International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

3479: 45: 508:, which states that the first published name takes precedence. The principle of the first reviser deals with situations that cannot be resolved by priority. These items may be two or more different names for the same taxon, two or more names with the same spelling used for different taxa, two or more different spellings of a particular name, etc. In such cases, the first subsequent author who deals with the matter and chooses and publishes the decision in the required manner is the first reviser, and is to be followed. 3807: 2446: 3817: 815:

longer be in the same genus, and the junior name can potentially be used again (Art. 59.1), as long as it was not replaced before 1961, in which case it is permanently invalid (Art. 59.3). This is one of the rare cases where a single zoological species can have two entirely different names at the same time, depending upon whose classification is followed.

2432:

The code is published in an English and a French version; both versions are official and equivalent in force, meaning, and authority. This means that if something in the English code is unclear or its interpretation ambiguous, the French version is decisive, and if there is something unclear in the French code, the English version is decisive.

140:(and thus the definition of species) are arbitrary to some degree, the rules for names are not. The code applies only to names. A new animal name published without adherence to the code may be deemed simply "unavailable" if it fails to meet certain criteria, or fall entirely out of the province of science (e.g., the "scientific name" for the 186:, which means that previous editions of the code, or previous other rules and conventions have no force any more today, and the nomenclatural acts published earlier must be evaluated only under the present edition of the code. In cases of disputes a case can be brought to the commission who has the right to publish a final decision. 2428:). The editorial committee for the fourth edition was composed of seven persons. Such new editions of the ICZN Code are not democratically approved by those taxonomists who are forced to follow the code's provisions, neither do taxonomists have the right to vote for the members of the commission or the editorial committee. 1369:, which allows the objective application of that name. Any family-group name must have a type genus, any genus-group name must have a type species, and any species-group name can (not must) have one or more type specimens (holotype, lectotype, neotype, syntypes, or others), usually deposited in a museum collection. The 1403:

is more complicated and follows exactly defined provisions in articles 67–69. Type species are very important, and no general zoological database has recorded the type species for all genera. Except in fishes and some minor groups, type species are rarely reliably recorded in online animal databases.

2419:

The second edition of the code (only weakly modified) came in 1963. The last zoological congress to deal with nomenclatural problems took place in Monte Carlo 1972, since by then the official zoological organs no longer derived power from zoological congresses. The third edition of the code came out

1146:

Homonyms occur relatively rarely in families (only if generic names are identical or very similar and adding an ending "-idae" produces identical results). Discovering such a homonymy usually produces the same problems as if there were no rules: conflicts between entirely independent and unconnected

731:

are those with the same genus and same species in their original combination. The difference between a junior primary homonym and a subsequent use of a name is undefined, but it is commonly accepted that if the name referred to another species or form, gave a description, and if there is in addition

434:

is that within the family group, genus group and species group, a name established for a taxon at any rank in the group is simultaneously established with the same author and date for taxa based on the same name-bearing type at other ranks in the corresponding group. In other words, publishing a new

2411:

The 1905 rules became increasingly outdated. They soon sold out, and it became increasingly difficult to obtain to a complete set of the Rules with all amendments. In Copenhagen 1953 the French and English texts of the rules were declared of equivalent official force, and a declaration was approved

2170:

can have a name-bearing type specimen, but this is not a requirement. In many cases species-group names have no type specimens, or they are lost. In those cases the application of the species-group name is usually based on common acceptance. If there is no common acceptance, there are provisions in

2506:

The rules in the code apply to all users of zoological names. However, its provisions can be interpreted, waived, or modified in their application to a particular case when strict adherence would cause confusion. Such exceptions are not made by an individual scientist, no matter how well-respected

2431:

As the commission may alter the code (by declarations and amendments) without issuing a new edition of the book, the current edition does not necessarily contain the actual provision that applies in a particular case. The Code consists of the original text of the fourth edition and Declaration 44.

814:

occur when taxa with the same specific name but different original genera are later classified in the same genus (Art. 57.3, 59). A secondary homonym may only be a temporary state, as it only applies so long as two species are congeneric. Under a different classification, the two species may no

493:

Author citations for such names (for example a subgenus) are the same as for the name actually published (for example a genus). It is immaterial if there is an actual taxon to which the automatically established name applies; if ever such a taxon is recognised, there is a name available for it.

