877:
captain, halted in a province which was then at peace called
Cochuah, the largest of this land, and even the best, which is about thirty leagues distant . There were many people and it was divided in repartimiento among citizens of this city. consumed the stores of the natives, plundered , and sought to obtain burden-bearers there. Since the male Indians fled to the bush for fear of the Spaniards, they employed the women as burden-bearers. The majority of the Indians died of hunger, and ... was unable to pass forward because of the lack of burden-bearers. He returned and gave the captaincy to his nephew, named Alonso Pacheco. Nero was nor more cruel than this man. He passed forward and reached a province called Chetumal, which was at peace. Even though the natives did not make war, he robbed the province and consumed the foodstuffs of the natives, who fled into the bush in fear of the Spaniards, since as soon as captured any of them, he set the dogs on them. And the Indians fled form all this and did not sow their crops, and all died of hunger. I say all, because there were pueblos of five hundred and one thousand houses, and now one which has one hundred is large. This province was also rich in cacao. This captain, with his own hands committed outrages: he killed many with the garrote, saying, "This is a good rod with which to punish these people," and, after he had killed them, he said, "Oh how well I finished them off." Tying them to stakes, he cut the breasts off many women and threw them in the lakes to drown merely to amuse himself. He committed other great cruelties which I shall not mention for lack of space. He destroyed the entire province. founded a town of eight citizens, which is called Salamanca, a haltin town which has neither a cleric nor a church, nor do the Spaniards there confess, since the town is sixty leagues from this city . If had not been destroyed it would have supported thirty men. And for his cruelties they returned this captain to the province which he destroyed and gave him its best Indians, and in doing this they did not give him something which was of small value. Such is the justice rendered in this land.
1235:
Cochua, la mayor desta tierra y ávn la mejor, de treinta leguas, donde avia much agente, y que estavan repartidos en esta çivdad, y comieron los mantenimientos á los naturales, y la ranchearon y dáca tamemes; y desque se huyan los indios, cargavan las mujeres, y los indios se huyan á los montes, de miedio de los españoles; y ansi murieron de hanbre los más de los yndios, y no puedo passar adelante por falta de tamemes. Y de alli se boluió, y dió la capitania á vn su sobrino que llaman
Alonsso Pacheco. Nero no fué más cruel que este. Esta passó adelanta, y llegó á vna provinçia que llaman Chetemal, estando en paz; y sin dar guerra los naturales, la robó y les comió los mantenimientos á los naturales, y ellos huyendo á los montes, de miedo de los españoles, porque en tomando alguno luego lo aperreavan. Y desto huyan los indios, y no senbraron, y todos murieron de hanbre: digo todos, porque avia pueblos de á quinientas casas y de á mil, y el que agora tiene çiento, es mucho; provinçia rica de cacao. Este capital por sus propias manos, exerçitava las fuerças: con vn garrote mató muchos, y dezia: «¡o quan bien le di!» Cortó muchos pexhos á mugeres y manos á honbres, y narizes y orejas, y estacó, y á las mugeres atava calabaças á los pies, y las echava en las lagunas ahogar, por su passatienpo; y otras grandes crueldades, que por abreviar las dexo. Y destruyó toda la provinçia, y alli hizieron una villa de ocho vezinos, que llaman Salamanca, y bien manca, que ni tienen clerigo ni yglesia, ni se confiesan, porque está de esta çivdad sesenta leguas, y si no la destruyera, vuiera para dar de comer á treinta onbres. Y á este, por sus crueldades, lo boluieron á la provinçia que que destruyó, y le dieron los mejores indios della, y no le dieron un papote: estas justiçias se hazen en esta tierra.
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42:
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1207:
province was laid waste. Many of those of the native who succeeded in escaping fled beyond
Castilian control. Relatively heavily peopled at the outset, the area became largely depopulated. The reduction of Uaymil-Chetemal as contrasted with that of the remainder of the peninsula makes clear in striking fashion the manner in which differences in the characters and purposes of the
1234:
Sabrá más V. A., que el adelantado dió vna capitania á Gaspar
Pacheco, vezino desta çivdad, agora tres años y medio, para que fuesse á conquistar á vnas provinçias del Golfo Dulçe, entre Honduras i Guatimala y esta tierra, y por mal regimiento del capitan, se detuvo en vna provinçia de paz que llaman
641:
was not well-received at Uaymil nor
Chetumal. Residents, determined on guerilla warfare, had destroyed their farmland, blocked the thoroughfares, and deserted their settlements. The scarcity of food was a strain on both sides, however, as both Spaniards and Mayas were forced to forage for sustenance,
1206:
The only campaign which was accompanied by systematic ruthlessness of a wholly wanton nature was that of Gaspar
Pacheco, his son Melchor and his nepher Alonso in Uaymil-Chetemal. This conquest was one of extreme excesses. The natives, who resisted stubbornly, were slaughtered without mercy and the
1031:
It has been further noted that
Rodrigo Alvarez, an entrada recruit and former secretary to Montejo the Younger, 'sought to persuade the Indians of Uaymil-Chetumal to accept Spanish dominion peacefully, but without the slightest success his efforts to obtain supplies without the use of force failed
876:
Your
Highness should know that the Adelantado about three years and a half ago assigned a captaincy to Gaspar Pacheco, a citizen of this municipality , to conquer certain provinces of the Golfo Dulce, which lie between Honduras and Guatemala and this land. Because of the poor administration of this
818:
de robar y matar y maltratar a los indios e indias naturales de aquellas tierras estando en paz y sirviendo a los cristianos españoles por fuerza y contra su voluntad les dieron muchas cuchilladas y les cortaron las manos y narices a los hombres y los ataron a estacas y así atados los asaetaron y
822:
of robbing and killing and ill-treating the
Indians natives of those lands being at peace and serving the Christian Spaniards y force and against their own wishes they stabbed many and cut off the hands and noses of men and they tied them to stakes and shot arrows at them until they died of
629:
The party set out of Merida in late 1543 or early 1544. In (recently-conquered) Cochuah, Pacheco compelled war-stricken residents to supply his men with burden-bearers, servants, and provisions, thereby reducing that province to famine. Upon entering Uaymil, Pacheco 'began one of the bloodiest
1118:
It is unclear whether
Dzuluinicob was conquered during the southern prong of the Pachecos entrada towards the Golfo Dulce. Tipu, capital of Dzuluinicob, 'does not appear on a tribute list for 1544, but is recorded as an already established encomienda town in 1568, which indicates that it had
718:
It is generally agreed that the Pachecos' victory soon proved pyrrhic. Uaymil and Chetumal, in particular, were said to be heavily populated, wealthy provinces prior to conquest. The district Salamanca de Bacalar inherited, however, was sparsely settled and poor, and remained so throughout.
