275:
334:
instance, the slipping wheel spins faster than the other wheels due to the lower traction at that wheel. Since a differential applies equal torque to each half-shaft, power is reduced at the other wheels, even if they have good traction. This problem can happen in both 2WD and 4WD vehicles, whenever a driven wheel is placed on a surface with little traction or raised off the ground. The simplistic design works acceptably well for 2WD vehicles. It is much less acceptable for 4WD vehicles, because 4WD vehicles have twice as many wheels with which to lose traction, increasing the likelihood that it may happen. 4WD vehicles may also be more likely to drive on surfaces with reduced traction. However, since torque is divided between four wheels rather than two, each wheel receives roughly half the torque of a 2WD vehicle, reducing the potential for wheel slip.
403:. It typically uses a vehicle's braking system to slow a spinning wheel. This forced slowing emulates the function of a limited-slip differential, and by using the brakes more aggressively to ensure wheels are being driven at the same speed, can also emulate a locking differential. This technique normally requires wheel sensors to detect when a wheel is slipping, and only activates when wheel slip is detected. Therefore, typically no mechanism exists to actively prevent wheel slip (i.e., locking the differential in advance of wheel slip is not possible); rather, the system is designed to expressly permit wheel slip to occur, and then to attempt to send torque to the wheels with the best traction. If preventing all-wheel slip is a requirement, this is a limiting design.
415:
143:
673:
832:
461:
932:
1081:
1481:
1457:
547:
2810:
dry pavement, the tires grip, then are forced to slip, then grip again, and so on, until the turn is completed. This causes the vehicle to exhibit a 'hopping' or 'binding' sensation. Using an engaged part-time 4WD system on a hard surface is not recommended, as damage to the drive-line eventually occurs. Part-time transfer cases are the industry standard transfer case for the 4x4 truck market. Any other transfer case can be considered more robust, however more moving parts and complexity can, sometimes, make other transfer cases less durable.
924:
1093:
1469:
1619:, patented, GB 2172558, an improvement on Chadwick's design that did not use differential gear assemblies. By using near-spherical wheels with the provision to tilt and turn each wheel co-ordinatively, the driven wheels maintain constant traction. Furthermore, all driven wheels steer, and as pairing of wheels is not necessary, vehicles with an odd number of wheels are possible without affecting the system's integrity. Progressive deceleration is made possible by dynamically changing the front-to-rear effective wheel diameter ratios.
1696:
variable clutch packs that are allowed to 'slip' to give the required road wheel speeds. The front transaxle has three gears, two forward, and reverse. The two forward gears of the front transmission match the lower four forward gears of the rear transmission. It is not used in higher gears. The connection between this gearbox and each front wheel is via independent Haldex-type clutches, without a differential. Due to the difference in ratios, the clutches continually slip and only transmit, at most, 20% of the engine's torque.
407:
539:
338:
1069:
681:
1497:
48:
307:
However, if both wheels are connected to the same axle driveshaft, they always have to spin at the same speed relative to each other. When going around a curve, this either forces one of the wheels to slip, if possible, to balance the apparent distance covered, or creates uncomfortable and mechanically stressful wheel hop. To prevent this, the wheels are allowed to turn at different speeds using a mechanical or hydraulic
469:
226:
primary axle is driven by an internal combustion engine and the secondary axle is driven by an electric motor. When the internal combustion engine is shut off, the secondary, electrically driven axle is the only driven axle. On-demand systems function primarily with only one powered axle until torque is required by the second axle. At that point, either a passive or active coupling sends torque to the secondary axle.
1253:. Most crossovers offer the popular technology, in spite of it increasing vehicle price and fuel consumption. Car manufacturers have inundated consumers with marketing proclaiming AWD as a safety feature, although the advantage of AWD over FWD occurs in accelerating, not braking or steering. Tests have shown that though AWD gives improved acceleration in wintery conditions, it does not help with braking.
357:
the tire that is not slipping receives little or no power from the engine. In very low-traction situations, this can prevent the vehicle from moving at all. To overcome this, several designs of differentials can either limit the amount of slip (these are called 'limited-slip' differentials) or temporarily lock the two output shafts together to ensure that engine power reaches all driven wheels equally.
1582:
run together, or they could be split and the car driven solely by either engine. Combined with twin fuel tanks and twin batteries (which could be set up to run either or both engines), the redundancy of two separate drive trains meant that they could make it back to civilization even after major mechanical failures. Only around 700 of these cars were built, and only 27 are known to exist today.
693:
291:
195:
systems work well on all surfaces, but are not intended for more extreme off-road use. When used to describe AWD systems in light passenger vehicles, it refers to a system that applies torque to all four wheels (permanently or on-demand) or is targeted at improving on-road traction and performance (particularly in inclement conditions), rather than for off-road applications.
1354:, while engine manufacturers Cosworth produced their own version, which was tested but never raced. All these F1 cars were considered inferior to their RWD counterparts, as the advent of aerodynamic downforce meant that adequate traction could be obtained in a lighter and more mechanically efficient manner, and the idea was discontinued, though Lotus tried repeatedly.
126:"Four-by-four" or "4×4" is frequently used to refer to a class of vehicles in general. Syntactically, the first figure indicates the total number of axle ends and the second indicates the number of axle ends that are powered. Accordingly, 4×2 means a four-wheel vehicle that transmits engine torque to only two axle ends: the front two in
443:
differentials, the torque split is 50:50. Planetary differentials can provide asymmetric torque splits as needed. A system that operates permanently in the full-time mode is sometimes called all-the-time 4WD, all-wheel drive, or AWD. If the interaxle differential is locked out, then the mode reverts to a part-time mode.
1139:), had towing capacity, and came in several equipment levels including sport and luxury trims. Two additional models were added in 1981, the subcompact SX/4 and Kammback. A manual transmission and a front axle-disconnect feature were also made available for greater fuel economy. During 1981 and 1982, a unique
888:
affected development. Though not used much on commercial vehicles, all-wheel drive vehicles all needed these; and they would use two or three times the number of driven axles, meaning more gears to cut for all the differentials. Produced up to the war by a few specialized firms with limited capacity,
1659:
in
Detroit. This vehicle has a unique "crab crawl" capability, which allows it to rotate 360° in place. This is accomplished by driving the left wheels as a pair and the right wheels as a pair, as opposed to driving the front and rear pairs. A central gearbox allows one side to drive in the opposite
138:
vehicle has three axles, two of which provide torque to two axle ends each. If this vehicle were a truck with dual rear wheels on two rear axles, so actually having ten wheels, its configuration would still be formulated as 6x4. During World War II, the U.S. military would typically use spaces and a
1581:
to drive the front and rear axles, the Sahara had two engines, each independently driving a separate axle, with the rear engine facing backwards. The two throttles, clutches, and gear-change mechanisms could be linked, so the two 12 hp (9 kW) 425 cc (26 cu in) engines could
1127:
fluid center differential provided a quiet and smooth transfer of power that was directed proportionally to the axle with the greatest traction. This was a true full-time system operating only in four-wheel drive without undue wear on suspension or driveline components. No low range was used in the
363:
work by temporarily locking together a differential's output shafts, causing all wheels to turn at the same rate, providing torque in case of slippage. This is generally used for the center differential, which distributes power between the front and the rear axles. While a drivetrain that turns all
221:
Full-time AWD systems drive both front and rear axles at all times via a center (interaxle) differential. The torque split of that differential may be fixed or variable depending on the type of center differential. This system can be used on any surface at any speed. The definition does not address
2809:
These are vehicles that have no center differential. Since there is no center differential to allow for speed differences between the front and rear wheels when turning, a small amount of tire slippage must occur during turns. When used on slick surfaces, this is not a problem, but when turning on
438:
Part-time mode – The front and rear axle drives are rigidly coupled in the transfer case. Since the driveline does not permit any speed differentiation between the axles and would cause driveline wind-up, this mode is recommended only for part-time use in off-road or loose-surface conditions where
375:
to join the shafts, while other differentials are more commonly used on off-road vehicles generally use manually operated locking devices. In the multi-plate clutch, the vehicle's computer senses slippage and locks the shafts, causing a small jolt when it activates, which can disturb the driver or
356:
Many differentials have no way of limiting the amount of engine power that gets sent to their attached output shafts. As a result, if a tire loses traction on acceleration, either because of a low-traction situation (e.g., driving on gravel or ice) or the engine power overcomes available traction,
194:
between the front and rear drive shafts. This is often coupled with some sort of antislip technology, increasingly hydraulic-based, that allows differentials to spin at different speeds, but still be capable of transferring the torque from a wheel with poor traction to one with better. Typical AWD
1695:
is unique in that it has a rear transaxle with a secondary front transaxle connected directly to the engine. The car operates primarily as a rear-wheel drive vehicle. Clutches in the front transaxle engage when the rear wheels slip. Drive to the front wheels is transmitted through two infinitely
641:
trucks were built for similar use between 1913 and 1919. The Quad not only came with four-wheel-drive and four-wheel brakes, but also featured four-wheel steering. The Quad was one of the first successful four-wheel drive vehicles ever to be made, and its production continued for 15 years with a
451:
In addition to these basic modes, some implementations can combine these modes. The system could have a clutch across the center differential, for example, capable of modulating the front axle torque from a full-time mode with the 30:70 torque split of the center differential to the 0:100 torque
446:
On-demand mode – In this mode, the transfer case operates primarily in the 2WD mode. Torque is transferred to the secondary axle as needed by modulating the transfer clutch from open to a rigidly coupled state, while avoiding any driveline wind-up. The torque modulation may be achieved by active
395:
differential, which allows the output shafts to receive different amounts of torque. This design does not provide for traction when one wheel is spinning freely, where no torque exists, but provides excellent handling in less extreme situations. A typical Torsen II differential can deliver up to
333:
The described system handles extremely well, as it is able to accommodate various forces of movement and distribute power evenly and smoothly, making slippage unlikely. Once it does slip, however, recovery is difficult. If the left front wheel of a 4WD vehicle slips on an icy patch of road, for
2776:
Note: the above all function like 2WD when the multi-plate clutch coupling is not engaged (with exception of Subaru models), and like 4WD high-range in a part-time 4WD system when the clutch is engaged (usually by computer although some allow manual control). Some in this category have varying
1683:
hybrid), the front wheels can also receive drive power directly from the vehicle's gasoline engine, as well as via the electric motors, whereas the rear wheels derive power only from the second electric motor. Transfer of power is managed automatically by internal electronics based on traction
225:
On-demand AWD systems drive the secondary axle via an active or passive coupling device or "by an independently powered drive system". The standard notes that in some cases, the secondary drive system may also provide the primary vehicle propulsion. An example is a hybrid AWD vehicle where the
306:
Two wheels fixed to the same axle (but on the opposite axle ends) need to turn at different speeds as a vehicle goes around a curve. The reason is that the wheel that is located on the inner side of the curve needs to travel less distance than the opposite wheel for the same duration of time.