1435:

A designation can also be invalid and ineffective—for example—if the genus had already a previously fixed type species, or if a type species was proposed that was not originally included, or contradicted the description or figure for a genus for which no species had originally been included.

1431:

Designation and fixation have different meanings. A designation is the proposal of the type species. It is not necessary to have spelled the name of the genus or species correctly with correct authors (articles 67.2.1, 67.6, 67.7), type species are always the correctly spelled name. If the

2403:

Compiling "International Rules on Zoological Nomenclature" was first proposed in 1895 in Leiden (3rd International Congress for Zoology) and officially published in three languages in 1905 (French, English, German; only French was official). From then on, amendments and modifications were

3056:

Blanchard, R., Maehrenthal, F. von & Stiles, C. W. 1905. Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Internationale Regeln der Zoologischen Nomenklatur. – Paris

953:(genus and species) may or may not be homonymy in the strict sense: if the genera are homonyms but not the same genus, the same specific names can be used in both groups, because the species are subsequently placed in different genera when the generic homonymy is removed. 489:

In the family-group, publication of the name of a family, subfamily, superfamily (or any other such rank) also establishes the names in all the other ranks in the family group (family Giraffidae, superfamily Giraffoidea, subfamily Giraffinae).

1357:

This is the principle that each nominal taxon in the family group, genus group, or species group has—actually or potentially—a name-bearing type fixed that provides the objective standard of reference that determines what the name applies to.

3237:

Scott L. Wing Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early ... - 2003 No 369 - Page 288 "Following the general practice of naming species after localities by ending with "-ensis," Schnack (2000) proposed to change the name

2408:(Boston 1907, Graz 1910, Monaco 1913, Budapest 1927, Padua 1930, Paris 1948, Copenhagen 1953, and London 1958). These were only published in English, and can only be found in the reports of these congresses or other official publications. 2400:(Paris 1889, Moscow 1892) zoologists saw the need to establish commonly accepted international rules for all disciplines and countries to replace conventions and unwritten rules that varied across disciplines, countries, and languages. 1169:, and both families were used since the 1880s. When the homonymy was discovered 110 years later in the 1990s, the younger (gastropod) taxon had to receive a new family name, and the Commission was asked for a solution (Opinion 2018). 1187:, but only the actinopterygian fish name had been used since 1845. Shortly after Clariidae had been proposed in Rotifera in 1990, the homonymy was discovered and the Commission ruled that the rotiferan family had to be emended to 3066:

pp. V-VI in Kraus, O. 1962. Internationale Regeln für die Zoologische Nomenklatur. Beschlossen vom XV. Internationalen Kongress für Zoologie. - pp. I-VIII , 1-90. Frankfurt am Main. (Senckenbergische Naturforschende

2243:

The names in the family, genus, and species groups are fully regulated by the provisions in the code. There is no limitation to the number of ranks allowed in the family group. The genus group has only two ranks:

767:

for a 7th species from Britain. All these names had descriptions that clarified that different species were meant, and that their authors did not know that the name had been established by a previous author.

2412:

to prepare a new compilation of the rules. In 1958, an Editorial Committee in London elaborated a completely new version of the nomenclatural rules, which were finally published as the first edition of the

2587:

Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Internationale Regeln der Zoologischen Nomenklatur

2171:

the Code to fix a name-bearing type specimen that is binding for users of that name. Fixing such a name-bearing type should only be done if this is taxonomically necessary (articles 74.7.3, 75.2, 75.3).

866:, and the younger name (from 1851) could not be used for the Ukrainian species. This made it necessary to look for the next younger available name that could be used for the Ukrainian species. This was 312:

that applies to it. It is the most important principle—the fundamental guiding precept that preserves zoological nomenclature stability. It was first formulated in 1842 by a committee appointed by the

1256:) is that the same generic name can be used simultaneously for animals and plants. For this kind of homonym the expression "hemihomonym" is sometimes used. Far more than 1000 such names are known. 572:

Bohadsch, 1761 (Gastropoda) (was made available for homonymy by ICZN in Opinion 429, despite that Bohadsch 1761 was non-binominal - this had the effect that none of the various following names

2380:. Confusion over Latin grammar has led to many incorrectly formed names appearing in print. An automated search may fail to find all the variant spellings of a given name (e.g., the spellings 2885:"Opinion 2027 (Case 3010): Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species that are pre-dated by, or contemporary with, those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia)" 2240:

The names above the family group are regulated only as to the requirements for publication; there is no restriction to the number of ranks and the use of names is not restricted by priority.