1088:
Fundada aquella poblacion , los Conquistadores, que no quedaron por vezinos, dieron buelta à la Ciudad de Merida, y noticia à su General de lo sucedido, con que se començò à gozar de mas quietud, y esto dize el Bachiller Valencia, fue por fines del año de mil y quinientos y quarenta y
798:. Eventually, the Spanish Crown and Real Audiencia de los Confines ruled in favour of the friars, definitively barring non-Dominicans from settling in the gulf. This brought the Pachecos' efforts in the region (and the adelantados wishes to conquer it) to nought.
642:
quickly leading to a war of attrition. Facing famine, the Pachecos 'deliberately resorted to wanton acts of cruelty of a kind of which the Montejos and their other principal captains were seldom, if ever guilty.' These acts included–
1119:
functioned as part of an encomienda for some time his, plus what is now known about the extent of the Pacheco conquest, suggests strongly that Tipu was brought into the encomienda system not long after the Pacheco conquest' (
837:
Consequently, Villalobos awarded surviving relatives of the Pachecos' victims with 100,000 castellanos de oro in compensation, to be paid by the Pachecos. In addition, the Spanish Crown confiscated Melchor's
2194:. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. Vol. 7 (1st ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology.
669:
These tactics, or attrition itself, 'finally brought the Maya of Uaymil-Chetumal to their knees and the Spaniards to mastery of the province' in 1544. At this point, Melchor Pacheco founded
119:
298:
290:
260:
2076:. Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos en las islas i tierra firme del mar oceano. Vol. 4 (1st ed.). Madrid: En la Imprenta real de Nicolas Rodiguez Franco.
806:
Upon learning of the Pachecos' 'wanton cruelties', Spanish laymen and Franciscan friars petitioned the Crown for their prosecution (sometime during 1545–1549).
2372:
4968:
630:
campaigns, and certainly the cruelest, of the entire conquest .' Here, the lieutenant governor was stricken ill, forcing his retreat to Merida, and transfer of the
567:
1798:
Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo; Bastarrachea Manzano, Juan Ramón; Brito Sansores, William; Vermont Salas, Refugio; Dzul Góngora, David; Dzul Poot, Domingo, eds. (1980).
1017:
the adelantado would have put a stop to the excesses, but was unaware of these at the time, being too far removed from the peninsula while in Honduras-Higueras (
2405:
4098:
1195:
Melchor's Bacalar encomienda was transferred to the Crown prior to or on 1552, but he retained encomiendas in the district of Merida (cf previous citations).
3107:
606:
4118:
3033:
2365:
5036:
2287:. Middle American Research Series. Vol. 4 (1st ed.). New Orleans, LA: Dept. of Middle American Research, Tulane University of Louisiana.
4583:
912:, sec. 2.1, 3), neither of which is used in this article. (Though Mayan toponyms with established English variants, eg Uaymil, which is properly
4078:
5170:
2158:
2070:
1973:
5041:
4128:
2358:
517:
in the peninsula's conquest, resulting in the deaths of hundreds or thousands, and the displacement of tens of thousands, of Maya residents.
610:
Valboa throws some Indians, who had committed the terrible sin of sodomy, to the dogs to be torn apart (1594 by T. de Bry via Univ. Houston)
555:
5120:
3733:
3091:
2400:
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tying prisoners to stakes, then (non-fatally) whipping them and (non-fatally) shooting arrows at them, until they died of 'natural' causes.
5165:
1161:
During 1544–1639, the villa's population averaged 75 (including both Spanish vecinos and Maya naborías or servants) (
948:
526:
5080:
2332:"Monografías departamentales : Izabal : Extracto de un estudio, por el socio, General e Ingeniero Pedro Zamora Castellanos"
1931:. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 598 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
1902:. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
4948:
4052:
2730:
2432:
4032:
2311:'Under the shade I flourish' : an environmental history of northern Belize over the last three thousand five hundred years
3170:
2270:]. Translated by Rugeley, Terry (Revised translation of 1993 Spanish ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
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Montejo the Younger and Montejo the Nephew would have put a stop to the entrada's excesses, but had no authority to do so (
538:
534:
965:, p. 164 dates Pacheco's commissioning prior to 3 January 1543, and sets his recruitment of infantrymen in Veracruz.
4963:
4083:
2415:
2952:
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Middle American papers; studies relating to research in Mexico, the Central American Republic, and the West Indies
1049:
and another for some 150 Maya residents (forcibly resettled in the villa). A plaza and church were built in 1546 (
626:
of Merida for the campaign, naming his son, Melchor, second-in-command, and his nephew, Alonso, third-in-command.
5155:
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2486:
4851:
4367:
3811:
3695:
1869:
1842:
622:
for the conquest of Chetumal, Uaymil, and Amerindian settlements on the Golfo Dulce. Pacheco recruited 25 to 30
537:
brought news of splendid (and presumably gold-rich) pre-Columbian cities. The Cubans were soon engrossed in the
502:
222:
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5140:
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4108:
3821:
3801:
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3690:
3665:
3525:
3333:
3240:
3180:
3147:
2437:
2410:
1816:
573:
By early 1544, the western, northern, and northeastern Maya provinces had been defeated, and replaced with the
4916:
4745:
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2479:
482:
33:
5135:
5068:
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5001:
4943:
4921:
4735:
4507:
4189:
3978:
3963:
3048:
2912:
2865:
2496:
2469:
4297:
2651:
2551:
4938:
4906:
4437:
4302:
3738:
3118:
2927:
2723:
2581:
2556:
2491:
2459:
2246:
4926:
4259:
2474:
2331:
5125:
4911:
4811:
4442:
3894:
3826:
2795:
2464:
2136:
978:
Melchor's second-in-command was, naturally, Gaspar Pacheco's nephew and former third-in-command, Alonso (
794:), who claimed jurisdiction to the Golfo Dulce (as did the adelantado), protested the Pachecos' southern
4362:
4269:
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4209:
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3224:
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4229:
4184:
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4715:
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3806:
3758:
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3156:
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2815:
2810:
819:
flecharon hasta que murieron naturalmente y les hicieron muchas crueldades y robos no visto ni oídos.