442:
Full-time mode – Both axles are driven at all times, but an interaxle differential permits the axles to turn at different speeds as needed. This allows the vehicle to be driven full-time in this mode, regardless of the road surface, without fear of driveline wind-up. With standard bevel-gear
774:
The 1937 Mercedes-Benz G5 and BMW 325 4×4 featured full-time four-wheel drive, four-wheel steering, three locking differentials, and fully independent suspension. They were produced because of a government demand for a four-wheel-drive passenger vehicle. The modern Geländewagen such as the
943:
in 1945, the first full-production four-wheel-drive vehicle for sale in the general marketplace. Due to the ubiquitous World War II Jeep's success, its rugged utilitarianism set the pattern for many four-wheel-drive vehicles to come. Dodge also started production of the civilian 4WD
182:, and so on, being used in that fashion at least as early as the 1920s. Today in North America, the term is applied to both heavy vehicles and light passenger vehicles. When referring to heavy vehicles, the term is increasingly applied to mean "permanent multiple-wheel drive" on
708:
trucks to four-wheel drive and got off to a successful start by procuring contracts for military and commercial aircraft refueling trucks, 4×4 chassis for towing light weaponry, and an order from the Iraqi
Pipeline Company for what were the largest trucks built at the time.
155:
Four-wheel drive (4WD) refers to vehicles with two axles providing torque to four axle ends. In the North
American market, the term generally refers to a system optimized for off-road driving conditions. The term "4WD" is typically designated for vehicles equipped with a
1128:
transfer case. This became the forerunner of the designs that followed from other manufacturers. The automobile press at the time tested the traction of the Eagles and described it as far superior to the Subaru's and that it could beat many so-called off-road vehicles.
114:. There is no universally accepted set of terminology that describes the various architectures and functions. The terms used by various manufacturers often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems.
217:
Part-time AWD systems require driver intervention to couple and decouple the secondary axle from the primarily driven axle, and these systems do not have a center differential (or similar device). The definition notes that part-time systems may have a low range.
501:
system in what was one of the first four-wheel drive automobiles to display an intentional ability to travel on challenging road surfaces. It stemmed from
Bramagh's previous idea of developing an engine that would reduce the amount of damage to public roads.
771:. Three different bodystyles were manufactured – a two-door roadster, a two-door pickup truck, and a four-door phaeton, all equipped with a transfer case that engaged the front wheels, powered by a 1.3-litre, two-cylinder, air-cooled OHV V-twin engine.
330:. When powered, each axle requires a differential to distribute power between the left and right sides. When power is distributed to all four wheels, a third or 'center' differential can be used to distribute power between the front and rear axles.
2054:– manual transmissions come with 50/50 viscous-type center differential; performance models include a planetary differential with computer-regulated lockup; automatic transmission models have an electronically controlled variable transfer clutch.
822:
in North
America, but through the 1960s, the technology of Soviet 4×4 vehicles stayed on par with British, German, and American models, even exceeding it in some aspects, and for military purposes just as actively developed, produced, and used.
4301:
1031:(AMC) acquired Kaiser's Jeep Division in 1970 and quickly upgraded and expanded the entire line of off-road 4WD vehicles. With its added roadworthiness, the top-range full-sized Grand Wagoneer continued to compete with traditional
1604:. Simply by fitting a second engine/gearbox unit across the rear, a rudimentary 4×4 system could be produced. Early prototypes had separate gear levers and clutch systems for each engine. Later versions sent for evaluation by the
955:
appeared at the
Amsterdam Motor Show in 1948. Originally conceived as a stop-gap product for the struggling Rover car company, despite chronic underinvestment, it succeeded far better than their passenger cars. Inspired by a
794:
in 1938. "Civilian use" may be a bit of a misnomer, as most, if not all, were used by the Soviet government and military (as command cars), but the GAZ-61-73 version is the first four-wheel-drive vehicle with a normal closed
1531:) was in use to describe North American military four-wheel-drive vehicles as early as the 1940s, with the first number indicating the number of wheel ends on a vehicle and the second indicating the number of driven wheels.
2777:
degrees of control in the torque distribution between front and rear by allowing some of the clutches in a multi-plate clutch coupling to engage and slip varying amounts. An example of a system like this is the BorgWarner
568:. The two-seat sports car featured permanent four-wheel drive and was also the first car equipped with a six-cylinder engine, as well as four-wheel braking. Later used as a hill-climb racer, it is now an exhibit in the
427:
The architecture of an AWD/4WD system can be described by showing its possible operating modes. A single vehicle may have the ability to operate in multiple modes depending on driver selection. The different modes are:
2041:/Escudo (2005 and later models, excepting the XL-7) -full-time 4WD using limited-slip center differential, off-road 4WD with selectable center differential lock and low range transfer case 4 mode (4h, 4h lock, 4l n),
1534:
Trucks with dual tires on the rear axle and two driven axles are designated as 4×4s despite having six wheels, because the paired rear wheels behave as a single wheel for traction and classification purposes. True
629:
and
American armies during World War I – about half by FWD and the rest by other licensed manufacturers. Only about 20% of the trucks built were four-wheel drives, but the 4x4s were more often on the front lines.
4308:
741:
design, that allowed the driver to engage or disengage four-wheel drive using a lever inside the cab. In spite of the limited 1930s U.S. military budgets, the '34 truck was liked well-enough that a more modern
1678:
provide power to an AWD system through a pair of electric motors, one to the front wheels and one to the rear. In the case of the AWD model version of the Lexus RX400h (and its Toyota-branded counterpart, the
1361:
in 1989. So successful was the car that it dominated the
Japanese circuit for the first years of production, going on to bigger and more impressive wins in Australia before weight penalties eventually levied
3217:
Musk said the added efficiency is thanks to the electronic system that will shift power between the front and rear motors from one millisecond to the next, so each is always operating at its most efficient
1151:
with a removable fiberglass roof section. The Eagle station wagon remained in production for one model year after
Chrysler acquired AMC in 1987. Total AMC Eagle production was almost 200,000 vehicles.
1968:(VAZ-2121) – full-time 4WD using open center differential. Transfer case with high/low range and manual central diff lock. Low range selectable in locked or unlocked mode, allowing use on pavement.
1938:
with Borg Warner QuadraTrac: limited-slip center differential, 50/50 locked center differential. Low range could be used in locked or unlocked mode, allowing for use of the low range on pavement.
102:(AWD). However, "four-wheel drive" typically refers to a set of specific components and functions, and intended off-road application, which generally complies with modern use of the terminology.
712:
The early Marmon-Herringtons proved to be the exception to the rule — 4WD cars and trucks developed in the 1930s were mainly built for governments, with (future) warfare applications in mind.
892:
Although Russia had their own jeep-like vehicle (the GAZ-64) up and running in 1940, a year earlier than the
American jeep, in the early years of the war, they relied significantly on
1629:
Pikes Peak Edition in 1996. Earlier Suzuki versions were twin-engined; from 1996 on, the engine is a twin-turbocharged 2.0-L V6, mated to a sequential six-speed manual transmission.
1120:. AMC's Eagles came with the comfort and high-level appointments expected of regular passenger models and used the off-road technology for an extra margin of safety and traction.
2801:. In the Hyundais, the ITM 3e acts like a full-time AWD with 95:5 normal torque split. In extreme conditions, the system can be locked in a 50:50 split via the 4WD LOCK button.
432:
Two-wheel drive mode – In this mode, only one axle (typically the rear axle) is driven. The drive to the other axle is disconnected. The operating torque split ratio is 0:100.
4191:
1539:
vehicles, which have three powered axles, are classified as 6×6s regardless of how many wheels they have. Examples of these with two rear, one front axle are the six-wheeled
198:
Some all-wheel drive electric vehicles use one motor for each axle, thereby eliminating a mechanical differential between the front and rear axles. An example of this is the
214:
According to the SAE International standard J1952, AWD is the preferred term for all the systems described above. The standard subdivides AWD systems into three categories.
118:'s standard J1952 recommends only the term "all-wheel drive" with additional subclassifications that cover all types of AWD/4WD/4x4 systems found on production vehicles.
625:(see below), the 3-ton FWD Model B became a standard military four-wheel-drive truck for the U.S. Army in World War I. Some 16,000 FWD Model B trucks were built for the
664:; Mercedes and BMW, in 1926, introduced some rather sophisticated four-wheel drives, the G1, the G4, and G4 following. Mercedes and BMW developed this further in 1937.
1104:
for the 1980 model year. These were the first American mass-production cars to use the complete front-engine, four-wheel-drive system. The AMC Eagle was offered as a
1636:, designed for cars that are normally front-wheel drive; however, the rear wheels are powered by electric motors. This system was introduced in some variants of the
3769:
524:
at each wheel, powered by batteries, which were in turn charged by a gasoline-engine generator. It was clumsily heavy, and due to its unusual status, the so-called
3480:
3354:
1249:
In the United States, as of late 2013, AWD vehicles comprised 32% of new light vehicle sales, up 5% since 2008. This is in large part due to the popularity of the
1527:
In engineering terms, "four-wheel drive" designates a vehicle with power delivered to four wheel ends spread over at least two axles. The term "4×4" (pronounced
1112:, and station wagon with permanent automatic all-wheel drive passenger models. The new Eagles combined Jeep technology with an existing and proven AMC passenger
1020:
sports car. While most 4WD systems split torque evenly, the Jensen split torque roughly 40% front, 60% rear by gearing the front and rear at different ratios.
1302:
229:
In addition to the above primary classifications, the J1952 standard notes secondary classifications resulting in a total of eight systems, designated as:
3556:
447:
electronic/hydraulic control systems, or by passive devices, based on wheel slip or wheel torque, as described in the section on traction control systems.
1612:
368:
4525:
4325:
4253:
1893:– permanent four-wheel-drive (1973–1979) two-speed New Process 203 transfer case, center planetary differential with 50:50 torque split and lock. An
1379:
1192:
1061:
and having to manually select between 2WD and 4WD modes, it dominated all other makes in FIA rally competition. Gene Henderson and Ken Pogue won the
4468:
1561:, and not to be confused with four-wheel drive. The "four" in the instance referring to the vehicle having four wheels, not necessarily all driven.