771:

Typically, junior primary homonyms are permanently invalid, but some are treated as valid if the junior and senior homonyms have been in separate genera after 1899 (Art. 57.2.1, Art. 23.9).

547:

It means that any one animal name, in one particular spelling, may be used only once (within its group). This is usually the first-published name; any later name with the same spelling (a

2396:

Written nomenclatural rules in zoology were compiled in various countries since the late 1830s, such as Merton's Rules and Strickland's codes going back to 1843. At the first and second

1054:

In some cases, the same genus-group or species-group name was published in the same year by the same author. In these cases it is useful to cite the page where the name was established.

1404:

In 60% of the cases the type species can be determined in the original publication. The type species is always the original name of the taxon (and not the currently used combination).

2713:

The publication by (1801) has not been unambiguously recognized as published work in the sense of the Code Art. 8, which might be another reason to ignore Art. 59.3 in this case.

3031: 2563:

Strickland, H.E. 1843. Report of a committee appointed "to consider of the rules by which the Nomenclature of Zoology may be established on a Uniform and Permanent Basis." In:

502:

This is the principle that in cases of conflicts between simultaneously published divergent acts, the first subsequent author can decide which has precedence. It supplements the

2693: 2467: 3134: 1590: 916:

Article 59.3 states that junior secondary homonyms replaced before 1961 by substitute names are permanently invalid unless the substitute name is itself not in use.

2179: 1930:

was cited the one-word name Castor with references to six pre-Linnean works (Gesner 1598, Rondelet 1554, Jonston 1650, Dodart 1676, Ray 1693 and Aldrovandi 1649).

1885: 1852: 1602: 1529: 2731:

Subsequent absolute tautonymy" is not used as a term in the Code's fourth edition, but it is a logical consequence of the usage of the term "subsequent monotypy".

544:

This is the principle that the name of each taxon must be unique. Consequently, a name that is a junior homonym of another name must not be used as a valid name.

1891: 1541: 1535: 1439:

There are various possible modes of type species designation. This is their order of legal importance, with approximate proportions of occurrence and examples:

396:) that "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated, by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming 1802: 1796: 1596: 1575: 1509: 1503: 1469: 2148: 2142: 1712: 1706: 1623: 1523: 1417: 674: 1772: 988:(Aves) by Quoy & Gaimard, 1830, thus creating a double homonym, until the latter species was placed in a different genus. Both species names are valid. 2896: 2519:

The latest amendments (specifically A-2012) enacted by the commission concern electronic publishing, which is now permitted for works published under an

2508: 2421: 1784: 1745: 1733: 1497: 194:

In regulating the names of animals it holds by six central principles, which were first set out (as principles) in the third edition of the code (1985):

85: 31: 2420:

in 1985. The present edition is the 4th edition, effective since 2000. These code editions were elaborated on by editorial committees appointed by the

2003: 1997: 1920: 1085: 128:

The rules and recommendations have one fundamental aim: to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming of all animals, except where

2756: 2687: 2316:

in nature, its ending must agree in gender with the name of the genus. If it is a noun, or an arbitrary combination of letters, this does not apply.

2079: 2073: 2061: 1790: 1778: 1645: 1042: 1030: 3239: 2554:

ICZN 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 306 pp.

2122: 2110: 1834: 1757: 1751: 1617: 522:(Aves), for which he gave different descriptions and referred to different types, but both taxa later turned out to refer to the same species, the 3478: 2116: 2035: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1463: 1252:

Animal, plant, and fungi nomenclature are entirely independent from each other. The most evident shortcoming of this situation (for their use in

2722:

These proportions apply to 366 verified European non-marine mollusc genera (), presumed to represent a more-or-less representative animal group.

