1372:
2388:
1526:, "El who creates the hosts", which Cross considered to be one of the cultic names of El. However, this phrase is nowhere attested either inside or outside the Bible, and the two gods are in any case quite dissimilar, with El being elderly and paternal and lacking Yahweh's association with the storm and battles. Even if the above issues are resolved, Yahweh is generally agreed to have a non-causative etymology because otherwise, YHWH would be translated as YHYH. It also raises the question of why the Israelites would want to shorten the epithet. One possible reason includes the co-existence of religious modernism and conservatism being the norm in all religions.
1846:
1866:
2051:
1636:, while the historical role of Moses is problematic. It follows that if the Kenite hypothesis is to be maintained, then it must be assumed that the Israelites encountered Yahweh (and the Midianites/Kenites) inside Israel and through their association with the earliest political leaders of Israel. Christian Frevel argues that inscriptions allegedly suggesting Yahweh's southern origins (e.g. "YHWH of Teman") may simply denote his presence there at later times, and that Teman can refer to any southern territory, including Judah.
4405:
4393:
45:
1668:
1824:
2731:
2717:
1809:
refrains from explicitly naming the
Edomite Qōs. Some scholars have explained this notable omission by assuming that the level of similarity between Yahweh and Qōs would have made rejection of the latter difficult. Other scholars hold that Yahweh and Qōs were different deities from their origins, and
3817:
p.10: At 1 Kgs 1–8 there is exceptionally no mention of any
Edomite gods:'King Solomon loved many foreign women along with the daughter of the Pharaoh: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women. ... For Solomon followed Astarte the goddess of the Sidonians, and Milcom the aboimination
2200:(Zechariah writes of two messiahs, one royal and the other priestly). These early hopes were dashed (Zerubabbel disappeared from the historical record, although the High Priests continued to be descended from Joshua), and thereafter there are merely general references to a Messiah of
3818:
of the
Ammonites. ... Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the abomination of Moab, and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites, on the mountain east of Jerusalem. He did the same for all his foreign wives, who offered incense and sacrificed to their gods.'
2609:. However, as coins minted with such iconography ordinarily depicted subjected persons, and not the gods of a subjected people, some have assumed the coin simply depicts the surrender of a Judean who was called "Bacchius", sometimes identified as the Hasmonean king
2402:
The Hebrew Bible gives the impression that the
Jerusalem temple was always meant to be the central or even sole temple of Yahweh, but this was not the case. The earliest known Israelite place of worship is a 12th-century BCE open-air altar in the hills of
3488:: "Unfortunately, albeit the interesting analogies, the learned discussions, and the broad perspective, the evidence is too scanty to allow any conclusions concerning the exact meaning of the term YHWA/YHA/YH as it appears in Ancient Egyptian records."
2259:, the followers of Yahweh went a step further and outright denied that the other deities aside from Yahweh even existed, thus marking the transition from monolatrism to true monotheism. The notion that Yahweh is to be worshipped as the
1490:
refers to a god creating and sustaining the life of a newborn child rather than the universe. This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near
Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of
2346:
of Israel and Israel's status as his holy people, although the earlier agricultural meaning was not entirely lost. His worship presumably involved sacrifice, but many scholars have concluded that the rituals detailed in
3218:, p. 779: "... the pronunciation of the Ineffable Name was one of the climaxes of the Sacred Service: it was entrusted exclusively to the High Priest once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies."
2585:
are also invoked frequently. The frequent occurrence of Yahweh's name was likely due to Greek and Roman folk magicians seeking to make their spells more powerful through the invocation of a prestigious foreign deity.
1239:
came to be applied to Yahweh alone. Some scholars believe El and Yahweh were always conflated. Characteristics of other gods, such as
Asherah and Baal, were also selectively "absorbed" in conceptions of Yahweh.
1691:
between
Canaanites and Israelites. Scholars accordingly define Israelite culture as a subset of Canaanite culture. In this view, the Israelite religion consisted of Canaanite gods such as El, the ruler of the
2235:
It is unclear when the worship of Yahweh alone began. The earliest known portrayals of Yahweh as the principal deity to whom "one owed the powers of blessing the land" appear in the teachings of the prophet
3325:, p. 176: "There has been one key objection, by Michael Streck, who reevaluated Amorite personal names as a whole in 2000 and as part of this work published the separate conclusion (1999) that all the
2004:
In this atmosphere a struggle emerged between those who believed that Yahweh alone should be worshipped, and those who worshipped him within a larger group of gods; the Yahweh-alone party, the party of the
4482:
1778:
might have been one and the same as Yahweh, rather than a separate deity, with its name a title of the latter. Aside from their common territorial origins, various common characteristics between the
1985:. The Yahweh-religion thus began to separate itself from its Canaanite heritage; this process continued over the period from 800 to 500 BCE with legal and prophetic condemnations of the
6322:
3337:, "to live"....If Streck is correct that these are all forms of the verb "to live", then the Amorite personal names must be set aside as useful to any interpretation of the name ." But see
1600:. There is considerable although not universal support for this view, but it raises the question of how Yahweh made his way to the north. An answer many scholars consider plausible is the
2469:, meaning that the god was not depicted by a statue or other image. This is not to say that he was not represented in some symbolic form, and early Israelite worship probably focused on
1655:'s conquests in the Kingdom of Israel forced the two kingdoms to cooperate, which spread YHWH worship among Judean commoners. Previously, YHWH was viewed as the patron god of the Judean
6773:
6931:
1419:
in 957 BCE to its destruction in 586 BCE, exilic for the period of the Exile from 586–539 BCE (identical with Neo-Babylonian above), post-Exilic for later periods and
2271:
exilic work whose case for the theological doctrine rests on Yahweh's power over other gods, and his incomparability and singleness relative to the gods of the
Babylonian religion.
4889:
1947:
the god of the
Ammonites, Qōs the god of the Edomites, and Yahweh the god of the Israelites. In each kingdom the king was also the head of the national religion and thus the
5667:
6847:
1997:, along with practices pertaining to the dead and other aspects of the old religion. Features of Baal, El, and Asherah were absorbed into Yahweh, and epithets such as
4580:
1348:
3345:- remains impossible to prove with certainty, the parallels with contemporary Old Babylonian Ibašši-DN and the later second-millennium parallels from the verb
2013:, ultimately triumphed, and their victory lies behind the biblical narrative of an Israel vacillating between periods of "following other gods" and periods of
5968:
6345:
2106:, Yahweh was no longer seen as exclusive to Israel, but as extending his promise to all who would keep the sabbath and observe his covenant. In 539 BCE
1431:
There is almost no agreement on Yahweh's origins. His name is not attested other than among the
Israelites, and there is no consensus on its etymology, with
5579:
5524:
1482:
emphasized that the Amorite verbal form is of interest only in attempting to reconstruct the verbal root of the name "Yahweh", and that attempts to take
7240:
2252:; they did not believe Yahweh was the only god in existence, but instead believed that he was the only god which the people of Israel should worship.
6035:
2359:, and that in reality any head of a family was able to offer sacrifice as occasion demanded. A number of scholars have also drawn the conclusion that
1371:
4690:(Hierosolymam defendere temptavere Iudaei; verum haec quoque et intravit et vidit illud grande inpiae gentis arcanum patens, sub aurea vite Caelum).
1708:
argues that there is no evidence of any anthropomorphic figurines or cultic statues in Israel during this period, suggesting monotheistic practice.
7547:
1113:
5177:
5788:
7217:
8116:
7244:
2244:
in the 8th century BCE, in reference to disputes between Yahweh and Baal. The early supporters of this faction are widely regarded as being
2632:
similarly identify Yahweh with Bacchus–Dionysus. Jews themselves frequently used symbols that were also associated with Dionysus such as
6368:
1810:
suggest that the tensions between Judeans and Edomites during the Second Temple period may lie behind the omission of Qōs in the Bible.
1711:
In the earliest Biblical literature, Yahweh has characteristics of a storm god typical of ancient Near Eastern myths, marching out from
5719:
5416:
1447:
invented at a time when the original meaning had been forgotten, although some scholars dispute this. Lewis connects the name to the
6576:
4590:
2032:
and dated around 700 BCE, Yahweh appears described as the lord of "the nations", while in other contemporary texts discovered in
7514:
7385:
7361:
7338:
7317:
7296:
7275:
7254:
7229:
7168:
7147:
7125:
7104:
7082:
7061:
7038:
7017:
6998:
6977:
6951:
6909:
6883:
6859:
6833:
6809:
6785:
6724:
6705:
6655:
6599:
6562:
6542:
6518:
6497:
6467:
6446:
6425:
6404:
6380:
6357:
6334:
6290:
6269:
6246:
6222:
6201:
6182:
6161:
6140:
6068:
6047:
6024:
6003:
5980:
5957:
5933:
5912:
5891:
5865:
5844:
5821:
5800:
5769:
5727:
5702:
5679:
5656:
5635:
5612:
5591:
5568:
5536:
5513:
5492:
5471:
5450:
5424:
5396:
5373:
5352:
5307:
5286:
5265:
5240:
5217:
5193:
5163:
5140:
5117:
5096:
5075:
5052:
5031:
5010:
4989:
4966:
4945:
4921:
4902:
4878:
4857:
4836:
4815:
4794:
4771:
4748:
4457:
3814:
3769:
8081:
2653:
1106:
5063:
3194:: "The strong consensus of biblical scholarship is that the original pronunciation of the name YHWH ... was Yahweh."
2775:
1351: ", led to increasingly strict prohibitions on speaking or writing the term. Rabbinic sources suggest that, by the
187:
3790:, pp. 674–677. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing: "This clan or family must have been of Edomite or Idumaean origin." (p. 677).
2605:" or "Bacchus the Judaean". The figure has been interpreted as depicting Yahweh as a local variety of Bacchus, that is,
1486:
as a divine epithet should be "vigorously" argued against. In addition, J. Philip Hyatt believes it is more likely that
4849:
The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East
2543:
1786:, for example, is depicted as having no problem in worshiping Yahweh and is shown to be at home in Jewish sanctuaries.