1616:
3735:
3178:
3146:
4000:
3241:
3468:
3720:
3016:
1908:
at the front and rear axle, The H1 moved to Torsen2 when ABS was added. The H1 Alpha had optional locking differentials in place of torsens.
704:
was founded in 1931 to serve a growing market for moderately priced four-wheel-drive vehicles. Marmon-Herrington specialized in converting
1569:
Prompted by a perceived need for a simple, inexpensive all-terrain vehicle for oil exploration in North Africa, French motor manufacturer
1540:
1374:
in 1988 was equally controversial, as it led to a weight penalty midseason and to a rule revision banning all AWD cars; its dominance in
626:
439:
driveline wind-up is unlikely. Up to full torque could go to either axle, depending on the road conditions and the weight over the axles.
3358:
779:
still feature some of the attributes, with the exception of fully independent suspension, since it can compromise ground clearance. The
5420:
4381:
542:
The 1903 Spyker 60-HP was the world's first 4WD that was directly powered by an internal combustion engine, and the first 4WD race-car.
4412:
4114:
3331:
987:
coupled to 4WD, but also it was equipped and finished as a regular passenger automobile. In effect, it was the ancestor of the modern
564:
60 H.P., Commissioned for the Paris to Madrid race of 1903, it was presented that year by brothers Jacobus and Hendrik-Jan Spijker of
4443:
4165:
3077:
2972:
1268:, one main shaft from the engine to the transaxle and differential and a second drive shaft from the transaxle to the front wheels.
1057:
full-time AWD for the 1973 model year Jeep Cherokee and Wagoneer. Due to full-time AWD, which relieved the driver of getting out to
274:
5441:
3799:
4283:
4217:
3882:
2786:
889:
from spring 1942, Ford, Dodge, and Chevrolet joined in fabricating these in a quantity more than a 100-fold greater than in 1939.
5275:
2324:
The above systems ending with "#" function by selectively using the traction control system (via ABS) to brake a slipping wheel.
384:
fluid in the differential to become solid, linking the two shafts. This design suffers from fluid degradation with age and from
5413:
4518:
2191:
1656:
1480:
867:, of which 4x4s were by far the most prevalent of their various driveline configurations. All told, North America built about
5455:
5434:
5427:
4069:
4010:
3892:
3745:
3644:
3604:
3521:
3494:
3398:
3057:
2955:
1053:
with a light-duty, part-time four-wheel-drive system that could not be engaged on dry pavement. In September, AMC introduced
818:"Victory" and built from 1955 to 1958. Soviet civilian life did not allow the proliferation of civilian products such as the
555:
435:
Four-wheel drive mode – Here, depending on the nature of torque transfer to the axles, three submodes (below) can be defined.
3723:(Originally published: 1960, Washington, D.C., Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army). p. 273/274.
1407:
race, the first hybrid/4WD to win Le Mans), using an electric motor in the front axle with the gasoline engine in the rear.
364:
wheels equally would normally fight the driver and cause handling problems, this is not a concern when wheels are slipping.
5469:
5448:
4140:
3916:
3388:
2197:
1985:
four-wheel drive with two-speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential
1431:
1855:
four-wheel drive with two-speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential
5476:
5462:
3777:
1468:
2908:
414:
142:
3714:
2361:
and RSC (Roll Stability Control), Curve Control functionality, HDC (Hill Descent Control) and HAA (Hill Ascent Assist).
1438:
is currently being used for the rear drive, under Ford and Ram's medium-duty trucks. The Dana 110 was also used on the
1843:
948:
trucks, for the 1946 model year. Both the Willys and the Dodge were developed directly from their WW II predecessors.
5617:
4511:
2117:
1890:
1777:
1181:
31:
3943:
1456:
5612:
494:
269:
191:
3661:
1615:
patented a 4WD system, GB 1113068, that used hemispherical wheels for an all-terrain vehicle. Twenty years later,
1176:, could beat any high-performance Audi. He proposed developing a four-wheel-drive car that would also be used for
2830:
2292:
Cadillac Escalade, STS AWD, SRX AWD (The first two generations had a viscous clutch on the center differential) #
864:
388:
locking behavior. Some designs use gearing to create a small rotational difference that hastens torque transfer.
315:
to independently drive two output shafts, axles that go from the differential to the wheel, at different speeds.
3855:
3829:
3201:
756:
ton truck was developed, and 1,700 RF-40-X-4(USA) trucks were produced in 1938, and 292 TF-40-X-4(USA) in 1939.
341:
To prevent slippage, some vehicles have controls for independently locking center, front, and rear differentials
5576:
3548:
3275:
554:
The world's first four-wheel-drive car directly powered by an internal-combustion engine, and the first with a
5333:
4034:
1932:) – NV 242 transfer case- rear drive, open center differential, locked center differential, Neutral, low range
1426:
trucks. These trucks shared many parts between the light-duty and medium-duty, reducing production costs. The
5229:
4705:
1929:
1789:
1054:
39:
17:
1422:
trucks have recently adopted 4×4 drivetrains; 4×4 medium-duty trucks became common after Ford began selling
298:
is a 4WD/AWD that powers all wheels evenly (continuously) via a manually lockable center differential, with
5235:
4333:
4261:
3974:
2350:
2046:
1331:, that had both turbine engines and 4WD, as well as the 1969 4WD-Lotus 63 that had the standard 3-litre V8
980:
649:
2031:
Classic 1970–1995 all full-time 4WD either plate LSD, manual lock or Ferguson viscous center differential.
1882:
1878:
1769:
1765:
5627:
5622:
4476:
2793:
ITM3e system is used on 2006 and up Porsche 911TT's. The Borg-Warner ITM 3e is also used in the 2006-now
2393:
1592:(dubbed the "Twini Moke") in the mid-1960s, but never put it into production. This made advantage of the
1028:
729:
ton designated K-39-X-4(USA), of which 796 units were built for the U.S. Army in several configurations.
4356:
960:– the ubiquitous WWII "jeep" – that was frequently run off-road on the farm belonging to chief engineer
597:
The first four-wheel-drive vehicles to go into mass production were built by (what became) the American
516:
in Vienna in 1899, presented to the public during the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. The vehicle was a
174:
All-wheel drive (AWD) was historically synonymous with "four-wheel drive" on four-wheeled vehicles, and
5597:
5493:
5295:
2945:
2412:
1415:
591:
410:
Selection lever: 2H for two-wheel drive, 4H for high-range 4WD, 4L for low-range 4WD, and N for neutral
146:
Center transfer case sending power from the transmission to the rear axle (right) and front axle (left)
1419:
1284:
is credited with building and racing the first four-wheel-drive racing car, the Spyker 60 HP in 1903.
5269:
2835:
2207:
1585:
1393:
1062:
634:
580:
396:
twice as much torque to the high-traction side before traction is exceeded at the low-traction side.
351:
326:(turning speed) such that the average for the two output shafts is equal to that of the differential
87:
to all of its wheels simultaneously. It may be full-time or on-demand, and is typically linked via a
3249:
1904:
NVG 242HD AMG open center differential, locked center differential, Neutral, low range locked. Also
672:
279:
5224:
5180:
4682:
1886:
1825:
1773:
1404:
1386:
1035:. Partially hand-built, it was relatively unchanged during its production through 1991, even after
855:
and Ford, became the best-known four-wheel-drive vehicle in the world during the war. The American
768:
308:
896:
vehicles, provided by the western allies. In 1943, they launched a further-developed version: the
5305:
5280:
4899:
3577:
3536:
3024:
2042:
1839:
1668:
1351:
885:
839:
Until "go-anywhere" vehicles were needed for the military on a large scale, four-wheel drive and
587:
550:
The Jeffery / Nash Quads were the first 4WD vehicles produced in five-figure numbers (1913–1928).
485:
In 1893, before the establishment of the modern automotive industry in Britain, English engineer
400:
5084:
2688:
ITM3e) — excluding the 964-series Porsche 911 Carrera 4 31/69 planetary center differential
1357:
Nissan and Audi had success with all-wheel drive in road racing with the former's advent of the
831:
35:
5528:
5300:
5210:
5137:
4710:
2187:
2009:
1308:
1250:
1009:
984:
971:
With the acquisition of the "Jeep" name in 1950, Willys had cornered the brand. Its successor,
460:
4626:
3631:
3311:
3047:
1191:
also developed a car built for competition in rally campaigns. A limited number of road-going
5029:
4894:
4649:
3511:
3484:
2850:
2621:
2003:
1972:
1960:
1753:
1080:
776:
486:
372:
367:
The two most common factory-installed locking differentials use either a computer-controlled
283:
110:
Four-wheel-drive systems were developed in many different markets and used in many different
4389:
3618:
It became a famous vehicle around the world and is mentioned in a majority of the histories.
3596:
786:
The first Russian-produced four-wheel-drive vehicle, also in part for civilian use, was the
5602:
5523:
5487:
4420:
2669:
2659:
2652:: Mazda3, Mazdaspeed6, Tribute, CX-3, CX-30, CX-5, CX-50, CX-60, CX-7, CX-8, CX-9 (tribute
2637:
2408:
1954:
1661:
1392:
regulations may revive AWD/4WD in road racing, though such systems are only allowed in new
760:
733:
supplied front axles and transfer cases, added to militarized a civilian truck. The Timken
360:
3688:
931:
8:
5607:
5381:
5102:
4914:
4659:
2615:
2428:
2234:
2057:
1941:
1804:(RS 2000 16v 4×4 models and RS Cosworth), Sierra Cosworth, Sierra and Granada 4×4 models,
1558:
1389:
1358:
1339:
1295:
1113:
799:
body. Elements of the chassis were used in subsequent military vehicles such as the 1940
657:
4326:"Instruction Book: Driving, Maintenance, Repair. Department of National Defence, Canada"
3807:
1988:
Navigator and Navigator L (2007–present) use a one-speed single range transfer case, no
1752:
in the 1980s – planetary center differential with a 37–63 (front-back) torque split and
767:
reconnaissance car, used by the Imperial Japanese Army from 1937 until 1944, during the
135:
5513:
5391:
5363:
5107:
5039:
4543:
2563:
2523:
2519:
2502:
2278:
2262:
2068:
1921:
1749:
1745:
1692:
1332:
1132:
magazine concluded that the AMC Eagle was "The beginning of a new generation of cars."
