265:
139:(DOC). It is also used on a smaller scale for pest control by Regional Councils and private landowners. The first trials were carried out in New Zealand in 1954, and by 1957 its use had become widespread. 1080 baits are used through ground-based and aerial application. 1080 is considered to be suitable for use as a mammalian pest control in New Zealand because the country has only two native land mammals (bats). 1080 is commonly used in Western Australia to kill feral carnivores, as the compound is naturally occurring in Western Australian flora and the native herbivores and their native predators are immune.
230:
114:
257:(PCE) released a report in favour of 1080 to control possums, rats, and stoats, especially in large and remote areas. It is seen as an effective poison for aerial spreading. The PCE came to a number of conclusions, including not having a moratorium on 1080 use, and setting up a Game Animal Council. In June 2011, New Zealand's four largest daily newspapers all ran editorial pieces questioning the need for continued debate in light of the PCE's report.
22:
214:, uses 1080 poison as one of a range of pesticides to kill possums and control the spread of disease to both livestock and unaffected areas of the country. Aerial application of 1080 poison is only used in places where ground control methods are impractical or unable to reduce possum numbers to a low enough level to break the disease cycle. In 2011, this was less than 10% of the total area receiving possum control.
630:, and feral cats, and registered for use in New Zealand in 2011. It kills by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen. PAPP kills stoats directly, but not possums and rats. It is approved for use in paste form or in fresh minced meat, so will only provide effective stoat control as part of intensive ground control. The risk of by-kill is likely to be low since it does not leave residues in the environment.
567:
islands' that are now sanctuaries for endangered animals, but it is not currently registered in New
Zealand for general aerial use on the mainland. Brodifacoum takes a very long time to break down in soil and water and accumulates in the tissue of exposed animals for years. Consequently, there is a very high risk of by-kill: it is known to have killed at least 21 species of native birds, including
555:
been exposed to the poison (either by eating bait or feeding on an animal that has eaten bait) and in carcasses. They are also the most inhumane of the poisons currently used. By-kill of native species is a significant risk from the use of first-generation anticoagulants. Different types of anticoagulants need to be rotated to avoid populations becoming bait-shy or building up resistance.
363:, the organisation that represents the national interests of all 85 regional councils, unitary authorities, district councils, and city councils of New Zealand, stated in a submission to the 2007 ERMA reassessment that "1080 is an important tool in New Zealand for pest animal control and TB control, as well as helping to maintain and protect our unique native flora and fauna."
74:. Although the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment deemed the use of 1080 in New Zealand "effective and safe" in a 2011 re-evaluation and the substance is widely considered to be the most effective tool currently available for controlling possums over large areas, it remains a contentious issue, with the majority of the debate occurring between
210:—a highly contagious disease affecting farmed cattle and deer. The disease was endemic in possums across about 38% of New Zealand (known as 'vector risk areas') but industry sources acknowledge the incidence of bovine TB fell to less than 0.05% in the areas where it is monitored. The organisation responsible for managing bovine TB in New Zealand, the
381:, whose role it is to review and provide advice on environmental issues and the system of agencies and processes established by the government to manage the environment, concluded in their 2011 report on the poison that if we want to keep our forests for future generations we simply cannot afford to stop using 1080.
1124:- "In New Zealand 1080 is the most widely used poison (in carrot, cereal, paste and gel baits) for situations where possum numbers need to be reduced rapidly over large areas. It has been used in New Zealand for pest control since the 1950s and is the only poison that is registered for aerial control of possums."
595:(including kiwi, kea, weka, and bats) and it takes only a tiny amount of cyanide to kill a human. While there are antidotes to cyanide poisoning, their effectiveness is controversial and the rapid action of the poison limits the time in which they can be used. Its effectiveness varies because of bait shyness.
221:, an introduced grazing pest. By 1960, it had become the main poison used in rabbit control. The combination of aerial spreading and the use of carrots poisoned with 1080 enabled rabbit boards (which were responsible for rabbit destruction work) to reduce rabbit numbers in most areas by the early 1960s.
470:
Biodegradable 1080 poison is the only pesticide currently registered for use on mainland New
Zealand as suitable for aerial targeting of possums. While many research teams are actively seeking new and supplemental approaches to current technologies, no method has yet gained widespread acceptance as a
460:
welcomed the
Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's 2011 report on 1080. As a result of the report, it has dropped its call to ban 1080. In the run up to the 2011 general election, its party line was that "(1080 is) all we have at the moment and it's really good for the things like the rats
237:
The use of 1080 poison in New
Zealand has been the subject of a long and complex debate. In general, the majority of conservationists and livestock farmers support the continued use of 1080 for pest control, while the hunting community, animal rights groups and antifluoride campaigners support a ban,
2761:
Shapiro, L., Eason, C.T., Murphy, E., Dilks, P., Hix, S., Ogilvie, S.C. and MacMorran, D. 2010. Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) research, development, registration, and application for humane predator control in New
Zealand. Proc. 24th Vertebrate Pest Conference. (R.M. Timm and K.A. Fagerstone, eds.)