1157:. Though no consensus exists regarding the deity's origins, scholars generally contend that Yahweh is associated with
1089:
1719:
with the heavenly host of stars and planets that make up his army to do battle with the enemies of his people Israel:
5331:
4736:
4732:
4547:
2196:
who seemed, briefly, to be about to re-establish the ancient royal line, or in Zerubbabel and the first High Priest,
6441:. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Vol. 284. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
6311:(1990). "Aspects of Old Testament Thought". In Raymond E. Brown; Joseph A. Fitzmyer & Roland E. Murphy (eds.).
5406:
4688:
entered this city also and saw that grand Holy of Holies of an impious people exposed, Caelum under a golden vine"
3870:
8091:
8061:
6285:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe. Vol. 107. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck.
4977:
1537:
1099:
2299:
The centre of Yahweh's worship lay in three great annual festivals coinciding with major events in rural life:
2274:
Benjamin D. Sommer argues that the distinction between polytheism and monotheism has been greatly exaggerated.
501:
4155:
2686:, or even possibly some variant of the name Yahweh itself, for more familiar terms associated with Dionysus.
2326:
harvest. These probably pre-dated the arrival of the Yahweh religion, but they became linked to events in the
2232:
is unknown, the transition was a gradual one and was not totally accomplished during the First Temple period.
2114:, the exiles were given permission to return (although only a minority did so), and by about 500 BCE the
7963:
5973:
Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith?: A Critical Appraisal of Modern and Postmodern Approaches to Scripture
1333:
5737:
Gnuse, Robert Karl (1999). "The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship".
3854:"Seals in Ancient Israel and the Near East: Their Manufacture, Use, and Apparent Paradox of Pagan Symbolism"
19:
This article is about the ancient Levantine deity. For the modern Judeo-Christian conception of Yahweh, see
8111:
7552:
2148:
1870:
872:
49:
2473:, but according to the Biblical texts the temple in Jerusalem featured Yahweh's throne in the form of two
8066:
7811:
7476:
5002:
Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel
2075:
2055:
1952:
1640:
1142:
6990:
Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume One: Studies in Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism
8136:
7507:
2755:
2594:
2185:
1616:. This ties together various points of data, such as the absence of Yahweh from Canaan, his links with
1360:
1276:
1213:
244:
28:
7267:
Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life
3341:, p. 425: "While the identifcation of the verbal root in the Amorite names with and without the -
2121:
Towards the end of the Second Temple period, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as
1576:
in northern Arabia. Although it is still uncertain whether a relationship exists between the toponym
2597:
showed a kneeling, bearded figure grasping a branch (a common Roman symbol of submission) subtitled
2240:
in the 9th century BCE. This form of worship was likely well established by the time of the prophet
2168:
The period of Persian rule saw the development of expectation in a future human king who would rule
1845:
8071:
7135:
2770:
2745:
2547:
2488:, and a number of scholars have argued that Yahweh was in fact represented prior to the reforms of
2387:
656:
77:
5628:
From Mari to Jerusalem and Back: Assyriological and Biblical Studies in Honor of Jack Murad Sasson
1959:, which may have emerged a century later (no "God of Judah" is mentioned anywhere in the Bible).
1290:, and in Jewish or Jewish-influenced Greco-Egyptian magical texts from the 1st to 5th century CE.
8131:
8121:
7948:
7891:
7557:
7306:
Wanke, Gunther (1984). "Prophecy and Psalms in the Persian Period". In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.).
6611:"On Deserted Landscapes and Divine Iconography: Iconographic Perspectives on the Origins of YHWH"
5151:
4698:
2791:
1908:
1639:
Alternatively, some scholars argue that YHWH worship was rooted in the indigenous culture of the
1388:
497:
36:
7405:
7180:"El extraño caso del dios Qos. ¿Por qué la deidad edomita/idumea no es mencionada en la Biblia?"
7095:(2001). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
6058:
5128:
2411:(El in the form of a bull) and the archaeological remains of further temples have been found at
2371:
in the late 7th century BCE. Sacrifice was presumably complemented by the singing or recital of
8106:
2629:
2428:
2197:
1320:; modern scholarship has reached consensus to transcribe this as "Yahweh". The shortened forms
652:
7265:
7157:
Stone, Robert E. II (2000). "I Am Who I Am". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
7072:
7049:
7028:
6897:
6873:
6587:
6508:
6457:
6415:
6257:
6172:
6014:
5991:
5947:
5923:
5879:
5832:
5713:
5556:
5503:
5438:
5384:
5363:
5207:
5107:
4868:
4782:
4759:
4165:
3785:
3759:
8101:
8096:
8076:
7562:
7500:
7328:
7286:
6923:
6719:. Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus. Vol. 104. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
6695:
6552:
6532:
6485:
6394:
6236:
6151:
6111:
5902:
5525:"El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism"
5410:
5000:
4805:
3800:
2888:
2503:
2408:
2205:
2136:
2045:
1352:
1299:
7349:
7158:
6823:
5811:
5276:
5228:
5086:
5042:
3568:"When and from Where did YHWH Emerge? Some Reflections on Early Yahwism in Israel and Judah"
1687:
In the Early Iron Age, the modern consensus is that there was no distinction in language or
8126:
7869:
6801:
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
2796:
2523:
2460:
2352:
2256:
2125:. When reading from the scriptures, Jews began to substitute the divine name with the word
1605:
1423:
from the reconstruction of the Temple in 515 BCE until its destruction in 70 CE.
1420:
1252:
528:
7984:
3784:
E. A. Knauf. (1999). Qos Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst ,
1415:
Other academic terms often used include First Temple period, from the construction of the
8:
7213:
5626:. In Azzoni, Annalisa; Kleinerman, Alexandra; Knight, Douglas A.; Owen, David I. (eds.).
4807:
A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy
2760:
2562:
2554:
2478:
2335:
2169:
2086:
was destroyed, and the leadership of the community were deported. The next 50 years, the
2083:
2025:
1904:
1855:
1755:
1693:
1416:
1197:
1154:
581:
24:
7471:
4914:
The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae
7977:
7438:
7425:
6682:
6528:
6115:
6107:
5833:"'Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah"
4518:
4510:
4463:
3384:
2519:
2440:
2424:
2412:
2173:
2144:
2094:
to Yahweh (see below) could not be performed outside Israel, other practices including
1970:, Baal may have briefly replaced Yahweh as the national god of Israel (but not Judah).
1633:
1444:
1287:
591:
164:
5505:
Edom, Israel's Brother and Antagonist: The Role of Edom in Biblical Prophecy and Story
5023:
Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought
3622:"God's Best 'Frenemy': A New Perspective on YHWH and Baal in Ancient Israel and Judah"
2892:
2090:, were of pivotal importance to the history of Israelite religion. As the traditional
8086:
7429:
7381:
7357:
7334:
7313:
7292:
7271:
7250:
7225:
7201:
7164:
7143:
7121:
7100:
7078:
7057:
7034:
7013:
6994:
6973:
6947:
6905:
6879:
6855:
6829:
6805:
6781:
6757:
6720:
6701:
6651:
6632:
6595:
6558:
6538:
6514:
6493:
6463:
6442:
6421:
6400:
6390:
6376:
6353:
6330:
6296:
6286:
6265:
6242:
6218:
6197:
6178:
6157:
6136:
6119:
6099:
6064:
6043:
6020:
5999:
5976:
5953:
5929:
5908:
5887:
5861:
5840:
5817:
5796:
5775:
5765:
5723:
5698:
5675:
5652:
5631:
5608:
5587:
5564:
5532:
5529:
Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah
5509:
5488:
5467:
5446:
5420:
5392:
5369:
5348:
5327:
5317:
5303:
5282:
5261:
5236:
5213:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5159:
5136:
5113:
5092:
5071:
5048:
5027:
5006:
4985:
4982:
Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah
4962:
4941:
4917:
4898:
4874:
4853:
4832:
4811:
4790:
4767:
4744:
4543:
4522:
4502:
4453:
3810:
3765:
3641:
3599:
2671:
2444:
2367:
or to Yahweh himself, was a part of Israelite/Judahite religion until the reforms of
2063:
2036:(near Lachish) he is mentioned as the ruler of Jerusalem and probably also of Judah.
1771:
1632:, but its major weaknesses are that the majority of Israelites were firmly rooted in
1601:
1550:
1530:
1479:
1472:
68:
53:
4760:"The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History"
1877:
It has been argued that Yahweh was originally described as one of the sons of El in
1201:
7539:
7481:
7450:
7417:
7191:
6939:
6747:
6674:
6622:
6308:
6091:
5746:
5648:
A Story of YHWH: Cultural Translation and Subversive Reception in Israelite History
5434:
5344:
Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual
5129:"A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria"
4494:
3806:
3633:
3589:
3579:
3376:
2864:
2838:
2675:
2360:
2356:
2213:
2095:
2087:
2033:
1956:
1783:
1688:
1644:
1448:
1344:
1146:
769:
538:
449:
349:
6095:
1977:, there are indications of rejection of Baal worship associated with the prophets
1873:, under the inscription "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah" (c. 800 BCE)
8056:
7921:
7742:
7678:
7375:
7307:
7115:
7092:
7010:
Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume Two: New Testament, Christianity, and Magic
6988:
6965:
6799:
6645:
6581:. Translated by Creech, Thomas. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. (published 1874).
6436:
6280:
6212:
5855:
5759:
5690:
5646:
5602:
5482:
5461:
5342:
5321:
5297:
5255:
5021:
4956:
4935:
4931:
4847:
4826:
4694:
The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture
4537:
2908:
2625:
2621:
2522:
texts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE, most notably in the
2507:
2111:
2107:
2067:
1974:
1759:
1593:
1392:
1313:
1272:
1166:
993:
274:
239:
7196:
7179:
6323:"A Conversation with My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?"
1920:
Nonetheless, some scholars argue that El Elyon ("the Most High") and Yahweh are
1734: even Sinai at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel.
1584:, the dominant view is that Yahweh was from the southern region associated with
1243:
Over time the existence of other gods was denied, and Yahweh was proclaimed the
219:
8016:
7931:
7881:
7827:
7801:
7732:
7567:
6459:
Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History
6232:
5875:
5527:. In Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; et al. (eds.).
5323:
Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel
2811:
2801:
2765:
2736:
2610:
2527:
2372:
2268:
2264:
2152:
2079:
2021:
1748:
1440:
1436:
1376:
32:
20:
7243:. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.).