3390:
2576:
791:
5130:
4710:
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2571:
5090:
4169:
3402:
2922:
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friars would have put a stop to the excesses, but were not recruited or did not join the entrada (
4760:
4618:
4462:
4402:
4352:
4254:
3851:
3816:
3763:
3398:
3268:
3232:
2962:
2835:
2820:
2716:
2596:
591:. This left only the southeastern provinces (Uaymil, Chetumal, and Dzuluinicob) up for conquest.
3953:
1109:
It is unclear whether this was before or after the founding of Salamanca (cf previous citation).
1085:
settled in Salamanca, as some (or all surviving ones) returned to Merida, arriving in late 1545.
5051:
4623:
4558:
4062:
3948:
3831:
3791:
3435:
3228:
2887:
2877:
4194:
1797:
917:
905:
872:
On 10 February 1548, Lorenzo de Bienvenida, a Franciscan friar, reported to the Spanish Crown–
588:
4497:
3907:
3728:
3617:
3556:
3484:
3394:
3095:
2775:
2646:
2606:
2247:"Worlds in Collision: The Maya/Spanish Encounter in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Belize"
2027:
901:
5031:
4432:
4219:
4179:
4138:
3112:
2586:
2049:
1924:
1895:
5006:
4675:
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4628:
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4447:
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4154:
3973:
2850:
2840:
2591:
2521:
1993:
584:
545:
4532:
4322:
4244:
2325:(MA). Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
490:
8:
5075:
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4680:
4633:
4613:
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4412:
4357:
4327:
4093:
3718:
3675:
3632:
3561:
3530:
3301:
3280:
3246:
3152:
3122:
3053:
2897:
2870:
2770:
2636:
2236:
Xibun Maya: The archaeology of an early Spanish colonial frontier in southeastern Yucatán
4821:
4522:
662:
severing the breasts of women, tying gourds to their feet, and drowning them in lagoons,
4836:
4826:
4801:
4755:
4720:
4578:
4287:
4164:
4037:
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3515:
3175:
3063:
2790:
2692:
2631:
2566:
2350:
1882:
1855:
1137:
656:
sicking dogs of war on non-combatants until they were dead and their corpses mutilated,
461:
453:
4159:
4088:
2268:
Maya lords and lordship : the formation of colonial society in Yucatán, 1350-1600
2216:
5016:
4958:
4791:
4563:
4537:
4527:
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4407:
4337:
4317:
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4239:
4214:
3479:
3006:
2947:
2902:
2761:
2626:
2616:
2536:
2420:
2296:
2271:
2220:
2195:
2180:
The Nineteenth-Century British Plantation Settlement at Lamanai, Belize (1837 – 1868)
2178:
2165:
2123:
2102:
2077:
2056:
1980:
1959:
1940:
1911:
1828:
1803:
618:
of Yucatan commissioned Gaspar Pacheco his lieutenant governor, captain general, and
563:
178:
107:
81:
49:(mural 1971–1979 by F. Castro Pacheco / photo 2004 by Cuilomerto)
3037:
1953:
1936:
1907:
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4643:
4608:
4588:
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4224:
4123:
4027:
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2666:
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2292:
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2212:
2098:
2094:
1932:
1903:
5026:
3058:
2601:
2017:
Yucatan, los Franciscanos y el primer obispo fray Francisco de Toral (1517 - 1571)
1975:
The history of Yucatan, from its discovery to the close of the seventeenth century
1925:
1896:
823:
natural causes nd they committed many cruelties and robberies not seen nor heard .
5091:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
4841:
4781:
4695:
4603:
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4113:
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206:
97:
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93:
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3917:
3902:
3783:
3378:
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3276:
3043:
2957:
2907:
2785:
2739:
566:. This campaign did not result in Spanish victory, though, requiring a further
3190:
2091:
Maya resistance to Spanish rule : time and history on a colonial frontier
2015:
829:
5114:
4249:
3099:
3016:
2825:
2449:
2395:
2275:
2234:
2127:
2060:
2055:. Maya Studies (1st ed.). Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
1832:
969:, pp. 112, 133 dates Pacheco's commissioning during the spring of 1543.
134:
121:
2169:
2106:
2081:
1963:
5021:
5011:
4740:
4279:
4133:
3958:
3474:
3250:
2932:
2780:
2224:
1984:
1944:
1915:
1807:
275:
245:
111:
4332:
2300:
2199:
1285:
3922:
3748:
3317:
3195:
2309:
1136:
It has been suggested that 'large numbers' of residents resettled in the
694:
190:
85:
3912:
1870:"Spanish Methods of Conquest and Colonization in Yucatan, 1527-1550. II"
1524:
1522:
41:
4786:
3520:
2800:
2687:
1843:"Spanish Methods of Conquest and Colonization in Yucatan, 1527-1550. I"
869:) bloodiest and cruelest campaigns of the Spanish conquest of Yucatan.
575:
550:
1738:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
659:
severing the hands, ears, and noses of 'many' residents or combatants,
489:
and several Amerindian settlements in the southeastern quarter of the
3753:
3510:
3410:
3185:
3087:
3021:
1886:
1859:
1519:
530:
506:
486:
1374:
1372:
529:
were the first Spaniards to turn their attention to the conquest of
3927:
2805:
1464:
1321:
908:, pp. 41a–44a. At least two other orthographic systems exist (
580:
2506:
1690:
1396:
1140:'in an attempt to place themselves beyond Spanish reach forever' (
1057:) overseen by the villa's first resident priest, a secular friar (
5085:
5056:
3566:
3551:
2708:
2093:(1st ed.). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
1546:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1369:
670:
494:
1817:"De Adelantado a pedigüeño: juicios contra Francisco de Montejo"
1666:
1630:
1309:
936:
the quelling of the 1546–1547 Maya revolts (
4022:
3576:
3571:
3348:
1714:
813:
of the Consejo Real de Indias, criminally charged the Pachecos–
559:
195:
103:
89:
2051:
Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize
1570:
1558:
1502:
1425:
1045:
The villa measured some 47 acres, with one section for the 20
5063:
3337:
3001:
1702:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1415:
1413:
1411:
3406:
3321:
2191:
History of the Spanish conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas
2122:(Reprint of 1566 manuscript ed.). Barcelona: Linkgua.
1800:
Diccionario maya Cordemex : maya-español, español-maya
1654:
1582:
1534:
1384:
1273:
16:
1543-1544 Spanish military campaign in southeastern Yucatan
3299:
1927:
The conquest and colonization of Honduras : 1502-1550
1774:
1642:
1437:
1408:
1357:
681:, and allotting settlements of the conquered provinces in
541:, however, leaving the peninsula's subjugation for later.