1156:
The New
Zealand administers nearly one-third of the land area of New Zealand and spends a large proportion of its budget on pest and weed control to protect biodiversity values. In 2008-2009, DOC spent NZ$ 29.9 million on animal pest control and NZ$ 20.3 million on weed control. The majority of the
554:
most commonly used for pest control. They are generally very effective at controlling rats to keep their numbers low, but cannot effectively deal with sudden population surges. Anticoagulants break down very slowly in water and soil. They also accumulate in the liver tissue of live animals that have
406:
has called for a move away from 1080, stating that its use: "inflicts terrible, prolonged suffering on the animals that it poisons" but it recognises there is currently no alternative: "SPCA would like to see New
Zealand move away from a reliance on poisons, including 1080, with the ultimate goal of
292:
in supermarkets would be poisoned unless the use of 1080 was halted by the end of the month. Fonterra responded by working with the
Ministry for Primary Industries to develop two high-throughput, validated test methods and then testing every tanker of milk and every batch of infant formula for 1080.
182:
When correctly applied, 1080 is very effective at controlling conservation pests. One aerial application can kill 98% of possums and more than 90% of rats in the targeted area. These successful knock-down rates provide vulnerable native birds with a crucial breeding window to raise chicks through to
594:
has been used in New
Zealand since the 1940s, and is licensed for killing possums and wallabies. It is a highly lethal, broad-spectrum poison that depletes cells of energy, quickly resulting in respiratory arrest and death. Ground-laid cyanide has killed native species and other animals in the past
2741:
Eason, C., Murphy, E., Ogilvie, S., Blackie, H., Ross, J., Kaveramann, M., Sam, S., Statham, M., Statham, H., Lapidge, S., Humphrys, S., Henderson, R., MacMorran, D., Gibson, T., Gregory, N., Harrison, J., Giles, G., Sammut, I., Jansen, P., Conole, D., Rennison, D. and
Brimble, M. 2010. Trends in
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from the bones of the poisoned animal into its bloodstream, leading to organ failure. Cholecalciferol will reduce populations of possums and rats, but not stoats, since it does not bioaccumulate in animals. It breaks down readily in the environment and the risk of by-kill is considered to be low.
693:
Some terrain is too rugged or dangerous for trapping, and trapping is not practical on a large scale. In one day, a single trapper can check traps on tens of hectares, whereas an aerial 1080 drop can cover tens of thousands of hectares. Once a trap has 'snapped', it will not catch another animal
297:
led to charges laid against 60-year-old businessman Jeremy Hamish Kerr, who pleaded guilty to two charges of blackmail and was sentenced to 8 years 6 months imprisonment. Kerr had developed a rival brand of poison called Feratox and made the threats for financial gain. The court heard that Kerr
566:
is a second-generation anticoagulant. It is licensed for killing possums and rats. Like 1080, it will kill stoats that feed on poisoned animals. It has been successfully used in aerial operations to completely eradicate possums, rats, and stoats on several offshore islands and fenced 'mainland
689:
is an important component have been shown to help populations of native birds. Possums, rats, and stoats can all be killed with traps. However, an intensive ground operation will typically involve trapping possums and stoats, but poisoning rats because there are so many more of them and they
1157:
animal pest budget was spent on controlling alien mammals, dominated by possum control (NZ$ 14.9 million) and goat control (NZ$ 6.5 million). Much of the regional government and agricultural sector expenditure on pest control is also directed against possums and other vertebrate pests.
388:
recognises that, in the absence of effective alternatives, the continued use of 1080 as a means of pest control (possums and some other introduced species) is necessary to assist the eradication of bovine tuberculosis and the conservation of New Zealand's unique native flora and
260:
In 2004, anti-1080 activist Phillip Anderton posed for the New Zealand media with a kiwi he claimed had been poisoned. An investigation revealed that Anderton lied to journalists and the public. He had used a kiwi that had been caught in a possum trap.
615:
Cholecalciferol is more expensive to produce than 1080. Some promising results have been obtained by combining cholecalciferol with other substances, such as aspirin, to make it more cost-effective and faster acting. Cholecalciferol is very inhumane.
2524:
2771:
Beausoleil, N.J., Fisher, P., Warburton, B. and Mellor D.J. 2010. How humane are our pest control tools? Part 1. Vertebrate toxic agents and kill traps in mammal species. Unpublished report prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand, Project No.
2751:
Beausoleil, N.J., Fisher, P., Warburton, B. and Mellor D.J. 2010. How humane are our pest control tools? Part 1. Vertebrate toxic agents and kill traps in mammal species. Unpublished report prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand, Project No.
482:
According to the EPA's Annual Report on the Aerial Use of 1080, as of October 2011 there are currently over 50 research projects underway industry-wide to find improvements in the use of 1080, alternatives to 1080 and other related topics.
2645:, Fisher, P., Warburton, B. and Mellor D.J. 2010. How humane are our pest control tools? Part 1. Vertebrate toxic agents and kill traps in mammal species. Unpublished report prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand, Project No. 11326. 86 p.
1998:
Fleury, Lauren M.; Scahill, Bryan G.; Taskova, Rilka (1 February 2016). "Determination of Sodium Fluoroacetate in Dairy Powders by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.02".