6174:
Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament
3239:
1499:). Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using
1355:, the name of God was pronounced only once a year, by the high priest, on the
8050:
7717:
7421:
7205:
6919:
6893:
6875:
God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World
6869:
6843:
6819:
6795:
6769:
6761:
6752:
6735:
6636:
6627:
6610:
6300:
6192:
Levenson, Jon D. (2014). "Genesis". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc (eds.).
6103:
5779:
5251:
4831:
Studies in Biblical Literature. Vol. 3. Society of Biblical Literature.
4506:
3645:
3603:
3584:
3567:
2806:
2722:
2570:
2376:
2327:
2294:
2115:
2103:
2059:
2010:
1912:
1878:
1680:
1609:
1561:
1244:
904:
636:
269:
134:
7309:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction, The Persian Period
6970:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period
5209:
Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith
3637:
2506:
imagination". Other scholars argue that there is no certain evidence of any
1951:
on Earth of the national god. Yahweh filled the role of national god in the
699:
533:
379:
229:
7994:
7972:
7818:
7749:
7523:
7485:
6961:
5943:
5750:
4467:
2395:
2209:
2193:
1936:
1932:
1716:
1705:
1597:
1209:
1170:
1134:
884:
824:
734:
626:
394:
384:
374:
294:
284:
279:
94:
57:
7454:
6943:
5231:. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.).
5109:
Exploring the Religion of Ancient Israel: Prophet, Priest, Sage and People
3802:
Identity in Conflict: The Struggle between Esau and Jacob, Edom and Israel
548:
7999:
7849:
7844:
7832:
7806:
7597:
7587:
7534:
7371:
5233:
The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
5203:
5152:"Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon"
3353:, "to be, be evident", for at least some portion of these Amorite names."
2368:
2260:
2249:
2245:
1990:
1851:
1834:
1460:
1193:
1018:
909:
899:
804:
724:
714:
606:
484:
424:
254:
159:
6825:
The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel
3761:
La fraternité de Jacob et d'Esaü (Gn 25–36): quel frère aîné pour Jacob?
1522:
One scholarly theory is that "Yahweh" originated in a shortened form of
1503:
for gods, but he argues that it mirrors other theophoric names and that
1043:
7789:
7774:
6935:
6686:
4828:
Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.
3388:
3364:
2750:
2551:
2447:
and Dan were also major sites for festivals, sacrifices, the making of
2339:
2331:
2229:
2189:
2140:
2099:
1998:
1994:
1585:
1356:
1337:
1283:, the original pronunciation of the god's name was forgotten entirely.
1248:
1236:
1232:
1217:
1205:
1182:
1158:
1138:
929:
749:
729:
429:
304:
234:
224:
7377:
The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches
6717:
Bacchius Iudaeus: A Denarius Commemorating Pompey's Victory over Judea
5925:
Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy
4514:
3594:
2496:
late in the monarchic period: to quote one study, "n early aniconism,
1823:
1767:
Alternatively, parts of the storm god imagery could derive from Baal.
1667:
1471:
causes to exist"), commonly denoted as the semantic equivalent of the
988:
948:
601:
319:
7926:
7876:
7649:
5623:
5484:
Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion in Ancient Israel
4682:
4658:
2936:
2694:
2662:, Plutarch further notes that the Jews hail their god with cries of "
2485:
2448:
2348:
2343:
2188:, both prophets of the early Persian period. They saw the messiah in
2091:
1676:
1672:
1073:
1048:
1038:
1023:
894:
849:
789:
694:
523:
479:
469:
439:
389:
7449:. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente.
6678:
6282:
YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting
6133:
Yehezkel Kaufmann and the Reinvention of Jewish Biblical Scholarship
6128:
6079:
5088:
The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation Including the Demonic Spells
5044:
Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period
4131:
3853:
3621:
3380:
3333:
elements in these names must be understood to reflect the same root
2663:
2132:
616:
611:
513:
412:
354:
342:
8009:
8004:
7989:
7943:
7886:
7839:
7683:
7639:
7634:
6697:
A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period
6572:
6554:
The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit?
6258:"Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating"
4702:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 252, entry on
4498:
4178:
Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012).
2683:
2667:
2649:
2606:
2498:
2489:
2470:
2466:
2416:
2300:
2039:
2029:
2014:
1928:
1921:
1830:
1798:
1189:
1178:
1053:
1028:
953:
819:
764:
454:
324:
314:
299:
264:
129:
6852:
Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World
5227:
Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (2007).
5186:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period
1726: when you marched out of the field of Edom,
8021:
7953:
7906:
7864:
7823:
7769:
7737:
7722:
7703:
7659:
7654:
7644:
7629:
7624:
6131:. In Jindo, Job Y.; Sommer, Benjamin D.; Staubli, Thomas (eds.).
4961:. The Mother of the Lord. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.
4715:
4638:
4429:
4309:
4285:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
2786:
2690:
2679:
2670:", phrases associated with the worship of Dionysus. According to
2658:
2637:
2617:
2602:
2574:
2558:
2535:
2404:
2391:
2315:
2308:
2283:
2177:
2006:
1986:
1967:
1948:
1940:
1802:
1779:
1697:
1648:
1533:
1363:, the original pronunciation of the name was forgotten entirely.
1221:
1150:
1063:
1058:
1008:
914:
834:
809:
774:
739:
689:
679:
596:
586:
576:
558:
553:
543:
474:
459:
444:
399:
364:
289:
249:
214:
204:
199:
5584:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
3530:
1740: From their courses, they fought against
1495:
to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g.
7779:
7754:
7693:
7688:
7492:
6993:. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: E. J. Brill.
6932:
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
6898:"Monotheism and the Redefinition of Divinity in Ancient Israel"
5996:
The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible
5624:"The Name YhwꜢ as a People: Reconsidering the Amorite Evidence"
4674:
4608:
4369:
3518:
3508:
3506:
2702:
2698:
2645:
2590:
2539:
2531:
2493:
2474:
2436:
2432:
2364:
2319:
2312:
2237:
2181:
2161:
2147:, the scriptures were translated into Greek by the Jews of the
2127:
1982:
1978:
1944:
1881:, and that this was removed by a later emendation to the text:
1806:
1794:
1741:
1652:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1569:
1174:
1130:
1078:
1033:
1013:
1003:
998:
978:
973:
958:
943:
939:
859:
829:
814:
799:
794:
779:
754:
719:
704:
684:
664:
631:
621:
570:
508:
419:
209:
169:
149:
139:
104:
89:
4017:
3166:
2542:. In these texts, he is often mentioned alongside traditional
2228:
Although the specific process by which the Israelites adopted
2151:. Greek translations of the Hebrew scriptures render both the
2139:
was permitted to speak the name once in the Temple during the
1924:
for the same deity in the text, based on contextual analysis.
1775:
1604:, which holds that traders brought Yahweh to Israel along the
44:
7936:
7916:
7859:
7784:
7764:
7710:
7669:
7604:
7592:
5839:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 175–87.
5720:
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series
5417:
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series
4483:"Sabazius and the Jews in Valerius Maximus: a Re-examination"
4357:
3969:
3664:
2873:
2847:
2633:
2582:
2578:
2566:
2420:
2323:
2304:
2241:
2217:
2201:
2122:
2020:
Some scholars date the start of widespread monotheism to the
1897:
1790:
1629:
1565:
1546:
1468:
1256:
983:
968:
934:
924:
879:
844:
839:
784:
759:
744:
674:
566:
562:
464:
434:
369:
359:
329:
259:
194:
174:
124:
114:
5969:"Yahweh's "Wife" and Belief in One God in the Old Testament"
5665:
3542:
3503:
2050:
1212:
practices as their worship apparently included a variety of
7958:
7911:
7901:
7896:
7854:
7759:
7698:
7664:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7582:
5992:"Yahwistic Religion in the Assyrian and Babylonian Periods"
4647:
Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World
4620:
4568:
4450:
Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity: Conflict or Confluence?
3993:
3395:
3221:
2879:
2853:
2850:
2451:, private rituals, and the adjudication of legal disputes.
1963:
1712:
1701:
1617:
1589:
1573:
1529:
The oldest plausible occurrence of Yahweh's name is in the
1317:
1260:
1255:, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as
1235:
and Yahweh became conflated and El-linked epithets such as
1225:
1162:
963:
919:
709:
669:
518:
309:
144:
119:
99:
84:
6736:"Signs of YHWH, God of the Hebrews, in New Kingdom Egypt?"
5949:
Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey
5604:
Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name
5463:
Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From
4870:
The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Volume 3)
4539:
Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, 63 B.C.–49 B.C.
4034:
4032:
3911:
3724:
3244:
1426:
1192:
literature, he possesses attributes typically ascribed to
8026:
7796:
7012:. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: Brill.
4417:
4381:
3928:
3926:
3676:
3292:
3135:
3133:
3038:
2960:
2870:
2844:
2780:
2641:
2143:, but at no other time and in no other place. During the
1782:
and the Edomite cult of Qōs hint at a shared connection.
1177:. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early
1068:
889:
109:
7120:. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Vol. 187. BRILL.
6016:
In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language
4596:
4556:
4263:
4261:
4222:
4198:
4186:
4143:
4061:
4059:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3712:
3014:
1865:
1395:
place the history of Yahweh into the following periods:
7727:
7439:"Toward a new synthesis of the god of Edom and Yaheweh"
4764:
The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past
4177:
4071:
4029:
3887:
3736:
3455:
3443:
3268:
3091:
3057:
3055:
3053:
2948:
2510:
representation of Yahweh during the pre-exilic period.
1892: according to the number of the heavenly assembly.
154:
5904:
From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies
5880:"'There Was No King in Israel': The Era of the Judges"
5857:
Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?
4706:, cites Juvenal, Petronius, and Florus as examples of
4345:
4333:
3981:
3923:
3875:
3700:
3304:
3280:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3130:
3108:
3106:
3067:
2977:
2975:
2484:
There is no universally accepted explanation for such
2481:) as a footstool, while the throne itself was empty.
1886:
When the Most High gave the nations their inheritance,
1730: Yes, the clouds dropped water.
1463:
texts, meaning "brings to life/causes to exist" (e.g.
7352:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).
7220:. In Platvoet, Jan. G.; Van der Toorn, Karel (eds.).
6486:"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion"
6038:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).
5835:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).
5666:
Freedman, D.N.; O'Connor, M.P.; Ringgren, H. (1986).