976:
796:
705:
546:
526:
385:
56:
1430:
front axle is used on both medium- and light-duty Super Duty trucks. Furthermore, the
1400:
1092:
199:
5538:
5401:
5386:
5373:
5353:
5328:
5172:
4065:
4006:
3888:
3741:
3640:
3600:
3517:
3490:
3394:
3053:
2951:
2880:
2755:
2751:
2538:
2532:
2256:
2222:
2019:
1989:
1978:
1945:
1807:
1396:
1234:
1140:
945:
701:
505:
183:
160:
that switches between 2WD and 4WD operating modes, either manually or automatically.
127:
115:
3422:
3001:
Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice – J1952 – All-Wheel Drive System Classification
2646:(a power takeoff unit linked to clutch pack with torque sensitive rear differential)
1162:
5290:
5220:
5117:
4994:
4824:
2860:
2840:
2794:
2747:
2593:
2583:
2403:
2397:
2106:
2102:
1872:
1719:
Q4 (central epicyclic unit, Ferguson viscous coupling and Torsen rear differential)
1447:
1367:
1343:
1173:
812:
764:
598:
509:
323:
131:
111:
4944:
3590:
3578:
The world's first mass-produced compact 4WD car, restored – Japanese Nostalgic Car
923:
908:
5533:
5358:
5348:
5338:
4969:
4444:"2011 Ford Explorer puts four-cylinder EcoBoost engine above V6 in pecking order"
3229:
2782:
2769:
2759:
2743:
2715:
2691:
2663:
2653:
2625:
2571:
2567:
2506:
2034:
Range Rover 2nd Gen. 1994–2002 full-time 4WD Ferguson viscous center differential
1948:
1821:
1735:
Coupé, 80, 90, 100 & 200 (locking center and rear differentials) – up to 1987
1536:
1423:
1371:
1291:
1032:
856:
848:
840:
660:, in 1907, that was used by German colonial civil servant, Bernhard Dernburg, in
490:
179:
175:
3920:
2785:-based car list was created from the list on Haldex Traction corporate website:
2289:– planetary center differential with permanent 38–62 (front-back) torque split #
1301:
Miller produced the first 4WD car to qualify for the Indianapolis 500, the 1938
884:
Availability of certain critical components, such transfer cases and especially
605:, founded in 1908. (not to be confused with the term "FWD" as an initialism for
206:, which controls the torque distribution between its two motors electronically.
5284:
5074:
5049:
5034:
4939:
4886:
4568:
2798:
2722:
automatic transmission models: mechanical front drive, clutch coupled rear axle
2719:
2711:
2707:
2587:
2442:
2240:
2216:
2097:
2091:
2062:
1801:
1716:
1710:
1680:
1652:
1512:
1504:
1439:
1211:
1002:-powered Super Wagoneer produced from 1966 to 1969 raised the bar even higher.
860:
815:
730:
569:
473:
406:
4284:"Hybrid Tech Dominates The 24 Hours Of Le Mans Endurance Race [VIDEO]"
3104:
2387:(normally rear-drive, automatic clutch in transfer case engages 4WD on demand)
1574:
1446:
began selling medium-duty trucks, 4×4 and 4×2, in 2008. General Motors sold a
964:, Land Rover developed the more refined yet still off-road capable luxury 4WD
538:
530:
is not frequently given its credit as the first four-wheel driven automobile.
98:
A four-wheel drive vehicle with torque supplied to both axles is described as
91:
providing an additional output drive shaft and, in many instances, additional
5591:
5571:
5553:
5265:
5215:
5112:
5064:
5054:
4804:
4758:
4654:
4593:
3589:
Beth F. Scott; James C. Rainey; Andrew W. Hunt, eds. (2000). "World War II".
2919:
2855:
2845:
2737:
2703:
2675:
2609:
2558:
1925:
1858:
1848:
1651:
Chrysler's Jeep Division debuted the twin-engined, 670 hp (500 kW)
1626:
1622:
1578:
1375:
1316:
1215:
1199:
1117:
1050:
1016:
built from 1966 to 1971, marking the first time 4WD was used in a production
1005:
992:
961:
863:
4x4 variants were also produced by the hundreds of thousands, as well as the
734:
517:
498:
203:
169:
157:
99:
88:
60:
52:
5019:
5014:
5009:
4919:
4763:
4738:
4588:
3444:
2825:
2605:
2527:
2282:
2228:
2038:
1917:
1829:
1732:
1675:
1641:
1633:
1605:
1238:
1207:
1195:
1158:
1058:
1046:
1017:
791:
685:
645:
638:
497:, which was subsequently built. The development also incorporated Bramah's
377:
376:
cause additional traction loss. In the viscous coupling differentials, the
3917:"All-Wheel-Drive Revisited: AMC's 1980 Eagle pioneered the cross-over SUV"
3588:
1914:
Jeep Grand Cherokee, Commander (except models equipped with Quadra-Trac I)
1713:
Q4 (central viscous coupling, epicyclic unit and Torsen rear differential)
5566:
5508:
5503:
5320:
5260:
5245:
5200:
5132:
5069:
5024:
4929:
4814:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4677:
4583:
4085:
4038:
3296:
2768:: S40, S60, S80, V50, V70, XC70, XC90 (Visco system until 2003; then all
2731:
2681:
2643:
2631:
2552:
2548:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2418:
2373:
2028:
1862:
1811:
1781:
1645:
1637:
1593:
1347:
1312:
1265:
1257:
1222:
1166:
1105:
1068:
972:
965:
912:
904:
464:
The 1893 Diplock Steam Locomotive was the world's first 4WD land vehicle.
318:
The differential does this by distributing angular force (in the form of
3133:
2944:
Andreev, Alexandr F.; Kabanau, Viachaslau; Vantsevich, Vladimir (2010).
2566:: Escape, Freestyle, Edge, Fusion, Five Hundred (Freestyle, FiveHundred
1543:, which is popular with defense forces around the globe, and 10-wheeled
680:
337:
5162:
5147:
5142:
4909:
4748:
4730:
4641:
4603:
4578:
2790:
2685:
2577:
2542:
2515:
2286:
2246:
2081:
1835:
1688:
1443:
1435:
1320:
1230:
1170:
952:
940:
893:
312:
92:
80:
3049:
Arsenal of Democracy: The American Automobile Industry in World War II
2219:(Only 2003-2009 model and 2010+ Limited V6 model) Torsen T-3 with lock
1570:
1496:
1366:
ban on the car. Most controversial was the win pulled off at the 1990
1225:
four-wheel-drive cars were the various road-legal rally cars made for
715:
Dodge developed its first four-wheel-drive truck in 1934 — a military
5310:
5250:
5190:
5157:
5059:
5044:
5004:
4999:
4979:
4959:
4904:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4743:
4720:
4616:
4573:
3469:
1943 Dodge WC-51 Weapons Carrier, Power & Glory – FourWheeler.com
2473:
1965:
1759:
1722:
1589:
1554:
1548:
1261:
1148:
1144:
1101:
1085:
1073:
1013:
999:
957:
844:
622:
602:
573:
565:
521:
327:
3135:"1929: AEC started to build AWD trucks in conjunction with FWD (UK)"
2728:: SX4, XL7, Aerio, Swift/Cultus based Subaru Justy. (viscous clutch)
1577:
Sahara in 1958. Unlike other 4×4 vehicles, which use a conventional
1165:, had noticed in winter tests in Finland that a vehicle used by the
5548:
5543:
5518:
5255:
4984:
4974:
4964:
4949:
4924:
4768:
4753:
4715:
4687:
4631:
4621:
4558:
3423:"The Jefferys Quad and Nash Quad — 4x4 Ancestor to the Willys Jeep"
3342:
2599:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2259:
Torsen T-2 (B5.5 model, not latest B6 model with transverse engine)
2203:
2162:
2144:
2131:
2121:
1544:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1203:
1177:
1157:
also introduced a permanently all-wheel-driven road-going car, the
1136:
1036:
911:, of which only some 50,000 were built, though being equipped with
418:
Selection lever: All-time 4WD, neutral, and part-time low-range 4WD
381:
47:
3343:
The Badger and F.W.D. Four-Wheel Drive Automobiles – The Old Motor
2314:
Plymouth Trail Duster 1974–1981 – NP203 FullTime 4WD Transfer Case
1370:, where the car led from start to finish. Audi's dominance in the
1116:. They ushered a whole new product category of "sport-utility" or
5195:
5185:
5152:
5127:
5122:
4989:
4954:
4773:
4669:
4611:
4563:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2250:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2126:
1935:
1738:
1597:
1516:
1501:
1427:
1287:
1226:
1124:
661:
468:
3633:
Arsenal of Democracy: The American Automobile Industry in World
5205:
4497:
According to Car and Driver Vol52 No 8, February 2007, page 110
4115:"All-Wheel-Drive Vehicles Grow in Popularity With Car Shoppers"
3202:"The Model D Is Tesla's Most Powerful Car Ever, Plus Autopilot"
2909:"All – Wheel Drive / Four – Wheel Drive Systems and Strategies"
2778:
2725:
2697:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2384:
2377:
2344:
2337:
2308:
2120:– various iterations of Torsen, the T-3 starting from the 2007
2085:
2051:
2013:
1997:
1905:
1901:
1866:
1815:
1795:
1785:
1281:
1188:
1042:
897:
852:
808:
804:
800:
787:
780:
560:
392:
319:
299:
84:
3359:"FWD Seagrave Model B: One of the First Successful 4x4 Trucks"
1434:
share/shared parts between the companies, reducing costs. The
187:
5079:
4934:
4503:
4192:"The myth of all-wheel-drive and why it can be a deadly trap"
2765:
2649:
2364:
2333:
2298:
Dodge Ramcharger 1974–1981 – NP203 FullTime 4WD Transfer Case
1672:
1109:
996:
826:
295:
3884:
Rallying to win: a complete guide to North American rallying
2973:"Alphabet Soup: 4×4 vs 4WD vs AWD Where's the Differential?"
1684:
conditions and need, making this an all-wheel-drive system.
1012:(FF) full-time all-wheel-drive system to 318 units of their
951:
Equally boxy to the Jeep, and also inline-four powered, the
692:
579:
Designs for four-wheel drive in America first came from the
290:
2311:
cars, R class, and ML class (note some MLs had low range) #
2113:
1728:
1704:
1601:
1154:
1065:
FIA championship with a Quadra Trac-equipped Jeep in 1972.