701:
Twenty three species of native birds have been reported as having been killed by leg-hold traps, and many kiwi have suffered leg or beak damage. These traps are now required to be set up off the ground on conservation land where
241:
Organised opposition is usually small-scale and localised to areas where aerial 1080 operations are carried out. Protest is generally peaceful, but there have been occasions where opponents have resorted to violence or sabotage.
645:
approved the import and manufacture of microencapsulated zinc phosphide (MZP paste) as an alternative to 1080 for the ground control of possums. The application was made by Pest Tech Limited, with support from Connovation Ltd,
641:(microencapsulated zinc phosphide paste) has been widely used overseas for decades, predominantly to control rats and mice on agricultural land. It causes death by heart or respiratory failure. In August 2011, the New Zealand
421:
political party, dissolved in 2017, supported fur recovery and trapping methods over aerial 1080, and labelled the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's report on 1080 a "kick in the guts for many of our provincial
249:
released a review that gave new guidelines for the use of 1080 in New Zealand, and concluded the beneficial effects of pest eradication outweighed the risks. 1080 decomposes in natural water and soil into harmless compounds.
92:
New Zealand is the largest user of 1080 poison, using about 80% of the world's supply. Biodegradable 1080 poison is the only poison currently registered for use on mainland New Zealand as suitable for aerial targeting of the
2569:
527:
The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's conclusion with regards to 1080 was, "It is not perfect, but given how controversial it remains, I for one expected that it would not be as effective and safe as it is".
2701:
Littin, K.E., O’Connor, C.E., Gregory, N.G., Mellor, D.J. and Eason, C.T. 2002. Behaviour, coagulopathy and pathology of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) poisoned with brodifacoum. Wildlife Research 29:
347:, one of New Zealand's two biggest parties, welcomed the report of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment on the use of 1080 as the most effective tool available for pest management in New Zealand.
3101:
1321:
2190:
414:, which promotes the interests of hunters in New Zealand, have reiterated their national policy of opposing 1080 poisoning in the face of the Parliamentary Commission report advocating its increased use.
2614:
1746:
2838:
Spurr, E. 2000. Impacts of possum control on non-target species. In: T. Montague (ed.). The brushtail possum: biology, impact and management of an introduced marsupial. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln.
2521:
183:
fledging, increasing their survival rate. The DOC uses aerially applied 1080 poison across about 440,000 ha of conservation land each year. This equates to 5% of the total conservation estate.
2692:
Fisher, P. and Fairweather, A. 2010. Brodifacoum. A review of current knowledge. Version 2.6. Department of Conservation Pesticide Information Reviews series. Department of Conservation, Hamilton.
3047:
2130:
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reproduce quickly. In a mass event, populations of rodents rapidly increase as much as ten-fold, and traps simply cannot be deployed rapidly enough or in sufficient numbers to knock them down.
1211:
411:
2783:
733:, and if developed further would attract a great deal of public opposition. No biological control method has therefore yet gained widespread acceptance as a viable alternative to 1080.
403:
1375:
954:
2573:
2742:
vertebrate pesticide use and new developments: New Zealand initiatives and international implications. Proc. 24th Vertebrate Pest Conference (R.M. Timm and K.A. Fagerstone, eds.).
2474:
1711:
2355:
1102:
1354:
428:, dissolved in 2011, said, "the government-funded science for 1080 was not credible as government owned the 1080 factory and government-funded agencies spread the poison."
673:). Sodium nitrite is expected to be registered for use in for killing possums, but not rats. It will not control stoats because it will not knock down rat populations or
1309:
1917:
340:, one of New Zealand's two biggest parties, expressed strong support for the recommendations in the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's report into 1080
698:
trap, are being developed and trialled, and could in the future significantly reduce labour costs and increase the cost-effectiveness of ground control operations.
444:, a single-issue party dissolved in 2018, was founded by Bill Wallace and opposed the use of 1080 poison. The party's co-leaders were Bill Wallace and Mike Downard.
2522:
http://maoriparty.org/index.php?pag=nw&id=1688&p=maori-party-reviewing-its-bill-to-ban-the-import-manufacture-and-use-of-1080-in-aotearoa-rahui-katene.html
1293:
1328:
661:
is a naturally occurring substance commonly used as a meat preservative, but toxic at higher doses. It kills in a similar way as PAPP, by reducing the ability of
495:'s June 2011 re-evaluation of 1080, these questions were used for assessing the effectiveness and safety of 1080, as well as current and prospective alternatives
2198:
2654:
Fairweather, A. and Fisher, P. 2010. Pindone. A review of current knowledge. Pesticide information reviews series, Part 10 (Version 2010/1 updated August 2010).
2327:
650:, and the Animal Health Board. It will be used as an additional vertebrate poison in certain situations. Unlike 1080, it cannot be used for aerial application.
2883:
314:, New Zealand's largest user of 1080 poison, strongly advocates for the continued use of 1080 to control the main TB vector — the common brushtail possum.
2618:
1750:
179:
have also been severely impacted. An estimated 30 million possums inhabit New Zealand, and they are found in 98% of vegetated areas on mainland New Zealand.