5387:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).
4273:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4119:
4056:
3938:
3688:
3491:
3467:
3197:
3118:
3079:
2992:
2990:
2924:
2876:
2040:
Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods (586–332 BCE)
1955:, which emerged in the 10th century BCE; and also in
7284:
6327:
Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context
6129:"The Rise, Decline and Renewal of Biblical Religion"
5971:. In Hoffmeier, James K.; Magary, Dennis R. (eds.).
5226:
4321:
4297:
4137:
4107:
4095:
4044:
3957:
3899:
3821:
3431:
3256:
3050:
2712:
2477:, their inner wings forming the seat and a box (the
2223:
1774:, it has also been suggested that the Edomite deity
56:
period, possibly representing Yahweh enthroned on a
7222:
Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour
5791:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
4210:
4083:
3652:
3419:
3407:
3145:
3103:
2972:
2867:
2841:
2342:wanderings. The festivals thus celebrated Yahweh's
1263:instead began to substitute other words, primarily
7285:Vriezen, T. C.; van der Woude, Simon Adam (2005).
6776:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).
6673:(3). The Society of Biblical Literature: 297–307.
5066:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).
4452:. University of Washington Press. pp. 38–60.
4005:
3026:
3002:
2987:
7030:The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel
6926:. In Van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witte, Markus (eds.).
6665:Rosenberg, Roy A. (1966). "Yahweh Becomes King".
3833:
2407:featuring a bronze bull reminiscent of Canaanite
2070:c. 20–10 BCE (modern model, 1:50 scale)
1662:
8048:
7052:. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine L. (eds.).
6490:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms
5561:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms
5299:Divine Doppelgängers: YHWH's Ancient Look-Alikes
4649:(Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 41, 79–80.
2601:, which may be translated as either "The Jewish
31:. For the name "YHWH" and its vocalization, see
7354:Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah
6902:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel
6510:Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction
5837:Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah
5695:The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism
5557:"Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition"
5550:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 70 and 263.
5389:Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah
4937:The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God
3851:
2394:dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem (painting by
1813:
1379:, 8th c. BCE, "Blessed is/be Uriyahu by Yahweh"
7134:
6480:Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010
5994:. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.).
5361:
5260:(2nd ed.). Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
4315:
4291:
3670:
2942:
7508:
7288:Ancient Israelite And Early Jewish Literature
7263:
7246:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
7238:
7212:
6966:"Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period"
6478:Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity,
6057:King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001).
5998:. Oxford University Press. pp. 241–253.
5091:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
4891:Monotheism and Yahweh's Appropriation of Baal
4789:. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–248.
4696:(Brill, 2001), pp. 81 and 83 (note 118). The
3787:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
3548:
3536:
3524:
3512:
1966:, and particularly following his marriage to
1343:!" The sacrality of the name, as well as the
1107:
7356:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
7117:The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition
7054:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
6924:"Proposals for the Original Profile of YHWH"
6693:
6527:
6456:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
6196:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
5900:
5715:No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel
5670:. In Botterweck, G.J.; Ringgren, H. (eds.).
5391:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
3917:
3250:
2613:, who was overthrown by Pompey's campaign.
2502:or otherwise, is purely a projection of the
2263:of all the earth is first elaborated by the
2028:aggression. In an inscription discovered in
1427:Late Bronze Age origins (1550–1200 BCE)
1303:
7008:Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996b).
7007:
6987:Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996a).
6986:
6733:
6413:
5901:Halpern, Baruch; Adams, Matthew J. (2009).
5722:. Vol. 241. Sheffield Academic Press.
5672:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
5419:. Vol. 265. Sheffield Academic Press.
5412:Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan
5249:
4614:
4574:
3753:
3751:
3485:
3449:
3179:
2966:
2334:from Egypt, Shavuot with the law-giving at
2102:gained new significance. In the writing of
60:. This identification is disputed, however.
7515:
7501:
7410:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
7406:"Yahweh, the Canaanite God of Metallurgy?"
6455:
6346:"Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy"
6238:Israel's History and the History of Israel
6153:Experiencing God: Theology as Spirituality
6056:
5975:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. pp. 459–76.
5761:Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction
5362:Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005).
5184:; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.).
5019:
4718:; also, to some symbolization of Jehovah."
3852:Seevers, Boyd V; Korhonen, Rachel (2016).
3764:(in French). Labor et Fides. p. 257.
3401:
3349:show the viability of a West Semitic root
3227:
2513:
2288:
1732:The mountains quaked at Yahweh's presence,
1279:and destruction of its Temple, in 70
1114:
1100:
7195:
6850:. In Noegel, Scott; Walker, Joel (eds.).
6751:
6664:
6626:
6434:
6414:Miller, James M.; Hayes, John H. (1986).
6366:
6325:. In Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav (eds.).
6320:
6278:
6156:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
6033:
5691:"Priests and Levites in the Hebrew Bible"
4681:1.40 (3.5.30): "The Jews tried to defend
4626:
4602:
4562:
4375:
4363:
4228:
3858:Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin
3593:
3583:
3274:
2172:Israel as Yahweh's representative at the
1728:the earth trembled, the sky also dropped.
1443:3:14, appearing to be a late theological
52:, a 4th-century BCE silver coin from the
7403:
7097:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
7070:
6571:
6550:
6350:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
6307:
6231:
6191:
5884:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
5813:An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism
5621:
5522:
5156:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
5133:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
5126:
5105:
5040:
4887:
4757:
4731:
4586:
4204:
4038:
3999:
3881:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3461:
3365:"Was Yahweh Originally a Creator Deity?"
3338:
2386:
2379:played little role in official worship.
2049:
1864:
1666:
1370:
1304:
43:
6608:
6590:. In Bromiley, Geoffrey William (ed.).
6575:(n.d.). Goodwin, William Watson (ed.).
6012:
5874:
5830:
5600:
5554:
5295:
4998:
4975:
4824:
4803:
4351:
4267:
4161:
4065:
3932:
3730:
3322:
3124:
3085:
3020:
2981:
2954:
2930:
2255:Finally, in the national crisis of the
2204:(i.e. a descendant). From these ideas,
1894:For the Lord's allotment is his people,
1200:, fructifying the land and leading the
8049:
7436:
7326:
7218:"Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion"
7091:
7047:
7026:
6585:
6389:
6343:
6255:
5853:
5809:
5786:
5757:
5688:
5459:
5433:
5382:
4954:
4930:
4911:
4780:
4535:
4447:
4411:
4339:
4279:
4252:
4240:
4125:
4089:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3694:
3565:
3497:
3473:
3413:
3203:
3008:
2351:1–16, with their stress on purity and
7496:
7469:
7370:
7347:
7305:
7177:
7156:
7113:
6960:
6918:
6892:
6868:
6842:
6818:
6794:
6768:
6714:
6643:
6483:
6417:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah
6210:
6170:
6149:
6126:
5921:
5736:
5711:
5644:
5577:
5545:
5501:
5480:
5340:
5316:
5172:
5149:
4866:
4845:
4435:
4423:
4387:
4327:
4303:
4192:
4149:
4113:
4101:
4050:
4023:
4011:
3987:
3905:
3839:
3827:
3718:
3706:
3682:
3658:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3425:
3362:
3310:
3298:
3262:
3215:
3191:
3160:
3139:
3112:
3097:
3073:
3061:
3044:
3032:
2996:
2907:
2652:used to argue that Jews worshipped a
1890:he set the boundaries of the peoples,
1560:) in an inscription from the time of
8117:Religion in ancient Israel and Judah
6537:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,
6534:Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible
6506:
6488:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
6077:
5989:
5966:
5942:
5559:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
5278:The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism
5274:
5202:
5084:
5061:
4762:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
4480:
4399:
4216:
4077:
3893:
3286:
2001:came to be applied to Yahweh alone.
1204:against Israel's enemies. The early
5405:
5385:"Urban Religion and Rural Religion"
3437:
2896:
2830:
2776:History of ancient Israel and Judah
2674:, Greek speakers may have confused
2375:, but again the details are scant.
1888: when he divided up humankind,
1663:Early Iron Age (1200–1000 BCE)
13:
7396:
6848:"Astral Religion and the Divinity"
6551:Petersen, Allan Rosengren (1998).
6348:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
6313:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary
5882:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
5548:The Religion and Culture of Israel
5443:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
5281:. Society of Biblical Literature.
5154:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
5131:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
4741:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
4171:
4138:Coogan, Brettler & Newsom 2007
3610:
3554:
2427:, both in the territory of Judah.
2363:, whether to the underworld deity
1724:Yahweh, when you went out of Seir,
1683:), representing El, Baal or Yahweh
1671:Early Iron Age bull figurine from
1280:
1275:"). In Roman times, following the
1090:Religions of the ancient Near East
14:
8148:
7463:
7350:"Royal Religion in Ancient Judah"
6694:Schniedewind, William M. (2013).
5758:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2009).
5580:"Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism"
5439:"Religion and Cult in the Levant"
4785:. In Tiemeyer, Lena-Sofia (ed.).
4481:Lane, Eugene N. (November 1979).
4180:The Routledge Companion to Theism
2701:, identified Yahweh with the god
2656:form of Bacchus–Dionysus. In his
2465:Yahweh-worship was thought to be
2355:, were introduced only after the
2224:Yahweh and the rise of monotheism
2180:. The first to mention this were
1814:Late Iron Age (1000–586 BCE)
1624:in the biblical stories, and the
1439:"), the explanation presented in
1361:destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE
7522:
7160:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
6778:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
6592:The Encyclodedia of Christianity
6369:"Aniconism in the Old Testament"
6321:Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006).
5793:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
5068:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
4668:
4652:
4632:
4529:
4474:
4441:
3758:Manyanya, Lévi Ngangura (2009).
2863:
2837:
2729:
2715:
2518:Yahweh is frequently invoked in
2415:on Israel's northern border, at
1844:
1822:
1408:Neo-Babylonian: 586–539 BCE
6968:. In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.).
6420:. Westminster John Knox Press.
6399:. Westminster John Knox Press.
6214:The Origin and Character of God
6063:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5062:Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000).
4978:"The Gods in Whom They Trusted"
4940:. Westminster John Knox Press.
4758:Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1991).
3864:
3845:
3793:
3778:
3479:
3356:
3316:
3233:
3209:
3185:
2024:, and view it as a response to
1837:is thought to represent Yahweh.
1399:Late Bronze: 1550–1200 BCE
7404:Amzallag, Nissim (June 2009).
7312:. Cambridge University Press.
7033:. Cambridge University Press.
6972:. Cambridge University Press.
6667:Journal of Biblical Literature
6438:Yahweh: Origin of a Desert God
6396:The Religion of Ancient Israel
6375:. Cambridge University Press.
6262:In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel
6084:Journal of Biblical Literature
6040:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
5795:. Amsterdam University Press.
5693:. In Alan T., Levenson (ed.).
5607:. Cambridge University Press.
5586:. Cambridge University Press.
5188:. Cambridge University Press.
5178:"The Temple and the Synagogue"
3369:Journal of Biblical Literature
1738:From the sky the stars fought.
1675:at Dhahrat et-Tawileh (modern
1459:), found in personal names in
1405:Iron Age II: 1000–586 BCE
1402:Iron Age I: 1200–1000 BCE
1298:The god's name was written in
1:
7264:Van der Toorn, Karel (1996).
7239:Van der Toorn, Karel (1999).
6734:Shalomi Hen, Racheli (2021).
6435:Miller II, Robert D. (2021).
6112:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716
6096:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716
5787:Gorman, Frank H. Jr. (2000).
5441:. In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).
5296:Cornell, Collin, ed. (2021).
4787:The Oxford Handbook of Isaiah
4739:. In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).
2818:
2689:Other Roman writers, such as
1943:was the god of the Moabites,
1251:to be worshipped. During the
7048:Sommer, Benjamin D. (2011).
7027:Sommer, Benjamin D. (2009).
6650:. Harvard University Press.
6315:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
5622:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020b).
5582:. In Katz, Steven T. (ed.).
5546:Eakin, Frank E. Jr. (1971).
5326:. Harvard University Press.
5127:Campbell, Edward F. (2001).
4487:The Journal of Roman Studies
2918:
2593:to celebrate his successful
2454:
1871:jar found at Kuntillet Ajrud
1789:Unlike the chief god of the
1770:From the perspective of the
1214:Canaanite gods and goddesses
50:God on the Winged Wheel coin
7:
8082:Deities in the Hebrew Bible
7477:Biblical Archaeology Review
7333:. Oxford University Press.
7330:The Early History of Heaven
7197:10.47182/rb.85.n1-2-2023349
7178:Tebes, Juan Manuel (2023).
7099:. Oxford University Press.
7071:Sperling, S. David (2017).
7056:. Oxford University Press.
6900:. In Niditch, Susan (ed.).
6804:. Oxford University Press.
6609:Pyschny, Katharina (2021).
6352:. Oxford University Press.
6279:McDonough, Sean M. (1999).
6217:. Oxford University Press.
6211:Lewis, Theodore J. (2020).
6042:. Mercer University Press.
5886:. Oxford University Press.
5831:Grabbe, Lester L. (2010b).
5764:. Oxford University Press.
5712:Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997).
5689:Geller, Stephen A. (2012).
5601:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020).
5523:Dijkstra, Meindert (2001).
5460:Dever, William G. (2003b).
5257:Stories from Ancient Canaan
5235:. Oxford University Press.
5158:. Oxford University Press.
5135:. Oxford University Press.
5026:. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.
5020:Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019).
4999:Bennett, Harold V. (2002).
4912:Arnold, Clinton E. (1996).
4888:Anderson, James S. (2015).
4438:, pp. 11, 16, 80, 126.
2708:
2398:or follower, c. 1896–1902).
2208:would later emerge, whence
2056:Holyland Model of Jerusalem
1953:kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
1185:, if not somewhat earlier.
10:
8153:
7327:Wright, J. Edward (2002).
7114:Stahl, Michael J. (2021).
6828:(2nd ed.). Eerdmans.
6367:MacDonald, Nathan (2007).
6034:Humphries, W. Lee (1990).
5810:Grabbe, Lester L. (2010).
5555:Edelman, Diana V. (1995).
5481:Dever, William G. (2005).
5383:Davies, Philip R. (2010).
5085:Betz, Hans Dieter (1996).
4846:Allen, Spencer L. (2015).
4724:
4316:Davies & Rogerson 2005
4292:Davies & Rogerson 2005
3620:Stahl, Michael J. (2021).
3566:Frevel, Christian (2021).
2887:in English; 𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 in
2783:, a short form of the name
2756:God in Abrahamic religions
2458:
2382:
2292:
2281:
2277:
2165:(κύριος), meaning "Lord".
2043:
1900:is his special possession.
1519:which means "he will be".
1383:
1366:
1286:Yahweh is also invoked in
29:God in Abrahamic religions
18:
7578:
7530:
7472:"Yahweh's Desert Origins"
7136:Stavrakopoulou, Francesca
6904:. John Wiley & Sons.
6700:. Yale University Press.
6594:. Vol. 5. Eerdmans.
6371:. In Gordon, R.P. (ed.).
6171:Levin, Christoph (2013).
6078:Kitz, Anne Marie (2019).
5990:Hess, Richard S. (2020).
5967:Hess, Richard S. (2012).
5922:Handy, Lowell K. (1994).
5674:. Vol. 5. Eerdmans.
5368:. Westminster John Knox.
5275:Cook, Stephen L. (2004).
5212:. Yale University Press.
5150:Cogan, Mordechai (2001).
5041:Berquist, Jon L. (2007).
4980:. In Becking, Bob (ed.).
4955:Barker, Margaret (2012).
4810:. Westminster John Knox.
4781:Albani, Matthias (2020).
4542:Seaby. pp. 115–118.
4026:, pp. 8, 33–34, 135.
3363:Hyatt, J. Philip (1967).
2897:
2330:of Israel: Passover with
2110:to the Persian conqueror
2058:'s representation of the
1935:associated with specific
1411:Persian: 539–332 BCE
1349:taking the name 'in vain'
1309:
1268:
1181:, and likely to the Late
1153:and its other descendant
7422:10.1177/0309089209105686
6753:10.46586/er.12.2021.9463
6715:Scott, James M. (2015).
6628:10.46586/er.12.2021.9263
6476:Nestor, Dermot Anthony,
6150:Leech, Kenneth (2002) .
5645:Flynn, Shawn W. (2019).
5106:Chalmers, Aaron (2012).
4825:Albertz, Rainer (2003).
4804:Albertz, Rainer (1994).
4536:Harlan, Michael (1995).
3585:10.46586/er.12.2021.8776
2945:, pp. 411–412, 742.
2823:
2771:Historicity of the Bible
2746:Ancient Semitic religion
1643:and was promoted in the
1511:, derives from the root
1336:and in phrases such as "
1208:may have leaned towards
7348:Wyatt, Nicolas (2010).
6484:Niehr, Herbert (1995).
6060:Life in Biblical Israel
5854:Grabbe, Lester (2007).
5365:The Old Testament World
5229:"Editors' Introduction"
4699:Oxford Latin Dictionary
4615:Smith & Cohen 1996a
4575:Smith & Cohen 1996a
4448:Levine, Lee I. (1998).
3638:10.2143/SE.63.0.3289896
3180:Smith & Cohen 1996b
2967:Miller & Hayes 1986
2792:Names of God in Judaism
2514:Graeco-Roman syncretism
2289:Festivals and sacrifice
1909:New English Translation
1854:seal reproduced in the
1651:. Frevel suggests that
1293:
1149:, and later the god of
37:Yahweh (disambiguation)
16:Ancient Levantine deity
8092:Judeo-Christian topics
8062:Children of El (deity)
6928:The Origins of Yahwism
6644:Römer, Thomas (2015).
6586:Preuss, Horst (2008).
6578:Quaestiones Convivales
6492:. Peeters Publishers.
6344:Meyers, Carol (2001).
6260:. In Day, John (ed.).
6194:The Jewish Study Bible
6127:Knohl, Israel (2017).
6013:Hoffman, Joel (2004).
5751:10.1006/reli.1999.0198
5578:Elior, Rachel (2006).
5563:. Peeters Publishers.
4958:The Lady in the Temple
4867:Alter, Robert (2018).
4783:"Monotheism in Isaiah"
4661:, frg. 37.2; Schäfer,
4645:14.97; Peter Schäfer,
3978:, p. unpaginated.
3228:King & Stager 2001
2659:Quaestiones Convivales
2630:Marcus Terentius Varro
2399:
2338:, and Sukkot with the
2192:, a descendant of the
2071:
1918:
1874:
1765:
1684:
1380:
61:
35:. For other uses, see
7470:Tebes, J. M. (2022).
7074:Ve-Eileh Divrei David
6944:10.1515/9783110448221
6256:Mastin, B.A. (2005).
4976:Becking, Bob (2001).
4852:. Walter de Gruyter.
4692:Finbarr Barry Flood,
4378:, pp. 21, 26–27.
2390:
2303:with the birthing of
2206:Second Temple Judaism
2137:High Priest of Israel
2131:(אֲדֹנָי), meaning "
2053:
2046:Second Temple Judaism
1931:saw the emergence of
1883:
1868:
1721:
1670:
1628:or Midianite ties of
1564:(1390–1352 BCE), the
1545:(in) the Land of the
1507:, or more accurately
1375:Uriyahu inscription,
1374:
1316:), transliterated as
47:
7870:Sanghyang Adi Buddha
7214:Van der Toorn, Karel
6854:. Penn State Press.
6647:The Invention of God
6507:Noll, K. L. (2001).
5502:Dicou, Bert (1994).
5341:Darby, Erin (2014).
5302:. Penn State Press.
5250:Coogan, Michael D.;
3685:, pp. 7, 19–31.
3301:, pp. 211, 215.
3047:, pp. 8, 33–34.
2797:Sacred Name Movement
2544:Graeco-Roman deities
2524:Greek Magical Papyri
2520:Graeco-Roman magical
2461:Aniconism in Judaism
2108:Babylon in turn fell
1962:During the reign of
1524:ˀel ḏū yahwī ṣabaˀôt
1421:Second Temple period
1353:Second Temple period
1253:Second Temple period
1231:In later centuries,
529:Hutena and Hutellura
8112:Reconstructed words
7812:God the Holy Spirit
7437:Kelley, J. (2009).
6740:Entangled Religions
6615:Entangled Religions
6529:Parke-Taylor, G. H.
