lawrence building contractor who had done extensive work for the American Woolen Company, confessed to a district attorney that he had attended a meeting in the Boston offices of Lawrence textile companies, where the plan to frame the union by planting dynamite had

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came to Lawrence to run the strike. Together they masterminded its signature move, sending hundreds of the strikers' hungry children to sympathetic families in New York, New Jersey, and Vermont. The move drew widespread sympathy, especially after police stopped a further exodus, leading to violence

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Ettor and Giovanniti, both members of IWW, remained in prison for months after the strike was over. Haywood threatened a general strike to demand their freedom, with the cry "Open the jail gates or we will close the mill gates." The IWW raised $ 60,000 for their defense and held demonstrations and

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Some of the mills, worker housing and part of the town was owned by American Woolen Company president William Wood, who said he could not afford to pay his workers for the two hours per week they were cut, even though the company had made a profit of $ 3,000,000 (~$ 71.4 million in 2023) in

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Does Mr. Ateill believe for a moment that... the cross or the gallows or the guillotine, the hangman's noose, ever settled an idea? It never did. If an idea can live, it lives because history adjudges it right. And what has been considered an idea constituting a social crime in one age has in the

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reducing the working week of 56 hours to 54 hours for women and children. Workers opposed the reduction if it reduced their weekly take-home pay. The first two weeks of 1912, the unions tried to learn how the owners of the mills would deal with the new law. On January 11, a group of Polish women

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The workers in Lawrence lived in crowded and dangerous apartment buildings, often with many families sharing each apartment. Many families survived on bread, molasses, and beans; as one worker testified before the March 1912 congressional investigation of the Lawrence strike, "When we eat meat it

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on February 24 by sending police and the militia to the station to detain the children and arrest their parents, the police began clubbing both the children and their mothers and dragged them off to be taken away by truck; one pregnant mother miscarried. The press, there to photograph the event,

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The city responded to the strike by ringing the city's alarm bell for the first time in its history; the mayor ordered a company of the local militia to patrol the streets. When mill owners turned fire hoses on the picketers gathered in front of the mills, they responded by throwing ice at the

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The strikers, however, lost nearly all of the gains they had won in the next few years. The IWW, disdaining written contracts as encouraging workers to abandon the daily class struggle, thus left the mill owners to chisel away at the improvements in wages and working conditions, to fire union

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After the strike concluded, workers received a few of the demands established between mill workers and owners. Some workers went back to work at the mills and "others came and went, trying to find other jobs, failing, returning again to the music of the power loom". Even after the strike was

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The IWW was successful, even with AFL-affiliated operatives, as it defended the grievances of all operatives from all the mills. Conversely, the AFL and the mill owners preferred to keep negotiations between separate mills and their own operatives. However, in a move that frustrated the UTW,

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A local undertaker and a member of the Lawrence school board attempted to frame the strike leadership by planting dynamite in several locations in town a week after the strike began. He was fined $ 500 and released without jail time. Later, William M. Wood, the president of the

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took place at a grueling pace, and the labor was repetitive and dangerous. About one third of workers in the Lawrence textile mills died before the age of 25. In addition, a number of children under 14 worked in the mills. Half of the workers in the four Lawrence mills of the

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to month-long production and attendance standards. The mill owners' concession was to change the award of the premium from once every four weeks to once every two weeks. The rest of the manufacturers followed by the end of the month; other textile companies throughout

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was a flourishing but deeply-troubled textile city. By 1900, mechanization and the deskilling of labor in the textile industry enabled factory owners to eliminate skilled workers and to employ large numbers of unskilled immigrant workers, mostly women. Work in a

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An interesting problem growing out of the trial, which remains unsettled, is the charge by Morris Shuman, one of the jurors, that someone tried to bribe him... telling him that he could get a good job with the American Woolen Company or $ 200 if he would 'vote

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finished, there were many other strikes that occurred in other states involving various mill factories. "On January 12, 1913, the IWW held anniversary celebration in Lawrence" which was one of the last celebrations for a couple of years.

3394:, the three defendants were kept in steel cages in the courtroom. All witnesses testified that Ettor and Giovannitti were miles away and that Caruso, the third defendant, was at home and eating supper at the time of the killing. 3371:

of Ettor and Giovannitti. Swedish and French workers proposed a boycott of woolen goods from the US and a refusal to load ships going there, and Italian supporters of the Giovannitti men rallied in front of the US consulate in

3059:, attributed the phrase to the Lawrence strike, and the association stuck. A popular rallying cry from the poem was interwoven with the memory of the strike: "Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses!" 5088: 3186:

On January 12, workers in the Washington Mill of the American Woolen Company also found that their wages had been cut. Prepared for the events by weeks of discussion, they walked out, calling "short pay, all out."

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plants, breaking a number of windows. The court sentenced 24 workers to a year in jail for throwing ice; as the judge stated, "The only way we can teach them is to deal out the severest sentences." Governor

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reported extensively on the attack. Moreover, when the women and children were taken to the Police Court, most of them refused to pay the fines levied and opted for a jail cell, some with babies in arms.

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seems like a holiday, especially for the children." Half of children died before they were six, and 36% of the adults who worked in the mill died before they were 25. The average life expectancy was 39.

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Elizabeth Shapleigh, a physician in the city, made a mortality study among mill workers and found that one-third of them, victims of the lint-filled air of the mills, died before reaching the age of 25.