1726:
1333:
2380:
1762:
1750:
1492:
1490:
1488:
929:
Alternatively, the following have been proposed as the
646:
killing 'many' or 'numbers' of men and women with the
3054:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2206:
2067:
1955:
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
1744:
1618:
1606:
1485:
1479:
1345:
1297:
1241:
468:
of Chetumal was also the commander-in-chief of Uaymil
61:
1 April 1543 – 14 March 1544
2322:
BACALAR EN EL SIGLO XVII: colonización y resistencia
1261:
533:. They were enticed to conquer these after the 1517
1898:
The conquest and colonization of Yucatan, 1517–1550
1678:
1211:
could determine the nature and methods of conquest.
2329:
2314:(PhD). Nottingham, Eng.: University of Nottingham.
2233:
2211:(1st ed.). Madrid: Impr. de M. G. Hernandez.
2157:
2155:
2115:
2069:
2048:
2014:
1972:
1958:(1st ed.). Madrid: En la Emprenta del Reyno.
1868:
1841:
1594:
1528:
1378:
1094:
1074:
991:
962:
1951:
5112:
790:Shortly after 1544, Dominican friars (including
723:Estimated population of the district and villa.
693:In 1544, the Pachecos pushed southwards through
3598:
2012:
1815:Biblio Ortiz, Juan Pablo (June–December 2018).
1708:
1636:
1552:
2164:(1st ed.). Madrid: Jvan Garcia Infanzen.
2025:
1840:Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (September 1939a).
1315:
414:10s – 100s settlements damaged
3243:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2724:
2366:
2336:Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia
2318:
1991:
1576:
1540:
1513:
1327:
1050:
558:focussed on the eastern provinces, including
2918:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2330:Zamora Castellanos, Pedro (September 1941).
2183:(PhD). Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona.
1867:Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (October 1939b).
1866:
1839:
1814:
1802:(1st ed.). Merida: Ediciones Cordemex.
1720:
1660:
1588:
1390:
1216:
1145:
1018:
1011:
920:, pp. 917, pt. 1), are left unchanged.)
904:orthography in this article follows that of
399:10s – 1000s starved to death
1922:
1893:
1780:
1648:
1564:
1458:
1431:
1419:
1363:
1339:
1291:
1279:
1141:
1053:, p. 31), with the parish (christened
1033:
1025:
979:
941:
857:(c. 1861 by C. T. von Piloty via reproArte)
2731:
2717:
2373:
2359:
2244:
2068:Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de (1730).
462:commanding officers or commanding generals
5037:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
5042:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2176:
1992:García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018).
1970:
1055:Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción
849:
605:
556:entrada of 1527–1528
135:17.718513981249362°N 88.53437744564955°W
4033:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
2319:Vazquez Barke, Gabriela (August 2012).
2307:
2264:Pueblos y caciques yucatecos, 1550-1580
2261:
2231:
2135:Lehmann, Christian (16 December 2018).
2134:
1768:
1756:
1696:
1624:
1612:
1351:
1267:
1162:
909:
801:
785:
509:. It is commonly deemed one of (if not
481:was the final military campaign in the
476:1543–1544 Pachecos
24:1543–1544 Pachecos
5113:
4986:
2046:
2021:(PhD). Mexico City: Colegio de Mexico.
2013:González Cicero, Stella María (1976).
1732:
1672:
1496:
1402:
1149:
1120:
1058:
966:
937:
713:
140:17.718513981249362; -88.53437744564955
5171:16th century in the Maya civilization
4985:
4881:
4880:
4004:
3882:
3597:
3456:
3424:
3361:
3298:
3213:
3136:
3076:
2990:
2979:
2751:
2750:
2712:
2354:
2240:(PhD). Boston, MA: Boston University.
2187:
2113:
2088:
1684:
1600:
1303:
1166:
1124:
1062:
933:campaign in the conquest of Yucatan–
568:1531–1533 entrada
3314:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2806:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2382:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2282:
570:, which was similarly unsuccessful.
554:on 8 November 1526. Montejo's first
531:Maya states in the Yucatan peninsula
5121:Spanish conquest of Central America
5017:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3137:
2283:Ries, Maurice Ruddell, ed. (1932).
2207:Ministerio de Fomento, ed. (1877).
2026:González Ochoa, José María (2018).
1979:(1st ed.). London: J. Murray.
1971:Fancourt, Charles St. John (1854).
1923:Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1953).
1894:Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1948).
705:territory towards the Golfo Dulce.
13:
3984:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3457:
2738:
2251:Proceedings of the British Academy
2156:López de Cogolludo, Diego (1688).
2032:Diccionario Biográfico electrónico
1998:Diccionario Biográfico electrónico
1952:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (1632).
14:
5182:
3214:
3077:
2958:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2308:Rushton, Elizabeth A. C. (2014).
2188:Means, Phillip Ainsworth (1917).
994:, p. 164 dates the Pachecos
688:
601:
396:10s – 100s killed
5166:History of the Yucatán Peninsula
5069:Criollos in the colonial society
4997:Spanish missions in the Americas
4119:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2698:Spanish missions in the Americas
2505:
2118:Relación de las cosas de Yucatán
1294:, pp. 19–22, 35–65, 97–124.
865:is widely deemed one of (if not
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
283:
268:
253:
238:
216:
184:
172:
40:
5096:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
2980:
1225:
1198:
1189:
1172:
1155:
1130:
1112:
1103:
1068:
1039:
1001:
985:
972:
956:
882:Bienvenida, trans. Chamberlain.
634:s command to his son, Melchor.
544:Conquest began in earnest upon
535:Hernández de Córdoba expedition
3425:
3148:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2856:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2034:. Real Academia de la Historia
2000:. Real Academia de la Historia
923:
894:
855:Nero Views the Burning of Rome
833:to Audiencia de los Confines.
1:
5047:General Archive of the Indies
4308:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3979:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3964:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2913:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2866:War of the Spanish Succession
2831:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2562:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2245:Pendergast, David M. (1993).
2047:Graham, Elizabeth A. (2011).
1790:
1077:, p. 165 suggests that (
4005:
3119:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3049:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3028:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2943:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2177:Mayfield, Tracie D. (2015).
1405:, pp. 112–113, 132–133.
1254:
1123:, p. 361, item no. 60,
809:On 1 June 1549, Villalobos,
708:
539:conquest of the Aztec Empire
7:
3883:
3599:Administrative subdivisions
2796:War of the League of Cognac
2232:Morandi, Steven J. (2010).
1699:, pp. 43–44, 132, 134.
1675:, p. 362, item no. 76.