819:
763:
built roughly 4,700 four-wheel-drive roadsters, called the
472:
The Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid was both the world's first
3179:"Jeep Grand Cherokee 4WD System Breakthrough – 4x... For?"
2411:(2003–2006) independent front and rear axle coupling, and
5239:
4809:
4697:
4534:
3332:
Spyker 60-hp Four-wheel Drive Racing Car – Louwman Museum
2820:
2512:
2025:
Porsche Cayenne – 38/62 planetary with lockup clutch pack
2006:(locking center and lockers on both front- and rear axle)
1315:
car that actually won a non-World Championship race with
988:
2943:
2000:(locking center and rear with up to 10 low range gears).
476:, and the first four-wheel drive without a steam engine.
399:
A fairly recent innovation in automobiles is electronic
2947:
Driveline Systems of Ground Vehicles: Theory and Design
2590:
Borg-Warner ITM 3e magnetic multi-plate clutch coupling
1294:, in 1932, but the cars were notorious for having poor
1147:
body was reinforced for the conversion and had a steel
489:
patented a four-wheel drive system for a steam-powered
1756:(also in rear differential but not front differential)
1596:'power pack' layout, with a transverse engine and the
1290:
created a total of three four-wheel-drive racers, the
979:
in 1963. Not only was it technically innovative, with
254:
On-demand independently powered variable-torque active
4141:"Thirty-percent of new car sales will be AWD by 2015"
3595:. The Air Force Logistics Management Agency. p.
2758:(B6) 4motion (initially viscous coupling, later with
4059:
3306:
3304:
1202:
All-Trac Turbo in North America) were produced. The
391:
A third approach to limiting slippage is taken by a
1861:– permanent four-wheel-drive (1974–1979) two-speed
1810:– permanent four-wheel-drive (1974–1979) two-speed
1780:– permanent four-wheel-drive (1973–1979) two-speed
811:, and the properly civilian GAZ-M-72, based on the
63:
to select low-range or high-range four-wheel drive.
3639:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 152–153.
3052:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 147–148.
2462:PSK front axle coupling, rear differential locking
2271:
1865:203 transfer case, center differential with 50:50
1814:203 transfer case, center differential with 50:50
1784:203 transfer case, center differential with 50:50
975:, introduced a revolutionary 4WD wagon called the
648:also has a history in four-wheel drive. After the
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
4413:"Ferrari FF The inside scoop on Ferrari's new FF"
4240:The 4-Wheel Drives: Racing's Formula for Failure?
4037:. Autoweek (archived at amxfiles). Archived from
3301:
3017:"4WD vs 2WD: The Differences Between 4×4 And 4×2"
1076:, world's first 4WD in a production GT sports car
5589:
2439:) front axle coupling, rear differential locking
1511:Volvo introduced the Model 646 four-wheel-drive
1206:system was later available on serial production
676:The 1936–1944 Kurogane Type 95 scout car (Japan)
222:the inclusion or exclusion of a low-range gear.
3716:The Ordnance Department: procurement and supply
3686:
3592:The Logistics of War – a historical perspective
3393:. Society of Automotive Engineers. p. 76.
2883:vehicles had not yet become common at that time
1180:to improve Audi's conservative image. The Audi
514:k. u. k. Hofwagenfabrik Ludwig Lohner & Co.
4231:
2484:
1975:across the otherwise open center differential.
1897:was optional for the rear hypoid differential.
4519:
3234:
2075:
1644:. (This is similar to the system used on the
1233:made from 1984 to 1986. In 1989, niche maker
1135:The Eagles were popular (particularly in the
783:is also a result of Mercedes 4x4 technology.
652:had built a four-wheel-driven vehicle called
4469:"Ford – Cars, SUVs, Trucks & Crossovers"
3653:
3420:
3382:
3380:
2304:GMC Yukon Denali, XL Denali, Sierra Denali #
2071:-double pinion 50/50 with lockup clutch pack
1741:-double pinion 50/50 with lockup clutch pack
1632:Nissan Motors has developed a system called
1491:
1327:and three years later in Formula 1 with the
1237:created a mid-engined four-wheel drive, the
1184:system became a feature on production cars.
881:million 4x4 driven vehicles during the war,
572:(the former Nationaal Automobiel Museum) in
209:
4064:. Publications International. p. 532.
3740:(Fourth ed.). Routledge. p. 431.
3706:
3680:
3537:1946–1948 Dodge Power Wagon – HowStuffWorks
3464:
3462:
3414:
3172:
3170:
2634:: AWD variants VT series (viscous traction)
1834:four-wheel drive with two-speed dual range
1660:direction from the other. It also has dual
4526:
4512:
4441:
4382:"2009 Ford Escape Hybrid Review and Specs"
3774:4 Wheel Drive & Sport Utility Magazine
3437:
3039:
2916:Seoul 2000 FISITA World Automotive Congres
2327:
1100:American Motors introduced the innovative
827:World War II – a leap in AWD proliferation
493:, including four-wheel steering and three
27:Type of drivetrain with four driven wheels
3509:
3386:
3377:
3096:
2700:low powered automatic transmission models
2225:(only manual models) Torsen T-3 with lock
1699:
1198:Special Vehicle Celica GT-Four (known as
1088:wagon, the most popular model in the line
380:of high shaft speed differences causes a
248:On-demand synchro variable-torque passive
4930:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
4354:
4108:
4106:
3687:Winnington-Ball, Geoff (10 March 2002).
3516:. MotorBooks International. p. 55.
3489:. MotorBooks International. p. 21.
3459:
3176:
3167:
3147:"The First Century of GMC Truck History"
2596:IMJ magnetic multi-plate clutch coupling
1705:Center differential with mechanical lock
1495:
1091:
1079:
1067:
930:
922:
843:vehicles had not found their place. The
830:
691:
679:
671:
545:
537:
467:
459:
413:
405:
336:
289:
273:
251:On-demand synchro variable-torque active
141:
46:
5276:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
4410:
4254:"The 2011 Le Mans 24 Hours Regulations"
3998:
3919:. Automotive Industries. Archived from
3914:
3770:"1963 Jeep Wagoneer – Landmark Vehicle"
3530:
3347:
2995:
2993:
2902:
2900:
1911:Hummer H2, H3 40/60 planetary with lock
1608:had more user-friendly linked systems.
590:has a four-wheel-drive vehicle, named "
508:designed and built a four-wheel-driven
14:
5590:
3975:"A Breed of 4-by-4 Hatched on the Fly"
3941:
3880:
3767:
3733:
3713:Thomson, Harry C.; Mayo, Lida (2003).
3659:
3199:
2937:
2194:initially Torsen T-2, current have T-3
2192:Bentley Continental Flying Spur (2005)
1657:North American International Auto Show
907:' closest equivalent to the jeep, the
684:The 1938–1945 GAZ-61 four-wheel drive
282:is an AWD that powers the front via a
4507:
4237:
4189:
4166:"Do You Really Need AWD in the Snow?"
4103:
3721:Center of Military History, U.S. Army
3660:Taylor, Peter Shawn (19 April 2016).
3479:
3421:Redgap, Curtis; Watson, Bill (2010).
3353:
3278:. Ultimate Car Page. 19 November 2007
3144:
2970:
556:front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout
302:differentials for both front and rear
139:capital 'X' – as "4 X 2" or "6 X 4".
4355:Melissen, Wouter (1 December 2004).
4183:
3972:
3510:DeLorenzo, Matt (15 February 2014).
3102:
3071:
3069:
3045:
2990:
2897:
2353:– Ford's full-time shift-on-the-fly
1161:, in 1980. Audi's chassis engineer,
935:A first-generation Dodge Power Wagon
642:total of 41,674 units made by 1928.
594:", from 1905 in unrestored storage.
345:
4215:
3075:
3014:
2964:
2734:– from 2005 (third generation only)
2678:automatic with manual lockup switch
2662:: Milan, Montego, Mariner (Montego
1519:followed suit in the U.S. in 1987.
1143:was added to the line. The Eagle's
759:Starting in 1936, Japanese company
190:drive-train systems that include a
24:
4158:
4032:
3737:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
3177:Sheppard, Tom (1 September 2005).
2357:(I-4WD) on the 2011 Explorer with
1564:
1474:Heavy-duty International Workstar
1410:
1045:introduced the category-expanding
696:1940 GAZ-64 jeep-like car (Russia)
422:
25:
5639:
4940:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
4411:Horrell, Paul (25 January 2011).
4190:Peter, Cheney (22 October 2015).
4138:
4112:
4086:"Celica All Trac and Gt-Four FAQ"
3830:"1978–1979 Jeep Wagoneer Limited"
3559:from the original on 18 July 2016
3276:"Lohner–Porsche Mixte Voiturette"
3066:
3003:, SAE International, October 2013
2022:(also known as Montero or Shogun)
1895:Eaton Automatic Differential Lock
1791:Eaton Automatic Differential Lock
1588:experimented with a twin-engined
915:hubs, only had rear-wheel drive.
242:Full-time variable-torque passive
32:Four-wheel drive (disambiguation)
4442:Abuelsamid, Sam (26 July 2010).
4260:. 6 October 2010. Archived from
3944:"Four-Wheeling Into Your Future"
3768:Foster, Patrick (January 2008).
3200:Davies, Alex (10 October 2014).
2320:Toyota Sienna AWD (−2010 only) #
2237:200/2008/V8 Torsen T-3 with lock
1486:Ford medium-duty 4×4 drive train
1479:
1467:
1455:
1096:A 1981 AMC Eagle AWD convertible
1049:in 1972, an inexpensive compact
865:Canadian Military Pattern trucks
263:
245:Full-time variable-torque active
4491:
4461:
4435:
4404:
4374:
4348:
4318:
4294:
4276:
4246:
4209:
4132:
4078:
4053:
4026:
3992:
3966:
3935:
3908:
3874:
3848:
3822:
3792:
3761:
3727:
3623:
3582:
3571:
3541:
3503:
3473:
3390:World history of the automobile
3336:
3325:
3290:
3268:
3248:. 27 March 2006. Archived from
3223:
3193:
3145:Meyer, Donald E. (March 2009).
3138:
2874:
2831:Four-wheel drive in Formula One
2272:Non-locking center differential
1342:also raced a similar MS84, and
1256:In 2008, Nissan introduced the
1244:
352:Limited-slip differential (LSD)
5577:Template:EC car classification
4533:
4218:"First Look: 2008 Nissan GT-R"
4060:Consumer's Guide, ed. (2005).
3915:Sherman, Don (February 2001).
