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was blown off course, barely escaping sailing into the open gulf, directly into the hurricane, where it would have almost certainly been lost. Passenger Tom Ellis, an experienced captain in local waters, and a few other passengers observed the ship was off course. Ellis alerted
Captain Abe Smith, who
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Many managed to survive by sheltering in or behind overturned cisterns, which were large wooden cylindrical tanks reinforced with iron hoops. Some clung to the raised foundations of the cisterns and a few to trees. A dozen people survived by clinging to a large piece of rotating playground equipment
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The tragedy had a major impact on the planter society, which lost many members. At the time of the hurricane approximately two-thirds of the millionaires in the U.S. lived in
Louisiana, many of those being plantation owners, especially sugar growers. Of the social group affected, many were friends,
777:, a regional delicacy, provided enough protection to save several individuals. Another group survived by burying their feet in the sand and holding hands. Some survivors were carried to the marshes on the mainland, although some perished from injuries or lack of food and water.
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between 11 and 12 feet (3.4 and 3.7 m) completely submerged Last Island in
Louisiana, destroying virtually every structure, including the hotels and casinos, while all crops were ruined. Additionally, Last Island itself was split in two. Inland, heavy rainfall caused the
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were the only sign that an island had ever existed there. Presently, the area is the Isles
Dernieres Barrier Islands Refuge owned and managed by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries to provide protected nesting grounds for pelicans and other waterbirds.
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Visibility during the storm was extremely limited and eyes were blasted by sand until water covered the beaches. Sometime between 4:00 and 5:00 PM, the storm surge occurred suddenly, with the water rising several feet in a matter of minutes. The
932:(1889), based on the Last Island hurricane of 1856, was a popular story when published; however, it either created or perpetuated several myths about the tragedy. One of the main sources of Hearn's novel was identified as the account written by
407:
of 934 mbar (27.6 inHg). A ship reported a peripheral pressure of 955 mbar (28.2 inHg), so a lower pressure was based on the small size of the hurricane. It quickly weakened over land, and it diminished to a
950:(2009) was written using information from various archives in an attempt to be historically accurate. The numerous references include a newspaper article, a few books, and accounts of the survivors, many of whom are quoted.
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submerged the entire island and destroyed all of the buildings. The hotel, which held many women and children on the second floor and men on the first, collapsed, crushing many and sweeping others out to sea.
375:, on August 8, 1856. Because it was already a hurricane when it was first observed, it probably had developed further east than here. It advanced steadily northwest, strengthening to the equivalent of a
379:. The hurricane gradually slowed prior to landfall on August 10, and it attained its estimated peak intensity of 150 mph (240 km/h). It was a tropical cyclone of small diameter, and its
859:
On
Calliou Island, which was located near Last Island, four homes were destroyed, and the others suffered substantial damage. Tides generated by the storm capsized two boats and swept away
806:. Mrs. Frances Weeks (Magill) Pruett and her children Mary Ida Magill and Augustine Magill died in the natural disaster. The two children were buried in the plantation's cemetery.
940:, Michael Shlatre's document became lost after being borrowed and not returned. The document was recovered during 1936, when it was found in the Iberville Parish courthouse in
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Of the approximately 400 vacationers on the island, 198 were known or presumed dead and 203 were known survivors. Dixon (2009) provides lists of survivors and the dead.
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inundated by several feet of water, resulting in a near-total loss of rice crops. Severe losses to orange crops were reported in the area. Extensive damage occurred in
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247:, rice fields were under several feet of water, while many orange trees lost their fruit. Overall, the hurricane resulted in at least 300 fatalities.