1182:created in 1546 cf Schafer
1007:It has been suggested that
918:Barrera Vásquez et al. 1980
906:Barrera Vásquez et al. 1980
483:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
34:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
10:
5187:
4313:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4298:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4200:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3362:
3098:), Western United States (
2991:
2861:Portuguese Restoration War
2662:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2652:Tristán de Luna y Arellano
2552:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2547:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
2217:2027/miun.adq6885.0001.001
1745:Ministerio de Fomento 1877
1480:Ministerio de Fomento 1877
1242:Ministerio de Fomento 1877
614:In April 1543, the second
594:
520:
493:under the jurisdiction of
5161:16th century in Guatemala
5081:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4992:
4981:
4887:
4876:
4774:
4668:
4661:
4546:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4368:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
4278:
4147:
4109:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4071:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3969:Barcelona Trading Company
3936:
3893:
3889:
3878:
3782:
3734:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
3704:
3646:
3608:
3604:
3593:
3544:
3503:
3467:
3463:
3452:
3431:
3368:
3309:
3241:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3220:
3143:
3094:, Central United States (
3083:
2997:
2986:
2975:
2826:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
2811:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2757:
2746:
2680:
2514:
2503:
2388:
2141:La lengua maya de Yucatán
845:
842:in the Bacalar district.
677:, designating its twenty
513:) bloodiest and cruelest
448:
387:
365:
228:
162:
53:
39:
31:
23:
5151:Wars involving Guatemala
5022:Quito painting tradition
5012:Cusco painting tradition
4373:García López de Cárdenas
4363:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4270:Felipe González de Ahedo
4190:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2767:Conquest of the Americas
2572:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva
2542:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
2262:Quezada, Sergio (2014).
2114:Landa, Diego de (2011).
2089:Jones, Grant D. (1989).
2028:"Alonso González Dávila"
1937:2027/txu.059173002179226
1908:2027/txu.059173008409431
887:
4807:Comuneros (New Granada)
4584:Balearic Islands (1558)
4303:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4230:Ruy López de Villalobos
4185:Miguel López de Legazpi
4099:García de Toledo Osorio
2963:Western Sahara conflict
2953:Independence of Morocco
2893:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2836:Piracy in the Caribbean
2821:French Wars of Religion
2582:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2557:Sebastián de Belalcázar
2293:2027/mdp.39015010905951
2099:2027/mdp.39015015491791
1529:López de Cogolludo 1688
1379:López de Cogolludo 1688
1127:, pp. 17, 44, 51).
1095:López de Cogolludo 1688
1081:, or only some of) the
1075:López de Cogolludo 1688
992:López de Cogolludo 1688
963:López de Cogolludo 1688
653:drowning them in lakes,
487:Postclassic Maya states
358:Juan Gómez de la Camasa
5156:16th century in Belize
5052:Colonial Spanish Horse
4726:Colonia del Sacramento
3949:Spanish treasure fleet
3526:Royal Decree of Graces
2577:Bartolomé de las Casas
1994:"Francisco de Montejo"
1247:
1222:
1100:
998:start and end in 1544.
885:
858:
792:Bartolomé de las Casas
611:
546:Francisco de Montejo's
485:, which brought three
229:Commanders and leaders
5146:Wars involving Belize
5141:Wars involving Mexico
4210:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
4170:Juan Sebastián Elcano
3485:Council of the Indies
2846:Spanish–Moro conflict
2816:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2776:Treaty of Tordesillas
2657:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
2612:Pedro de Portocarrero
2607:Francisco de Orellana
1244:, pp. 70, 80–81)
1232:
1204:
1086:
949:1697 Fall of Nojpeten
874:
853:
609:
441:0 settlements damaged
388:Casualties and losses
5136:Wars involving Spain
5007:Mesoamerican Codices
4731:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4569:Siege of Castelnuovo
4155:Christopher Columbus
3974:Consulate of the Sea
3954:Casa de Contratación
3545:Titles and positions
2938:Spanish–American War
2928:Liberal constitution
2771:Asia and the Pacific
2592:Francisco de Montejo
2522:Christopher Columbus
2160:Historia de Yucathan
1709:González Cicero 1976
1637:González Cicero 1976
1553:González Cicero 1976
1028:, pp. 234–235).
1021:, pp. 353–354),
1014:, pp. 353–354),
802:Criminal prosecution
786:Dominican opposition
671:Salamanca de Bacalar
495:Salamanca de Bacalar
383:25 to 30 infantrymen
4736:Cartagena de Indias
4358:Diego de Mazariegos
4328:Pere Fages i Beleta
4195:Sebastián de Ocampo
3676:Provincias Internas
3648:Captaincies General
3562:Municipal president
3531:School of Salamanca
3302:Spanish East Indies
3281:Misiones Orientales
3153:Spanish West Indies
3117:, Central America (
3064:Pyrénées-Orientales
3017:Union with Portugal
2908:Napoleonic invasion
2888:War of Jenkins' Ear
2143:. Christian Lehmann
1735:, pp. 132–133.
1723:, pp. 353–354.
1567:, pp. 235–236.
1531:, pp. 164–165.
1434:, pp. 233–234.
1316:González Ochoa 2018
827:—1 June 1549
724:
714:Population collapse
377:infantrymen unknown
131: /
5126:1540s in New Spain
5032:Academia Antártica
4987:Other civil topics
4353:Pánfilo de Narváez
4255:Sebastián Vizcaíno
4220:Andrés de Urdaneta
4180:Juan Ponce de León
4165:Ferdinand Magellan
4139:Bernardo de Gálvez
4038:Indian auxiliaries
3536:Trial of residence
3516:Laws of the Indies
3300:Asia and Oceania (
3161:Dominican Republic
2693:Indian auxiliaries
2632:Nikolaus Federmann
2597:Pánfilo de Narváez
2587:Juan Ponce de León
2406:Strait of Magellan
1875:Scientific Monthly
1848:Scientific Monthly
1821:Justicia Electoral
1577:Vazquez Barke 2012
1555:, pp. 21, 83.
1541:Vazquez Barke 2012
1514:Vazquez Barke 2012
1328:García Bernal 2018
1219:, pp. 353–354
1169:, pp. 71–74).