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When the trial of Ettor and Giovannitti, as well as a third defendant, Giuseppe Caruso, accused of firing the shot that killed the picketer, began in September 1912 in Salem before Judge

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with the caption: "On February 24 and 25, soldiers and policemen forcibly prevented parents from sending their children away from Lawrence to cities which offered food and shelter."

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Forrant, Robert and Jurg Siegenthaler, "The Great Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912: New Scholarship on the Bread & Roses Strike", Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Inc., 2014.

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said of the strike, "The Victory at Lawrence was the most decisive and far-reaching ever won by organized labor." Author Peter Carlson saw this strike conducted by the militant

3045:" strike. It has also been called the "strike for three loaves". The phrase "bread and roses" actually preceded the strike, appearing in a poem by James Oppenheim published in 1045: 3222:

to communicate Ettor's message to avoid violence at demonstrations. Ettor did not consider intimidating operatives who were trying to enter the mills as breaking the peace.

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struggle occurring in the Lawrence mill factories. Strikes happened from Vermont all the way to New York City; those children fought to be seen and heard where they went.

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Ettor and Giovannitti both delivered closing statements at the end of the two-month trial. In Ettor's closing statement, he turned and faced the District Attorney:

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the factory owners to lay off large numbers of workers. Those who kept their jobs earned, on average, $ 8.76 for 56 hours of work and $ 9.00 for 60 hours of work.

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been made. Pitman committed suicide shortly thereafter when he was subpoenaed to testify. Wood, the American Woolen Company owner, was formally exonerated.

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of demands: a 15% increase in wages for a 54-hour work week, double pay for overtime work, and no discrimination against workers for their strike activity.

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The strike at Lawrence, Mass.: Hearings before the Committee on Rules of the House of Representatives on House Resolutions 409 and 433, March 2–7, 1912

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textile workers in Lawrence discovered that their employer at the Everett Mill had reduced about $ 0.32 from their total wages and walked out.

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Jonas Smolskas, a Lithuanian immigrant who was beaten to death several months after the strike ended for wearing a pro-labor pin on his lapel

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next age become the religion of humanity. Whatever my social views are, they are what they are. They cannot be tried in this courtroom.

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The police action against the mothers and children of Lawrence attracted the attention of the nation, in particular that of

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The mills and the community were divided along ethnic lines: most of the skilled jobs were held by native-born workers of

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Extensive collection of background information, photos, primary documents, bibliographies, testimonies, events, and more.

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to keep an eye on workers. The more persistent owners laid off further employees during a depression in the industry.

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https://www.celebrategreece.com/links/2185-products/resources/8397-angelo-rocco-the-lawrence-labor-strike-of-1912

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made up most of the unskilled workforce. Several thousand skilled workers belonged, in theory at least, to the

2375: 2025: 1995: 1952: 1774: 1768: 925: 919: 701: 691: 613: 566: 525: 4551:"Crossing Borders on the Picket Line: Italian-American Workers and the 1912 Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts" 3575: 3466:(IWW) as a turning point. He wrote, "Wary of , some mill owners swallowed their hatred of unions and actually 3357: 3254:, was shown to have made an unexplained large payment to the defendant shortly before the dynamite was found. 2811: 2799: 2589: 2577: 842: 652: 6782: 6771: 6243: 6180: 5963: 5439: 2836: 2614: 2399: 2060: 1874: 1604: 1537: 1513: 1216: 1000: 937: 913: 873: 838: 827: 473: 448: 5045: 6497: 5868: 4100:

Ross, Robert F.S. (March 2013). "Bread and Roses: Women Workers and the Struggle for Dignity and Respect".

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Ross, Robert F.S. (March 2013). "Bread and Roses: Women Workers and the Struggle for Dignity and Respect".

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Tomorrow morning ends officially the strike of the textile operatives at Lawrence, in nearly all the mills.

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for the duration of the strike. When city authorities tried to prevent another 100 children from going to

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54-hour week, 15% increase in wages, double pay for overtime work, and no bias towards striking workers

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The authorities later charged Ettor and Giovannitti as accomplices to murder for the death of striker

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The Belles of New England: The Women of the Textile Mills and the Families Whose Wealth They Wove

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Political cartoon which urges a general strike to free the strike leaders Ettor and Giovannitti.

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The Great Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912: New Scholarship on the Bread & Roses Strike

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The children who had been taken in by supporters in New York City came home on March 30.

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By then, the IWW had turned its attention to supporting the silk industry workers in

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were framed and arrested on charges of being accessories to the murder. IWW leaders

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of the IWW had been organizing in Lawrence for some time before the strike; he and

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Radicals of the Worst Sort: Laboring Women in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1860–1912

4925: 4836: 4655: 4361: 4306: 4183:"Foss Urges Armistice. Asks Strikers to Return and Mill Owners to Pay Old Wages" 3620: 3443:

John Ramey, a Syrian youth who was bayoneted to death in the back by the militia

6706: 6669: 6620: 6559: 6370: 6151: 5930: 5671: 5617: 5120: 3999: 3554: 3056: 2054: 1549: 1405: 1173: 1119: 796: 578: 4433:. 62d Cong., 2d sess. House. Doc. 671. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1912. 7232: 7165: 6763: 6301: 6220: 6215: 5731: 5540: 5057: 5046:"Elizabeth Warren Formally Announces 2020 Presidential Bid in Lawrence, Mass" 4912: 4823: 4642: 4566: 4348: 4293: 3887: 3806: 3798: 3607: 3512: 3324: 3289: 3179: 2991: 2979: 74: 3218:

then ordered out the state militia and state police. Mass arrests followed.