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In addition to the several firsthand accounts, the story of Last Island has been republished periodically. The list below includes only a few versions:
219:. The system rapidly weakened after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity on August 11. The storm would be last noted over
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atop a levee. Many people floated on debris, including wall sections, logs and furniture. A sturdy wooden enclosure that held large
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on August 9. Moving northwestward, the cyclone quickly intensified into a strong
Category 4 hurricane on the modern-day
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suffered large losses from freshwater flooding. Farther east, storm surge and abnormally high tides left some sections of
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corrected the course and barely making headway against the winds, managed to pull into the channel behind the hotel. The
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The disaster became national news as soon as three survivors salvaged a small boat and sailed to the mainland for help.
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Offshore, at least 183 people drowned after steamers and schooners sank in rough seas produced by the hurricane. A
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Many Last Island vacationers hoping to escape the approaching storm were awaiting the scheduled arrival of the ship
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Island in a Storm: A Rising Sea, a
Vanishing Coast, and a Nineteenth-Century Disaster that Warns of a Warmer World
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was swept, crashing into shore and beached on the sand, where it stayed through the storm.
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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
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239:. The storm produced as much as 13.14 inches (334 mm) of precipitation in
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Last Days of Last Island: The
Hurricane of 1856, Louisiana's First Great Storm
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Last Days of Last Island: The
Hurricane of 1856, Louisiana's First Great Storm
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by the following day. Late on August 10, the hurricane made landfall on
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1214:. National Weather Service office in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Archived from
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was inundated with 13.14 inches (334 mm) of rain. Every building in
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1333:. Lafayette, Louisiana: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.
1100:; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022).
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1078:. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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acquaintances, or related by marriage or known through business.
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Several survivors managed to make their way to the hull of the
736:, which provided regular service to the mainland. However, the
1003:"Catastrophic Hurricane Ida hits Louisiana with 150 mph winds"
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and Jim Frisbee, the ship's second steward, the only survivor.
1161:. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press.
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Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description)
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The family home of three of the Last Island casualties was
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Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
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Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
351:, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
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Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
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Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
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Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
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Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
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Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
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Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
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sugar planter Michael Shlatre. After publication of
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Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
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The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996
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The island itself was split into the Last Islands (
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1032:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)"
830:The following are the numbers of deaths offshore:
1067:Partagás, José Fernández; Diaz, Henry F. (1995).
1009:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connection
725:‡Systems prior to 1950 were not officially named.
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1240:. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries
1212:"Louisiana Hurricane History: Late 19th Century"
918:had a story about the capsizing of the steamer
1414:Chita: A Memory of Lost Island, Lafcadio Hearn
1001:Masters, Jeff; Henson, Bob (August 29, 2021).
235:to flood, destroying crops and every house in
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187:as the strongest hurricane on record to make
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391:crossed over Last Island (Official name:
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1238:"Isle Dernieres Barrier Islands Refuge"
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1392:Robert McAllister's eyewitness account
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977:List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
761:. By tying himself with a rope to the
199:. The first known tropical cyclone of
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1184:"A minister tempered by the elements"
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708:Source: Hurricane Research Division
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363:was first detected in the eastern
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1747:1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane
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2526:1850s Atlantic hurricane seasons
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1377:NOLA.com article about the storm
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1382:NOAA list of intense hurricanes
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175:) was a deadly and destructive
2531:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
1450:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
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930:Chita: A Memory of Last Island
424:
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201:1856 Atlantic hurricane season
159:1856 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
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1402:1856 account of the Hurricane
982:
16:Category 4 Atlantic hurricane
1299:. August 16, 1856. p. 2
1266:. August 17, 1856. p. 2
1210:Roth, David (June 4, 2003).
825:
783:Several of the victims were
90:150 mph (240 km/h)
7:
1387:Louisiana hurricane history
1351:. New York: Public Affairs
1307:– via Newspapers.com.
1274:– via Newspapers.com.