2041: 2029: 202:

This is the principle that the scientific name of a species, and not of a taxon at any other rank, is a combination of two names; the use of a

132:

judgment dictates otherwise. The code is meant to guide only the nomenclature of animals, while leaving zoologists freedom in classifying new

649: 3185:"Amendment of Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication" 2884: 2067: 465:

In the genus-group, similarly, publishing the name of a genus also establishes the corresponding name of a subgenus (or vice versa): genus

3290: 3242:

to Discorbis duwiensis. However, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Chapter 7 Article 32) does not allow such a change"

3040: 2425: 712: 706: 700: 680: 435:

zoological name automatically and simultaneously establishes all corresponding names in the relevant other ranks with the same type.

1467:

Schrank, 1803. This would be the type species by monotypy. In Opinion 1896 (published in 1998) this type fixation was set aside and

3260: 3162: 3106: 3081: 2924: 2863: 2838: 2806: 2781: 2539:

The ICZN is used by the scientific community worldwide. Changes are governed by guidelines in the code. Local changes, such as the

3317: 3127: 996:

one genus-group name from its homonym, it is important to cite author and year. Citing the author alone is often not sufficient.

2941: 2214:

designated by Stearn 1959, correctly but unnecessarily because the usage of the name was unambiguous at that time, and still is.

44: 2059:

Garsault, 1764 (Mammalia) was established without included species. As first author, Blainville, 1816 included three species

3524: 370: 1969:

Müller, 1773 (Gastropoda) was established with a short description and without species. Müller 1774 included one species

3820: 206:

for the name of a subspecies and of uninominal names for taxa above the species group is in accord with this principle.

3777: 254: 1147:

groups of taxonomists working in different animal groups. Very often the Commission must be asked to take a decision.

2493: 2405: 2397: 2475: 3843: 3291:

Proposed amendment of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication

209:

This means that in the system of nomenclature for animals, the name of a species is composed of a combination of a

3643: 2511:, acting on behalf of all zoologists. The commission takes such action in response to proposals submitted to it. 17: 2638: 3689: 2471: 2184: 556: 280:

In botanical nomenclature, the equivalent for "binominal nomenclature" is "binary nomenclature" (or sometimes "

2027:(Actinopterygii) was established without included species. As first author, Cuvier, 1829 included two species 2661: 2540: 526:. The two names are subjective synonyms. Lönnberg 1931 acted as first reviser, cited both names and selected 2900: 400:

for the wild cat. Taxonomists who consider the domesticated cat the same species as the wild cat should use

3649: 2551:

The current (fourth edition) code is cited in scientific papers as ICZN (1999) and in reference lists as:-

1501:

Krynicki, 1833 proposed by original designation. But Forcart 1940 misidentified the type species and meant

2752: 1377:

is simply the genus that provided the stem to which was added the ending "-idae" (for families). Example:

1123:

There are cases where two homonyms were established by the same author in the same year on the same page:

3848: 3310: 879:

For Wiktor (2001) and those authors who follow Wiktor's system the name of the Ukrainian species must be

862:

Kaleniczenko, 1851 were classified in the same genus, so both names were secondary homonyms in the genus

789:

in 1795, both of them junior primary homonyms. However, by 1835 both species were no longer in the genus

3014: 2579: 2187:

London or somewhere else, or its type is lost. This is now irrelevant because the usage of the name (as

1995:

Rafinesque, 1819 (Gastropoda) was established without species included. Beck 1837 included one species

3782: 3340: 236: 210: 562:

Genera are homonyms only if exactly the same — a one-letter difference is enough to distinguish them.

3767: 3637: 3458: 2651: 1352: 732:

no evidence the author knew that the name was previously used, it is considered as a junior homonym.

425: 559:

apply here. For family-group names the termination (which is rank-bound) is not taken into account.

3772: 2568: 2456: 2154: 1253: 121: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3030:

Dayrat, B (2010). "Celebrating 250 Dynamic Years of Nomenclatural Debates". In Polaszek, A (ed.).

2634: 2623: 2612: 2601: 2598:

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology

2460: 2352: 2305: 2189: 1683: 462:. The same applies to the name of a subspecies; this establishes the corresponding species name. 240: 214: 175:. Any dispute is decided first by applying the code directly, and not by reference to precedent. 3810: 3747: 3509: 3303: 1267:

was established in animals (Gastropoda), in plants (Euphorbiaceae), and in Fungi (Ascomycetes).