2455:
1679:
2723:
Fisher, P. and Fairweather, A. 2009. Cyanide. A review of current knowledge. Pesticide information reviews series. Part 1 (Version 1.5 updated June 2011).
2664:
2982:
3053:
2269:
2138:
1219:
531:
The Parliamentary Commissioner reached the following conclusions regarding the possible alternatives to 1080 poison currently available in New Zealand.
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rates, the percentage of nights in which a trap catches a pest. Targets are usually set to less than 5%, though rates below 2% can be achieved by 1080.
2299:
1439:
1121:
1627:
677:
in poisoned animals. It does not leave residues in the environment and the risk of by-kill is expected to be low. It is much more humane than 1080.
642:
2598:
1552:
3065:
2787:
407:
being able to stop their use. We are realistic and pragmatic and we understand humane alternative solutions take time to develop and implement."
951:
492:
374:
254:
2086:
3071:
167:
and feral cats. These exotic species have become ecological pests, and their presence has had a disastrous effect on the populations of many
3120:
1386:
831:
151:
being the primary browsing animals and no predatory mammals. Consequently, the native birds, insects, and flora have developed no natural
1797:
3125:
2809:
2471:
2100:
725:' of pest control by a number of sources, and was a major focus for research funding during the 1990s and 2000s in both New Zealand and
321:, New Zealand's second-largest user of 1080 poison, strongly advocates for the continued use of 1080 poison to control ecological pests.
1067:
694:
unless it is reset. Traps need to be checked and reset regularly, which makes them labour-intensive. Self-resetting traps, such as the
2921:
1718:
1195:
885:
2964:
2714:
Eason, C.T. and Wickstrom, M. 2001. Vertebrate pesticide toxicology manual (poisons). Department of Conservation Technical Series 23.
2363:
2253:
1120:
Technical Review of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) Toxicology (Animal Health Board and Landcare Research New Zealand Limited 2002):
1099:
479:
New Zealand currently spends at least $ 8 million annually on improving existing pest control technology and developing new methods.
2520:
Maori Party reviewing its bill to ban the import, manufacture and use of 1080 in Aotearoa (Māori Party media release, 8 June 2011):
1310:
http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/saving-our-environment/native-plants-and-animals-/protecting-native-forests-1080/1080-frequently-ask
318:
136:
2732:
Fisher, P. and Fairweather, A. 2009. Cyanide. A review of current knowledge. Version 1.5, Department of Conservation, DOCDM-25420.
2555:
333:, New Zealand's biggest conservation charity, strongly advocates for the continued use of 1080 poison to control ecological pests.
327:, New Zealand's biggest farmers' advocacy organisation, strongly supports the continued use of 1080 to control agricultural pests.
3024:
1841:
367:
246:
1434:
881:
Evaluating the use of 1080: Predators, poisons and silent forests (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, June 2011):
742:
94:
1872:
3140:
3059:
2896:
1188:
2434:
1289:
How Many Possums Are Now in New Zealand Following Control and How Many Would There Be Without It? (Warburton et al., 2009):
2594:
Environmental Protection Authority's Annual Report on the Aerial Use of 1080 For the year ended 31 December 2010 (TABLE 4)
2420:
1921:
2540:
1403:
3130:
2983:
New Zealand Green Party welcomes 1080 reassessment but remains committed to finding alternatives to the poison. June 2011
1651:
1615:
1290:
610:
in many foods, including fish. It was developed as a poison to control rats and mice in the 1980s. It works by leaching
3135:
1639:
385:
2406:
2338:
1466:
1149:
311:
211:
132:
2902:
977:
1572:
996:
901:
647:
2946:
1022:
2452:
1686:
1628:
http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/news/national-news/3814197/Anti-1080-protesters-arrested-on-West-Coast
126:
2955:
2220:
1899:
1495:
3028:
2668:
1802:
3145:
2973:
2277:
2060:
2042:
1775:
762:
2856:
The ecological challenge of immunocontraception (Barlow, N.D.), Journal of Applied Ecology 2000, 37, 897±902
2310:
2160:
1599:
952:
http://www.doc.govt.nz/about-doc/news/media-releases/2008/1080-an-effective-tool-to-protect-native-wildlife/
3015:
1650:
In 1995, 1080 protester Chris Short hijacked a helicopter and took two hostages (Radio New Zealand story):
360:
2385:
1819:
453:
These organisations and political parties have a neutral stance on the use of 1080 poison in New Zealand:
3083:
1959:"High-Throughput Quantification of Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Milk as a Response to an Extortion Threat"
1667:
752:
747:
3034:
370:
concluded, in its 2007 reassessment of 1080, that the benefits of using it clearly outweighed the risks.
2968:
2595:
1135:
344:
1556:
1268:
1183:
Guidelines for the Safe Use of Sodium Fluoroacetate (Occupational Safety & Health Service, 2002 –
2992:
2869:
animals and their impact on biodiversity in the rangelands. Pest Animal Control CRC Report, June 2005
2472:
http://www.thekiwiparty.org.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=210&Itemid=59
1134:
Clout, M. N. (23 May 2011). "Ecological and economic costs of alien vertebrates in New Zealand". In
306:
The following agencies, organisations and political parties support the use of 1080 in New Zealand:
3105:
2959:
2847:
Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. 1994. Possum management in New Zealand. Wellington.