1124:Hurricane Research Division
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895:, and other areas near the
399:a few hours later south of
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1034:(Database). United States
804:National Historic Landmark
169:1856 Last Island hurricane
65:Category 4 major hurricane
20:1856 Last Island hurricane
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2500:Tropical cyclones portal
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969:Tropical cyclones portal
948:Last Days of Last Island
873:St. Mary Magdalen Church
367:125 miles (201 km)
2536:Hurricanes in Louisiana
1347:Sallenger, Abby (2009)
855:Other losses at sea: 20
381:maximum sustained winds
197:maximum sustained winds
2541:1856 natural disasters
716:maximum sustained wind
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251:Meteorological history
213:Last Island, Louisiana
42:Meteorological history
33:Last Island, Louisiana
1069:"Part One: Year 1856"
800:New Iberia, Louisiana
401:New Iberia, Louisiana
349:Extratropical cyclone
258:
191:in the U.S. state of
2551:Abbeville, Louisiana
1329:Dixon, Bill (2009).
1157:Dixon, Bill (2009).
916:Harper's New Monthly
796:Shadows-on-the-Teche
714:†Strength refers to
416:Impact and aftermath
377:Category 3 hurricane
270:Saffir–Simpson scale
209:Saffir–Simpson scale
95:Lowest pressure
1571:"Chenière Caminada"
1107:Re-Analysis Project
339:Subtropical cyclone
173:Great Storm of 1856
171:(also known as the
21:
2521:August 1856 events
1729:"British Honduras"
1407:2011-08-17 at the
1264:The Times-Picayune
885:St. Tammany Parish
881:Plaquemines Parish
875:. Crops along the
357:
245:Plaquemines Parish
87:Highest winds
72:1-minute sustained
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2556:1856 in Louisiana
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1365:978-1-58648-515-3
1340:978-1-887366-88-5
1168:978-1-887366-88-5
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433:tropical cyclones
385:Category 5 status
383:may have reached
373:Key West, Florida
223:on the next day.
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1759:"Outer Banks"
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1741:"San Ciprián"
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2465: (2023)
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2447: (2021)
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2015: (1964)
2009: (1964)
2003: (1964)
1997: (1963)
1991: (1961)
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1979: (1961)
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1859:1950–present
1838: (1949)
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1504: (1866)
1487: (1856)
1484:
1481: (1853)
1348:
1330:
1323:Bibliography
1322:
1321:
1303:September 2,
1301:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1270:September 2,
1268:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:the original
1188:. Retrieved
1177:
1158:
1127:. Retrieved
1105:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1075:
1062:
1040:. Retrieved
1011:. Retrieved
1006:
996:
987:
986:
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929:
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553:"Okeechobee"
392:
358:
318:
268:
225:
205:Dry Tortugas
172:
168:
166:
157:
156:Part of the
71:
1812:"Homestead"
1794:"Nicaragua"
1723:"San ZenĂłn"
1676:"Tampa Bay"
1635:"Galveston"
1606:"Galveston"
1554:"Indianola"
865:New Orleans
751:storm surge
625:"Indianola"
466:"Labor Day"
449:Wind speed
430:landfalling
421:Last Island
241:New Orleans
228:storm surge
221:Mississippi
183:and 2021's
137:Mississippi
2515:Categories
1735:"Freeport"
1244:August 30,
1222:August 30,
1190:August 30,
1110:(Report).