1138:Peten Itza kingdom
1051:Vazquez Barke 2012
859:
722:
612:
454:commander-in-chief
426:0 starved to death
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
4977:
4976:
4882:Spanish conquests
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4657:
4656:
4338:Pedro de Alvarado
4323:Gaspar de Portolà
4318:Pedro de Valdivia
4293:Francisco Pizarro
4245:Nicolás de Ovando
4240:Alonso de Ercilla
4215:Alonso de Salazar
4048:Ships of the line
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3420:
3419:
3377:Northern Africa (
3373:Equatorial Guinea
3357:
3356:
3294:
3293:
3209:
3208:
3132:
3131:
3123:Spanish Caribbean
3096:Spanish Louisiana
3072:
3071:
3007:Crown of Castille
2971:
2970:
2948:Spanish Civil War
2923:Adams–Onís Treaty
2903:Nootka Convention
2851:Thirty Years' War
2841:Eighty Years' War
2762:Catholic Monarchs
2752:Timeline–immersed
2706:
2705:
2627:Pedro de Valdivia
2617:Francisco Pizarro
2537:Pedro de Alvarado
2401:Pacific Northwest
1771:, pp. 35–36.
1759:, pp. 38–39.
1747:, pp. 80–81.
1721:Chamberlain 1939b
1661:Biblio Ortiz 2018
1639:, pp. 83–85.
1589:Chamberlain 1939b
1579:, pp. 27–28.
1516:, pp. 26–27.
1391:Chamberlain 1939a
1306:, pp. 30–39.
1282:, pp. 11–16.
1217:Chamberlain 1939b
1146:Chamberlain 1939b
1019:Chamberlain 1939b
1012:Chamberlain 1939b
944:, p. 236, ),
783:
782:
673:, appointing its
491:Yucatán Peninsula
472:
471:
158:
157:
5178:
4983:
4982:
4949:Chibchan Nations
4878:
4877:
4847:Santiago de Cuba
4706:Guadalupe Island
4666:
4665:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4348:Diego de Almagro
4225:Antonio de Ulloa
4129:Ambrosio Spinola
4124:Pedro de Zubiaur
4094:Alfonso d'Avalos
4084:Antonio de Leyva
4028:Army of Flanders
4013:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3879:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3422:
3421:
3395:Peñón of Algiers
3359:
3358:
3296:
3295:
3211:
3210:
3134:
3133:
3116:
3074:
3073:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2898:Seven Years' War
2871:Queen Anne's War
2748:
2747:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2667:Amerigo Vespucci
2622:Hernando de Soto
2532:Diego de Almagro
2509:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2326:
2315:
2304:
2279:
2258:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2209:Cartas de Indias
2203:
2184:
2173:
2163:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2131:
2121:
2110:
2085:
2075:
2064:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2022:
2020:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1988:
1978:
1967:
1948:
1930:
1919:
1901:
1890:
1872:
1863:
1845:
1836:
1811:
1784:
1781:Chamberlain 1948
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1649:Chamberlain 1948
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1565:Chamberlain 1948
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1459:Chamberlain 1948
1456:
1435:
1432:Chamberlain 1948
1429:
1423:
1420:Chamberlain 1948
1417:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1364:Chamberlain 1948
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1340:Chamberlain 1948
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1292:Chamberlain 1948
1289:
1283:
1280:Chamberlain 1948
1277:
1271:
1265:
1248:
1245:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1152:, p. 133)).
1148:, p. 353, (
1142:Chamberlain 1948
1134:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1072:
1066:
1043:
1037:
1034:Chamberlain 1948
1026:Chamberlain 1948
1005:
999:
989:
983:
980:Chamberlain 1948
976:
970:
960:
954:
942:Chamberlain 1948
927:
921:
898:
883:
725:
721:
579:or districts of
525:The settlers of
503:colonial Yucatán
411:10000s displaced
357:
356:
355:
347:
346:
345:
337:
336:
335:
327:
326:
325:
317:
316:
315:
288:
287:
286:
273:
272:
271:
258:
257:
256:
243:
242:
241:
221:
220:
219:
189:
188:
187:
177:
176:
175:
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
136:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
115:
72:
70:
66:
55:
54:
44:
21:
20:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5131:1540s conflicts
5111:
5110:
5109:
5100:
5076:Old inquisition
4988:
4973:
4883:
4856:
4812:Trinidad (1797)
4782:La Noche Triste
4770:
4766:San Juan (1797)
4716:San Juan (1595)
4653:
4542:
4382:Notable battles
4377:
4343:Martín de Ursúa
4274:
4205:Alonso de Ojeda
4175:Juan de la Cosa
4160:Pinzón brothers
4143:
4114:John of Austria
4089:Martín de Goiti
4067:
4007:
3988:
3932:
3885:
3866:
3778:
3774:Terra Australis
3769:Río de la Plata
3714:Castilla de Oro
3700:
3642:
3638:Río de la Plata
3600:
3581:
3540:
3499:
3495:Santa Hermandad
3459:
3440:
3436:Terra Australis
3427:
3416:
3383:Spanish Morocco
3364:
3353:
3344:Northern Taiwan
3305:
3290:
3261:Río de la Plata
3216:
3205:
3139:
3138:Central America
3128:
3110:
3079:
3068:
3012:Crown of Aragon
2993:
2982:
2967:
2883:Bourbon Reforms
2753:
2742:
2737:
2707:
2702:
2676:
2672:Juan de la Cosa
2642:Pedro de Candia
2527:Alonso de Ojeda
2510:
2501:
2384:
2379:
2348:
2346:
2146:
2144:
2037:
2035:
2003:
2001:
1827:(22): 179–215.
1793:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1465:
1457:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:, pp. 226.
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1180:promotor fiscal
1177:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1144:, p. 236,
1135:
1131:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1073:
1069:
1061:, p. 142,
1044:
1040:
1036:, p. 233).
1006:
1002:
990:
986:
982:, p. 233).
977:
973:
961:
957:
940:, p. 132,
928:
924:
902:Yucatecan Mayan
899:
895:
890:
884:
881:
848:
835:
825:
824:
820:
811:promotor fiscal
804:
788:
716:
711:
691:
604:
599:
523:
444:
432:wounded unknown
417:
405:wounded unknown
402:missing unknown
380:
374:archers unknown
361:
353:
351:
348:Rodrigo Álvarez
343:
341:
333:
331:
328:Melchor Pacheco
323:
321:
313:
311:
305:
284:
282:
269:
267:
254:
252:
239:
237:
223:Spanish Yucatan
217:
215:
212:
185:
183:
173:
171:
154:Spanish victory
139:
137:
133:
130:
125:
122:
120:
118:
117:
116:
101:
68:
64:
62:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:Canary Islands
4888:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Túpac Amaru II
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4691:Bogotá savanna
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4599:Spanish Armada
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4493:White Mountain
4490:
4488:Cape Celidonia
4485:
4483:English Armada
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4260:Juan Fernández
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Diego Columbus
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4063:Army of Africa
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4043:Spanish Armada
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:Manila galleon
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3458:Administration
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3379:Western Sahara
3375:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3277:Banda Oriental
3258:
3244:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3092:Coastal Alaska
3084:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2740:Spanish Empire
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Inés de Suárez
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2327:
2316:
2305:
2280:
2259:
2257:(sn): 105–143.