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Bread & Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream

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Bread & Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream

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Bread & Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream

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Bread & Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream

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Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream

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The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest ...

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Massachusetts militiamen with fixed bayonets surround a group of strikers

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Parents sending their children to live with supporters in other cities.

1307: 295: 5180: 5174: 3657:"Lawrence, MA factory workers strike "for Bread and Roses," U.S. 1912" 6650: 6489: 6169: 3300: 3273: 3209:

The Massachusetts National Guard mounted on horses during the strike.

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Map of areas occupied by different nationalities in Lawrence in 1910.

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The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest

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Postcard of American Woolen Co., Washington Mills, Lawrence, Mass.

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All three, after imprisonment of nearly ten months, are now free.

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Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History

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Lawrence and the 1912 Bread and Roses Strike (Images of America)

3933: 3346:, anxious to avoid a similar confrontation, then followed suit. 7063: 6979: 5085:"Off and running: Warren launches presidential bid in Lawrence" 3556:

Report on strike of textile workers in Lawrence, Mass., in 1912

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United States. Bureau of Labor; Neill, Charles Patrick (1912).

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Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History, Volume 1

4513:(New and expanded ed.). Chicago: Kerr. pp. 181–184. 4001:

Report on Strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass. in 1912

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Standoff between the state militia with bayonets and workers.

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List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America

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mass meetings throughout the country in their support; the

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Workers picket the textile mill at the start of the strike.

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History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 4

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All three defendants were acquitted on November 26, 1912.

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Labor disputes led by the Industrial Workers of the World

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Textile and clothing labor disputes in the United States

4469:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2, 4467:

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

3534:

Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States

3246:

quickly shifted public sentiment to favor the strikers.

3021:, was killed by police during a protest, IWW organizers 4913:"Lawrence Strike Hero Brought Out of History's Shadows" 3785:

Zwick, Jim (2003). "Behind the Song: Bread and Roses".

1816: 5126:

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963.

3001:

The strike united workers from more than 51 different

4334:, Fred W. Thompson & Patrick Murfin, 1976, p. 56. 4108:. Immanuel News and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.: 59–68. 4081:. Immanuel News and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.: 59–68. 4035:

We were there: the story of working women in America

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Neill Report (1912), "Housing and Rents", pp. 23–25