970:

Linné, 1766 for a group of birds, ignoring that he had already used this name a few years ago.

836: 444: 227: 116: 2967: 416:

There are over 2 million junior synonyms recorded in zoology, primarily at the species level.

3519: 1718: 1581: 1521:

Swainson, 1840 (Gastropoda) was established with one species included, cited by Swainson as "

1231:

Family-rank names and genus-rank names cannot be homonyms of one another, even if identical.

803: 552: 539: 504: 381: 317: 293: 281: 119:. This implies that animals can have the same generic names as plants (e.g. there is a genus 93: 3554: 3466: 3434: 3402: 3370: 3362: 3192: 2979: 2656: 1879: 304: 152: 105: 38: 8: 3742: 3679: 3617: 3450: 3354: 2085: 1867: 797: 313: 3697: 3196: 3158: 3102: 3077: 2983: 2921: 2859: 2834: 2802: 2777: 900:

So the Ukrainian species can have two names, depending from its generic classification.

404:; taxonomists who consider the domesticated cat a subspecies of the wild cat should use 3737: 3534: 3498: 3493: 3215: 3184: 2376: 2286: 1873: 1643:

Lamarck, 1799 (Bivalvia) was originally established with one included nominal species,

1423: 942: 129: 1545:

has been regarded as type, it would be convenient to fix this as type under Art. 70.3.

3792: 3544: 3539: 3503: 3442: 3410: 3220: 2995: 2945: 2296: 2009: 1814:

Lindholm, 1924 (Gastropoda: Lauriidae) was established as a new replacement name for

1366: 928: 908: 893: 548: 141: 115:

Zoological nomenclature is independent of other systems of nomenclature, for example

61: 3752: 3577: 2633:. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 2207: 3669: 3572: 3394: 3378: 3210: 3200: 3182: 2987: 2611:. Second edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 2364:

If a species is moved, therefore, the spelling of an ending may need to change. If

2309: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1861: 1739: 1663:

Vest 1866 (Bivalvia) was originally established with two included nominal species,

1475: 1244: 1173: 1097: 902: 881: 868: 262:

Taxa at a rank above species have a name composed of one name, a "uninominal name".

244: 156: 48:

Front Cover of the 4th edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

3602: 2622:. Third edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 1527:

Sow. Gen. f. 4". This suggested that the type species was misidentified, and that

380:

in 1775. For taxonomists who consider these two kinds of cat a single species the

3707: 3674: 3612: 3607: 3597: 3529: 3386: 3346: 2928: 2590: 2327: 2128: 1763: 1651: 1195:

For names above the superfamily level, the principle of homonymy does not apply.

824: 329: 179: 137: 69: 3633: 3587: 2565:

Report of 12th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

2424:. The ICZN Commission takes its power from a general biological congress (IUBS, 3787: 3654: 3567: 1908: 1659: 309: 168: 148: 99: 1832:

Caziot & Margier, 1909 contained originally four species, among which was

408:; taxonomists who consider the domesticated cat a separate species should use 3837: 3762: 3732: 3659: 3562: 3426: 3418: 3326: 3205: 2681: 2322: 2136: 1224: 962: 830: 359: 335: 183: 2991: 1675:

Rafinesque, 1820. Doubtfully included species do not count, type species is

966:

Linnaeus, 1758 was established for a group of moths. In 1766 he established

298:

This is the principle that the correct formal scientific name for an animal

3664: 3224: 2999: 2667: 2202: 2194: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1914: 1846: 1810: 1611: 1396: 1382: 1220: 393: 363: 2183:

Miller, 1778 is either based on a type specimen, perhaps deposited in the

167:

group. It has additional (but more limited) provisions on names in higher

3727: 3592: 2674: 2339: 2304:

phrase, and must be grammatically correct Latin. If the second part, the

2047: 1491: 1018: 2264: 2094:

Subsequent Linnean tautonymy (only theoretical, there might be no case)

1991: 1473:

Müller, 1774 was fixed as type species under the plenary power(s) (now

1387: 1370: 1206: 1188: 346:

was established first, so if Wiktor's 2001 classification is accepted,

274: 2334:

is an adjective and its ending follows the gender of the generic name.