2242:
2229:
2204:
2185:
2174:
2153:
2132:
2111:
2086:
2065:
2044:
2023:
2010:
1989:
1968:
1949:
1920:
1891:
1881:(4): 351–359.
1864:
1854:(3): 227–244.
1837:
1812:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:, p. 235.
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1663:, p. 190.
1653:
1651:, p. 236.
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1591:, p. 353.
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1518:
1501:
1499:, p. 133.
1484:
1463:
1461:, p. 234.
1436:
1424:
1422:, p. 233.
1407:
1395:
1393:, p. 240.
1383:
1381:, p. 164.
1368:
1366:, p. 232.
1356:
1344:
1332:
1330:, para. 13-19.
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1224:
1213:
1209:conquistadores
1197:
1188:
1184:Consejo Indias
1171:
1165:, p. 39,
1154:
1129:
1111:
1102:
1091:
1083:conquistadores
1067:
1065:, p. 85).
1038:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1000:
984:
971:
955:
953:
952:
945:
922:
892:
891:
889:
886:
879:
847:
844:
821:
817:
816:
815:
803:
800:
787:
784:
781:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
715:
712:
710:
707:
690:
689:Southern prong
687:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
620:justicia mayor
603:
602:Northern prong
600:
598:
593:
522:
519:
470:
469:
446:
445:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:< 10 killed
420:
418:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
389:
385:
384:
381:
379:
378:
375:
371:
368:
367:
363:
362:
360:
359:
349:
339:
338:Alonso Pacheco
329:
319:
318:Gaspar Pacheco
308:
306:
304:
303:
295:
294:of Dzuluinicob
280:
279:of Dzuluinicob
265:
250:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
213:
211:
210:
204:
198:
193:
181:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
80:
78:
74:
73:
59:
51:
50:
37:
36:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5183:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Tapada limeña
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4879:
4875:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:Montes Claros
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Vienna (1529)
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Hernán Cortés
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4280:Conquistadors
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Juan de Ayala
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Duke of Savoy
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Dollar (Peso)
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3863:
3862:Santo Domingo
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:New Andalusia
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Santo Domingo
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3610:Viceroyalties
3607:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3423:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:South America
3212:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3135:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:Spanish Texas
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:North America
3075:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Franche-Comté
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Juan de Oñate
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Hernán Cortés
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Inter caetera
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2342:(3): 168–187.
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:Decada Quarta
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1711:, p. 21.
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1687:, p. 45.
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1627:, p. 40.
1626:
1621:
1615:, p. 39.
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1543:, p. 27.
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1482:, p. 80.
1481:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1354:, p. 35.
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1270:, p. 36.
1269:
1264:
1260:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1097:, p. 165
1096:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1032:completely' (
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
997:
993:
988:
981:
975:
968:
964:
959:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
934:
932:
926:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
897:
893:
878:
873:
870:
868:
864:
861:The Pachecos
856:
852:
843:
841:
834:
832:
831:
814:
812:
807:
799:
797:
793:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
726:
720:
706:
704:
700:
696:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
643:
640:
635:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
608:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:colonial Cuba
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
419:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
392:
391:
386:
382:
376:
373:
372:
370:
369:
364:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
309:
307:
301:
300:
296:
293:
292:
281:
278:
277:
266:
263:
262:
251:
248:
247:
236:
235:
233:
232:
227:
224:
214:
208:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
182:
180:
170:
169:
167:
166:
161:
153:
150:
149:
144:
113:
109:
105:
102:(present-day
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:
30:
27:
22:
19:
5002:Architecture
4897:The Americas
4761:Newfoundland
4751:Túpac Katari
4741:Cuerno Verde
4676:Tenochtitlan
4508:Valenciennes
4265:Luis Fajardo
4134:Blas de Lezo
4079:Duke of Alba
3959:Spanish Road
3797:Buenos Aires
3706:Governorates
3475:Ayuntamiento
3468:Organization
2933:Carlist Wars
2781:Italian Wars
2455:Aztec Empire
2347:
2339:
2335:
2321:
2310:
2284:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2235:
2208:
2190:
2179:
2159:
2145:. Retrieved
2140:
2137:"Ortografía"
2117:
2090:
2071:
2050:
2036:. Retrieved
2031:
2016:
2002:. Retrieved
1997:
1974:
1954:
1926:
1897:
1878:
1874:
1851:
1847:
1824:
1820:
1799:
1776:
1769:Quezada 2014
1764:
1757:Morandi 2010
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1697:Quezada 2014
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1625:Morandi 2010
1620:
1613:Morandi 2010
1608:
1603:, p. 9.
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1427:
1398:
1386:
1359:
1352:Quezada 2014
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1268:Quezada 2014
1263:
1233:
1227:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1163:Morandi 2010
1157:
1132:
1114:
1105:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1003:
995:
987:
974:
958:
930:
925:
913:
910:Lehmann 2018
896:
875:
871:
866:
862:
860:
854:
839:
836:
828:
826:
810:
808:
805:
795:
789:
717:
699:Manche Ch'ol
692:
682:
678:
674:
668:
647:
638:
636:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
613:
595:
574:
572:
549:
543:
524:
514:
510:
498:
477:
475:
473:
466:halach winik
465:
457:
450:halach winik
449:
297:
289:
276:halach winik
274:
259:
246:halach winik
244:
201:Manche Chʼol
163:Belligerents
112:Quintana Roo
94:Manche Chʼol
46:
32:Part of the
25:
18:
4969:Philippines
4934:El Salvador
4554:Capo d'Orso
4438:St. Quentin
4413:Rome (1527)
4072:Strategists
3822:Guadalajara
3749:New Navarre
3744:New Castile
3729:La Luisiana
3681:Puerto Rico
3671:Philippines
3628:New Granada
3318:Philippines
3279:(Uruguay),
3275:(Bolivia),
3225:New Granada
3165:Puerto Rico
3111: [
2981:Territories
2801:Encomiendas
2487:El Salvador
2416:Inca Empire
1733:Graham 2011
1673:Graham 2011
1497:Graham 2011
1403:Graham 2011
1231:Originally–
1150:Graham 2011
1121:Graham 2011
1059:Graham 2011
967:Graham 2011
938:Graham 2011
830:real cédula
731:Population
695:Dzuluinicob
438:0 displaced
408:ill unknown
264:of Chetumal
249:of Chetumal
191:Dzuluinicob
138: /
92:provinces,
86:Dzuluinicob
5115:Categories
4639:Somosierra
4629:Manila Bay
4503:Nördlingen
4443:Gravelines
3923:Columnario
3895:Currencies
3812:Concepción
3784:Audiencias
3759:New Toledo
3724:La Florida
3557:Corregidor
3521:Papal bull
3426:Antarctica
3334:Micronesia
2791:Golden Age
2688:Encomienda
2647:Juan Pardo
2411:California
1791:References
1685:Jones 1989
1601:Landa 2011
1318:, para. 7.