3928:. New York: International Publishers. p. 307. 3178:On January 1, 1912, a new labor law took effect in 5124:Immigrant City: Lawrence, Massachusetts 1845–1921. 4911: 4822: 4641: 4347: 4292: 3606: 2328: 5032:Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood 4227:American Passages: A History of the United States 3041:The Lawrence strike is often referred to as the " 7230: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 5159:Revised Edition. New York: HarperCollins, 2005. 4102:Working USA: The Journal of Labor & Society 4075:Working USA: The Journal of Labor & Society 5911: 5392: 5210: 5117:(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993). 3869: 3642: 2768: 2546: 2314: 2179: 1802: 1724: 1482: 1323: 1039: 780: 533: 311: 268: 7097:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers 6084:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911 5834:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union 5276:Central Catholic High School (Massachusetts) 4538:. New York: Penguin Group. pp. 157–161. 4349:"Lawrence Police Break Up Attempt at Parade" 4148:Lawrence and the 1912 Bread and Roses Strike 3778: 3479:candidacy for President of the United States 3329: 1053: 282: 5224: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4004:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3197:of the Italian Socialist Federation of the 2193: 5918: 5904: 5776:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union 5526:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike 5399: 5385: 5217: 5203: 5181:Testimony of Camella Teoli before Congress 4772:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 793–794. 4027: 4021: 3573: 3433:The strike had at least three casualties: 3386:Flyer distributed in Lawrence, Sept. 1912. 3051:in December 1911. A 1915 labor anthology, 2775: 2761: 2553: 2539: 2321: 2307: 2186: 2172: 1809: 1795: 1731: 1717: 1489: 1475: 1330: 1316: 1046: 1032: 787: 773: 540: 526: 318: 304: 275: 261: 31: 7259:Riots and civil disorder in Massachusetts 7218:Mass racial violence in the United States 6629:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 6186:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911 5796:Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union 5791:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee 4138: 3750: 5027: 5025: 4604: 4593: 4508: 4342: 4340: 4251:Watson (2006), pp. 109–110, 222, 249–250 3990: 3988: 3833: 3831: 3767: 3574:Cozzarelli, Tatiana (January 11, 2019). 3450: 3381: 3356: 3299: 3263: 3224: 3204: 3169: 3158:, but only a few hundred paid dues. The 3097: 3066: 1337: 325: 6911:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903 5874:Workers' International Industrial Union 5155:A People's History of the United States 5082: 4910:Cole, Caroline L. (September 1, 2002). 4765: 4759: 4460: 4144: 3946: 3940: 3757:. Colver Publishing House. p. 214. 3720: 7231: 7183:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 7024:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation 6827:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 6795:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 6335:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 6105:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 5323:High Service Water Tower and Reservoir 5091:from the original on February 10, 2019 5043: 4989: 4950: 4932:from the original on December 15, 2017 4870: 4820: 4662:from the original on December 15, 2017 4548: 4533: 4368:from the original on December 15, 2017 4313:from the original on December 15, 2017 3819: 3714: 3710:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 12. 3705: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3681: 3627:from the original on November 14, 2017 3604: 1738: 6538:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre 6340:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913 5899: 5516:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916 5481:1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike 5380: 5198: 5064:from the original on February 9, 2019 5022: 4821:Sibley, Frank P. (January 31, 1912). 4684: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4337: 4220: 4214: 3994: 3985: 3973:from the original on February 1, 2016 3920: 3902:from the original on January 23, 2021 3837: 3828: 3824:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 9. 3784: 3686:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 8. 3598: 2756: 2534: 2302: 2167: 1790: 1712: 1496: 1470: 1311: 1027: 768: 521: 299: 256: 7289:Progressive Era in the United States 6946:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 6889:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 5667:List of General Secretary-Treasurers 5175:Bread and Roses Centennial 1912–2012 4909: 4437:from the original on October 4, 2016 4099: 4072: 3663:from the original on January 8, 2019 6916:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike 6455:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict 5934:in the history of the United States 5129:Forrant, Robert and Susan Grabski, 5010:from the original on April 17, 2024 4971:from the original on April 17, 2024 4891:from the original on April 17, 2024 4843:from the original on March 16, 2018 4461:Mattina, Anne F. (April 20, 2009), 4332:The I.W.W.: Its First Seventy Years 3690: 3605:Sibley, Frank P. (March 17, 1912). 3470:the AFL to organize their workers. 794: 13: 6432:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908 6249:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900 6226:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914 6022:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877 5786:Education Workers Industrial Union 5466:1912 New York City waiters' strike 5083:Tennant, Paul (February 4, 2019). 4717:from the original on June 27, 2018 4581:from the original on July 15, 2021 4449: 4273:from the original on July 27, 2018 4193:from the original on July 27, 2018 4151:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 44. 3751:Oppenheim, James (December 1911). 3586:from the original on July 22, 2023 14: 7305: 7254:Events in Lawrence, Massachusetts 6100:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877 5824:Agricultural Workers Organization 5271:Greater Lawrence Technical School 5168: 5044:Taylor, Kate (February 9, 2019). 