2091:) were universal apart from the ejective, which was only attested from one speaker, but two of the palatal clicks were only used by half the speakers, at least in the sample vocabulary. The missing palatal and lateral clicks were substituted with alveolar or sometimes dental clicks (palatals only), and the missing ejective alveolar was substituted with a glottalized alveolar. Both of these patterns are consistent with studies of
269:
of any Bantu language, with dental, alveolar, palatal, and lateral articulations. Though most of its older speakers prefer Yeyi in normal conversation, it is being gradually phased out in
Botswana by a popular move towards Tswana, with Yeyi only being learned by children in a few villages. Yeyi
2095:, though it is possible that these speakers maintain these clicks in other words. 23 of the 24 possible permutations were attested in the sample vocabulary by at least one speaker, the exception being the ejective lateral click
2352:
2881:
1964:, not single sounds. In addition, a reported uvular affricated click appears to actually be velar, with the affrication a variant of aspiration, and so has been included under
293:
Yeyi appears to be a divergent lineage of Bantu. It is usually classified as a member of the R Zone Bantu languages. The language has been phonetically influenced by the
2073:
Unfortunately, the speakers interviewed were not from the core Yeyi-speaking area, and they often disagreed on which clicks to use. Although the six dental clicks (
2249:
2874:
1869:(2002) studied the clicks of a limited vocabulary sample with 13 Yeyi speakers who were not from the core speaking area. The series they found are:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
2867:
2436:
2652:
2394:
1754:. However, the actual number of clicks is disputed, as researchers disagree on how many series of manner and phonation the language contrasts.
3852:
112:
3770:
2895:
892:
179:
1968:. There is similar velar affrication with the dental ejective click among some speakers. The ejective clicks are apparently uvular.
3847:
2235:
274:
of north-eastern
Namibia, however, retain Yeyi in villages (including Linyanti), but may also speak the regional lingua franca,
425:
can be heard as nasalized when preceding nasal consonants. A nasal can also be heard, but only in stem-internal position.
265:
languages, is one of several Bantu languages along the
Okavango with clicks. Indeed, it has the largest known inventory of
2429:
972:
928:
217:
2645:
660:
766:
550:
281:
The main dialect is called
Shirwanga. A slight majority of Botswana Yeyi are monolingual in the national language,
2246:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
2859:
750:
207:
3837:
2422:
3842:
2638:
1544:
818:
713:
3651:
1682:
802:
759:
543:
193:
83:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1461:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
986:
429:
422:
415:
411:
405:
3727:
952:
777:
653:
341:
1075:
965:
727:
674:
564:
536:
527:
501:
389:
103:
3663:
3657:
3615:
2525:
811:
794:
706:
364:
93:
88:
77:
3832:
3827:
350:
2361:
2114:. There are three basic series, tenuis, aspirated, and voiced, any of which may be prenasalized:
2942:
2453:
1971:
Miller (2011), in a comparative study with other languages, interprets their results as follows,
699:
690:
557:
2918:
2832:
2809:
2584:
2408:
2356:
1705:
1698:
1609:
1602:
1486:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1361:
1335:
1328:
1302:
1295:
1269:
1262:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1190:
1181:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1050:
646:
373:
3773:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
3761:
3211:
2594:
2445:
1641:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1530:
1038:
898:
847:
838:
454:
2381:
Sozialer Wandel und
Sprachverhalten bei den Yeyi (Botswana), Ethnographie des Sprachwechsels
2661:
1668:
1537:
856:
720:
2066:
The contrast between ejective and glottalized nasal clicks is unusual, but also occurs in
8:
3645:
3099:
3093:
2983:
2848:
1675:
1634:
1594:
1553:
1523:
1377:
1283:
1245:
1131:
917:
667:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
589:
582:
3538:
2948:
2691:
2505:
2388:
1661:
1350:
1170:
1045:
1033:
863:
635:
461:
449:
2804:
169:
3205:
2789:
2766:
2736:
2696:
2599:
2556:
2536:
2515:
2099:. This research needs to be repeated in an area where the language is still vibrant.
1961:
1757:
Sommer & Voßen (1992) listed the following manners, shown as the palatal series:
1622:
1498:
1493:
1420:
1316:
1202:
1062:
786:
683:
476:
466:
98:
2579:
2569:
213:
3486:
3334:
3298:
3257:
3193:
3175:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3105:
3041:
2977:
2930:
2751:
2675:
2500:
2490:
2466:
1481:
881:
875:
2889:
2574:
2067:
3692:
3686:
3639:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3468:
3462:
3405:
3393:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3269:
3263:
3251:
3217:
3117:
3111:
3029:
2891:
2761:
2741:
2731:
2713:
2701:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2495:
2477:
2253:
1691:
1057:
832:
471:
282:
266:
242:
108:
69:
2190:
198:
3754:
3733:
3721:
3698:
3633:
3627:
3609:
3597:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3503:
3474:
3456:
3450:
3399:
3310:
3304:
3281:
3187:
3181:
3140:
3035:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2960:
2954:
2936:
2924:
2746:
2723:
2619:
2546:
2485:
1734:
1505:
1083:
250:
50:
2213:
2080:) were nearly universal, only one of the lateral clicks was (the voiced click
3822:
3816:
3704:
3680:
3603:
3199:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
2824:
2814:
2794:
2609:
2604:
2589:
2564:
1748:
1741:
1511:
1383:
1251:
1089:
741:
520:
323:
271:
1014:
can be heard as a tap or a trill, but can also be heard as a retroflex tap .
3621:
3480:
3275:
3134:
2799:
2756:
2614:
1945:
1727:
1654:
1590:
572:
294:
262:
153:
946:
335:
318:
246:
2414:
2630:
2218:
2092:
432:
can tend to be centralized as following fricative and sibilant sounds.
381:
328:
2708:
2461:
735:
514:
358:
162:
146:
2311:
489:
258:
225:
39:
2280:
3245:
2781:
2342:
Fulop, Sean; Ladefoged, Peter; Liu, Fang; Vossen, Rainer (2002).
509:
254:
221:
35:
3778:
Narrow Bantu languages by
Guthrie classification zone templates
275:
993:
A glottal stop sound can also occur, but only between vowels.
2194:
1862:
The uvular ejective series was uncertain due to infrequency.
2102:
Seidel (2008) says that Yeyi has three click types, dental
1007:
can range from an approximant sound to a fricative sound .
224:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1464:
may often be heard as prenasal palatal stop consonants .
2341:
2286:
2372:
A Grammar of Yeyi: A Bantu
Language of Southern Africa
985:
Other palatalized consonant sounds that can occur are
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2350:
2337:(BA Honours dissertation). University of Cape Town.
2259:
2195:Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages
3814:
1000:may often be heard as palatal stop consonants .
297:, though it is no longer in contact with them.
2409:Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis
2344:Yeyi clicks: Acoustic description and analysis
414:can also be heard as in word-final position.
285:, and the majority of the rest are bilingual.
2875:
2646:
2430:
2335:Phonology and morphology of the noun in Yeeyi
3802:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
3797:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
3792:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
3787:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
3782:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
1460:Prenasal palatalized-velar stop consonants
245:spoken by many of the approximately 50,000
2882:
2868:
2653:
2639:
2437:
2423:
2393:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1021:can also be heard as a retroflex lateral .
2444:
2360:
2660:
2332:
218:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3815:
2378:
2369:
2274:
2228:
1726:Yeyi may have up to four click types,
16:Bantu language of Namibia and Botswana
2863:
2634:
2418:
1030:
446:
2317:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
1468:
13:
3760:Languages between parentheses are
2207:
2110:, and, in two words only, lateral
1718:Lateral sounds only rarely occur.
996:Palatalized-velar stop consonants
418:can also be heard as in prefixes.
400:Vowel length is also distinctive.
14:
3864:
2402:
1704:
1697:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1640:
1633:
1608:
1601:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1360:
1334:
1327:
1301:
1294:
1268:
1261:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1189:
1180:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1095:
971:
964:
951:
927:
897:
891:
862:
855:
846:
837:
817:
810:
801:
793:
776:
765:
758:
749:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
689:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
588:
571:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
526:
388:
372:
363:
349:
340:
288:
3853:Endangered Niger–Congo languages
2351:Fulop; Ladefoged; Voßen (2007).
2326:
2236:New Updated Guthrie List Online
3848:Endangered languages of Africa
3764:of the language on their left.
2305:
2292:
2240:
1017:An alveolar lateral consonant
1:
2200:
1010:An alveolar rhotic consonant
436:
300:
7:
1003:A labial approximant sound
10:
3869:
2353:"The dying clicks of Yeyi"
2333:Donnelly, Simon S (1990).
3746:
3713:
3672:
3589:
3512:
3495:
3442:
3435:
3414:
3385:
3290:
3237:
3230:
3167:
3126:
3085:
3078:
3021:
2992:
2969:
2910:
2903:
2841:
2823:
2780:
2722:
2684:
2668:
2555:
2476:
2452:
2379:Sommer, Gabriele (1995).
1721:
1620:
1509:
1504:
1478:
1376:
1244:
1082:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
945:
874:
831:
734:
569:
508:
475:
470:
465:
460:
453:
448:
305:
204:
192:
176:
160:
144:
139:
66:
56:
45:
31:
26:
21:
2300:Speech Spectrum Analysis
2234:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
2084:). The alveolar clicks (
408:are phonetically noted .
2224:(subscription required)
2191:Yeyi Talking Dictionary
2163:prenasalized aspirated
3771:Guthrie classification
2896:Guthrie classification
2833:Namibian Sign Language
2370:Seidel, Frank (2008).
1944:There are in addition
261:. Yeyi, influenced by
206:This article contains
3838:Languages of Botswana
2724:Other Bantu languages
2446:Languages of Botswana
3843:Languages of Namibia
2662:Languages of Namibia
2247:Bantu Classification
2183:prenasalized voiced
2173:prenasalized tenuis
1026:Prenasal consonants
2984:Mwera of Mbamba Bay
2842:Immigrant languages
2685:Recognized regional
2287:Fulop et al. (2002)
1475:
1027:
443:
312:
3616:(Northern) Ndebele
2252:2012-06-24 at the
2060:lingual–glottalic
2040:glottalized nasal
1962:consonant clusters
1836:nasal glottalized
1473:
1025:
441:
310:
62:55,000 (2001)
3810:
3809:
3755:extinct languages
3742:
3741:
3431:
3430:
3400:North-West Herero
3226:
3225:
3074:
3073:
2857:
2856:
2669:Official language
2628:
2627:
2222:(18th ed., 2015)
2187:
2186:
2064:
2063:
2050:lingual–pulmonic
1960:analyze these as
1942:
1941:
1860:
1859:
1846:uvular fricative
1716:
1715:
1694:
1657:
1630:
1625:
1598:
1556:
1519:
1514:
1457:
1456:
1423:
1386:
1353:
1319:
1286:
1254:
1205:
1173:
1134:
1092:
1078:
1071:
983:
982:
398:
397:
232:
231:
214:rendering support
210:phonetic symbols.
3860:
3664:Sumayela Ndebele
3440:
3439:
3377:Kolonkadhi-Eunda
3235:
3234:
3083:
3082:
2908:
2907:
2894:(Zones N–S) (by
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2526:Northern Ndebele
2439:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2347:
2338:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2211:
2193:was produced by
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1938:uvular ejective
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1856:uvular ejective
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1708:
1701:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1476:
1472:
1469:Click consonants
1463:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1382:
1364:
1349:
1338:
1331:
1317:
1305:
1298:
1284:
1272:
1265:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1074:
1069:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
988:
975:
968:
955:
931:
920:
901:
895:
884:
866:
859:
850:
841:
821:
814:
805:
797:
789:
780:
769:
762:
753:
744:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
693:
686:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
638:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
592:
585:
575:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
530:
523:
504:
497:
492:
485:
444:
442:Yeyi consonants
440:
431:
424:
417:
413:
407:
392:
376:
367:
353:
344:
313:
309:
270:speakers in the
188:
182:
172:
156:
149:
104:Southern Bantoid
72:
19:
18:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3833:Click languages
3828:Bantu languages
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3738:
3709:
3668:
3585:
3508:
3491:
3427:
3410:
3406:Botswana Herero
3381:
3286:
3222:
3212:Lomwe of Malawi
3163:
3122:
3070:
3017:
2988:
2965:
2961:Ngoni of Malawi
2899:
2892:Bantu languages
2888:
2858:
2853:
2837:
2819:
2776:
2718:
2680:
2664:
2659:
2629:
2624:
2551:
2472:
2448:
2443:
2405:
2386:
2385:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2260:
2254:Wayback Machine
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2208:
2203:
1948:clicks such as
1724:
1488:
1471:
1052:
1040:
916:
880:
785:
740:
682:
634:
581:
519:
513:
500:
495:
488:
483:
456:
439:
308:
303:
291:
212:Without proper
186:
183:
178:
168:
152:
145:
135:
73:
70:Language family
68:
59:
58:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2973:
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2957:
2951:
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2933:
2927:
2921:
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2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2825:Sign languages
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
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2720:
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2711:
2706:
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2704:
2699:
2688:
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2679:
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2672:
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2666:
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2658:
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2643:
2635:
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2427:
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2413:
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2404:
2403:External links
2401:
2400:
2399:
2376:
2367:
2348:
2339:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2304:
2291:
2279:
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2256:, Ehret, 2009.
2239:
2227:
2205:
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2202:
2199:
2185:
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2175:
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2171:
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2155:
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2151:
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2121:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2030:oral ejective
2028:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1928:oral ejective
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1826:oral ejective
1824:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
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1216:
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1199:
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1128:
1127:
1125:
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1079:
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981:
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872:
871:
869:
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844:
842:
835:
829:
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790:
782:
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774:
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763:
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738:
732:
731:
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664:
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531:
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316:
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302:
299:
290:
289:Classification
287:
251:Okavango River
243:Bantu language
237:(autoethnonym
230:
229:
216:, you may see
202:
201:
196:
190:
189:
184:
177:
174:
173:
166:
158:
157:
150:
142:
141:
140:Language codes
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
84:Atlantic–Congo
76:
74:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
51:Okavango River
47:
43:
42:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3865:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
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3800:
3798:
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3696:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:South Ndebele
3655:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3619:
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3607:
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3407:
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3366:
3362:
3360:
3356:
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3336:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3320:
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3314:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
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3277:
3273:
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3267:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3249:
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3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3057:
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3051:
3049:
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3039:
3037:
3033:
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3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2981:
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2975:
2974:
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2968:
2962:
2958:
2956:
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2946:
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2926:
2922:
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2916:
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2902:
2897:
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2885:
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2878:
2873:
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2866:
2865:
2862:
2850:
2847:
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2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
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2828:
2826:
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2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
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2785:
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2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
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2760:
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2748:
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2740:
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2735:
2733:
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2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2454:Indo-European
2451:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:10.1.1.33.757
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2275:Seidel (2008)
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1816:prenasalized
1815:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
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1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
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1688:
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1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
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1652:
1651:
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1639:
1636:
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1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
992:
991:
990:
979:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
961:
959:
957:
954:
950:
948:
944:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
930:
926:
924:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
900:
894:
890:
888:
886:
883:
879:
877:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
854:
852:
849:
845:
843:
840:
836:
834:
830:
827:
825:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
807:
804:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
783:
779:
775:
773:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
755:
752:
748:
746:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
704:
701:
697:
695:
692:
688:
685:
681:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
642:
640:
637:
633:
632:
628:
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
579:
574:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
487:
482:
481:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
451:
445:
427:
420:
410:
404:Vowel sounds
403:
402:
401:
394:
391:
387:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
371:
369:
366:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
348:
346:
343:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:
298:
296:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:Caprivi Strip
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
209:
203:
200:
197:
195:
191:
185:
181:
175:
171:
167:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:
143:
138:
120:
117:
116:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3750:
3422:
2771:
2541:
2380:
2371:
2343:
2334:
2327:Bibliography
2316:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2282:
2242:
2230:
2217:
2209:
2188:
2123:Description
2101:
2088:
2077:
2072:
2065:
1980:Description
1970:
1957:
1956:, but Fulop
1946:prenasalized
1943:
1878:Description
1866:
1864:
1861:
1766:Description
1756:
1725:
1717:
1692:prenasalized
1474:Yeyi clicks
998:/kʲkʰʲkʲʼɡʲ/
984:
399:
311:Yeyi vowels
295:Ju languages
292:
280:
238:
234:
233:
205:
180:Guthrie code
161:
118:
3066:Sena-Malawi
2810:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
2790:Nama/Damara
2767:Thimbukushu
2595:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
2374:. R. Köppe.
2302:, 2011:160.
2106:, alveolar
947:Approximant
247:Yeyi people
220:instead of
187:R.40 (R.41)
94:Benue–Congo
89:Volta-Congo
78:Niger–Congo
3817:Categories
3646:Nhlangwini
3622:Old Mfengu
3563:Phalaborwa
3359:Dombondola
3094:Ndengereko
2849:Portuguese
2805:Kung-Ekoka
2737:Rukwangali
2732:Otjiherero
2533:(official)
2469:(official)
2383:. Cologne.
2219:Ethnologue
2201:References
2133:aspirated
2093:click loss
1990:aspirated
1888:aspirated
1776:aspirated
437:Consonants
249:along the
49:along the
3762:varieties
3753:indicate
3539:Khalaxadi
3371:Kwaluudhi
3347:Ndongwena
3317:Ngandyera
2949:Ndendeule
2709:Afrikaans
2692:Oshiwambo
2506:Kgalagadi
2462:Afrikaans
2389:cite book
2357:CiteSeerX
1655:nasalized
1591:nasalized
1554:aspirated
1512:voiceless
1384:voiceless
1378:Fricative
1285:aspirated
1252:voiceless
1246:Affricate
1133:aspirated
1090:voiceless
987:/bʲⁿdʲlʲ/
742:voiceless
736:Fricative
583:aspirated
521:voiceless
515:Affricate
301:Phonology
163:Glottolog
147:ISO 639-3
3451:Korekore
3341:Mbalanhu
3299:Kwanyama
3013:Manganja
2742:Setswana
2697:Kwanyama
2585:Juǀʼhoan
2537:Tswapong
2516:Mbukushu
2501:Ikalanga
2250:Archived
1735:alveolar
1489:alveolar
1462:/ᵑkʲᵑɡʲ/
1351:ejective
1171:ejective
1053:alveolar
1046:Alveolar
1034:Bilabial
636:ejective
490:sibilant
462:Alveolar
450:Bilabial
259:Botswana
226:Help:IPA
170:yeyi1239
40:Botswana
3751:Italics
3705:Hlengwe
3487:Kalanga
3475:Karanga
3463:Manyika
3353:Kwankwa
3335:Mbandja
3258:Nyaneka
3246:Umbundu
3147:Makonde
3106:Matumbi
3042:Nyungwe
2978:Tumbuka
2931:Matengo
2890:Narrow
2782:Khoisan
2772:Shiyeyi
2752:Gciriku
2676:English
2557:Khoisan
2491:Gciriku
2467:English
2298:Fulop,
2153:voiced
2143:tenuis
2010:voiced
2000:tenuis
1908:voiced
1898:tenuis
1796:voiced
1786:tenuis
1749:lateral
1742:palatal
1506:Plosive
1499:Lateral
1494:Palatal
1084:Plosive
1063:Glottal
918:lateral
510:Plosive
477:Glottal
467:Palatal
428:Sounds
421:Sounds
324:Central
255:Namibia
241:) is a
239:Shiyɛyi
222:Unicode
99:Bantoid
36:Namibia
27:Shiyɛyi
3732:[S611
3703:[S511
3693:Tsonga
3687:Gwamba
3640:Phuthi
3620:[S401
3581:Pulana
3569:Kutswe
3561:[S301
3551:Lobedu
3533:Ngwatu
3527:Kgatla
3521:Tswana
3457:Zezuru
3436:Zone S
3398:[R311
3394:Herero
3365:Esinga
3323:Kafima
3321:[R211
3311:Kwambi
3305:Ndonga
3270:Kuvale
3268:[R101
3264:Khumbi
3252:Ndombe
3231:Zone R
3218:Moniga
3206:Sakati
3198:[P311
3159:Mabiha
3153:Ndonde
3118:Mbunga
3112:Ngindo
3079:Zone P
3064:[N441
3030:Nsenga
3001:Nyanja
2982:[N201
2947:[N101
2904:Zone N
2762:Kuhane
2714:German
2702:Ndonga
2547:Zezuru
2531:Tswana
2521:Nambya
2511:Kuhane
2496:Herero
2411:(2003)
2359:
2315:eds.,
2313:et al.
2020:nasal
1958:et al.
1918:nasal
1867:et al.
1865:Fulop
1806:nasal
1747:, and
1728:dental
1722:Clicks
1623:voiced
1482:Dental
1422:voiced
1318:voiced
1204:voiced
1041:dental
1039:Labio-
882:rhotic
876:Liquid
787:voiced
684:voiced
457:dental
455:Labio-
306:Vowels
283:Tswana
267:clicks
113:Zone R
46:Region
3734:Lenge
3728:Tonga
3699:Ronga
3662:S408
3656:S407
3650:S406
3644:S405
3638:S404
3634:Hlubi
3632:S403
3628:Bhaca
3626:S402
3610:Swati
3598:Xhosa
3579:S304
3573:S303
3567:S302
3557:Sotho
3549:S32b
3543:S32a
3537:S31d
3531:S31c
3525:S31b
3519:S31a
3504:Venda
3467:S13b
3461:S13a
3404:R312
3375:R242
3369:R241
3363:R218
3357:R217
3351:R216
3345:R215
3339:R214
3333:R213
3329:Evale
3327:R212
3282:Mbali
3280:R103
3276:Kwisi
3274:R102
3216:P341
3210:P331
3204:P312
3194:Cuabo
3188:Ngulu
3182:Lomwe
3176:Makua
3141:Mwera
3100:Ruihi
3060:Podzo
3036:Kunda
3011:N31c
3005:N31b
2999:N31a
2959:N121
2955:Nindi
2953:N102
2943:Tonga
2937:Mpoto
2925:Ngoni
2919:Manda
2747:Zemba
2620:Tshwa
2570:Gǁana
2486:Birwa
2478:Bantu
2120:Click
2056:ǂ͡qχʼ
1977:Click
1954:/ᵑǂˀ/
1950:/ŋᶢǂ/
1875:Click
1763:Click
1629:plain
1518:plain
1487:Post-
1070:plain
1058:Velar
1051:Post-
833:Nasal
496:plain
484:plain
472:Velar
423:/iua/
336:Close
319:Front
109:Bantu
3823:Yeyi
3769:The
3726:S62
3722:Copi
3720:S61
3697:S54
3691:S53
3685:S52
3681:Tswa
3679:S51
3652:Lala
3614:S44
3608:S43
3604:Zulu
3602:S42
3596:S41
3555:S33
3545:Pedi
3502:S21
3485:S16
3481:Ndau
3479:S15
3473:S14
3469:Tebe
3455:S12
3449:S11
3421:R41
3392:R31
3315:R24
3309:R23
3303:R22
3297:R21
3262:R14
3256:R13
3250:R12
3244:R11
3200:Koti
3192:P34
3186:P33
3180:P32
3174:P31
3157:P25
3151:P24
3145:P23
3139:P22
3133:P21
3116:P15
3110:P14
3104:P13
3098:P12
3092:P11
3058:N46
3052:N45
3048:Sena
3046:N44
3040:N43
3034:N42
3028:N41
3007:Cewa
2976:N21
2941:N15
2935:N14
2929:N13
2923:N12
2917:N11
2815:Kxoe
2800:ǃXóõ
2795:Naro
2615:Taʼa
2610:Shua
2605:Naro
2600:Nama
2590:Khwe
2580:ǂHõã
2575:Gǀwi
2565:ǁAni
2542:Yeyi
2395:link
2214:Yeyi
2159:ŋᵏǃʰ
2089:etc.
2078:etc.
2068:Gǀwi
2046:ǂ͡qχ
2036:ᵑ̊ǂˀ
1952:and
1595:asp.