5789:"Feasts, Festivals"
5697:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4714:"with reference to
4617:, pp. 232–233.
4426:, pp. 169–172.
4390:, pp. 293–297.
4366:, pp. 288–290.
4318:, pp. 158–165.
4294:, pp. 151–152.
4195:, pp. 70, 263.
4152:, pp. 182–183.
4002:, pp. 221–222.
3896:, pp. 103–104.
3733:, pp. 158–160.
3721:, pp. 171–172.
3671:Stavrakopoulou 2021
3572:Entangled Religions
3539:, pp. 247–248.
3182:, pp. 242–256.
2943:Stavrakopoulou 2021
2761:God in Christianity
2479:Ark of the Covenant
1993:and worship on the
1905:Book of Deuteronomy
1856:Jewish Encyclopedia
1756:World English Bible
1700:, his consort, and
1155:Abrahamic religions
582:Ninatta and Kulitta
25:God in Christianity
8067:Conceptions of God
6391:Miller, Patrick D.
6135:. Academic Press.
6080:"The Verb *yahway"
5952:. Baker Academic.
5318:Cross, Frank Moore
5182:Finkelstein, Louis
5174:Cohen, Shaye J. D.
4080:, p. 247–248.
3871:Deuteronomy 32:8–9
3549:Van der Toorn 1995
3537:Van der Toorn 1995
3527:, pp. 912–13.
3525:Van der Toorn 1999
3513:Van der Toorn 1999
3391:– via JSTOR.
3289:, pp. 42, 57.
3100:, pp. 8, 135.
3023:, pp. 158–59.
2644:, and clusters of
2595:conquest of Judaea
2526:, under the names
2400:
2145:Hellenistic period
2074:In 587/6 BCE
2072:
1879:Deuteronomy 32:8–9
1875:
1833:, 727 to 698. The
1685:
1568:being nomads from
1381:
1288:Papyrus Amherst 63
1277:Siege of Jerusalem
561:dynastic deities (
62:
8137:West Semitic gods
8044:
8043:
7985:Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto
7540:In Zoroastrianism
7387:978-0-8264-6339-5
7363:978-0-567-03216-4
7340:978-0-19-534849-1
7319:978-0-521-21880-1
7298:978-90-04-12427-1
7277:978-90-04-10410-5
7256:978-0-8028-2491-2
7231:978-90-04-10373-3
7170:978-90-5356-503-2
7149:978-1-5098-6734-9
7127:978-90-04-44772-1
7106:978-0-19-513937-2
7084:978-90-04-34087-9
7063:978-0-19-973004-9
7040:978-0-521-51872-7
7019:978-90-04-10479-2
7000:978-90-04-10477-8
6979:978-0-521-21880-1
6953:978-3-11-044711-8
6911:978-0-470-65677-8
6885:978-3-16-149543-4
6861:978-0-271-04600-6
6835:978-0-8028-3972-5
6811:978-0-19-516768-9
6787:978-90-5356-503-2
6726:978-3-525-54045-9
6707:978-0-300-17668-1
6657:978-0-674-50497-4
6601:978-0-8028-2417-2
6564:978-1-85075-864-8
6557:. A&C Black.
6544:978-0-88920-013-5
6520:978-1-84127-258-0
6513:. A&C Black.
6499:978-90-5356-503-2
6469:978-0-8028-6260-0
6448:978-3-647-54086-3
6427:978-0-664-21262-9
6406:978-0-664-22145-4
6382:978-0-521-87365-9
6373:The God of Israel
6359:978-0-19-513937-2
6336:978-1-57506-128-3
6309:McKenzie, John L.
6292:978-3-16-147055-4
6271:978-0-567-24554-0
6248:978-1-317-48893-4
6224:978-0-19-007254-4
6203:978-0-19-997846-5
6184:978-3-16-152207-9
6163:978-1-57910-613-3
6142:978-3-525-54414-3
6070:978-0-664-22148-5
6049:978-0-86554-373-7
6026:978-0-8147-3706-4
6005:978-0-19-026116-0
5982:978-1-4335-2574-2
5959:978-0-8010-2717-8
5935:978-0-931464-84-3
5914:978-3-16-149902-9
5893:978-0-19-513937-2
5867:978-0-567-03254-6
5860:. A&C Black.
5846:978-0-567-03216-4
5823:978-0-567-55248-8
5816:. A&C Black.
5802:978-1-57506-083-5
5771:978-0-19-537985-3
5729:978-0-567-37415-8
5704:978-1-118-23293-4
5681:978-0-8028-2329-8
5658:978-1-317-24713-5
5637:978-1-57506-741-4
5614:978-1-108-83507-7
5593:978-0-521-77248-8
5570:978-90-5356-503-2
5538:978-1-84127-199-6
5531:. A&C Black.
5515:978-1-85075-458-9
5508:. A&C Black.
5494:978-0-8028-2852-1
5473:978-0-8028-4416-3
5452:978-1-57506-083-5
5435:Dever, William G.
5426:978-0-567-53783-6
5398:978-0-567-03216-4
5375:978-0-567-08488-0
5354:978-3-16-152492-9
5309:978-1-64602-093-5
5288:978-1-58983-098-1
5267:978-90-5356-503-2
5242:978-0-19-528880-3
5219:978-0-300-09088-8
5195:978-0-521-24377-3
5165:978-0-19-513937-2
5142:978-0-19-513937-2
5119:978-0-281-06900-2
5098:978-0-226-04447-7
5077:978-90-5356-503-2
5054:978-1-58983-145-2
5033:978-3-030-32312-7
5012:978-0-8028-3909-1
4991:978-0-567-23212-0
4984:. A&C Black.
4968:978-0-567-36246-9
4947:978-0-664-25395-0
4923:978-1-4982-1757-6
4904:978-0-567-66396-2
4880:978-0-393-29250-3
4859:978-1-5015-0022-0
4838:978-1-58983-055-4
4817:978-0-664-22719-7
4796:978-0-19-066924-9
4773:978-0-567-49110-7
4766:. A&C Black.
4750:978-1-57506-083-5
4629:, pp. 89–90.
4459:978-0-295-97682-2
3990:, pp. 71–72.
3918:Schniedewind 2013
3815:978-1-575-06418-5
3771:978-2-8309-1253-1
3709:, pp. 19–31.
3440:, pp. 13–14.
3404:, pp. 55–56.
3313:, pp. 61–63.
3251:Parke-Taylor 1975
3142:, pp. 59–60.
3076:, pp. 96–97.
2957:, pp. 26–27.
2895:in block script:
2672:Sean M. McDonough
2589:A coin issued by
2248:rather than true
2149:Egyptian diaspora
1772:Kenite hypothesis
1641:Kingdom of Israel
1602:Kenite hypothesis
1480:Frank Moore Cross
1173:, and later with
1124:
1123:
69:ancient Near East
8144:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7458:
7433:
7391:
7367:
7344:
7323:
7302:
7281:
7260:
7235:
7209:
7199:
7174:
7153:
7131:
7110:
7093:Stager, Lawrence
7088:
7067:
7044:
7023:
7004:
6983:
6957:
6915:
6889:
6878:. Mohr Siebeck.
6865:
6839:
6815:
6791:
6765:
6755:
6730:
6711:
6690:
6661:
6640:
6630:
6605:
6582:
6568:
6547:
6524:
6503:
6473:
6452:
6431:
6410:
6386:
6363:
6340:
6316:
6304:
6275:
6252:
6228:
6207:
6188:
6177:. Mohr Siebeck.
6167:
6146:
6123:
6074:
6053:
6030:
6009:
5986:
5963:
5944:Hess, Richard S.
5939:
5918:
5907:. Mohr Siebeck.
5897:
5871:
5850:
5827:
5806:
5783:
5754:
5733:
5708:
5685:
5662:
5641:
5618:
5597:
5574:
5551:
5542:
5519:
5498:
5477:
5456:
5430:
5402:
5379:
5358:
5347:. Mohr Siebeck.
5337:
5313:
5292:
5271:
5246:
5223:
5199:
5169:
5146:
5123:
5102:
5081:
5058:
5037:
5016:
4995:
4972:
4951:
4932:Barker, Margaret
4927:
4916:. Mohr Siebeck.
4908:
4896:
4884:
4873:. W. W. Norton.
4863:
4842:
4821:
4800:
4777:
4754:
4719:
4672:
4666:
4656:
4650:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3936:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3807:Penn State Press
3797:
3791:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3755:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3587:
3563:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3486:Shalomi Hen 2021
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3450:Shalomi Hen 2021
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3360:
3354:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3230:, p. xxiii.
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3164:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2912:
2911:
2909:[jahˈwe]
2901:
2899:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2599:BACCHIVS IVDAEVS
2548:Egyptian deities
2361:infant sacrifice
2357:Babylonian exile
2257:Babylonian exile
2214:Rabbinic Judaism
2141:Day of Atonement
2088:Babylonian exile
2084:Solomon's Temple
2034:Khirbet Beit Lei
1848:
1826:
1784:Doeg the Edomite
1689:material culture
1645:Kingdom of Judah
1556:
1433:ehyeh ašer ehyeh
1357:Day of Atonement
1311:
1307:
1306:
1282:
1270:
1116:
1109:
1102:
770:Kothar-wa-Khasis
78:Ancient Egyptian
64:
63:
8152:
8151:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8072:Creator deities
8047:
8046:
8045:
8040:
7922:Nzambi a Mpungu
7743:Svayam Bhagavan
7574:
7553:In Christianity
7526:
7521:
7486:123456789/15051
7466:
7461:
7443:Antiguo Oriente
7399:
7397:Further reading
7394:
7388:
7364:
7341:
7320:
7299:
7278:
7257:
7232:
7184:Revista Bíblica
7171:
7150:
7140:God: An Anatomy
7128:
7107:
7085:
7064:
7050:"God, Names of"
7041:
7020:
7001:
6980:
6954:
6912:
6886:
6862:
6836:
6812:
6788:
6727:
6708:
6679:10.2307/3264243
6658:
6602:
6565:
6545:
6521:
6500:
6470:
6449:
6428:
6407:
6383:
6360:
6337:
6329:. Eisenbrauns.
6293:
6272:
6249:
6233:Liverani, Mario
6225:
6204:
6185:
6164:
6143:
6071:
6050:
6036:"God, Names of"
6027:
6006:
5983:
5960:
5936:
5928:. Eisenbrauns.
5915:
5894:
5876:Hackett, Jo Ann
5868:
5847:
5824:
5803:
5772:
5730:
5705:
5682:
5659:
5638:
5630:. Eisenbrauns.
5615:
5594:
5571:
5539:
5516:
5495:
5474:
5453:
5445:. Eisenbrauns.
5427:
5399:
5376:
5355:
5334:
5310:
5289:
5268:
5243:
5220:
5196:
5166:
5143:
5120:
5099:
5078:
5055:
5034:
5013:
4992:
4969:
4948:
4924:
4905:
4894:
4881:
4860:
4839:
4818:
4797:
4774:
4751:
4743:. Eisenbrauns.
4733:Ackerman, Susan
4727:
4722:
4673:
4669:
4657:
4653:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4585:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4534:
4530:
4479:
4475:
4460:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4207:, p. 1287.
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4140:, p. xxvi.
4136:
4132:
4128:, pp. 2–3.
4124:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3939:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3865:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3798:
3794:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3618:
3611:
3564:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3402:Ben-Sasson 2019
3400:
3396:
3381:10.2307/3262791
3361:
3357:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3167:
3159:
3146:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2866:
2862:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2648:, a similarity
2626:Cornelius Labeo
2622:John the Lydian
2571:cultural heroes
2516:
2508:anthropomorphic
2471:standing stones
2463:
2457:
2385:
2328:national mythos
2297:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2269:6th-century BCE
2226:
2112:Cyrus the Great
2098:observance and
2080:Neo-Babylonians
2048:
2042:
2022:8th century BCE
1975:9th century BCE
1917:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1816:
1764:
1760:Song of Deborah
1746:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1665:
1608:routes between
1554:
1429:
1393:Lawrence Stager
1386:
1369:
1296:
1129:was an ancient
1120:
1084:
1083:
875:
865:
864:
660:
650:
642:
641:
504:
490:
489:
415:
405:
404:
345:
335:
334:
190:
180:
179:
80:
67:Deities of the
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8150:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8132:Tetragrammaton
8129:
8124:
8122:Savior deities
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7956:
7946:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7934:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7882:I Am that I Am
7879:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7828:Gitche Manitou
7816:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7802:God the Father
7794:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7691:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7657:
7652:
7642:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7585:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7520:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7465:
7464:External links
7462:
7460:
7459:
7455:123456789/7231
7434:
7416:(4): 387–404.
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7386:
7368:
7362:
7345:
7339:
7324:
7318:
7303:
7297:
7282:
7276:
7261:
7255:
7236:
7230:
7210:
7190:(1–2): 55–70.
7186:(in Spanish).
7175:
7169:
7154:
7148:
7132:
7126:
7111:
7105:
7089:
7083:
7068:
7062:
7045:
7039:
7024:
7018:
7005:
6999:
6984:
6978:
6958:
6952:
6920:Smith, Mark S.
6916:
6910:
6894:Smith, Mark S.
6890:
6884:
6870:Smith, Mark S.
6866:
6860:
6844:Smith, Mark S.
6840:
6834:
6820:Smith, Mark S.
6816:
6810:
6796:Smith, Mark S.
6792:
6786:
6770:Smith, Mark S.
6766:
6731:
6725:
6712:
6706:
6691:
6662:
6656:
6641:
6606:
6600:
6583:
6569:
6563:
6548:
6543:
6525:
6519:
6504:
6498:
6481:
6474:
6468:
6453:
6447:
6432:
6426:
6411:
6405:
6387:
6381:
6364:
6358:
6341:
6335:
6318:
6305:
6291:
6276:
6270:
6264:. Bloomsbury.
6253:
6247:
6229:
6223:
6208:
6202:
6189:
6183:
6168:
6162:
6147:
6141:
6124:
6075:
6069:
6054:
6048:
6031:
6025:
6010:
6004:
5987:
5981:
5964:
5958:
5940:
5934:
5919:
5913:
5898:
5892:
5872:
5866:
5851:
5845:
5828:
5822:
5807:
5801:
5784:
5770:
5755:
5734:
5728:
5709:
5703:
5686:
5680:
5663:
5657:
5642:
5636:
5619:
5613:
5598:
5592:
5575:
5569:
5552:
5543:
5537:
5520:
5514:
5499:
5493:
5478:
5472:
5457:
5451:
5431:
5425:
5403:
5397:
5380:
5374:
5359:
5353:
5338:
5332:
5314:
5308:
5293:
5287:
5272:
5266:
5252:Smith, Mark S.
5247:
5241:
5224:
5218:
5200:
5194:
5170:
5164:
5147:
5141:
5124:
5118:
5103:
5097:
5082:
5076:
5059:
5053:
5038:
5032:
5017:
5011:
4996:
4990:
4973:
4967:
4952:
4946:
4928:
4922:
4909:
4903:
4897:. Bloomsbury.
4885:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4822:
4816:
4801:
4795:
4778:
4772:
4755:
4749:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4667:
4651:
4631:
4627:McDonough 1999
4619:
4607:
4603:McDonough 1999
4595:
4579:
4577:, p. 233.
4567:
4563:McDonough 1999
4555:
4548:
4528:
4499:10.2307/299057
4473:
4458:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4376:MacDonald 2007
4368:
4364:Mettinger 2006
4356:
4344:
4342:, p. 388.
4332:
4330:, p. 302.
4320:
4308:
4306:, p. 118.
4296:
4284:
4282:, p. 458.
4272:
4257:
4255:, p. 145.
4245:
4243:, p. 226.
4233:
4231:, p. 297.
4229:Rosenberg 1966
4221:
4219:, p. 917.
4209:
4197:
4185:
4170:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4116:, p. 274.
4106:
4104:, p. 271.
4094:
4082:
4070:
4055:
4053:, p. 287.
4043:
4041:, p. 254.
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3954:, p. 112.
3937:
3935:, p. 156.
3922:
3910:
3908:, p. 203.
3898:
3886:
3874:
3863:
3844:
3832:
3830:, p. 177.
3820:
3792:
3777:
3770:
3747:
3745:, p. 101.
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3697:, p. 182.
3687:
3675:
3673:, p. 395.
3663:
3651:
3609:
3553:
3551:, p. 248.
3541:
3529:
3517:
3515:, p. 912.
3502:
3500:, p. 153.
3490:
3478:
3476:, p. 151.
3466:
3464:, p. 100.
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3375:(4): 369–377.
3355:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3275:Miller II 2021
3267:
3265:, p. 214.
3255:
3243:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3206:, p. 823.
3196:
3184:
3165:
3144:
3129:
3117:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3064:, p. 222.
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2986:
2971:
2969:, p. 110.
2959:
2947:
2935:
2933:, p. 190.
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2812:Tutelary deity
2809:
2804:
2802:Tetragrammaton
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:God in Judaism
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:Judaism portal
2726:
2710:
2707:
2678:words such as
2616:In any event,
2611:Aristobulus II
2515:
2512:
2456:
2453:
2384:
2381:
2290:
2287:
2282:Main article:
2279:
2276:
2225:
2222:
2194:House of David
2153:tetragrammaton
2076:Jerusalem fell
2044:Main article:
2041:
2038:
2011:Deuteronomists
1884:
1869:Painting on a
1850:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1749:Book of Judges
1722:
1664:
1661:
1497:Yahweh ṣəḇāʾōṯ
1437:I Am that I Am
1428:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1385:
1382:
1377:Khirbet el-Qom
1368:
1365:
1334:personal names
1295:
1292:
1188:In the oldest
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
661:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
505:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
346:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
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277:
272:
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252:
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242:
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162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
33:Tetragrammaton
21:God in Judaism
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8149:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8107:National gods
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7718:Hiranyagarbha
7716:
7712:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7569:
7566:
7564:
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7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
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7529:
7525:
7518:
7513:
7511:
7506:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7467:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7401:
7389:
7383:
7380:. Continuum.
7379:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7289:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6962:Smith, Morton
6959:
6955:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6649:
6648:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:. Routledge.
6240:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:. NYU Press.
6018:
6017:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5745:(4): 315–36.
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:. Routledge.
5650:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5339:
5335:
5333:0-674-09176-0
5329:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:. SBL Press.
5046:
5045:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4605:, p. 89.
4604:
4599:
4592:
4591:"Question VI"
4588:
4587:Plutarch n.d.
4583:
4576:
4571:
4565:, p. 88.
4564:
4559:
4551:
4549:0-7134-7672-9
4545:
4541:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4360:
4354:, p. 83.
4353:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4276:
4270:, p. 89.
4269:
4264:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4205:McKenzie 1990
4201:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4068:, p. 61.
4067:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4039:Sperling 2017
4035:
4033:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4001:
4000:Campbell 2001
3996:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3966:, p. 90.
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3920:, p. 93.
3919:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3884:, p. 77.
3883:
3882:Anderson 2015
3878:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3743:Anderson 2015
3739:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3661:, p. 83.
3660:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3462:Anderson 2015
3458:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3428:, p. 71.
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:Fleming 2020b
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3277:, p. 18.
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3253:, p. 51.
3252:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3163:, p. 60.
3162:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3127:, p. 20.
3126:
3121:
3115:, p. 38.
3114:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3088:, p. 18.
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2999:, p. 42.
2998:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2910:
2905:
2894:
2893:reconstructed
2890:
2884:
2858:
2833:
2829:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2727:
2724:
2723:Jewish portal
2713:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
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2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
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2537:
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2495:
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2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2295:Feast of Wine
2285:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:Second Isaiah
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2116:Second Temple
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:second Isaiah
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:Second Temple
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:national gods
1934:
1933:nation states
1930:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1913:Song of Moses
1910:
1906:
1899:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1811:
1808:
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1800:
1796:
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1714:
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1623:
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1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:Amenhotep III
1559:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
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1498:
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1410:
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1398:
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1390:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1271:, "my
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:sole divinity
1246:
1245:creator deity
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:heavenly army
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
869:
868:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Baʿalat Gebal
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
654:
646:
645:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
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595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
499:
494:
493:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
414:
409:
408:
401:
398:
396:
393:
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388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
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371:
368:
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361:
358:
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353:
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348:
347:
344:
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331:
328:
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323:
321:
318:
316:
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311:
308:
306:
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288:
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278:
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268:
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258:
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248:
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243:
241:
238:
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233:
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218:
216:
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208:
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192:
189:
184:
183:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
79:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
8102:Names of God
8097:Justice gods
8077:Creator gods
8033:
7995:Umvelinqangi
7973:Sol Invictus
7819:Great Spirit
7568:In Mandaeism
7524:Names of God
7475:
7446:
7442:
7413:
7409:
7376:
7372:Zevit, Ziony
7353:
7329:
7308:
7287:
7266:
7249:. Eerdmans.