4741:Digital Public Library of America 4491:from the original on May 19, 2023 4230:. Cengage Learning. p. 616. 3956:. Baywood Publishing. p. 4. 3507:Bread and Roses Heritage Festival 7193:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots 7188:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907 6073:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 5650: 5445:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 5281:Northern Essex Community College 4475:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0244 3787:Sing Out! The Folk Song Magazine 3491: 2784:Textile strikes in United States 2562:Textile strikes in United States 7294:Labor disputes in Massachusetts 7274:History of the textile industry 7244:1912 labor disputes and strikes 7013:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike 6574:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 6141:Chicago railroad strike of 1877 6004:New York City Food Riot of 1917 5829:Lumber Workers Industrial Union 5597:Stockton cannery strike of 1937 5577:1922 New England Textile Strike 5409:Industrial Workers of the World 5250:Merrimack Valley gas explosions 5245:1922 New England Textile Strike 5076: 5037: 4990:Watson, Bruce (July 25, 2006). 4983: 4951:Watson, Bruce (July 25, 2006). 4944: 4903: 4871:Watson, Bruce (July 25, 2006). 4864: 4855: 4814: 4795: 4786: 4729: 4699: 4678: 4643:"Wood Found Not Guilty By Jury" 4634: 4625: 4611:. PM Press. pp. 160, 163. 4542: 4527: 4502: 4421: 4392: 4383: 4325: 4285: 4255: 4244: 4205: 4175: 4166: 4129: 4120: 4093: 4066: 4057: 4012: 3914: 3863: 3813: 3464:Industrial Workers of the World 3160:Industrial Workers of the World 2996:Industrial Workers of the World 1673:Patco (air traffic controllers) 102:Industrial Workers of the World 6176:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike 6068:Anthracite coal strike of 1902 5999:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot 5587:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike 5582:1923 San Pedro maritime strike 5359:McGovern Transportation Center 5034:, Peter Carlson, 1983, p. 190. 4608:Rebel Voices: An IWW Anthology 4511:Rebel voices: an IWW anthology 4399:Watson, p. 291 (see headlines) 3761: 3744: 3675: 3567: 3546: 2330:North American transit strikes 1: 6783:Battle of the Grapevine Creek 6772:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 6244:1877 St. Louis general strike 6181:Springfield race riot of 1908 5964:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot 5486:1913 El Paso smelters' strike 5440:1907 Skowhegan textile strike 3539: 3473:On February 9, 2019, Senator 3428: 3280:The IWW responded by sending 3062: 547: 16:Labor strike in Massachusetts 7269:Second Industrial Revolution 6592:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War 6498:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 6110:1912 Lawrence textile strike 5869:Western Federation of Miners 5461:1912 Lawrence textile strike 5240:1912 Lawrence textile strike 4691:. Cleveland: I.W.W. p. 3423:Paterson Silk Strike of 1913 3352: 3152:American Federation of Labor 3015:American Federation of Labor 26:1912 Lawrence textile strike 7: 6078:Philadelphia general strike 5628:2018–2019 Education strikes 5613:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike 5435:First Convention of the IWW 5338:Sacred Heart Parish Complex 5328:Lawrence Experiment Station 4605:Kornbluh, Joyce L. (2011). 4465:, in Ness, Immanuel (ed.), 3870:O'Connell, Lucille (1979). 3484: 3481:at the site of the strike. 2888:Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills 2666:Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills 46:January 11 – March 14, 1912 10: 7310: 6894:San Francisco riot of 1877 6822:Meridian race riot of 1871 6533:1891 New Orleans lynchings 6450:1906 Atlanta race massacre 6279:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot 5107: 4993:Watson (2006), pp. 241–242 4861:Neill Report (1912), p. 45 4792:Neill Report (1912), p. 44 4688:The Trial of a New Society 4039:. Pantheon Books. p. 3846:. Macmillan. p. 183. 3410:activists, and to install 3199:Socialist Party of America 7205: 7158: 7127: 7087: 7062: 7032: 7003: 6978: 6936: 6873: 6848: 6839: 6809: 6762: 6685: 6649: 6619: 6582: 6558: 6488: 6463: 6440: 6416: 6391: 6377:Election Massacre of 1874 6361: 6352: 6321: 6287: 6263: 6234: 6206: 6131: 6122: 6092: 6027:Reading Railroad Massacre 6012: 5977: 5969:1913 Paterson silk strike 5954: 5945: 5882: 5846: 5814: 5781:Burgerville Workers Union 5771: 5760: 5720: 5659: 5648: 5605: 5592:1933 Yakima Valley strike 5564: 5506:1913 Ipswich Mills strike 5491:1913 Paterson silk strike 5453: 5427: 5416: 5367: 5351: 5343:Veterans Memorial Stadium 5299: 5258: 5232: 5133:Arcadia Publishing, 2013. 4294:"Approval in Wood's Name" 3730:. Routledge. p. 67. 3477:officially announced her 3165: 2790: 2568: 2336: 2201: 1929:St. Petersburg sanitation 1826: 1746: 1504: 1345: 1061: 806: 741:US Bituminous coal strike 735:US Bituminous coal strike 702:Indiana bituminous strike 557: 386:northern Minnesota lumber 333: 292: 205: 200: 183: 178: 135: 130: 93: 88: 70: 62: 50: 42: 30: 25: 7279:Italian-American history 7054:Battle of Lincoln (1878) 6988:Honolulu Courthouse riot 6927:Preparedness Day Bombing 6659:Memphis massacre of 1866 6604:McIntosh County Seat War 6297:Cincinnati riots of 1884 6254:St. Louis bullfight riot 5859:Glossary of Wobbly terms 5369:This list is incomplete. 4549:Luconi, Stefano (2010). 4509:Kornbluh, Joyce (1998). 4463:"Bread and Roses Strike" 4145:Forrant, Robert (2013). 3947:Forrant, Robert (2014). 3768:Sinclair, Upton (1915). 2134:University of California 1575:Illinois Central shopmen 1055:US manufacturing strikes 680:Battle of Blair Mountain 285:Labor disputes by sector 7284:American Woolen Company 6800:West Virginia coal wars 6743:Slocum Massacre of 1910 6521:Battle of Liberty Place 6407:Hartford coal mine riot 6197:East St. Louis massacre 6033:Scranton general strike 5886:Organized Labour portal 5806:United Campaign Workers 5801:Starbucks Workers Union 5623:2011 Wisconsin protests 5291:Lawrence Public Library 5226:Lawrence, Massachusetts 5186:Lawrence Strike of 1912 5087:. newburyportnews.com. 4807:April 17, 2024, at the 4415:April 17, 2024, at the 4404:April 17, 2024, at the 3876:Polish American Studies 3838:Moran, William (2002). 