2505:
337:
264:
1141:
Biological Invasions: Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species
1100:
http://www.epa.govt.nz/search-databases/HSNO%20Application%20Register%20Documents/HRE05002-030.pdf
950:
1080 an effective tool to protect native wildlife (Office of the Minister of Conservation, 2008):
2986:
199:
156:
118:
48:
25:
1172:
1877:
1780:
1006:
1001:
757:
2817:
2108:
572:
1074:
3000:
2928:
1192:
882:
40:
2250:
787:
Proudfoot, A. T.; Bradberry, S. M.; Vale, J. A. (2006). "Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning".
8:
2665:"Brodifacoum. A review of current knowledge. Version 2.6. (Fisher, P and Fairweather, A)"
1943:
730:
431:
229:
207:
71:
857:
2541:
http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/readers-reporter/5969642/Election-soapbox-1080
2451:
1080 report 'kick in guts for communities' (United Future media release, 8 June 2011):
1376:"Operational Report for Possum Control in the Mt Karioi (Pirongia Forest Park) 2009/10"
926:
812:
767:
718:
398:
These organisations and political parties have opposed the use of 1080 in New Zealand:
273:
203:
152:
2617:. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. June 2011. p. 6. Archived from
1652:
http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/55928/long-time-1080-protester-chris-short-dies
1616:
http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/2881440/Protesters-stop-Coromandel-1080-drop
298:
received around $ 100,000 a year in royalties from Feratox, but sales were dwindling.
3091:
2950:
2892:
2024:
2016:
1980:
1944:"Fonterra Acknowledges Threat Investigation. New Zealand Stock Exchange Announcement"
1824:
1500:
1291:
http://www.envirolink.govt.nz/PageFiles/159/720-NLRC104%20Possum%20numbers%20inNZ.pdf
1184:
1145:
1027:
970:
804:
800:
670:
354:
324:
285:
101:. New Zealand has used 1080 for pest control since the late 1950s; it imports sodium
1640:
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10741222
1638:
Arrest over attack on conservation board chairman (New Zealand Herald, 27 July 2011)
1444:
816:
2642:
2008:
1970:
796:
330:
75:
64:
1171:
1080: Killing pests and saving forests (Forest & Bird factsheet, 2002) :
268:
Sign at a supermarket after someone had threatened to poison infant milk with 1080
3095:
3087:
3075:
2667:. Department of Conservation Pesticide Information Reviews series. Archived from
2602:
2528:
2509:
2478:
2459:
2257:
1975:
1958:
1626:
Anti-1080 protesters arrested on West Coast (Marlborough Express, 15 June 2010):
1603:
1297:
1199:
1139:
1106:
981:
958:
889:
686:
662:
603:
350:
217:
Both aerial and ground-based application of 1080 poison are also used to control
98:
1411:
1098:
1080 Reassessment Application (Environmental Risk Management Authority, 2006):
658:
638:
441:
425:
289:
2977:
2453:
http://www.unitedfuture.org.nz/dunne-1080-report-kick-in-guts-for-communities/
1717:. Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries, Queensland. Archived from
457:
3114:
2781:
2020:
2012:
1471:
674:
576:
551:
547:
435:
418:
113:
102:
83:
1144:(2 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press (published 2011). p. 286.
3016:
1080 report "a kick in the guts" says United Future Party leader. June 2011
2927:. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. June 2011. Archived from
2028:
1984:
1749:. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. June 2011. Archived from
1044:
Williams, David (19 May 2011). "Alarm as 'hunters end' DOC's poison drop".
808:
786:
1553:"The hunter who loves birds — an interview with hunter Paul Cutfield"
28:, an invasive pest in New Zealand whose population is controlled with 1080
1662:
In 2010, anti-1080 activists placed a fake bomb at the headquarters of a
1614:
Protesters stop Coromandel 1080 drop (Waikato Times, 19 September 2009):
1523:
1242:
974:
703:
568:
563:
543:
172:
68:
44:
722:
695:
438:
group, considers the use of 1080 poisoning an extremely cruel practice.
36:
1957:
Cooney, Terry P.; Varelis, Peter; Bendall, Justin G. (February 2016).
1668:
http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3830385/1080-bomb-hoax-a-terrorist-act
1073:. New Zealand Occupational Safety & Health Service. Archived from
3019:
2228:
1846:
1046:
726:
277:
86:
2596:
http://www.epa.govt.nz/Publications/EPA%201080%20AR%202010%20web.pdf
2974:
Māori Party reconsiders position after 1080 reassessment. June 2011
2922:"Evaluating the use of 1080: Predators, poisons and silent forests"
2615:"Evaluating the use of 1080: Predators, poisons and silent forests"
1747:"Evaluating the use of 1080: Predators, poisons and silent forests"
997:"Poison bait dropped in Fiordland National Park despite opposition"
580:
281:
168:
164:
21:
1663:
233:
Road sign on the West Coast with graffiti opposing the use of 1080
2168:
1596:
1355:"Animal pests: residual trap catch index for possums Version 1.0"
611:
591:
539:
176:
79:
2965:
New Zealand National Party supports 1080 reassessment. June 2011
2490:
2362:. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Archived from
2061:"1080 blackmailer Jeremy Kerr jailed for eight and a half years"
505:
Can the method rapidly knock down erupting populations of pests?