1461:

Schrank, 1803 (Gastropoda) was established with one species included,

3722: 3717: 3582: 2313: 2211: 2146:

Rossmässler 1835, and six others. Westerlund 1902 validly designated

2055: 1844:

Caziot & Margier, 1909 fixed by absolute tautonymy, and also for

1840: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1700: 1569: 1210: 1161: 1004: 724:

as being homonyms. Otherwise the one-letter difference rule applies.

694: 523: 73: 3757: 2445: 1484:

Designation under Art. 70.3 (misidentified type species) (1 %)

1059: 2600:. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 2291: 2252: 1727: 1639: 1517: 1239: 1155: 840:

for a different species from Ukraine. Wiktor, 2001 classified both

834:

Linnaeus, 1758 from S and W Europe. Kaleniczenko, 1851 established

791: 743:(Coleoptera) for a species from Slovenia. Strøm (1768) established 688: 643: 452: 203: 172: 88:(which shares the acronym "ICZN"). The rules principally regulate: 221:". No other rank can have a name composed of two names. Examples: 3702: 2528: 2370: 2281: 2258: 1965: 1495:

Forcart, 1940 (Gastropoda) was established with its type species

1179: 1073: 1065: 1010: 887: 828:(Gastropoda), Wiktor (2001) classified it as a junior synonym of 661: 467: 439: 374: 269: 218: 164: 65: 3295: 2140:

Bourguignat 1877 (Bivalvia) was established with seven species,

1649:

Linnaeus, 1758. This is the type species fixed by monotypy (now

37:"Animal naming" redirects here. For all other animal names, see 2694:

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

2104: 940:, which has very rarely been used. The species is now known as 891:

as a separate genus, the name of the Ukrainian species must be

637: 333:(Gastropoda), Wiktor 2001 classified it as a junior synonym of 104:

Which available name must be used in case of name conflicts (=

77: 1936:

Linnaeus 1758 is type species fixed by Linnean tautonymy (now

235:

Subspecies have a name composed of three names, a "trinomen":

2585:

Blanchard, R., Maehrenthal, F. von & Stiles, C. W. 1905.

2301: 2246: 2108:

Fleming, 1820 (Gastropoda) was established with two species,

1457: 1362: 863: 850: 655: 631: 299: 160: 133: 3183:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2012).

1859:

The following examples do not represent absolute tautonymy:

755:

for a 4th species from Denmark. Fourcroy (1785) established

747:

for another species from Norway. De Geer (1775) established

2524: 2520: 926:

Studer, 1820 (Gastropoda) was once classified in the genus

795:, so both species names are presently treated as valid, as 1539:

Say, 1819 was meant. But since the incorrect type species

763:

for a 6th species from France. Marsham (1802) established

759:

for a 5th species from France. Olivier (1790) established

978:

Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera), and is permanently invalid.

751:

for a 3rd species from Sweden. Müller (1776) established

3255: 1450:

Designation by ICZN under the plenary powers (3 %)

2347:

is a noun, it may not be "corrected" to "Equus zebrus".

1698:

Kobelt 1871 established the gastropod genus-group name

1507:

Rossmässler, 1858. It would be convenient to designate

1119:

Boettger, 1889 (p. 52) (both Gastropoda: Clausiliidae).

1105:

Fabricius, 1775 (p. 610) (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

1063:

Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) (p. 1110), not

3285: 1077:

Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) (p. 1111), not

582:

Scopoli, 1763 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae)

197: 2206:

Linnaeus, 1758 is deposited in Uppsala (the bones of

936:, 1801. Locard (1880) established a replacement name 720:

Some spelling variants are explicitly defined by the

438:

In the species-group, publishing a species name (the

2527:

after 2011 in a way that requires registration with

2045:

Linnaeus 1758 by subsequent absolute tautonymy (now

2018:

Subsequent absolute tautonymy (only very few cases)

1209:, but the name is also (rarely) used for a group in 669:

The following names are not homonyms of each other:

92:

How names are correctly established in the frame of

2897: