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together as man and wife, and her "connubial relations with Joseph Smith, if any occurred at all, certainly infrequent and irregular." She never had any children with Smith, but she and Jacobs had another son, Henry
Chariton Jacobs, on March 22, 1846. Her husband Henry was constantly called on missions (he served at least eight between 1839 and 1845) and was thus often absent from the house. In the face of such absences, Zina did not turn to Smith but rather sought relief from female kin. Her marriage to Henry, riddled with absences as it was, was the only time in her life that she would have a full-time husband. Though many 19th- and early 20th-century Mormon biographers painted her marriage to Henry as "not proving a happy union" to justify her subsequent marriages to Smith and later to Brigham Young, evidence from her diaries suggests this assertion is unfounded.
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superseded by the spiritual marriages, though no formal divorce was ever documented. Over a decade later, Brigham would explain, "There was another way—in which a woman could leave a man—if the woman preferred—another man higher in authority and he is willing to take her. And her husband gives her up—there is no Bill of divorce required in the case it is right in the sight of God." In May 1846, Young called Henry Jacobs to serve a mission to
England. In August 1846, Zina's father died, and Zina took shelter in the household of Brigham Young. Biographer Todd Compton believed that this move supported the interpretation that Zina at this time "began to live openly as Brigham's wife". However it was not until six months after the return of Henry Jacobs that Zina conceived a child with Young, a daughter named
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799:. Young was seen as complementary to Snow; it was later remarked that "Sister Snow was keenly intellectual, and she led by force of that intelligence. Sister Zina was all love and sympathy, and drew people after her by reason of that tenderness." The two grew close through their service together in the Relief Society General Presidency; they worked together on projects such as the Deseret Hospital, silk manufacture, and grain storage. They also spoke at church meetings together throughout Utah. In addition to Snow, Young counted other prominent women in the Relief Society as her friends, including
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it came from Joseph Smith, and he was the prophet. Her "unwavering obedience and unquestioning faith" ultimately determined her decision to be married to Smith and later to
Brigham Young. To her, the decision became a test of the integrity she would show to her faith; she later wrote in her journal, "could I compromise conscience ... lay aside the sure testimony of the Spirit of God for the Glory of this world?" This principle of total obedience and submission to church leaders she regarded as prophets came to define her faith. In her last conference of the Relief Society in October 1900 in the
580:, female healing blessings were part of the orthodoxy. Young would carefully wash, anoint, and seal healing blessings, even in the presence of her husband Brigham Young and other church leaders. She taught and encouraged other women to heal as well, preaching at the 1889 General Relief Society Conference, "it is the privilege of all Sisters living as they should to administer the ordinances to their Sisters in sickness & the little ones in faith & humility." She earned the name "Zina, the comforter", particularly after tending to the sick during the journey west as a
663:, born in 1850. What is certain is that Henry Jacobs, upon his return, was brought before a church council for his role in performing marriages uniting multiple women to William W. Phelps in England without authorization. Phelps was excommunicated. Henry was "silenced" for performing the marriages. "It was decided in Council that if a man lost his wife He was at liberty to marry again whare He pleased and was Justifyed." The Council clearly considered at this time that Henry Jacobs's marriage to Zina was now over.
747:(she had learned midwifery from her mother in New York) she "helped deliver the babies of many women, including those of the plural wives of Brigham Young. At their request, she anointed and blessed many of these sisters before their deliveries. Other women in need of physical and emotional comfort also received blessings under her hands." In 1848, Young enrolled in classes in herbal medicine and home nursing as well, seeking to increase her contributions to healthcare in Utah. In 1872, she helped establish the
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prophet of God before I ever saw him, while I resided in the state of New York, given in answer to prayer. I knew him in his lifetime, and know him to have been a great true man and a servant of God." Smith wrote to her in
October 1841 that he had "put it off till an angel with a drawn sword stood by me and told me if I did not establish that principle upon the earth I would lose my position and my life." She and Smith were married on October 27, 1841. Her brother
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540:. The former had tasked his daughter, Julia, with taking care of young Zina Huntington. She grew close to the Smith family as a result. In her mother's absence, she took on the role of caring for her father and siblings. Her father died when the Mormons were forced to leave Nauvoo. Before the forced departure, Zina Huntington received her
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In order to understand Young's decisions regarding plural marriage, it is pivotal to examine her relationship to the practice of polygamy. Though initially she struggled to understand the morality of the practice, she came to accept it—not because she found virtue in the practice itself, but because
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Young became pregnant shortly after her marriage. However, she continued to feel concern that she had rejected God by rejecting Joseph, whom she considered a prophet and God's spokesperson. She later recorded, "I received a testimony for myself from the Lord of this work, and that Joseph Smith was a
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In later life, Zina Young commented that women in polygamous relationships "expect too much attention from the husband and ... become sullen and morose". She explained that "a successful polygamous wife must regard her husband with indifference, and with no other feeling than that of reverence, for
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In time, Young accepted polygamy as a lifestyle. On one occasion, she proclaimed: "The principle of plural marriage is honorable. It is a principle of the gods, it is heaven born. God revealed it to us as a saving principle: we have accepted it as such and we know it is of him, for the fruits of it
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in
September 1848. In Utah Territory, she would raise her two sons from Jacobs, her daughter, and the four children of Brigham Young and Clarissa Maria Ross Young, her sister-wife who had died unexpectedly. She resisted the loss of her independence as Brigham drew her, physically and socially, into
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Young was about seven months pregnant with Jacobs' child (Zebulon
William Jacobs), as confirmed by DNA evidence, when she married Smith. It is not clear when Jacobs was made aware of the wedding to Smith; he did, however, believe in Smith's prophetic counsel. Zina and Henry Jacobs continued to live
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Jacobs struggled with this judgment, feeling that Zina should have remained his wife. In later years Jacob wrote to Zina: "the same affection is there .... But I feel alone .... I do not Blame Eny person .... ay the Lord our Father bless
Brother Brigham .... ll is right according to the Law of the
394:, each of whom she married while she was still married to her first husband, Henry Jacobs. She is among the most well-documented healers in LDS Church history (male or female), at one point performing hundreds of washing, anointing, and sealing healing rituals every year. Young was also known for
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in which
Brigham Young was chosen to lead the church; later, she and others recounted that Young spoke with the voice and appearance of Smith on that occasion. Because she believed him to be God's chosen leader, she consented when Young, 20 years her senior, claimed he acted as Smith's proxy and
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As a leader among women, she was known for her nurturing character. She embraced the "feminine sphere" of her time, spending her life in Utah serving and influencing other women. Her "hallmark was intimate care: nursing, midwifery, attendance at the sickbed, radiance in the blessing circle, and
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As
General Relief Society President, Young traveled throughout the church performing hundreds of healing blessings every year; she is possibly the LDS Church's most well documented healer, male or female. Though healing rituals are strictly a function of the male priesthood in the contemporary
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wrote: "There have been many noble women, some great women and a multitude of good women associated, past and present, with the Latter-Day work. But of them all none was so lovely, so lovable, and so passionately beloved as was 'Aunt Zina.'" Above all, her legacy is the strength she found in
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did with Smith's other plural wives). Brigham was united "for time" with Zina on
February 2, 1846, and, at the same time, she was re-sealed to Smith for eternity. Some scholars argue that at this point, Brigham Young and other church leaders considered her civil marriage to Jacobs canceled,
878:, diligence, and service. She was a member of a well-known circle of early Latter Day Saints, having been sealed to two presidents of the church and serving as a leader of Mormon women in Utah. Her tender nature towards Utah women led many to call her "Aunt Zina". Of her,
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When Snow died in 1887, Young became Relief Society General President, a position she held for thirteen years. In this capacity, she organized the first Relief Society General Conference; and, during the years of her presidency, the construction of the
524:, Zina's father helped coordinate the evacuation of church members to Illinois. The Huntington family arrived in Illinois in Spring 1839. Though healthy upon their arrival, eighteen-year-old Zina and her mother both fell ill that summer in a
469:, Zina Huntington grew up in a home where matters of spiritual importance were consistently included in the family dialogue. Her parents had long been searching for a church they believed to be true when, in 1835, her family was contacted by
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love we regard as a false sentiment; a feeling which should have no existence in polygamy". She came to rely primarily on relationships with kin and other women in the community for support and friendship.
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as a part of the 1880 Church Jubilee Celebration. The capsule was opened 50 years later, in 1930. She also wrote an article describing her religious experiences entitled "How I Gained My Testimony" for the
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I was Married to Mr. Henry Bailey Jacobs. He had been a missionary preaching the Gospel for some time. His Father Henry Jacobs was one of the first elders in the Church, faithful and true until the last.
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and for traditional Christian monogamy, and because such a union would require secrecy. On March 7, 1841, she married Jacobs, believing she had thus avoided future proposals from Smith. Nauvoo mayor
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also taught her about plural marriage in private conversations; he proposed that she become his plural wife on at least three different occasions. Young declined the proposals out of her respect for
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in Salt Lake City, and served on its board of directors and for twelve years as its president. She also organized a nursing school and taught courses in obstetrics.
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Reeder, Jennifer (2012). "'Power for the Accomplishment of Greater Good': Zina Diantha Huntington Young". In Turley, Richard E.; Chapman, Brittany A. (eds.).
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his vast household, and found herself very lonely once there. She relied heavily upon kinship ties to her brothers and sister for the rest of her life.
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Whitney, Orson F. "Zina Huntington Young." History of Utah. Salt Lake City, Utah : G. Q. Cannon & Sons Co, 1892. 576–578. Print. Page 576.
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later wrote of her: "In all spiritual labors and manifestations, she was greatly gifted, and no woman in Israel was more inspirational in prayer
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Bradley, Martha Sonntag; Woodward, Mary Brown Firmage (1994), "Plurality, Patriarchy, and the Priestess: Zina D. H. Young's Nauvoo Marriages",
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Bradley, Martha Sonntag; Woodward, Mary Brown Firmage (1994). "Plurality, Patriarchy, and the Priestess: Zina D. H. Young's Nauvoo Marriages".
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In Utah, once her children were grown, Young became involved in a number of public service activities. She became a school teacher and studied
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Zina D. H. Young died on August 28, 1901, at age 80. She spent the last two months of her life in Canada with her daughter and grandchildren.
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that ended the church sanctioning new plural marriages, Young lamented, "Today the hearts of all were tried but looked to God and submitted."
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communities of women where she found "the Spirit of God is, and when we speak to one another, it is like oil going from vessel to vessel."
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374:(January 31, 1821 – August 28, 1901) was an American social activist and religious leader who served as the third general president of the
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Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith Young letter, Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library, L. Tom Perry Special Collections
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Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith Young papers, Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library, L. Tom Perry Special Collections
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Young recorded in her autobiography that she was courted by Henry Bailey Jacobs when she was eighteen years old. During this time,
1934:; Myers, Natalie M.; Woodward, Scott R. (2005), "Reconstructing the Y-Chromosome of Joseph Smith, Jr: Genealogical Applications",
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was active in refining the society's organization and functions, and helped develop additional church auxiliaries, including the
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After the LDS Church's Relief Society was reorganized church-wide in 1868, Young was selected as first counselor by President
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and prophesying. She learned midwifery as a young girl and later made contributions to the healthcare industry in
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956:"Zina and Her Men: An Examination of the Changing Marital State of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith Young"
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are holy.... We are proud of the principle because we know its true worth." In 1890, when church president
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was completed, women in Utah regained the right to vote, and the Relief Society was featured in the
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Simon Huntington, who died at sea in 1633 on the voyage to America. Her father was a veteran of the
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Higbee, Marilyn, ed. (Fall 1993), "'A Weary Traveller': The 1848-1850 Diary of Zina D. H. Young",
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Zina Young, "Joseph the Prophet His Life and His Mission as Viewed By Intimate Acquaintances",
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1700:"All Things Move in Order in the City: the Nauvoo Diary of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs"
1563:"All things move in order in the city: The Nauvoo diary of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs"
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performed the ceremony. By that time, Joseph was married to six other women: Emma Smith,
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At the request of the Relief Society, Young wrote a short autobiography to put in a
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between Missouri residents and the newly arrived Mormons. After Missouri Governor
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Young was noted among the new converts of the church for her somewhat remarkable
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Though she harbored a fear of worms, Young took charge of the Relief Society's
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Religion had always been important to her parents, and, as a youth during the
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and Zina Baker. She had nine siblings. Her father's family was descended from
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movements, and, in the winter of 1881–82, attended the Women's Conference in
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844:. She served for a total of 32 years on the Relief Society General Board.
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Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, up through the presidency of
572:.... Her whole life was one of untiring devotion to her Heavenly Father."
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conducted the ceremony. Her journal from the day of the wedding reads:
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American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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Four Zinas: A Story of Mothers and Daughters on the Mormon Frontier
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The legacy of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith Young is one of
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1217:. American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications. pp. 377–379.
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and establishing a nursing school. Young was also involved in the
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4 Zinas: A Story of Mothers and Daughters on the Mormon Frontier
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proposed they be married for time (as many other members of the
19:"Zina Young" redirects here. For American religious leader, see
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powerful spirituality as she spoke in or interpreted tongues".
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Bradley, Martha Sonntag; Woodward, Mary Brown Firmage (2000),
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Bradley, Martha Sonntag; Firmage Woodward, Mary Brown (2000).
910:"Appendix 1: Biographical Register of General Church Officers"
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Church History: Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism
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After Smith's death in 1844, Jacobs stood by while Young was
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and serving as the vice president of the Utah chapter of the
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Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri
1011:""A Weary Traveler": The 1848–50 Diary of Zina D. H. Young"
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Counselors in the General Presidency of the Relief Society
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Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement
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First Counselor in the Relief Society General Presidency
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American social activist and religious leader (1821–1901)
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Woodward, Mary Firmage (1992). Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.).
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Choir. Nineteen months later, the family moved again to
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First Counselor in the Relief Society General Presidency
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Pictures and Biographies of Brigham Young and his Wives
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Women of Character: Profiles of 100 prominent LDS Women
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints titles
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In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith
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382:(LDS Church) from 1888 until her death. She practiced
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The power of godliness: Mormon liturgy and cosmology
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The power of godliness: Mormon liturgy and cosmology
704:, to comply with the U.S. supreme court, issued the
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1514:"Great-Grandmother Zina: A More Personal Portrait,"
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Gravestone of Zina D.H. Young in Salt Lake Cemetery
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1770:No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
1632:In Their Own Words: Women and the Story of Nauvoo
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426:Zina Huntington was born on January 31, 1821, in
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2913:Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement
1409:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. page 93
1209:Black, Susan Easton; Woodger, Mary Jane (2011).
994:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. page 79
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489:by Smith and Whitmer, after which she recorded
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1911:Elect Ladies: Presidents of the Relief Society
1587:"The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage"
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1636:. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. p. 30.
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68: – August 28, 1901
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2945:List of Reorganized Restorationist churches
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1454:Salt Lake Herald Church and Farm Supplement
1310:. Salt Lake City, Utah: James H. Crockwell.
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847:In 1891, she became vice president of the
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1160:. Salt Lake City: Deseret News: 697–699.
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1763:
1627:
1500:
1469:
1145:
1097:
1008:
904:
793:Young Ladies' Retrenchment Association
2758:Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible
2529:
2109:
1948:
1882:
1473:
1383:"Zina D. H. Young:A Character Sketch"
1380:
1371:
1337:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1038:
1036:
997:
893:
3343:Latter Day Saints in popular culture
1314:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
944:
3081:Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice
1607:. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
1561:Beecher, Maureen Ursenbach (1979).
1540:. Signature Books. pp. 44–45.
1328:Beecher, Maureen Ursenbach (1993).
858:
773:National Woman Suffrage Association
754:
716:Civic leadership and church service
442:; her grandfather a soldier in the
412:National Woman Suffrage Association
13:
3603:Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
3220:List of prophecies of Joseph Smith
1885:"Research focuses on Smith family"
1674:The Story of the Latter-day Saints
1661:
1330:"Each in Her Own Time: Four Zinas"
1033:
555:
14:
3649:
3558:American women's rights activists
3198:Historicity of the Book of Mormon
2576:Mormonism and Nicene Christianity
2000:
1883:Moore, Carrie A. (May 28, 2005).
1797:Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling
1486:Perego, Myers & Woodward 2005
1101:Women of Faith in the Latter Days
1064:
778:
3484:Temple architecture (LDS Church)
3149:Black people and early Mormonism
2748:Criticism of Mormon sacred texts
1536:Van Wagoner, Richard S. (1989).
512:. They arrived in Far West at a
350:
339:
3618:Latter Day Saints from Illinois
3583:People from Watertown, New York
1628:Madsen, Carol Cornwall (1994).
1579:
1506:
1479:
1459:
1446:
1442:. pp. 77–91, 108, 466–467.
1399:
1148:"Zina Diantha Huntington Young"
483:Church of the Latter Day Saints
3638:19th-century American diarists
3348:Portrayal of Mormons in comics
3303:Association for Mormon Letters
1174:
954:Allen L. Wyatt (August 2006).
731:Contributions to public health
1:
1653:– via Internet Archive.
1234:– via Internet Archive.
886:
372:Zina Diantha Huntington Young
133: – April 1888
7:
3623:Latter Day Saints from Utah
3613:Latter Day Saints from Ohio
3543:20th-century American women
3538:19th-century American women
2933:Latter Day Church of Christ
2773:Book of the Law of the Lord
2650:Community of Christ history
1671:; Leonard, Glen M. (1976),
1381:Wells, Emmeline B. (1901).
1304:Crockwell, James H (1887).
10:
3654:
3578:People from Salt Lake City
2052:–August 28, 1901
1979:Mormon Polygamy: A History
1773:(2nd ed.), New York:
1696:Beecher, Maureen Ursenbach
1538:Mormon Polygamy: A History
597:Painting of Zina Young by
18:
3502:
3409:
3363:
3330:
3233:
3114:
2953:
2928:Apostolic United Brethren
2864:
2796:
2787:Fettingites and offshoots
2689:
2621:History of the LDS Church
2594:
2586:Teachings of Joseph Smith
2563:
2557:Latter Day Saint movement
2380:
2270:
2151:
2094:
2079:
2071:
2061:
2034:
2026:
2019:
1937:Journal of Mormon History
1846:Journal of Mormon History
1720:Journal of Mormon History
1276:Journal of Mormon History
1048:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
1015:Journal of Mormon History
915:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
849:National Council of Women
842:1893 Chicago World's Fair
416:National Council of Women
408:women's suffrage movement
335:
330:
326:
315:
307:
295:
287:
271:
219:
202:
180:
175:
171:
167:
157:
147:
137:
124:
119:
115:
111:
101:
91:
79:
59:
50:
46:
37:
30:
3507:Latter Day Saints Portal
3462:Kirtland Egyptian papers
2626:Mormon handcart pioneers
1981:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
1913:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
1677:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
1104:. Salt Lake City, Utah:
1009:Higbee, Marilyn (1993).
775:convention in New York.
759:Young was active in the
687:Relationship to polygamy
3548:American women diarists
2954:Doctrines and practices
2084:June 19, 1880
2044:April 8, 1888
1975:Van Wagoner, Richard S.
1405:Stapley, J. A. (2018).
1146:Jenson, Andrew (1941).
1050:. New York: Macmillan.
990:Stapley, J. A. (2018).
694:Salt Lake Assembly Hall
259:Salt Lake City Cemetery
226:Salt Lake City Cemetery
184:Zina Diantha Huntington
125:June 19, 1880
60:April 8, 1888
3628:Wives of Brigham Young
3036:Melchizedek priesthood
1792:Bushman, Richard Lyman
1438:Compton, Todd (1997).
868:
727:
670:Zina Young joined the
623:
602:
588:Marriages and children
548:. She also joined the
430:, the eighth child of
321:
3633:Wives of Joseph Smith
3588:Richards–Young family
3563:Converts to Mormonism
3474:Mormonism and history
3026:Judaism and Mormonism
2938:Centennial Park group
2918:Mormon fundamentalism
2581:Mormon fundamentalism
1698:, ed. (Spring 1979),
1512:Firmage, Mary Brown.
866:
825:Young Woman's Journal
723:
619:
595:
422:Family and conversion
320:
215:, Utah, United States
3213:Geographical setting
3159:Joseph Smith's views
3041:Patriarchal blessing
2991:Early views on death
2891:Restoration branches
2797:Founders and leaders
2783:The Word of the Lord
2763:Pearl of Great Price
2660:Restoration branches
2137:General Presidencies
1890:Deseret Morning News
1440:In Sacred Loneliness
1108:. pp. 443–463.
960:2006 FAIR Conference
920:Macmillan Publishing
851:. She worked in the
661:Zina Presendia Young
656:Quorum of the Twelve
346:Biography portal
248:40.7772°N 111.8580°W
3452:Joseph Smith Papyri
3101:Women and Mormonism
3031:Law of consecration
3021:Islam and Mormonism
3001:Gifts of the Spirit
2886:Community of Christ
2609:Extermination Order
1472:, pp. 465–66;
1468:, pp. 439–40;
1456:, January 12, 1895.
1045:"Young, Zina D. H."
797:Primary Association
522:Extermination Order
491:speaking in tongues
454:, soap making, and
446:; and his brother,
428:Watertown, New York
396:speaking in tongues
357:LDS movement portal
243: /
196:Watertown, New York
3353:Mormon pornography
3322:Placement marriage
3261:Mormon blogosphere
2636:Mormon Reformation
2504:Thompson (2007–12)
2390:(1842–44, 1886–87)
2364:Stephens (2012–17)
2075:Sarah M. Cleveland
2065:Bathsheba W. Smith
1956:, Salt Lake City:
1825:, Salt Lake City:
1746:, Salt Lake City:
1029:– via JSTOR.
869:
789:general presidency
728:
678:, arriving in the
603:
510:Far West, Missouri
432:William Huntington
322:
300:William Huntington
253:40.7772; -111.8580
152:Sarah M. Cleveland
106:Bathsheba W. Smith
21:Zina P. Young Card
3598:American midwives
3515:
3514:
3479:Reformed Egyptian
3401:Smith Family Farm
3315:Mormon folk music
3288:Mormon literature
3171:Pacific Islanders
3046:Plan of salvation
2971:Articles of Faith
2961:Adam–God doctrine
2866:LDS denominations
2851:Granville Hedrick
2846:William Bickerton
2768:Lectures on Faith
2679:William Bickerton
2614:Succession crisis
2564:Fundamental ideas
2523:
2522:
2104:
2103:
2095:Succeeded by
2062:Succeeded by
2040:General President
1992:978-0-941214-79-7
1950:Quinn, D. Michael
1859:Ludlow, Daniel H.
1115:978-1-60907-173-8
805:Emmeline B. Wells
566:Emmeline B. Wells
498:Joseph Smith, Sr.
448:Samuel Huntington
444:Revolutionary War
369:
368:
364:
363:
291:3, plus 4 adopted
55:General President
3645:
3386:Nauvoo, Illinois
3331:The Mormon Image
3166:Native Americans
3086:Son of perdition
3071:Second anointing
3011:Heavenly Parents
2986:Degrees of glory
2836:Joseph Smith III
2831:Wilford Woodruff
2655:Amboy Conference
2631:Mormon Battalion
2604:Church of Christ
2550:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2507:Reeves (2012–17)
2423:Barker (1935–39)
2381:Second Counselor
2361:Allred (2007–12)
2358:Hughes (2002–07)
2271:First Counselors
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2098:Jane S. Richards
2091:
2089:
2072:Preceded by
2059:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2027:Preceded by
2017:
2016:
1995:
1970:
1945:
1927:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1879:
1854:
1839:
1814:
1787:
1760:
1735:
1713:
1691:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1522:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1349:10.2307/45228588
1334:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1271:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1206:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1143:
1120:
1119:
1095:
1062:
1061:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1006:
995:
988:
975:
974:
972:
970:
951:
942:
941:
922:. p. 1651.
906:Ludlow, Daniel H
902:
880:Susa Young Gates
859:Death and legacy
838:Salt Lake Temple
765:women's suffrage
755:Women's suffrage
749:Deseret Hospital
741:Willard Richards
702:Wilford Woodruff
680:Salt Lake Valley
645:to Smith in the
571:
514:time of violence
410:, attending the
404:Deseret Hospital
359:
355:
354:
353:
344:
343:
342:
333:
332:
267:
266:
264:
263:
262:
260:
255:
254:
249:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
222:
209:
193:January 31, 1821
192:
190:
176:Personal details
162:Jane S. Richards
140:
132:
130:
86:Wilford Woodruff
82:
75:
73:
67:
65:
42:
33:
32:Zina D. H. Young
28:
27:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3573:Mormon pioneers
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3498:
3405:
3381:Mormon corridor
3359:
3326:
3283:Mormon foodways
3271:Mormon folklore
3229:
3110:
3016:Heavenly Mother
2949:
2860:
2792:
2777:Strangites only
2714:Book of Abraham
2685:
2590:
2559:
2554:
2524:
2519:
2376:
2343:Evans (1984–90)
2266:
2147:
2134:
2100:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2032:
2003:
1993:
1983:Signature Books
1968:
1958:Signature Books
1925:
1899:
1897:
1877:
1837:
1827:Signature Books
1812:
1785:
1765:Brodie, Fawn M.
1758:
1748:Signature Books
1689:
1669:Allen, James B.
1664:
1662:Further reading
1659:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1534:
1525:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:, pp. 633.
1464:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1388:Improvement Era
1379:
1372:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1302:
1295:
1272:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1207:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1144:
1123:
1116:
1096:
1065:
1058:
1041:
1034:
1007:
998:
989:
978:
968:
966:
952:
945:
930:
903:
894:
889:
861:
853:Endowment House
801:Bathsheba Smith
781:
757:
733:
726:
718:
689:
676:Rocky Mountains
615:John C. Bennett
601:
590:
578:Joseph F. Smith
569:
562:spiritual gifts
558:
556:Spiritual gifts
506:Kirtland Temple
467:Great Awakening
424:
386:as the wife of
365:
360:
351:
349:
340:
338:
337:
302:
280:
276:
275:Henry B. Jacobs
258:
256:
252:
250:
246:
245:
242:
237:
234:
232:
230:
229:
228:
220:
211:
207:
206:August 28, 1901
198:, United States
194:
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186:
185:
138:
128:
126:
80:
71:
69:
63:
61:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3595:
3590:
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3499:
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3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Anti-Mormonism
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Salt Lake City
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Kirtland, Ohio
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3338:Mormon studies
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:Mormon fiction
3295:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
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3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
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3205:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:Word of Wisdom
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Premortal life
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2856:Alpheus Cutler
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Oliver Cowdery
2813:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2726:Book of Mormon
2723:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
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2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
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2514:
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2478:
2472:
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2454:
2448:
2442:
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2424:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:Dennis (2022–)
2371:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
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2274:
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2265:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2141:Relief Society
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2037:Relief Society
2033:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2002:
2001:External links
1999:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1971:
1966:
1946:
1932:Perego, Ugo A.
1928:
1923:
1906:
1880:
1875:
1861:, ed. (1992),
1855:
1840:
1835:
1815:
1810:
1788:
1783:
1761:
1756:
1737:
1714:
1692:
1687:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1642:
1620:
1613:
1592:
1578:
1553:
1546:
1523:
1505:
1503:, p. 465.
1490:
1478:
1458:
1445:
1411:
1398:
1370:
1343:(2): 119–135.
1313:
1293:
1237:
1223:
1182:
1173:
1166:
1121:
1114:
1063:
1056:
1032:
996:
976:
943:
928:
908:, ed. (1992).
891:
890:
888:
885:
860:
857:
780:
779:Church service
777:
756:
753:
732:
729:
724:
717:
714:
688:
685:
596:
589:
586:
582:Mormon pioneer
557:
554:
550:Relief Society
502:Kirtland, Ohio
423:
420:
400:Utah Territory
376:Relief Society
367:
366:
362:
361:
336:
328:
327:
324:
323:
313:
312:
309:
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304:
297:
293:
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216:
213:Salt Lake City
210:(aged 80)
204:
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53:Relief Society
48:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Theodemocracy
3487:
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3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
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3127:current state
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2707:New Testament
2705:
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2702:Old Testament
2700:
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2031:
2030:Eliza R. Snow
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:1-56085-056-6
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
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1929:
1926:
1924:0-87579-416-5
1920:
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1836:1-56085-085-X
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1816:
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1811:1-4000-4270-4
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1757:1-56085-141-4
1753:
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1727:(1): 84–118,
1726:
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1639:
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1614:9781560851417
1610:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1589:. LDS Church.
1588:
1582:
1575:(3): 285–320.
1574:
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1547:9780941214797
1543:
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1521:, March 1984.
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1057:9780028796055
1053:
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1021:(2): 86–126.
1020:
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785:Eliza R. Snow
776:
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746:
742:
738:
722:
713:
709:
707:
703:
697:
695:
684:
681:
677:
673:
672:Mormon Exodus
668:
664:
662:
657:
652:
648:
647:Nauvoo Temple
644:
639:
635:
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629:
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546:Nauvoo Temple
543:
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531:
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518:Lilburn Boggs
515:
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475:David Whitmer
472:
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417:
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409:
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397:
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392:Brigham Young
389:
385:
381:
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358:
347:
334:
329:
325:
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314:
310:
306:
301:
298:
294:
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286:
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282:Brigham Young
279:
274:
270:
265:
227:
224:
221:Resting place
218:
214:
205:
201:
197:
183:
179:
174:
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166:
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160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:Eliza R. Snow
142:
136:
123:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
96:Eliza R. Snow
94:
90:
87:
84:
78:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
3494:Voree plates
3442:First Vision
3427:Bibliography
3422:Angel Moroni
3396:Sacred Grove
3310:Mormon music
3225:Universalism
3154:Civil rights
3144:Black people
3076:Spirit world
3006:Views on God
2976:Confirmation
2898:Bickertonite
2841:James Strang
2804:Joseph Smith
2690:Sacred texts
2283:
2170:
2092:–April 1888
2080:
2035:
1978:
1953:
1941:
1935:
1915:Deseret Book
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1895:Deseret News
1888:
1867:Deseret Book
1862:
1850:
1844:
1822:
1800:, New York:
1795:
1768:
1742:
1724:
1718:
1712:(3): 285–320
1709:
1703:
1679:Deseret Book
1672:
1647:. Retrieved
1631:
1623:
1604:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1537:
1516:
1508:
1481:
1466:Bushman 2005
1461:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1340:
1336:
1306:
1279:
1275:
1228:. Retrieved
1212:
1176:
1157:
1151:
1106:Deseret Book
1100:
1047:
1018:
1014:
991:
967:. Retrieved
959:
918:. New York:
913:
873:
870:
846:
834:
830:
823:
819:time capsule
816:
809:
782:
758:
734:
725:Zina c. 1887
710:
698:
690:
669:
665:
640:
636:
624:
620:
607:Joseph Smith
604:
599:John Clawson
574:
559:
528:epidemic in
495:
481:of the then
479:missionaries
464:
425:
390:, and later
388:Joseph Smith
371:
370:
348:
278:Joseph Smith
208:(1901-08-28)
25:
3533:1901 deaths
3528:1821 births
3246:Jack Mormon
3203:archaeology
3188:LGBT people
3061:Restoration
2923:FLDS Church
2516:Yee (2022–)
2495:(1997–2002)
2396:(1888–1901)
2355:(1997–2002)
2292:(1888–1901)
2233:(1997–2002)
2173:(1888–1901)
1853:(2): 86–125
1705:BYU Studies
1568:BYU Studies
1501:Brodie 1971
1470:Brodie 1971
1395:(1): 43–48.
969:October 29,
812:sericulture
632:Fanny Alger
520:issued the
471:Hyrum Smith
440:War of 1812
251: /
238:111°51′29″W
148:Predecessor
92:Predecessor
3522:Categories
3256:Mormon art
3176:Phrenology
3066:Revelation
3056:Priesthood
2996:Exaltation
2908:Hedrickite
2406:J.L. Smith
2400:Dusenberry
2394:B.W. Smith
2213:B.B. Smith
2177:B.W. Smith
2159:E.H. Smith
2152:Presidents
2088:1880-06-19
2056:1901-08-28
2048:1888-04-08
1944:(2): 70–88
1474:Quinn 1994
964:FairMormon
887:References
787:. The new
761:temperance
737:obstetrics
611:Emma Smith
538:Emma Smith
303:Zina Baker
257: (
235:40°46′38″N
189:1821-01-31
129:1880-06-19
72:1901-08-28
64:1888-04-08
3251:Lost boys
3241:Ex-Mormon
2981:Cosmology
2903:Strangite
2736:Criticism
2719:Criticism
2674:Rigdonite
2571:Mormonism
2513:(2017–22)
2501:(2002–07)
2489:(1990–97)
2483:(1984–90)
2477:(1983–84)
2471:(1978–83)
2465:(1974–78)
2459:(1958–74)
2453:(1957–58)
2447:(1947–56)
2441:(1945–47)
2435:(1942–45)
2429:(1940–42)
2420:(1928–35)
2414:(1921–28)
2408:(1910–21)
2402:(1901–10)
2370:(2017–22)
2349:(1990–97)
2340:(1978–84)
2334:(1974–78)
2328:(1945–74)
2322:(1939–45)
2316:(1928–39)
2310:(1921–28)
2304:(1910–21)
2298:(1901–09)
2286:(1880–87)
2280:(1842–44)
2278:Cleveland
2257:(2017–22)
2251:(2012–17)
2245:(2007–12)
2239:(2002–07)
2227:(1990–97)
2221:(1984–90)
2215:(1974–84)
2209:(1945–74)
2203:(1940–45)
2197:(1928–39)
2191:(1921–28)
2185:(1910–21)
2179:(1901–10)
2167:(1866–87)
2161:(1842–44)
1900:August 2,
1365:254338652
876:obedience
706:Manifesto
542:endowment
487:confirmed
384:polyandry
308:Signature
272:Spouse(s)
158:Successor
139:Called by
102:Successor
81:Called by
3193:Violence
3122:Polygamy
2641:Utah War
2451:Anderson
2445:Simonsen
2433:Spafford
2427:Sorensen
2302:Williams
2290:Richards
2207:Spafford
2189:Williams
1977:(1989),
1952:(1994),
1821:(1997),
1794:(2005),
1767:(1971),
1733:23286315
1649:March 6,
1357:45228588
1288:23286315
1230:March 6,
1027:23286376
938:24502140
795:and the
452:spinning
288:Children
3410:Related
3371:Cumorah
3234:Culture
3181:Slavery
3096:Tithing
3091:Temples
2879:outline
2809:outline
2731:outline
2596:History
2499:Pingree
2412:Robison
2388:Whitney
2347:Okazaki
2320:Howells
2263:(2022–)
2261:Johnson
2255:Bingham
2195:Robison
2139:of the
2086: (
2054: (
2046: (
769:Buffalo
745:midwife
743:. As a
674:to the
651:meeting
544:in the
526:malaria
456:weaving
436:Puritan
296:Parents
127: (
70: (
62: (
3364:Places
3208:origin
3132:origin
2966:Agency
2511:Aburto
2469:Thomas
2457:Madsen
2368:Eubank
2353:Jensen
2332:Cannon
2308:Knight
2249:Burton
2237:Parkin
2219:Winder
1989:
1964:
1921:
1873:
1833:
1808:
1781:
1754:
1731:
1685:
1640:
1611:
1544:
1518:Ensign
1363:
1355:
1286:
1221:
1164:
1112:
1054:
1025:
936:
926:
771:and a
739:under
643:sealed
628:Dimick
570:
534:Joseph
530:Nauvoo
311:
3469:Kolob
2697:Bible
2487:Clyde
2481:Doxey
2475:Reese
2463:Boyer
2439:Garff
2418:Child
2338:Boyer
2326:Sharp
2314:Lyman
2284:Young
2231:Smoot
2201:Lyman
2183:Wells
2171:Young
1802:Knopf
1775:Knopf
1729:JSTOR
1361:S2CID
1353:JSTOR
1333:(PDF)
1284:JSTOR
1023:JSTOR
460:cello
3139:Race
2296:Hyde
2243:Beck
2225:Jack
2165:Snow
1987:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1902:2006
1871:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1651:2024
1638:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1232:2024
1219:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1052:ISBN
971:2014
934:OCLC
924:ISBN
803:and
763:and
536:and
473:and
203:Died
181:Born
51:3rd
2493:Dew
2143:of
1345:doi
378:of
3524::
1985:,
1960:,
1942:32
1940:,
1917:,
1893:.
1887:.
1869:,
1865:,
1851:19
1849:,
1829:,
1804:,
1777:,
1750:,
1725:20
1723:,
1710:19
1708:,
1702:,
1681:,
1595:^
1573:19
1571:.
1565:.
1526:^
1493:^
1414:^
1391:.
1385:.
1373:^
1359:.
1351:.
1341:26
1339:.
1335:.
1316:^
1296:^
1280:20
1278:.
1240:^
1185:^
1156:.
1150:.
1124:^
1066:^
1035:^
1019:19
1017:.
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