3523:American Woolen Company 3499:Organized labour portal 3252:American Woolen Company 3087:American Woolen Company 2972:Lawrence Textile Strike 2195:Steel strikes in the US 1180:International Harvester 753:Warrior Met Coal strike 712:Columbine Mine massacre 692:UMW General Coal Strike 672:West Virginia coal wars 659:Hartford coal mine riot 441:California agricultural 56:Lawrence, Massachusetts 6963:Colorado Coalfield War 6789:Tucker County Seat War 6725:Jaybird–Woodpecker War 6676:Battle of Depot Street 6039:1877 Shamokin uprising 5677:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn 5572:Anaconda Road massacre 5546:Seattle General Strike 5511:1913 Studebaker strike 5146:, Penguin Books, 2006. 4829:The Boston Daily Globe 4766:Arnesen, Eric (2007). 4685:Ebert, Justus (1913). 4648:The Boston Daily Globe 4534:Watson, Bruce (2005). 4354:The Boston Daily Globe 4299:The Boston Daily Globe 4029:Wertheimer, Barbara M. 3820:Watson, Bruce (2005). 3774:Sinclair. p. 247. 3706:Watson, Bruce (2005). 3682:Watson, Bruce (2005). 3613:The Boston Daily Globe 3404: 3387: 3362: 3334: 3305: 3286:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn 3277: 3230: 3210: 3175: 3156:United Textile Workers 3103: 3072: 3035:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn 2976:Bread and Roses Strike 2287:Allegheny Technologies 2219:U.S. Steel recognition 1630:NYC teamsters truckers 1544:New Orleans waterfront 1254:St. Paul Park refinery 686:Alabama miners' strike 645:Colorado Coalfield War 614:Anthracite coal strike 584:Bituminous coal strike 567:Mahoning Valley strike 423:Vacaville tree pruners 150:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn 7264:1912 in Massachusetts 7137:Rock Springs massacre 7072:Hells Canyon Massacre 6899:Mussel Slough Tragedy 6883:Anti-Chinese violence 6719:San Elizario Salt War 6640:Phoenix election riot 6598:Brooks–McFarland feud 6308:May Day riots of 1894 5638:2021 Frito-Lay strike 5633:Lyft and Uber strikes 4954:Watson (2006), p. 241 4874:Watson (2006), p. 232 4802:Forrant (2013), p. 69 4713:. November 27, 1912. 4631:Forrant (2014), p. 41 4389:Forrant (2013), p. 50 4356:. November 27, 1912. 3451:Conclusion and legacy 3399: 3385: 3360: 3333: 3303: 3267: 3228: 3208: 3173: 3101: 3070: 3048:The American Magazine 2994:, in 1912 led by the 2250:Memorial Day massacre 1697:Montreal longshoremen 1624:Minneapolis teamsters 1618:West Coast waterfront 1581:West Coast waterfront 1514:Great Railroad Strike 608:Carterville Mine Riot 480:Puget Sound fishermen 201:Casualties and losses 7107:Seattle riot of 1886 6754:Houston riot of 1917 6610:Green Corn Rebellion 6543:Robert Charles riots 6479:French–Eversole feud 5737:Industrial democracy 5536:Green Corn Rebellion 4189:. January 29, 1912. 4172:Watson (2005), p. 55 4135:Watson (2005), p. 71 4126:Watson (2005), p. 59 4063:Forrant (2014), p. 4 3840:"Fighting for Roses" 3521:, co-founder of the 3419:Paterson, New Jersey 3315:, wife of President 3244:William Madison Wood 2974:, also known as the 2937:Lewiston-Auburn shoe 2715:Lewiston-Auburn shoe 1911:Cleveland convention 1820:in the United States 1636:Vancouver waterfront 1339:Metal mining strikes 747:Pittston Coal strike 708:Colorado Coal Strike 639:Paint Creek mine war 620:Carbon county strike 327:Agricultural strikes 120:Mass. National Guard 7102:Tacoma riot of 1885 6957:Colorado Labor Wars 6858:Pleasant Valley War 6777:Lincoln County feud 6731:Reese–Townsend feud 5864:Little Red Songbook 5752:Solidarity unionism 5742:Industrial unionism 4747:on February 3, 2016 4211:Neill Report, p. 15 3317:William Howard Taft 2925:Los Angeles garment 2843:New York shirtwaist 2703:Los Angeles garment 2621:New York shirtwaist 1943:Baltimore municipal 1679:SEPTA Regional Rail 1642:Gulf Coast maritime 1599:Portland waterfront 1396:Colorado Labor Wars 1296:United Auto Workers 1199:International Paper 633:Westmoreland strike 500:Watsonville Cannery 417:Santa Clara cannery 398:Imperial cantaloupe 110:American Woolen Co. 7172:Fence Cutting Wars 7143:Johnson County War 7078:Sheepshooters' War 7048:Lincoln County War 7018:Deep Creek murders 6951:Colorado Range War 6921:Wheatland hop riot 6864:Bisbee Deportation 6737:Brownsville affair 6701:Sutton–Taylor feud 6527:Thibodaux massacre 6515:Coushatta massacre 6503:Opelousas massacre 6426:Barber–Mizell feud 6313:Akron riot of 1900 6158:Illinois coal wars 5854:Free speech fights 5551:Centralia massacre 5531:Bisbee Deportation 5476:Wheatland hop riot 5333:Old Public Library 5050:The New York Times 4711:The New York Times 4267:The New York Times 4187:The New York Times 4114:10.1111/wusa.12023 4087:10.1111/wusa.12023 3388: 3363: 3335: 3306: 3278: 3268:Political cartoon 3231: 3211: 3195:Arturo Giovannitti 3176: 3104: 3073: 3027:Arturo Giovannitti 3007:Italian immigrants 1996:Broadway musicians 1953:Atlanta sanitation 1923:Memphis sanitation 1740:Sanitation strikes 1593:Seattle waterfront 596:Illinois coal wars 445:Santa Clara cherry 145:Arturo Giovannitti 115:Mass. State Police 7226: 7225: 7201: 7200: 7149:Spring Creek raid 7042:Colfax County War 6905:Castaic Range War 6835: 6834: 6695:Early–Hasley feud 6401:Brooks–Baxter War 6348: 6347: 6329:Bay View massacre 6221:1894 Detroit riot 6216:1891 Detroit riot 6118: 6117: 6062:Lattimer massacre 6050:Morewood massacre 5893: 5892: 5842: 5841: 5646: 5645: 5565:1920s & 1930s 5374: 5373: 5313:Campagnone Common 5307:Bellevue Cemetery 5286:Cambridge College 5003:978-0-14-303735-4 4964:978-0-14-303735-4 4884:978-0-14-303735-4 4555:Italian Americana 4484:978-1-4051-9807-3 3996:Neill, Charles P. 3754:American Magazine 3313:Helen Herron Taft 3148:Syrian immigrants 3075:Founded in 1845, 2965: 2964: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2525: 2524: 2340:Streetcar strikes 2296: 2295: 2225:Pressed Steel Car 2161: 2160: 1984:Detroit newspaper 1875:Fleischer Studios 1784: 1783: 1706: 1705: 1587:NYC Harbor Strike 1569:New Orleans Levee 1563:Chicago teamsters 1538:Buffalo switchmen 1498:Transport strikes 1464: 1463: 1305: 1304: 1248:Bath shipbuilders 1021: 1020: 762: 761: 718:Harlan County War 676:Battle of Matewan 590:Lattimer massacre 573:Morewood massacre 515: 514: 368:Seattle fishermen 251: 250: 247: 246: 196: 195: 126: 125: 99:Textile workers; 7301: 7206:Related articles 7118:Everett massacre 7112:Bellingham riots 6846: 6845: 6817:Greene–Jones War 6748:Boyce–Sneed feud 6713:Mason County War 6634:Hamburg massacre 6473:Rowan County War 6359: 6358: 6273:Camp Dump strike 6164:Battle of Virden 6146:Haymarket affair 6129: 6128: 6056:Homestead strike 5952: 5951: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5887: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5724: 5654: 5521:Everett massacre 5496:Paterson pageant 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5113:Cameron, Ardis, 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4918:The Boston Globe 4915: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4811:(see photograph) 4799: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4743:. Archived from 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4650:. June 8, 1913. 4645: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4602: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4458: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4425: 4419: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4351: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4301:. May 24, 1913. 4296: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4269:. May 20, 1913. 4259: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4222:Ayers, Edward L. 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4163:(See photograph) 4162: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4038: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3955: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3550: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3475:Elizabeth Warren 3270:The Lawrence Way 3236:Oliver Christian 2871: 2824:North Adams shoe 2818:New England shoe 2785: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2649: 2602:North Adams shoe 2596:New England shoe 2563: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2455:Century Airlines 2331: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2196: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2165: 2164: 1887:Disney animators 1821: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1741: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1499: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1340: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1077:El Paso smelters 1056: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1025: 1024: 977:French Caribbean 843:Haymarket Affair 801: 799: 789: 782: 775: 766: 765: 722:Battle of Evarts 600:Battle of Virden 552: 542: 535: 528: 519: 518: 461:Stockton cannery 411:Imperial lettuce 328: 320: 313: 306: 297: 296: 286: 277: 270: 263: 254: 253: 207: 206: 185: 184: 170:Gov. Eugene Foss 159:Angelo G. Rocco 95: 94: 35: 23: 22: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7197: 7154: 7123: 7083: 7058: 7028: 6999: 6974: 6969:Ludlow Massacre 6932: 6869: 6831: 6805: 6758: 6681: 6645: 6615: 6578: 6568:Kirk–Holden war 6554: 6509:Colfax massacre 6484: 6459: 6436: 6412: 6387: 6344: 6317: 6283: 6259: 6230: 6202: 6191:Aldermen's wars 6114: 6088: 6044:Pittsburgh riot 6008: 5987:Mamaroneck riot 5973: 5941: 5924: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5838: 5810: 5762: 5756: 5722: 5716: 5702:Matilda Robbins 5655: 5642: 5601: 5560: 5501:Hopedale strike 5449: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5347: 5318:Great Stone Dam 5295: 5254: 5228: 5223: 5171: 5121:Cole, Donald B. 5110: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4819: 4815: 4809:Wayback Machine 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4683: 4679: 4665: 4663: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4603: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4547: 4543: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4459: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4417:Wayback Machine 4406:Wayback Machine 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4369: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4098: 4094: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 3993: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3836: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3783: 3779: 3766: 3762: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3691: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3643: 3630: 3628: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3528:Ralph Fasanella 3519:William M. Wood 3497: 3490: 3487: 3453: 3431: 3392:Joseph F. Quinn 3355: 3168: 3128:French-Canadian 3065: 3043:Bread and Roses 2968: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2943:Montreal Cotton 2869: 2849:Chicago garment 2786: 2783: 2781: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2721:Montreal Cotton 2647: 2627:Chicago garment 2564: 2561: 2559: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2412:Bloomington, IL 2332: 2329: 2327: 2297: 2292: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2162: 2157: 2115:Stop & Shop 2002:CA supermarkets 1822: 1819: 1818:Service strikes 1817: 1815: 1785: 1780: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1707: 1702: 1605:Railway shopmen 1526:Great Southwest 1500: 1497: 1495: 1465: 1460: 1355:Upper Peninsula 1341: 1338: 1336: 1306: 1301: 1207: 1986–1987 1201: 1987-1988 1057: 1054: 1052: 1022: 1017: 802: 798:General strikes 797: 795: 793: 763: 758: 696:Herrin massacre 649:Ludlow Massacre 553: 548: 546: 516: 511: 343:Thibodaux sugar 329: 326: 324: 288: 284: 281: 243: 238: 233: 225: 220: 215: 190: 174: 173: 168: 165:William M. Wood 161: 158: 153: 148: 143: 122: 118: 113: 105: 100: 58: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7307: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7169: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7075: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6861: 6854: 6852: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6707:Las Cuevas War 6704: 6698: 6691: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6673: 6670:Coal Creek War 6667: 6661: 6655: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6621:South Carolina 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6564: 6562: 6560:North Carolina 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6422: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6404: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6379: 6374: 6371:Eutaw massacre 6367: 6365: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6152:Pullman Strike 6149: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5847:Related topics 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Eugene V. Debs 5669: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:Redwood Summer 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5352:Transportation 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5183: 5178: 5170: 5169:External links 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5147: 5137: 5134: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5075: 5036: 5021: 5002: 4982: 4963: 4943: 4902: 4883: 4863: 4854: 4813: 4794: 4785: 4778: 4758: 4728: 4698: 4677: 4633: 4624: 4617: 4592: 4561:(2): 149–161. 