1362:ⁿtsʼ
1303:ⁿtʃʰ
1296:ⁿtsʰ
1076:pal.
1005:/β̞/
502:pal.
430:/iu/
406:/ɛɔ/
382:Open
329:Back
276:Lozi
257:and
235:Yeyi
199:Yeyi
119:Yeyi
22:Yeyi
3714:S60
3673:S50
3590:S40
3575:Pai
3513:S30
3496:S20
3443:S10
3423:Yei
3415:R40
3386:R30
3291:R20
3238:R10
3168:P30
3135:Yao
3127:P20
3086:P10
3054:Rue
3022:N40
2993:N30
2970:N20
2911:N10
2757:Fwe
2216:at
2179:ŋᶢǃ
2169:ŋᵏǃ
2129:ᵏǃʰ
2097:*ǁʼ
2026:ᵏǂʼ
1986:ᵏǂʰ
1966:ᵏǂʰ
1934:ǂqʼ
1924:ᵏǂʼ
1884:ᵏǂʰ
1852:ǂqʼ
1842:ǂqχ
1832:ᵑǂˀ
1822:ᵏǂʼ
1812:ŋᶢǂ
1772:ᵏǂʰ
1706:ᵑᶢ!
1699:ᵑᶢǀ
1610:ᵑ!ʰ
1603:ᵑǀʰ
1582:ᵏǁʰ
1575:ᵏǂʰ
1568:ᵏ!ʰ
1561:ᵏǀʰ
1336:ⁿdʒ
1329:ⁿdz
1270:ⁿtʃ
1263:ⁿts
1236:ᵑɡʲ
1191:ᵑkʼ
1182:ⁿtʼ
1158:ᵑkʰ
1149:ⁿtʰ
1140:ᵐpʰ
1122:ᵑkʲ
1019:/l/
1012:/r/
675:kʲʼ
661:tʃʼ
654:tsʼ
627:kʰʲ
613:tʃʰ
606:tsʰ
416:/i/
412:/ɔ/
359:Mid
263:Juu
253:in
208:IPA
194:ELP
154:yey
3819::
2391:}}
2387:{{
2355:.
2261:^
2197:.
2189:A
2149:ᶢǃ
2139:ᵏǃ
2082:ᶢǁ
2070:.
2016:ᵑǂ
2006:ᶢǂ
1996:ᵏǂ
1914:ᵑǂ
1904:ᶢǂ
1894:ᵏǂ
1802:ᵑǂ
1792:ᶢǂ
1782:ᵏǂ
1740:,
1733:,
1683:ᵑǁ
1676:ᵑǂ
1669:ᵑ!
1662:ᵑǀ
1642:ᶢ!
1635:ᶢǀ
1545:ᵏǁ
1538:ᵏǂ
1531:ᵏ!
1524:ᵏǀ
1445:ⁿʒ
1438:ⁿz
1431:ᶬv
1407:ⁿʃ
1400:ⁿs
1393:ᶬf
1229:ᵑɡ
1220:ⁿd
1211:ᵐb
1115:ᵑk
1106:ⁿt
1097:ᵐp
989:.
953:β̞
896:~
798:)
728:ɡʲ
714:dʒ
707:dz
668:kʼ
647:tʼ
620:kʰ
599:tʰ
590:pʰ
576:)
565:kʲ
551:tʃ
544:ts
278:.
80:?
38:,
3757:.
2898:)
2883:e
2876:t
2869:v
2654:e
2647:t
2640:v
2438:e
2431:t
2424:v
2397:)
2365:.
2346:.
2319:.
2289:.
2277:.
2112:ǁ
2108:ǃ
2104:ǀ
2086:ǃ
2075:ǀ
1752:ǁ
1745:ǂ
1738:ǃ
1731:ǀ
1597:)
1593:(
973:w
966:j
929:l
899:r
893:ɾ
864:ŋ
857:ɲ
848:n
839:m
819:ʒ
812:z
803:v
795:β
792:(
778:h
767:ʃ
760:s
751:f
721:ɡ
700:d
691:b
573:ʔ
570:(
558:k
537:t
528:p
512:/
390:a
374:ɔ
365:ɛ
351:u
342:i
228:.
115:)
111:(
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