499:
Can the method decrease populations of possums, rats and stoats?
147:
New Zealand's flora and fauna evolved for 80 million years with
1410:. New Zealand: Animal Health Board. August 2011. Archived from
666:
627:
218:
60:
3080:
2956:
New Zealand Labour Party supports 1080 reassessment. June 2011
2087:"1080 blackmailer Jeremy Kerr was in business with Government"
858:"The Big Kill: New Zealand's crusade to rid itself of mammals"
2866:
1173:
http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/factsheet_1080.pdf
56:
2470:
Pro 1080 line flawed (Kiwi Party media release, June 2011):
2131:"Independent report by environmental watchdog endorses 1080"
1068:"Guidelines for the safe use of sodium fluoroacetate (1080)"
837:. The Animal Health Board and The Department of Conservation
707:
623:
1680:"Environmental Risk Management Authority Decision on 1080"
1666:
1080 poison contractor (The Dominion Post, 19 June 2010):
534:
2502:
1900:"New Zealand investigating threat to poison baby formula"
902:"Frequently Asked Questions about 1080 | Forest and Bird"
160:
148:
52:
2300:"LGNZ submission to the ERMA reasessment of 1080 poison"
1798:"There's 1080 in our tea, so what's all the fuss about?"
1193:
http://www.pce.parliament.nz/assets/Uploads/PCE-1080.pdf
883:
http://www.pce.parliament.nz/assets/Uploads/PCE-1080.pdf
508:
Can the method be used on a large scale in remote areas?
2251:
http://www.national.org.nz/Article.aspx?articleId=36209
1167:
1165:
583:. It is also widely considered a very inhumane poison.
502:
Can the method increase populations of native species?
2221:"New Zealand Labour Party supports 1080 reassessment"
1555:. Wairarapa Times-Age. 24 August 2009. Archived from
729:. Most of the methods proposed involved some form of
2556:"Alternatives to 1080 pest control - what and when?"
1997:
1956:
1918:"Police to 1080 blackmailer: 'You know who you are'"
1162:
2947:
Federated Farmers busts the myths about 1080 poison
2784:"Zinc phosphide pest poison approved with controls"
2782:Environment Risk Management Authority New Zealand.
2539:Rahui Katene, quoted in the Election soapbox: 1080
2270:"Animal Health — Going Political with Poisons"
1873:"Poison campaigner fined after using kiwi in stunt"
1870:
514:Does the method leave residues in the environment?
2688:
2686:
1864:
486:
461:and the stoats" but says more research is needed.
357:party, does not support a ban on the use of 1080.
193:
142:
131:The largest users of 1080 in New Zealand are the
3112:
2570:"1080 questions and answers: Methods of control"
2167:. Federated Farmers. 8 June 2011. Archived from
1595:Protest action promised (Greymouth Star, 2010):
1322:"Battle for our Birds: Beech Mast Response 2014"
375:Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (
1685:. ERMA New Zealand. August 2007. Archived from
105:in raw form from the United States of America.
2683:
1271:. New Zealand Department of Conservation. 2001
493:Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment
255:Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment
2865:Norris, A et al. Review of the management of
2249:(National Party media release, 8 June 2011):
1573:"1080 drop to stop bovine TB divides farmers"
238:although there are exceptions on both sides.
1327:. Department of Conservation. Archived from
1240:
1218:. Department of Conservation. Archived from
186:DOC's pest control programme is governed by
171:species, including the national symbol, the
2227:. Labour Party. 8 June 2011. Archived from
1432:
2421:"SPCA FAQs: Pest species and pest control"
2101:"Animal Health Board welcomes 1080 report"
1061:
1059:
849:
618:
511:Is the method sufficiently cost-effective?
2191:"Forest & Bird praise report on 1080"
2161:"Federated Farmers praise report on 1080"
2043:"1080 blackmail case heads to High Court"
1974:
1776:"Row far bigger than 1080's few failings"
829:
517:Can by-kill from the method be minimised?
2891:. Wellington, NZ: ERMA. 13 August 2007.
2386:"NZVA Position Statement on 1080 poison"
1871:Macbrayne, Rosaleen (3 September 2004).
1043:
780:
710:(which are ground-dwelling birds) live.
626:(PAPP) was developed to control stoats,
263:
228:
112:
97:; a major conservation and agricultural
20:
2710:
2708:
2435:"Deerstalkers restate 1080 disapproval"
1920:. 3 News. 12 March 2015. Archived from
1116:
1114:
1065:
1056:
856:Kolbert, Elizabeth (23 December 2014).
855:
535:Pindone, diphacinone, and coumatetralyl
368:Environmental Risk Management Authority
247:Environmental Risk Management Authority
3113:
2814:goodnature.co.nz.s52206.gridserver.com
2638:
2636:
2550:
2548:
1741:
1739:
1496:"If we lose 1080, we're shot: Butcher"
975:http://www.fedfarm.org.nz/n628,10.html
743:Common brushtail possum in New Zealand
78:and livestock farmers on one side and
1133:
713:
377:Te Kaitiaki Taiao a Te Whare Pāremata
47:in efforts to control populations of
2705:
2049:. Associated Press. 4 November 2015.