3806:. 25 July 2007. Archived from
3712:
3629:
3123:
3008:
2907:Mohan, Sankar (12 June 2000).
2906:
2213:Range Rover 3rd Gen. 2002–2009
1557:is a related term applying to
1522:
1276:
1264:. The AWD system requires two
1023:
835:The 1940–1945 Willys U.S. Jeep
533:
105:
13:
1:
4302:"Volvo BM 646 Backhoe/Loader"
4216:Loh, Edward (December 2007).
3662:"The Trucks that Beat Hitler"
3230:Diplock 4WD Locomotive Patent
3105:"4WD vs AWD: What's the Diff"
2890:
2402:2010 Mitsubishi Outlander GT
2390:Mitsubishi GTO MR/3000GT VR-4
2383:Mercedes-Benz 1st generation
918:
480:
322:) evenly, while distributing
40:Four by four (disambiguation)
4475:(in Spanish). Archived from
4062:History of the American Auto
3942:Rettie, John (August 1987).
3887:. W.W. Norton. p. 150.
3297:History of 4WD Sport – OF4WD
3242:"History of Hybrid Vehicles"
2971:Dykes, Alex (17 June 2013).
2867:
2804:
2047:electronic stability control
1311:built the front-engined P99
981:independent front suspension
939:Willys introduced the model
650:Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
7:
3084:. Consumer Reports Magazine
2813:
2684:AWD variants (a version of
2485:Multi-plate clutch coupling
2394:Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution
2340:) Right and left axle shaft
2301:Dodge Magnum, Charger AWD #
2127:80, 90 & Coupé (Typ 89)
1828:(2007–present) – automatic
1687:The 4RM system used in the
1450:for model years 2005–2009.
1382:ban on AWD system in 1998.
1029:American Motors Corporation
10:
5644:
5266:Gasoline / petrol
5030:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
4307:. Volvo AB. Archived from
3973:Sass, Rob (9 March 2008).
2413:Active Center Differential
2076:Torsen center differential
1794:was optional for the rear
1725:(central viscous coupling)
1229:homologation, such as the
847:, originally developed by
520:car that used an electric
455:
349:
267:
167:
59:) is a 4WD vehicle with a
29:
5562:
5486:
5406:(engine / drive)
5400:
5372:
5319:
5171:
5093:
4885:
4823:
4782:
4729:
4696:
4668:
4640:
4602:
4551:
4542:
3856:"1967–1977 Jeep Wagoneer"
3630:Hyde, Charles K. (2013).
3447:. Marmon-Herrington. 2009
3046:Hyde, Charles K. (2013).
2950:. CRC Press. p. 34.
2836:Limited slip differential
2740:AWD (2011 and newer only)
2359:Terrain Management System
2247:Volkswagen Passenger Cars
2231:Surf Torsen T-3 with lock
2208:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
1492:In construction equipment
1462:GM 4×4 medium-duty trucks
1260:featuring a rear-mounted
1063:Press-on-Regardless Rally
807:, as well as the postwar
702:Marmon-Herrington Company
581:Twyford Motor Car Company
258:
210:SAE recommended practices
79:, is a two-axled vehicle
5618:All-wheel-drive vehicles
5045:Sedan delivery/Panel van
3999:Padgett, Martin (2004).
3387:Eckermann, Erik (2001).
1981:(1998–2006) – automatic
1851:(1995–2010) – automatic
927:A 1945 Willys CJ-2A Jeep
886:constant-velocity joints
769:Second Sino-Japanese War
667:
5613:Four-wheel drive layout
5306:Liquified petroleum gas
5118:Driverless (autonomous)
4035:"1980–88 AMC Eagle 4wd"
3445:"History of Innovation"
2781:(TM) system. Note: the
2622:Land Rover Freelander 2
2452:Nissan A31 Cefiro SE4 (
2328:Multiple-clutch systems
1844:multi-disc differential
1401:Audi R18 e-tron quattro
1271:
851:, but mass-produced by
588:Reynolds-Alberta Museum
452:split of the 2WD mode.
5211:Compressed natural gas
5138:Personal rapid transit
4332:. 1940. Archived from
4005:. Zenith. p. 26.
3734:Nunney, M J J (2012).
3181:. Four Wheeler Network
3111:. Motor Trend Magazine
2545:ITM3e) (on 2007 model)
2355:Intelligent 4WD System
2188:Bentley Continental GT
2016:all-wheel-drive system
2010:Mercedes-Benz GL-Class
1700:Systems by design type
1508:
1309:Ferguson Research Ltd.
1097:
1089:
1077:
985:automatic transmission
936:
928:
836:
697:
689:
677:
601:Auto Company (FWD) of
551:
543:
477:
465:
419:
411:
342:
303:
287:
280:Lamborghini Murciélago
239:Full-time fixed torque
163:
150:
147:
121:
64:
5477:Dual motor-four-wheel
5075:Town (Coupé de Ville)
4238:Henry, Allan (1975).
3881:Calvin, Jean (1974).
3800:"1966–1971 Jensen FF"
3689:"CMP Softskin Trucks"
3549:"Serial Number Guide"
2977:thetruthaboutcars.com
2851:Sport utility vehicle
2618:and SRT8 NVG 249, 247
2243:(only 2005–07 Models)
2198:Chevrolet Trailblazer
2004:Mercedes-Benz G-Class
1961:Land Rover Freelander
1499:
1399:. One example is the
1221:Some of the earliest
1095:
1083:
1071:
934:
926:
834:
777:Mercedes-Benz G-Class
695:
683:
675:
656:, also equipped with
549:
541:
487:Bramah Joseph Diplock
471:
463:
417:
409:
373:viscous coupling unit
361:Locking differentials
340:
293:
284:viscous coupling unit
277:
145:
83:capable of providing
50:
5488:Engine configuration
4479:on 30 September 2010
4357:"Citroën 2CV Sahara"
4314:on 22 December 2015.
3719:. Washington, D.C.:
3486:Four-Wheeler's Bible
3154:gmheritagecenter.com
2672:(current generation)
2670:Mitsubishi Outlander
2409:Mitsubishi Outlander
1955:Land Rover Discovery
1906:Torsen1 differential
1655:concept at the 2005
1559:all-terrain vehicles
1378:eventually led to a
1008:applied the Formula
761:Tokyu Kurogane Kogyo
633:About 11,500 of the
233:Part-time nonsynchro
75:("four by four") or
36:4×4 (disambiguation)
5494:internal combustion
5296:Internal combustion
5103:All-terrain vehicle
5025:Retractable hardtop
4361:Ultimatecarpage.com
4330:bcoy1cpb.pacdat.net
4033:Foster, Patrick R.
3668:. Postmedia Network
3363:Fourwheeler Network
3312:"1903 Spyker 60 HP"
3252:on 4 September 2009
3082:ConsumerReports.com
3078:"2WD vs AWD vs 4WD"
3027:on 21 February 2009
2925:on 22 December 2015
2789:. A version of the
2616:Jeep Grand Cherokee
2429:Nissan Skyline GT-R
2317:Toyota Highlander #
2235:Toyota Land Cruiser
2058:Toyota Land Cruiser
1942:Land Rover Defender
1824:(1997–present) and
1788:split and lock. An
1547:made famous by the
1390:24 Hours of Le Mans
1359:Nissan Skyline GT-R
1303:Miller Gulf Special
1114:automobile platform
790:, developed in the
658:four-wheel steering
576:, the Netherlands.
130:or the rear two in
5628:British inventions
5623:English inventions
4196:The Globe and Mail
3979:The New York Times
3365:. Extreme Ventures
3131:Automotive History
2295:Chrysler 300C AWD#
2263:Volkswagen Phaeton
2069:Volkswagen Touareg
1922:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)
1838:transfer case and
1509:
1397:Le Mans prototypes
1352:British Grand Prix
1323:raced cars in the
1319:in 1961. In 1968,
1123:The Eagle's thick
1098:
1090:
1078:
1039:'s buyout of AMC.
937:
929:
837:
698:
690:
678:
552:
544:
478:
466:
420:
412:
343:
311:. This allows one
304:
288:
148:
65:
38:, and
5598:Off-road vehicles
5585:
5584:
4881:
4880:
4650:Compact executive
4071:978-0-7853-9874-5
4012:978-0-7603-1863-8
3948:Popular Mechanics
3894:978-0-87880-017-9
3747:978-0-7506-8037-0
3693:Maple Leaf Up.net
3646:978-0-8143-3952-7
3606:978-1-4289-9378-5
3523:978-1-62788-084-8
3496:978-1-61673-088-8
3400:978-0-7680-0800-5
3059:978-0-8143-3952-7
2957:978-1-4398-1728-5
2881:Front-wheel drive
2756:Volkswagen Passat
2752:Volkswagen Tiguan
2539:Chrysler Pacifica
2533:Chevrolet Equinox
2285:between 2001 and
2257:Volkswagen Passat
2223:Toyota FJ Cruiser
2020:Mitsubishi Pajero
1990:reduction gearing
1979:Lincoln Navigator
1826:Expedition EL/Max
1808:Dodge Power Wagon
1613:A. J. M. Chadwick
1551:in World War II.
1235:Panther Westwinds
903:By contrast, the
845:World War II Jeep
607:front-wheel-drive
506:Ferdinand Porsche
369:multiplate clutch
346:Limiting slippage
286:if the rear slips
236:Part-time synchro
128:front-wheel drive
116:SAE International
112:vehicle platforms
100:"all-wheel drive"
16:(Redirected from
5635:
5497:
5456:Front-four-wheel
5407:
5270:direct injection
5181:Alternative fuel
4995:Multi-stop truck
4549:
4548:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4473:FordVehicles.com
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4419:. Archived from
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4388:. Archived from
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4336:on 21 March 2012
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4170:Consumer Reports
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4041:on 30 April 2008
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3862:. 29 August 2007
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3836:. 29 August 2007
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3776:. Archived from
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3636:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3545:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3308:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3103:Williams, Mark.
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3076:Collard, Chris.