1082:August 30,
983:References
893:Mandeville
649:"Freeport"
319:Storm type
217:New Iberia
121:Fatalities
56:Dissipated
2142:Claudette
2125:Gabrielle
1836:"Florida"
1706:"Bahamas"
1583:"Georgia"
1462:1853–1949
1013:March 10,
928:'s novel
914:In 1871,
889:Lewisburg
869:Abbeville
848:Schooner
826:Elsewhere
775:terrapins
237:Abbeville
193:Louisiana
133:Louisiana
2490:Category
2457:Franklin
2392:Florence
2326:Danielle
2243:Michelle
2172:Hortense
2072:Frederic
1682:"Nassau"
1405:Archived
955:See also
920:Nautilus
903:In print
841:Steamer
836:Nautilus
834:Steamer
815:sandbars
802:, now a
397:landfall
313:Unknown
189:landfall
2368:Joaquin
2362:Gonzalo
2356:Ophelia
2267:Frances
2261:Charley
2178:Georges
2166:Edouard
1989:Frances
1894:Charlie
1694:"Miami"
1647:"Texas"
1116:Florida
843:Manilla
661:Charley
571:Michael
505:Camille
446:Season
361:cyclone
263:Map key
144:IBTrACS
51:Unknown
35:in 1853
31:Map of
2463:Idalia
2380:Harvey
2374:Nicole
2303:Paloma
2285:Gustav
2279:Dennis
2255:Fabian
2113:Helene
2107:Gloria
2089:Harvey
2054:Gladys
2048:Carmen
2013:Gladys
1954:Gracie
1948:Helene
1930:Carrie
1918:Connie
1818:George
1771:"Cuba"
1629:"Cuba"
1548:"Cuba"
1363:
1355:
1337:
1165:
532:Andrew
443:Name‡
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
48:Formed
2451:Fiona
2421:Delta
2415:Teddy
2409:Laura
2402:2020s
2350:Katia
2344:Julia
2319:2010s
2231:Keith
2225:Isaac
2218:2000s
2208:Lenny
2196:Floyd
2190:Cindy
2148:Felix
2135:1990s
2101:Diana
2095:Debby
2082:1980s
2060:Greta
2042:Celia
2035:1970s
2025:Betsy
2019:Hilda
1995:Flora
1983:Carla
1977:Betsy
1971:Donna
1964:1960s
1942:Daisy
1912:Hazel
1869:1950s
1800:Three
1787:1940s
1716:1930s
1669:1920s
1622:1910s
1599:1900s
1564:1890s
1542:Eight
1529:1880s
1519:Seven
1512:1870s
1495:1860s
1479:Three
1472:1850s
1112:Miami
1072:(PDF)
988:Notes
938:Chita
861:stock
850:Ellen
673:Laura
586:Maria
487:Karen
457:km/h
440:Rank
243:. In
76:SSHWS
2433:Iota
2386:Jose
2338:Igor
2332:Earl
2309:Bill
2297:Omar
2273:Karl
2249:Lili
2237:Iris
2202:Gert
2184:Bret
2160:Opal
2154:Luis
2119:Joan
2066:Ella
2007:Dora
2001:Cleo
1936:Cleo
1924:Ione
1900:Easy
1888:King
1830:Easy
1777:Five
1688:Four
1612:Four
1361:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1305:2021
1272:2021
1246:2021
1224:2021
1192:2021
1163:ISBN
1131:2024
1084:2021
1044:2024
1015:2022
852:: 15
845:: 13
838:: 85
819:Star
767:Star
763:Star
759:Star
743:Star
738:Star
734:Star
702:2022
690:2021
678:2020
666:2004
654:1932
642:1919
630:1886
619:240
616:150
612:1856
598:250
595:155
591:2017
576:2018
565:260
562:160
558:1928
544:270
541:165
537:1992
522:2018
517:Yutu
510:1969
499:280
496:175
492:1962
478:295
475:185
471:1935
454:mph
359:The
167:The
124:300+
109:inHg
101:mbar
99:934
2445:Sam
2439:Ida
2427:Eta
2291:Ike
1906:Fox
1882:Fox
1876:Dog
1824:Dog
1765:Two
1577:Six
1536:Two
887:at
798:in
697:Ian
685:Ida
389:eye
371:of
105:hPa
80:NWS
2517::
1359:,
1295:.
1262:.
1200:^
1139:^
1122:,
1118::
1114:,
1104:.
1074:.
1023:^
1005:.
891:,
603:9
582:8
549:6
528:5
483:2
462:1
435:â€
1442:e
1435:t
1428:v
1343:.
1248:.
1226:.
1194:.
1171:.
1133:.
1086:.
1057:.
1046:.
1017:.
103:(
82:)
78:/
74:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