1352:
1243:"Australian Native Poisonous Plants"
1111:
412:New Zealand Deerstalkers Association
3121:Environmental issues in New Zealand
3102:1080 and kiwi in the Waikato Region
3054:Exposure and Risk Assessment (1080)
3025:"We have no choice but to use 1080"
2633:
2545:
2407:"Time to find alternatives to 1080"
1736:
1493:
1467:"1080 needed for Mackenzie rabbits"
1269:"Possum Control – Facts About 1080"
155:against introduced animals such as
13:
3126:Nature conservation in New Zealand
2876:
2137:. DOC. 8 June 2010. Archived from
2107:. AHB. 8 June 2011. Archived from
1906:. Associated Press. 10 March 2015.
1249:. Australian Native Plants Society
832:"The use of 1080 for pest control"
643:Environmental Protection Authority
598:
386:New Zealand Veterinary Association
117:Warning sign for 1080 bait on the
14:
3157:
3050:at the Department of Conservation
3041:
3035:"Killing Schrödinger’s Feral Cat"
1842:"We have no choice on using 1080"
1433:Livingstone, Paul (26 May 2011).
653:
633:
448:
2337:. 10 August 2007. Archived from
1494:Fox, Rebecca (30 January 2010).
1385:. 17 August 2010. Archived from
1066:Beasley, Michael (August 2002).
969:Call for reason in 1080 debate (
801:10.2165/00139709-200625040-00002
520:Does the method endanger people?
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2802:
2775:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2695:
2657:
2648:
2607:
2588:
2562:
2533:
2514:
2495:
2483:
2464:
2445:
2427:
2413:
2399:
2378:
2348:
2320:
2292:
2262:
2243:
2213:
2195:Forest & Bird media release
2183:
2153:
2123:
2093:
2079:
2053:
2035:
1991:
1950:
1936:
1910:
1892:
1765:
1704:
1672:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1589:
1542:
1516:
1487:
1459:
1435:"Need to keep foot on throttle"
1426:
1396:
1368:
1346:
1314:
1302:
1283:
1261:
1234:
1204:
1177:
1127:
1092:
1023:"Consent granted for 1080 drop"
465:
127:Invasive species in New Zealand
39:given to the synthetic form of
1597:http://greystar.co.nz/node/198
986:
963:
944:
919:
894:
875:
823:
558:
523:Does the method kill humanely?
487:Comparing pest control methods
194:Controlling agricultural pests
175:. Populations of the reptile
143:Controlling conservation pests
1:
2491:http://safe.org.nz/issue/1080
2197:. 8 June 2011. Archived from
2001:Journal of AOAC International
1712:"1080 – Sodium fluoroacetate"
1443:. New Zealand. Archived from
773:
763:Animal welfare in New Zealand
606:naturally occurs as vitamin D
393:
3141:Controversies in New Zealand
3048:1080 poison for pest control
2969:National Party (New Zealand)
2816:. goodnature. Archived from
1976:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-405
1528:Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
471:viable alternative to 1080.
361:Local Government New Zealand
293:The ensuing police response
7:
1820:"Keeping our forests alive"
1308:Forest & Bird website:
753:Conservation in New Zealand
748:Biodiversity of New Zealand
736:
685:Ground operations of which
680:
474:
16:Pest control in New Zealand
10:
3162:
3131:Agriculture in New Zealand
3062:at the Animal Health Board
2960:Labour Party (New Zealand)
1963:Journal of Food Protection
1538:– via teara.govt.nz.
1383:Department of Conservation
1362:Department of Conservation
586:
319:Department of Conservation
301:
137:Department of Conservation
124:
3136:Pesticides in New Zealand
2987:Green Party (New Zealand)
2356:"1080 Must Not Be Banned"
1475:. New Zealand. 3 May 2008
980:28 September 2011 at the
721:has been likened to the '
550:are the first-generation
224:
3106:Waikato Regional Council
3001:The New Zealand Listener
2995:1080 is the best we have
2885:The reassessment of 1080
2013:10.5740/jaoacint.15-0154
1483:– via stuff.co.nz.
1247:Australian Plants Online
906:www.forestandbird.org.nz
276:revealed that anonymous
108:
26:Common brushtail possums
3020:The Press (New Zealand)
957:7 November 2011 at the
830:Green, W. (July 2004).
624:Para-aminopropiophenone
619:Para-aminopropiophenone
200:common brushtail possum
95:common brushtail possum
2503:https://ban1080.co.nz/
2477:3 October 2011 at the
2335:archive.ermanz.govt.nz
2309:. 2007. Archived from
2065:The New Zealand Herald
2047:The New Zealand Herald
1904:The New Zealand Herald
1878:The New Zealand Herald
1781:The New Zealand Herald
1602:6 October 2011 at the
1198:9 October 2011 at the
1007:Television New Zealand
927:"Alternatives to 1080"
888:9 October 2011 at the
758:Hunting in New Zealand
404:Royal New Zealand SPCA
269:
234:
122:
29:
3031:editorial 9 June 2011
2601:28 April 2012 at the
2527:31 March 2012 at the
2489:1080 (SAFE website):
2458:8 August 2011 at the
2256:20 March 2012 at the
1296:31 March 2012 at the
1241:McKenzie, R. (1997).