3073:
3064:
3063:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3023:. Archived from
3012:
3006:
3004:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2918:. Archived from
2913:
2904:
2884:
2878:
2861:Driveline windup
2841:Off-road vehicle
2795:Hyundai Santa Fe
2748:Volkswagen Jetta
2594:Hyundai Veracruz
2584:Hyundai Santa Fe
2528:latest X5 series
2043:traction control
1973:viscous coupling
1517:Case Corporation
1483:
1471:
1459:
1368:Macau Grand Prix
1167:West German Army
880:
879:
875:
872:
813:rear-wheel drive
765:Kurogane Type 95
755:
754:
750:
747:
728:
727:
723:
720:
620:
619:
615:
611:Along with the 1
599:Four Wheel Drive
558:, was the Dutch
510:electric vehicle
401:traction control
324:angular velocity
132:rear-wheel drive
69:four-wheel drive
21:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5558:
5529:Single-cylinder
5491:
5490:
5482:
5470:Rear-four-wheel
5421:Front mid-front
5405:
5404:
5396:
5374:Engine position
5368:
5315:
5301:Liquid nitrogen
5167:
5095:
5089:
4877:
4819:
4778:
4725:
4711:Crossover (CUV)
4692:
4664:
4636:
4598:
4538:
4532:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4392:on 1 March 2009
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4264:on 13 June 2010
4252:
4251:
4247:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4111:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3860:How Stuff Works
3854:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3834:How Stuff Works
3828:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3810:on 12 June 2011
3804:How Stuff Works
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3780:on 20 July 2010
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3732:
3728:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3513:Dodge 100 Years
3508:
3504:
3497:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3385:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3255:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2816:
2807:
2783:Haldex Traction
2770:Haldex Traction
2760:Haldex Traction
2744:Volkswagen Golf
2692:Pontiac Torrent
2664:Haldex Traction
2654:Control Trac II
2626:Haldex Traction
2580:, HR-V, Element
2572:Control Trac II
2570:based) (Escape
2568:Haldex Traction
2524:latest 5 series
2520:latest 3 Series
2507:Haldex Traction
2487:
2437:ATTESA E-TS-PRO
2330:
2274:
2078:
1936:Full size Jeeps
1869:split and lock.
1842:locking center
1822:Ford Expedition
1818:split and lock.
1707:
1702:
1669:hybrid vehicles
1625:introduced the
1567:
1565:Unusual systems
1525:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1424:Ford Super Duty
1413:
1411:In heavy trucks
1372:Trans-Am Series
1279:
1274:
1247:
1084:A 1987 AWD AMC
1026:
921:
877:
873:
870:
868:
857:Dodge WC series
849:American Bantam
841:all-wheel-drive
829:
752:
748:
745:
743:
725:
721:
718:
716:
670:
617:
613:
612:
610:
536:
491:traction engine
483:
458:
425:
423:Operating modes
354:
348:
272:
266:
261:
212:
202:variant of the
186:, 4×4, 6×6, or
176:six-wheel drive
172:
166:
153:
134:. Similarly, a
124:
108:
55:(pictured is a
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5463:Mid-four-wheel
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5408:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5233:
5227:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Shooting brake
5047:
5042:
5040:Saloon / Sedan
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4546:
4544:Classification
4540:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4490:
4460:
4434:
4403:
4373:
4347:
4317:
4293:
4275:
4245:
4230:
4208:
4182:
4157:
4139:Shunk, Chris.
4131:
4102:
4077:
4070:
4052:
4025:
4011:
3991:
3965:
3934:
3907:
3893:
3873:
3847:
3821:
3791:
3760:
3746:
3726:
3705:
3679:
3652:
3645:
3622:
3605:
3581:
3570:
3540:
3529:
3522:
3502:
3495:
3472:
3458:
3436:
3413:
3399:
3376:
3357:(8 May 2016).
3346:
3335:
3324:
3300:
3289:
3267:
3246:HybridCars.com
3233:
3222:
3192:
3166:
3137:
3122:
3109:MotorTrend.com
3095:
3065:
3058:
3038:
3015:Walczak, Jim.
3007:
2989:
2963:
2956:
2936:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2799:Hyundai Tucson
2774:
2773:
2763:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2588:Hyundai Tucson
2581:
2575:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2510:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2443:Nissan Skyline
2440:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2388:
2381:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2348:
2341:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2244:
2241:Toyota Sequoia
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2217:Toyota 4Runner
2214:
2211:
2210:120 Torsen T-3
2201:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2152:
2147:
2134:
2129:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2095:
2094:and Sportwagon
2092:156 Crosswagon
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2063:Toyota Sequoia
2060:
2055:
2049:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2007:
2001:
1996:Mercedes-Benz
1994:
1993:
1992:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1933:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1898:
1870:
1856:
1846:
1819:
1805:
1802:Ford Escort RS
1799:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1717:Alfa Romeo 155
1714:
1711:Alfa Romeo 164
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1653:Jeep Hurricane
1617:B. T. E. Warne
1600:in the engine
1573:developed the
1566:
1563:
1524:
1521:
1513:backhoe loader
1505:backhoe loader
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1440:General Motors
1412:
1409:
1394:hybrid-powered
1346:entered their
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1246:
1243:
1239:Panther Solo 2
1212:Toyota Corolla
1163:Jörg Bensinger
1025:
1022:
983:and the first
968:in the 1970s.
920:
917:
861:Chevrolet G506
828:
825:
737:was the first
669:
666:
654:Dernburg-Wagen
570:Louwman Museum
535:
532:
527:Lohner–Porsche
482:
479:
474:hybrid vehicle
457:
454:
449:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
424:
421:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
268:Main article:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
211:
208:
168:Main article:
165:
162:
152:
149:
123:
120:
107:
104:
71:, also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5640:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:Reciprocating
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:Rear mid-rear
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:Station wagon
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Coupé utility
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Sport compact
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4670:Minivan / MPV
4667:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4494:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4423:on 9 May 2011
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4234:
4219:
4212:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4120:
4116:
4113:Kranz, Rick.
4109:
4107:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3923:on 1 May 2013
3922:
3918:
3911:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3667:
3666:National Post
3663:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3626:
3619:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3574:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3446:
3440:
3424:
3417:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3381:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3263:See year 1898
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3129:Allisons.org
3126:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Transfer case
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Rock crawling
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:Toyota Sienna
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:Subaru Legacy
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:Nissan Murano
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:Freedom Drive
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Dodge Caliber
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Ford Explorer
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:SS Torsen T-3
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:100 & 200
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:Lexus RX300 -
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:Dodge Durango
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:Ford F-Series
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:Ford Explorer
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:differential.
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1648:Hybrid AWD.)
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1627:Suzuki Escudo
1624:
1623:Suzuki Motors
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:transfer case
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:Super Touring
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Stirling Moss
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1216:Toyota Previa
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Toyota Celica
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1118:crossover SUV
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:station wagon
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
991:. The luxury
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:Maurice Wilks
959:
954:
949:
947:
942:
933:
925:
916:
914:
910:
909:VW Kübelwagen
906:
901:
899:
895:
890:
887:
882:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
824:
821:
817:
814:
810:
806:
803:and the 1943
802:
798:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
740:
736:
735:transfer case
732:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:The American
694:
687:
682:
674:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
548:
540:
531:
529:
528:
523:
519:
518:series hybrid
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
499:Pedrail wheel
496:
495:differentials
492:
488:
475:
470:
462:
453:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
430:
429:
416:
408:
404:
402:
397:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
353:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
301:
297:
292:
285:
281:
276:
271:
264:Differentials
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
205:
204:Tesla Model S
201:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
170:AWD (vehicle)
161:
159:
158:transfer case
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
119:
117:
113:
103:
101:
96:
94:
90:
89:transfer case
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
61:transfer case
58:
54:
53:Jeep Wrangler
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:4 wheel drive
5364:Twelve-wheel
5343:
5321:Drive wheels
5094:Specialized
5015:Pickup truck
4920:Cabrio coach
4764:Sports sedan
4739:Grand tourer
4493:
4483:26 September
4481:. Retrieved
4477:the original
4472:
4463:
4453:26 September
4451:. Retrieved
4448:Autoblog.com
4447:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4421:the original
4416:
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4390:the original
4385:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4360:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4334:the original
4329:
4320:
4309:the original
4296:
4288:Autoblog.com
4287:
4278:
4266:. Retrieved
4262:the original
4257:
4248:
4242:. Macmillan.