1304:Jones 1989
1186:vol 1 p 84
1178:Office of
1167:Jones 1989
1125:Jones 1989
1063:Jones 1989
840:encomienda
683:encomienda
616:adelantado
589:Valladolid
576:municipios
551:adelantado
548:naming as
126:88°32′04″W
123:17°43′07″N
100:territory
69:1544-03-14
65:1543-04-01
4944:Nicaragua
4922:Guatemala
4832:Pichincha
4817:Chacabuco
4756:Pensacola
4701:Mataquito
4681:Cajamarca
4662:New World
4634:Trafalgar
4538:Alhucemas
4418:Landriano
4403:Comuneros
4389:Old World
4333:Joan Orpí
4053:Royalists
3827:Guatemala
3754:New Spain
3691:Venezuela
3666:Guatemala
3623:New Spain
3618:Columbian
3511:Exequatur
3411:Cape Juby
3265:Argentina
3088:New Spain
3022:Gibraltar
2786:Habsburgs
2497:Nicaragua
2470:Guatemala
2276:847529166
2128:960748072
2061:751694131
2038:10 August
2004:10 August
1833:0188-7998
1255:Citations
709:Aftermath
507:New Spain
458:nakomo'ob
429:0 missing
302:of Uaymil
299:nakomo'ob
291:nakomo'ob
261:nakomo'ob
4954:Colombia
4939:Honduras
4852:Asomante
4837:Ayacucho
4827:Carabobo
4802:Curalaba
4579:Ceresole
4473:Gembloux
4433:Mühlberg
4148:Mariners
4006:Military
3928:Doubloon
3913:Maravedí
3857:Santiago
3764:Paraguay
3490:Germania
3330:Caroline
3285:Malvinas
3269:Paraguay
3229:Colombia
3171:Trinidad
3038:Sardinia
2878:Bourbons
2492:Honduras
2428:Colombia
2170:12175609
2147:5 August
2107:20012099
2082:15339062
1964:85799759
1238:—
1214:—
1092:—
880:—
739:150,000
632:entrada'
581:Campeche
564:Chetumal
515:entradas
366:Strength
179:Chetumal
82:Chetumal
77:Location
67: –
47:Conquest
5086:Asiento
5057:Mustang
4917:Yucatán
4912:Chiapas
4792:Tucapel
4624:Passaro
4574:Algiers
4564:Preveza
4533:Tetouan
4528:Vitoria
4518:Bitonto
4458:Antwerp
4453:Lepanto
4408:Bicocca
3884:Economy
3807:Charcas
3802:Caracas
3696:Yucatán
3567:Regidor
3552:Alcalde
3480:Cabildo
3387:Tripoli
3326:Mariana
3273:Charcas
3249:(Peru,
3233:Ecuador
3196:Bonaire
3191:Curazao
3176:Jamaica
3104:Florida
2681:Related
2480:Yucatán
2465:Chiapas
2445:Florida
2433:Chibcha
2389:History
2225:1862540
1985:1908914
1945:1847435
1916:1843427
1808:7550928
1047:vecinos
996:entrada
863:entrada
796:entrada
747:12,500
679:vecinos
675:cabildo
648:garrote
639:entrada
624:vecinos
596:Entrada
521:Prelude
478:entrada
209:hamlets
203:hamlets
63: (
26:entrada
5064:Castas
4822:Boyacá
4797:Guiana
4787:Iguape
4711:Recife
4649:Mactan
4644:Annual
4609:Rocroi
4604:Leiden
4589:Djerba
4523:Bailén
4478:Ostend
4463:Azores
4058:Legión
4023:Tercio
4016:Armies
3918:Escudo
3847:Panamá
3842:Mexico
3837:Manila
3792:Bogotá
3577:Vecino
3572:Syndic
3403:Béjaïa
3363:Africa
3349:Tidore
3237:Panama
3201:Belize
3108:Mexico
3034:Sicily
3030:Naples
2992:Europe
2515:People
2438:Muisca
2301:736389
2299:
2274:
2223:
2200:681599
2198:
2168:
2126:
2105:
2080:
2059:
1983:
1962:
1943:
1914:
1885:
1858:
1831:
1806:
1089:cinco.
914:Waymil
846:Legacy
755:1,000
587:, and
585:Merida
560:Uaymil
464:; the
196:Uaymil
151:Result
108:Izabal
104:Belize
90:Uaymil
4959:Chile
4927:Petén
4902:Aztec
4721:Bahia
4696:Penco
4686:Cusco
4614:Downs
4594:Tunis
4513:Ceuta
4498:Breda
4448:Malta
4428:Tunis
4423:Pavia
3937:Trade
3852:Quito
3817:Cusco
3656:Chile
3391:Tunis
3338:Palau
3255:Chile
3186:Aruba
3181:Haiti
3115:]
3044:Milan
3002:Spain
2475:Petén
2450:Texas
2421:Chile
2266:[
1887:16999
1883:JSTOR
1860:17057
1856:JSTOR
931:final
888:Notes
703:Mopan
505:, in
499:villa
435:1 ill
207:Mopan
98:Mopan
4964:Inca
4907:Maya
4842:Guam
4775:Lost
4547:Lost
4468:Mons
3908:Real
3832:Lima
3719:Cuba
3661:Cuba
3633:Perú
3409:and
3407:Ifni
3399:Oran
3322:Guam
3251:Acre
3247:Peru
3157:Cuba
3036:and
2460:Maya
2297:OCLC
2272:OCLC
2221:OCLC
2196:OCLC
2166:OCLC
2149:2021
2124:OCLC
2103:OCLC
2078:OCLC
2057:OCLC
2040:2021
2006:2021
1981:OCLC
1960:OCLC
1941:OCLC
1912:OCLC
1829:ISSN
1804:OCLC
1079:none
947:the
900:The
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771:700
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763:750
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752:1580
744:1549
736:1511
728:Year
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