4541: 4526: 4520:978-0882862378 4519: 4501: 4483: 4448: 4420: 4391: 4382: 4336: 4324: 4284: 4254: 4243: 4236: 4213: 4204: 4174: 4165: 4157: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4092: 4065: 4056: 4049: 4020: 4011: 3984: 3962: 3939: 3913: 3862: 3852: 3827: 3812: 3777: 3760: 3743: 3736: 3713: 3689: 3674: 3641: 3597: 3566: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3502: 3486: 3483: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3430: 3427: 3425:was defeated. 3354: 3351: 3167: 3164: 3124:German descent 3064: 3061: 3057:Upton Sinclair 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2055:Fight for $ 15 2052: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1757:St. Petersburg 1754: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550:Pullman Strike 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1418:Copper Country 1415: 1409: 1403: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1230:Oil refineries 1226: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1211:General Motors 1208: 1202: 1196: 1193:Todd Shipyards 1189: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1162:General Motors 1159: 1156:General Motors 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1126:Flint sit-down 1123: 1117: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1003: 998: 992: 986: 980: 974: 968: 961: 960: 956: 955: 948: 947: 941: 935: 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 899: 894: 888: 882: 877: 871: 865: 858: 857: 853: 852: 846: 836: 830: 825: 819: 812: 811: 807: 804: 803: 792: 791: 784: 777: 769: 760: 759: 757: 756: 750: 744: 738: 731: 730: 726: 725: 715: 705: 699: 689: 683: 668: 667: 663: 662: 656: 653:The 10-Day War 642: 636: 629: 628: 624: 623: 617: 611: 593: 587: 581: 579:Coal Creek War 576: 570: 563: 562: 558: 555: 554: 545: 544: 537: 530: 522: 513: 512: 510: 509: 503: 497: 491: 484: 483: 477: 474:Hawaiian sugar 470: 469: 465: 464: 458: 452: 449:El Monte berry 438: 432: 429:Wisconsin milk 426: 420: 414: 407: 406: 402: 401: 395: 392:Hanapepe sugar 389: 383: 380:Wheatland hops 377: 371: 365: 358: 357: 353: 352: 349:Cotton pickers 346: 339: 338: 334: 331: 330: 323: 322: 315: 308: 300: 294: 293: 290: 289: 280: 279: 272: 265: 257: 249: 248: 245: 244: 228: 226: 210: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 193: 191: 188: 181: 180: 176: 175: 162: 137: 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 108: 106: 98: 91: 90: 86: 85: 83:demonstrations 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 54: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7306: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7166:Railroad Wars 7164: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885:(1860s–1890s) 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6764:West Virginia 6761: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6302:Reservoir war 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:One Big Union 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5732:Dual unionism 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541:Tulsa Outrage 5539: 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Penguin. 4975:October 16, 4957:. Penguin. 4895:February 4, 4877:. Penguin. 4751:February 3, 4441:February 4, 4408:; see also 3977:February 3, 3509:in Lawrence 3460:Eugene Debs 3412:labor spies 3344:New England 3240:John Golden 3216:Eugene Foss 3013:within the 2986:workers in 2950:1980s–2000s 2919:1930s–1970s 2906:New Bedford 2894:New England 2831:1900s–1920s 2728:1980s–2000s 2697:1930s–1970s 2684:New Bedford 2672:New England 2609:1900s–1920s 2486:1980s–2020s 2449:1930s–1970s 2442:New Orleans 2430:New Orleans 2424:Los Angeles 2418:Twin Cities 2358:Los Angeles 2275:1980s–2020s 2240:1930s–1970s 2233:Great Steel 2205:1800s–1920s 2152:Video games 2105:) 2018–2019 2091:Los Angeles 2073:Video games 2008:UM Janitors 1960:1980s–2000s 1863:1930s–1970s 1842:NYC waiters 1830:1800s–1920s 1667:1980s–2000s 1648:NYC tugboat 1612:1930s–1970s 1557:1900s–1920s 1443:Empire Zinc 1437:1930s–1970s 1390:1900s–1920s 1278:Heaven Hill 1224:2010s–2020s 1187:1980s–2000s 1102:1930s–1970s 1065:1800s–1920s 902:Minneapolis 849:New Orleans 720:1931–1939 ( 598:1898–1900 ( 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494:Salad Bowl 6651:Tennessee 6490:Louisiana 6170:Pana riot 5947:Northeast 5938:1865–1918 5300:Landmarks 5259:Education 5058:0362-4331 4926:405485541 4837:501862405 4656:502270838 4567:0096-8846 4362:502121823 4307:502229304 3888:0032-2806 3807:474160863 3799:0037-5624 3793:: 92–93. 3621:501968425 3353:Aftermath 3274:Art Young 3140:Hungarian 2984:immigrant 2890:1914–1915 2863:1912–1913 2837:Skowhegan 2668:1914–1915 2641:1912–1913 2615:Skowhegan 2492:Greyhound 2370:Pensacola 2346:St. Louis 2211:Homestead 2146:SAG-AFTRA 2057:2012–2019 2049:Wisconsin 1899:Hollywood 1893:Musicians 1520:Camp Dump 1412:Goldfield 1402:) 1903–04 1377:Leadville 1284:Kellogg's 1266:Frito-Lay 1138:Remington 1114:Auto-Lite 874:Vancouver 828:St. Louis 710:1927–28 ( 674:1912–21 ( 647:1913–14 ( 604:Pana riot 550:Coal Wars 506:Frito-Lay 388:1916–1917 6938:Colorado 6584:Oklahoma 6465:Kentucky 6393:Arkansas 6265:Nebraska 6236:Missouri 6208:Michigan 6133:Illinois 5979:New York 5763:Sections 5687:Joe Hill 5089:Archived 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1912 Lawrence textile strike

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