4239:
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4195:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4169:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4144:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4118:
4093:. Retrieved
4089:
4080:
4061:
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
4039:the original
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4001:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:
3968:
3956:. Retrieved
3951:
3947:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3921:the original
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3883:
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3859:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3833:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3808:the original
3803:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3778:the original
3773:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3736:
3729:
3715:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3692:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3665:
3655:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3610:. Retrieved
3591:
3584:
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3552:
3543:
3532:
3512:
3505:
3485:
3475:
3449:. Retrieved
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3389:
3367:. Retrieved
3362:
3349:
3338:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3270:
3262:
3254:. Retrieved
3250:the original
3245:
3236:
3225:
3216:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3159:15 September
3157:. Retrieved
3153:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3108:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3081:
3048:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:the original
3020:
3010:
3000:
2980:. Retrieved
2976:
2966:
2946:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2915:
2876:
2826:Dune bashing
2808:
2775:
2606:Jeep Compass
2602:: G35x, M35x
2358:
2354:
2323:
2229:Toyota Hilux
2084:Q4s – with (
2065:(Multi-mode)
2039:Grand Vitara
1982:
1918:Jeep Liberty
1894:
1883:K Fenderside
1876:Rounded-Line
1875:
1852:
1830:
1790:
1763:Rounded-Line
1762:
1754:viscous lock
1686:
1671:such as the
1666:
1650:
1631:
1621:
1610:
1606:British Army
1584:
1568:
1555:Four-wheeler
1553:
1533:
1529:four by four
1528:
1526:
1510:
1414:
1384:
1363:
1356:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1266:drive shafts
1255:
1248:
1245:2000–present
1220:
1208:Toyota Camry
1196:Homologation
1186:
1159:Audi Quattro
1153:
1134:
1130:Four Wheeler
1129:
1122:
1099:
1041:
1027:
1004:
970:
950:
938:
902:
891:
883:
838:
792:Soviet Union
785:
773:
758:
738:
714:
711:
699:
653:
646:Daimler-Benz
644:
632:
621:- and 2-ton
606:
596:
585:
578:
559:
553:
525:
513:
504:
484:
450:
426:
398:
390:
378:shear stress
366:
359:
355:
332:
317:
309:differential
305:
270:Differential
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
197:
192:differential
173:
154:
125:
109:
97:
76:
72:
68:
66:
44:
5603:Car layouts
5514:Four-stroke
5414:Front-front
5354:Eight-wheel
5329:Front-wheel
5261:Natural gas
5246:Fossil fuel
5201:Biogasoline
4887:Body styles
4815:Vintage car
4417:Topgear.com
4386:Edmunds.com
4090:Alltrac.net
3563:15 February
3369:15 February
3115:15 December
3088:15 December
2982:18 December
2929:16 December
2787:Haldex Cars
2732:Toyota RAV4
2682:Porsche 911
2644:Mazdaspeed6
2632:Lamborghini
2624:/LR2 (also
2553:Quadra-Trac
2549:Dodge Nitro
2460:Porsche 959
2454:ATTESA E-TS
2447:ATTESA E-TS
2433:ATTESA E-TS
2423:ATTESA E-TS
2419:Nissan GT-R
2378:ATTESA E-TS
2374:Infiniti FX
2370:Honda Pilot
2150:A5 & S5
2029:Range Rover
1983:ControlTrac
1930:Select-Trac
1863:New Process
1853:ControlTrac
1840:intelligent
1831:ControlTrac
1812:New Process
1782:New Process
1766:K Fleetside
1646:Ford Escape
1638:Nissan Cube
1523:Terminology
1416:Medium-duty
1403:(winner of
1313:Formula One
1277:Road racing
1223:mid-engined
1141:convertible
1055:Quadra Trac
1033:luxury cars
1024:1970s–1990s
973:Kaiser Jeep
966:Range Rover
946:Power Wagon
913:portal gear
905:Axis powers
534:1900s–1920s
386:exponential
106:Definitions
93:gear ranges
57:TJ Wrangler
5608:Drivetrain
5592:Categories
5539:Two-stroke
5435:Front-rear
5428:Rear-front
5344:Four-wheel
5334:Rear-wheel
5173:Propulsion
5163:Voiturette
5148:Flying car
5143:Police car
5108:Amphibious
5020:Quad coupé
4910:Berlinetta
4627:Street rod
4569:Subcompact
4366:21 January
4340:21 January
4268:21 January
4258:lemans.org
4045:21 January
4018:21 January
3984:21 January
3927:21 January
3784:21 January
3753:21 January
3612:21 January
3481:Allen, Jim
3429:6 December
3406:21 January
3355:Allen, Jim
3282:25 October
3256:25 October
3211:11 October
2891:References
2791:BorgWarner
2686:BorgWarner
2640:: MKS, MKZ
2578:Honda CR-V
2543:BorgWarner
2347:& VTM4
2343:Acura MDX
2265:Torsen T-2
2082:Alfa Romeo
1946:Series III
1891:K Suburban
1879:K Wideside
1836:BorgWarner
1778:K Suburban
1770:K Stepside
1693:Purosangue
1689:Ferrari FF
1444:Ram Trucks
1436:Dana S 110
1420:heavy-duty
1321:Team Lotus
1231:Ford RS200
1171:Volkswagen
953:Land Rover
919:1945–1960s
894:Lend-Lease
481:Late 1800s
313:driveshaft
200:dual-motor
81:drivetrain
5449:Rear-rear
5359:Ten-wheel
5349:Six-wheel
5339:Two-wheel
5251:Fuel cell
5191:Biodiesel
5158:Tow truck
5133:Pedal car
5113:Connected
5085:Vis-à-vis
5060:Targa top
5005:Panel van
5000:Notchback
4980:Limousine
4970:Landaulet
4960:Hatchback
4905:Barchetta
4873:S-segment
4868:M-segment
4863:J-segment
4858:F-segment
4853:E-segment
4848:D-segment
4843:C-segment
4838:B-segment
4833:A-segment
4744:Hot hatch
4721:Coupe SUV
4655:Executive
4617:Lead sled
4594:Full-size
4574:Supermini
4223:5 January
3958:5 January
3900:5 January
3840:5 January
3206:Wired.com
3021:about.com
2868:Footnotes
2805:Part-time
2754:4motion,
2750:4motion,
2746:4motion,
2501:quattro,
2493:quattro,
2474:Saab 9-4X
2367:Ridgeline
2336:RL, RDX (
2307:Mercedes
1966:Lada Niva
1949:V8 models
1900:H1 &
1760:Chevrolet
1723:AMC Eagle
1611:In 1965,
1590:Mini Moke
1549:U.S. Army
1541:Pinzgauer
1515:in 1977.
1432:Big Three
1364:de facto
1262:transaxle
1251:crossover
1187:In 1987,
1149:targa bar
1145:monocoque
1074:Jensen FF
1059:lock hubs
1014:Jensen FF
958:Willys MB
739:part-time
639:Nash Quad
623:Nash Quad
603:Wisconsin
574:the Hague
566:Amsterdam
522:hub motor
328:ring gear
5572:Category
5549:W engine
5534:Straight
5291:Hydrogen
5256:Fuel gas
5221:Electric
5096:vehicles
5035:Runabout
4985:Microvan
4975:Liftback
4965:Kammback
4950:Fastback
4925:Cab over
4915:Brougham
4660:Personal
4632:T-bucket
4622:Lowrider
4589:Mid-size
4396:1 August
4201:3 August
4175:3 August
4150:3 August
4145:autoblog
4124:3 August
4095:7 August
3866:7 August
3814:7 August
3557:Archived
3553:T137.com
3483:(2009).
3425:. Allpar
3031:7 August
2814:See also
2797:and the
2716:Forester
2656:, based)
2600:Infiniti
2574:, based)
2478:Saab XWD
2470:Saab 9-5
2466:Saab 9-3
2279:3-series
2204:Lexus GX
1774:K Blazer
1750:5 series
1746:3 series
1545:GMC CCKW
1507:with 4WD
1338:engine.
1336:Cosworth
1329:Lotus 56
1325:Indy 500
1296:handling
1218:models.
1204:All-Trac
1178:rallying
1137:snowbelt
1037:Chrysler
1010:Ferguson
977:Wagoneer
688:(Russia)
592:Michigan
512:for the
382:dilatant
5544:V (Vee)
5519:H-block
5285:plug-in
5283: (
5268: (
5238: (
5236:Ethanol
5225:battery
5223: (
5196:Biofuel
5186:Autogas
5153:Taxicab
5128:Gyrocar
5123:Go-kart
5070:Touring
5065:Torpedo
5010:Phaeton
4990:Minibus
4955:Hardtop
4800:Economy
4795:Classic
4790:Antique
4774:Go-kart
4706:Compact
4683:Leisure
4678:Compact
4612:Hot rod
4584:Compact
4552:By size
4119:Edmunds
3954:(8): 58
2772:–based)
2720:Tribeca
2712:Impreza
2708:Outback
2694:(GMPCA)
2666:–based)
2660:Mercury
2638:Lincoln
2535:(GMPCA)
2503:Audi R8
2499:Audi TT
2495:Audi S3
2491:Audi A3
2396:Series
2251:4motion
2118:quattro
2037:Suzuki
1887:K Jimmy
1739:Audi Q7
1733:Quattro
1681:Harrier
1598:gearbox
1571:Citroën
1428:Dana 60
1350:in the
1344:McLaren
1292:Type 53
1288:Bugatti
1227:Group B
1182:quattro
1125:viscous
876:⁄
751:⁄
724:⁄
686:phaeton
662:Namibia
635:Jeffery
627:British
616:⁄
456:History
5567:Portal
5554:Wankel
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5402:Layout
5281:Hybrid
5216:Diesel
5206:Biogas
4900:Baquet
4749:Muscle
4731:Sports
4642:Luxury
4604:Custom
4579:Family
4537:design
4068:
4009:
4002:Hummer
3891:
3744:
3643:
3635:War II
3603:
3520:
3493:
3451:22 May
3397:
3185:27 May
3056:
2954:
2779:i-Trac
2726:Suzuki
2698:Subaru
2526:, X3,
2516:xDrive
2505:(with
2445:GTS4 (
2385:4MATIC
2345:SH-AWD
2338:SH-AWD
2309:4MATIC
2287:xDrive
2122:B7 RS4
2107:Spider
2088:T-3):
2086:Torsen
2052:Subaru
2014:4Matic
1998:Unimog
1902:Humvee
1889:, and
1867:torque
1816:torque
1796:hypoid
1786:torque
1776:, and
1676:RX400h
1594:Mini's
1442:4×4s.
1282:Spyker
1214:, and
1189:Toyota
1169:, the
1043:Subaru
1006:Jensen
898:GAZ-67
853:Willys
816:GAZ-20
809:GAZ-69
805:GAZ-67
801:GAZ-64
788:GAZ-61
781:Unimog
731:Timken
561:Spyker
393:Torsen
320:torque
300:Torsen
259:Design
85:torque
34:,
5504:Boxer
5382:Front
5311:Steam
5080:T-top
4935:Coupe
4783:Other
4769:Super
4559:Micro
4427:6 May
4312:(PDF)
4305:(PDF)
3698:9 May
3672:9 May
3317:6 May
3218:point
3150:(PDF)
2923:(PDF)
2912:(PDF)
2766:Volvo
2650:Mazda
2404:S-AWC
2398:S-AWC
2365:Honda
2334:Acura
2249:with
2206:470,
2116:with
2114:Audis
2103:Brera
1944:(and
1673:Lexus
1667:Some
1664:V8s.
1642:Tiida
1634:E-4WD
1340:Matra
1174:Iltis
1110:coupe
1106:sedan
1102:Eagle
1086:Eagle
1072:1969
1047:Leone
997:Buick
941:CJ-2A
797:sedan
668:1930s
296:HMMWV
5509:Flat
5392:Rear
4754:Pony
4716:Mini
4688:Mini
4485:2010
4455:2010
4429:2011
4398:2009
4368:2013
4342:2013
4270:2013
4225:2011
4203:2017
4177:2017
4152:2017
4126:2017
4097:2010
4066:ISBN
4047:2013
4020:2013
4007:ISBN
3986:2013
3960:2011
3929:2013
3902:2011
3889:ISBN
3868:2010
3842:2011
3816:2010
3786:2013
3755:2013
3742:ISBN
3700:2018
3674:2018
3641:ISBN
3614:2013
3601:ISBN
3565:2018
3518:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3453:2018
3431:2014
3408:2013
3395:ISBN
3371:2018
3319:2011
3284:2011
3258:2011
3213:2014
3187:2014
3161:2021
3117:2015
3090:2015
3054:ISBN
3033:2010
2984:2015
2952:ISBN
2931:2015
2564:Ford
2435:and
2281:and
2277:BMW
2045:and
1957:/LR3
1748:and
1744:BMW
1729:Audi
1691:and
1662:Hemi
1640:and
1602:sump
1502:Case
1418:and
1405:2012
1387:2011
1385:New
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