1105:25 March 2012 at the
789:Toxicological Reviews
280:threats were sent to
267:
232:
116:
24:
3146:2010s in New Zealand
3086:16 June 2016 at the
2508:5 April 2015 at the
2231:on 27 September 2011
2201:on 27 September 2011
2171:on 28 September 2011
1575:. TVNZ. 7 March 2010
1447:on 27 September 2011
1392:on 14 February 2013.
245:In August 2007, the
198:In New Zealand, the
41:sodium fluoroacetate
3056:at ERMA New Zealand
2790:on 25 February 2012
2366:on 27 November 2011
2328:"Final Decision 20"
2274:animalhealthmag.com
2141:on 22 November 2012
973:, 14 August 2008):
731:genetic engineering
312:Animal Health Board
212:Animal Health Board
208:bovine tuberculosis
188:residual trap catch
133:Animal Health Board
1771:Examples include:
1692:on 28 October 2007
1334:on 24 January 2016
1212:"1080 Information"
1080:on 9 February 2013
992:Examples include:
768:Predator Free 2050
719:Biological control
714:Biological control
648:Lincoln University
274:New Zealand Police
270:
253:In June 2011, the
235:
206:for the spread of
153:defence mechanisms
123:
30:
3092:Federated Farmers
3029:The Dominion Post
2951:Federated Farmers
2934:on 9 October 2011
2898:978-0-478-21538-0
2360:pce.parliament.nz
2344:on 31 March 2012.
2111:on 8 October 2011
1825:Otago Daily Times
1803:The Dominion Post
1559:on 1 October 2011
1548:Example include:
1524:"Te Ara: Rabbits"
1501:Otago Daily Times
1414:on 8 October 2011
1404:"Control methods"
1353:Glen, Al (2014).
1189:978-0-477-03664-1
1028:The Timaru Herald
971:Federated Farmers
671:methemoglobinemia
355:classical liberal
331:Forest & Bird
325:Federated Farmers
295:Operation Concord
286:Federated Farmers
3153:
3072:1080 information
3060:1080 Information
3012:
3010:
3008:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2901:. Archived from
2890:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2820:on 25 April 2012
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2786:. Archived from
2779:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2643:Beausoleil, N.J.
2640:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2576:on 3 August 2011
2572:. Archived from
2566:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2518:
2512:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2431:
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2424:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2390:
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2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2316:on 1 March 2012.
2315:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:on 31 March 2012
2276:. Archived from
2266:
2260:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
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2127:
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2118:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2032:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1889:
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1868:
1862:
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1837:
1835:
1833:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:on 28 March 2012
1723:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1670:
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1593:
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1514:
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1511:
1509:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1440:Gisbourne Herald
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
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1318:
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1278:
1276:
1265:
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1256:
1254:
1238:
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1229:
1227:
1222:on 15 March 2015
1208:
1202:
1181:
1175:
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1160:
1159:
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1125:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:. 4 October 2010
990:
984:
967:
961:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
898:
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879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
836:
827:
821:
820:
784:
353:, New Zealand's
76:conservationists
65:invasive species
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3111:
3110:
3096:Forest and Bird
3088:Wayback Machine
3076:Forest and Bird
3044:
3006:
3004:
2991:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:Further reading
2874:
2873:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2808:
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2674:
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2653:
2649:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2621:on 14 June 2011
2613:
2612:
2608:
2603:Wayback Machine
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2558:. 20 July 2010.
2554:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:Wayback Machine
2519:
2515:
2510:Wayback Machine
2501:Party website:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2479:Wayback Machine
2469:
2465:
2460:Wayback Machine
2450:
2446:
2439:Southland Times
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2258:Wayback Machine
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2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2067:. 23 March 2016
2059:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2036:
1996:
1992:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1924:on 2 April 2015
1916:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1853:
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1829:
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1807:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1774:
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1756:
1754:
1753:on 14 June 2011
1745:
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1604:Wayback Machine
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1298:Wayback Machine
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1205:
1200:Wayback Machine
1182:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1152:
1136:Pimentel, David
1132:
1128:
1122:AHB 1080 review
1119:
1112:
1107:Wayback Machine
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1034:
1032:
1031:. 29 March 2011
1021:
1012:
1010:
995:
991:
987:
982:Wayback Machine
968:
964:
959:Wayback Machine
949:
945:
935:
933:
931:1080: The facts
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
900:
899:
895:
890:Wayback Machine
880:
876:
866:
864:
854:
850:
840:
838:
834:
828:
824:
785:
781:
776:
739:
716:
683:
663:red blood cells
656:
636:
621:
609:
604:Cholecalciferol
601:
599:Cholecalciferol
589:
561:
537:
489:
477:
468:
458:The Māori Party
451:
396:
304:
227:
196:
145:
129:
111:
89:on the other.
17:
12:
11:
5:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3081:1080:The Facts
3078:
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