7245:
7221:
7187:
7183:
7163:. Eerdmans.
7159:
7139:
7116:
7096:
7073:
7053:
7029:
7009:
6989:
6969:
6927:
6901:
6874:
6851:
6824:
6800:
6780:. Eerdmans.
6777:
6743:
6739:
6716:
6696:
6670:
6666:
6646:
6618:
6614:
6591:
6577:
6553:
6533:
6509:
6489:
6477:
6462:. Eerdmans.
6458:
6437:
6416:
6395:
6372:
6349:
6326:
6312:
6281:
6261:
6237:
6213:
6193:
6173:
6152:
6132:
6090:(1): 39–62.
6087:
6083:
6059:
6039:
6015:
5995:
5972:
5948:
5924:
5903:
5883:
5856:
5836:
5812:
5792:
5760:
5742:
5738:
5714:
5694:
5671:
5647:
5627:
5603:
5583:
5560:
5547:
5528:
5504:
5487:. Eerdmans.
5483:
5466:. Eerdmans.
5462:
5442:
5411:
5388:
5364:
5343:
5322:
5298:
5277:
5256:
5232:
5208:
5204:Cohn, Norman
5185:
5155:
5132:
5108:
5087:
5070:. Eerdmans.
5067:
5064:"Monotheism"
5043:
5022:
5005:. Eerdmans.
5001:
4981:
4957:
4936:
4913:
4890:
4869:
4848:
4827:
4806:
4786:
4763:
4740:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4665:, pp. 77–78.
4662:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4538:
4531:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4449:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4352:Bennett 2002
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4268:Albertz 1994
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4182:. Routledge.
4179:
4173:
4162:Albertz 2003
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4097:
4092:, p. 2.
4085:
4073:
4066:Albertz 1994
4046:
4019:
4014:, p. 9.
4007:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3933:Hackett 2001
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3866:
3857:
3847:
3835:
3823:
3801:
3799:Elie Assis,
3795:
3786:
3780:
3760:
3738:
3731:Hackett 2001
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3629:
3625:
3575:
3571:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3416:, p. 2.
3409:
3397:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:Fleming 2020
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3125:Cornell 2021
3120:
3093:
3086:Cornell 2021
3081:
3069:
3040:
3035:, p. 7.
3028:
3021:Hackett 2001
3016:
3011:, p. 1.
3004:
2984:, p. 3.
2982:Fleming 2020
2962:
2955:Pyschny 2021
2950:
2938:
2931:Edelman 1995
2926:
2903:
2889:Paleo-Hebrew
2832:
2688:
2657:
2654:hypostasized
2640:, leaves of
2615:
2598:
2588:
2517:
2497:
2483:
2464:
2401:
2396:James Tissot
2298:
2273:
2254:
2246:monolatrists
2234:
2227:
2210:Christianity
2167:
2160:
2156:
2126:
2120:
2100:circumcision
2073:
2026:Neo-Assyrian
2019:
2017:to Yahweh.
2003:
1972:
1961:
1926:
1919:
1885:
1876:
1788:
1780:Yahwist cult
1769:
1766:
1752:
1723:
1717:Sinai desert
1710:
1706:Israel Knohl
1686:
1656:
1638:
1581:
1580:and theonym
1577:
1557:
1542:
1538:tꜣ šꜣsw Yhwꜣ
1536:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1432:
1430:
1414:
1387:
1359:. After the
1339:
1332:- appear in
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:block script
1300:paleo-Hebrew
1297:
1285:
1264:
1242:
1230:
1216:, including
1210:polytheistic
1187:
1141:kingdoms of
1135:national god
1126:
1125:
873:Mesopotamian
854:
720:Baʿal Marqod
715:Baʿal Ḥammon
245:Dhul Khalasa
58:winged wheel
41:
8127:Savior gods
8000:Unkulunkulu
7850:Holy Spirit
7845:Hayyi Rabbi
7833:Wakan Tanka
7807:God the Son
7598:Parvardigar
7588:Ahura Mazda
7535:In Hinduism
7142:. Picador.
6317:S.v. 77:17.
4737:"Goddesses"
4663:Judeophobia
4468:j.ctvcwnpvs
4414:, p. .
4412:Arnold 1996
4402:, p. .
4340:Dever 2003a
4280:Gorman 2000
4253:Sommer 2009
4241:Albani 2020
4126:Grabbe 2010
4090:Grabbe 2010
3976:Geller 2012
3964:Miller 2000
3952:Davies 2010
3860:(61): 1–17.
3695:Golden 2009
3498:Grabbe 2007
3474:Grabbe 2007
3414:Miller 2000
3240:Exodus 3:14
3204:Preuss 2008
3009:Miller 2000
2861:, or often
2569:and Jewish
2504:post-exilic
2369:King Josiah
2336:Mount Sinai
2261:creator-god
2250:monotheists
2174:end of time
2118:was built.
1995:high places
1991:sun worship
1852:Winged disk
1835:winged disk
1751:5:4–5, 20,
1704:. However,
1478:DN; though
1465:yahwi-dagan
1389:Philip King
1345:Commandment
1312: in
1198:war deities
1133:deity, the
1069:Utu/Shamash
1019:Ningishzida
910:Belet Nagar
880:Adad/Ishkur
730:Baʿalshamem
725:Baʿal Ṣapon
425:Inshushinak
8051:Categories
7978:Elagabalus
7790:El Shaddai
7558:In Judaism
7548:In Chinese
7544:Abrahamic
6936:De Gruyter
4436:Scott 2015
4424:Scott 2015
4388:Lewis 2020
4328:Cohen 1999
4304:Gnuse 1997
4193:Eakin 1971
4164:, p.
4150:Wanke 1984
4114:Cogan 2001
4102:Cogan 2001
4051:Smith 2016
4024:Smith 2002
4012:Smith 2002
3988:Smith 2002
3906:Smith 2008
3840:Tebes 2023
3828:Dicou 1994
3719:Knohl 2017
3707:Smith 2002
3683:Smith 2002
3659:Smith 2002
3595:2263/84039
3426:Cross 1973
3311:Cross 1973
3299:Lewis 2020
3263:Lewis 2020
3216:Elior 2006
3192:Alter 2018
3161:Leech 2002
3140:Leech 2002
3113:Smith 2017
3098:Smith 2002
3074:Cross 1973
3062:Lewis 2020
3045:Smith 2002
3033:Smith 2002
2997:Smith 2017
2819:References
2552:archangels
2459:See also:
2340:wilderness
2332:the exodus
2293:See also:
2230:monotheism
2190:Zerubbabel
2092:sacrifices
1999:El Shaddai
1797:) and the
1679:, ancient
1237:El Shaddai
1206:Israelites
1183:Bronze Age
930:Ereshkigal
430:Ishmekarab
305:Theandrios
235:Baalshamin
225:Atarsamain
7927:Olodumare
7892:Jehovah 1
7877:Hypsistos
7650:Saraswati
7430:171053999
7291:. Brill.
7270:. Brill.
7224:. Brill.
7206:2683-7153
7077:. Brill.
6762:2363-6696
6637:2363-6696
6301:0340-9570
6120:167075689
6104:0021-9231
5780:261177290
5437:(2003a).
5407:Day, John
4685:; but he
4683:Jerusalem
4659:Petronius
4523:163401482
4507:1753-528X
4493:: 35–38.
4400:Betz 1996
4217:Betz 2000
4078:Hess 2020
3894:Hess 2007
3646:2466-6815
3632:: 45–94.
3604:2363-6696
3331:Ya-aḫ-wi-
3287:Kitz 2019
2919:Citations
2807:Theophany
2695:Petronius
2486:aniconism
2455:Portrayal
2425:Beersheba
2353:atonement
2349:Leviticus
2344:salvation
2322:with the
2311:with the
2186:Zechariah
1927:The late
1791:Ammonites
1677:West Bank
1673:Bull Site
1634:Palestine
1347:against "
1139:Israelite
1131:Levantine
1049:Papsukkal
1039:Ninshubur
1024:Ninhursag
994:Nanna/Sin
695:Atargatis
653:Canaanite
649:Levantine
480:Ruhurater
470:Napirisha
440:Kiririsha
390:Ninkarrak
8087:Dionysus
8010:Ik Onkar
8005:Waheguru
7944:Osanobua
7887:Jahbulon
7840:Haneunim
7785:El Elyon
7733:Tad Ekam
7684:Trimurti
7640:Mahadevi
7635:Bhagavan
7563:In Islam
7374:(2001).
7241:"Yahweh"
7216:(1995).
7138:(2021).
6964:(1984).
6922:(2017).
6896:(2016).
6872:(2008).
6846:(2003).
6822:(2002).
6798:(2001).
6772:(2000).
6588:"Yahweh"
6573:Plutarch
6531:(1975),
6393:(2000).
6235:(2014).
5946:(2007).
5878:(2001).
5739:Religion
5409:(2002).
5320:(1973).
5254:(2012).
5206:(2001).
5176:(1999).
5112:. SPCK.
4934:(1992).
4735:(2003).
3626:Semitica
3438:Day 2002
2898:*יַהְוֶה
2709:See also
2684:Alleluia
2650:Plutarch
2638:amphorae
2607:Dionysus
2573:such as
2499:de facto
2490:Hezekiah
2475:cherubim
2467:aniconic
2301:Passover
2170:purified
2030:Ein Gedi
2015:fidelity
2007:prophets
1929:Iron Age
1922:theonyms
1907:32:8-9,
1831:Hezekiah
1829:Seal of
1799:Moabites
1694:pantheon
1555:𓇌𓉔𓍯𓄿
1551:Egyptian
1531:Egyptian
1473:Akkadian
1451:element
1305:𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄
1269:אֲדֹנָי
1190:biblical
1179:Iron Age
1054:Sarpanit
1044:Pabilsag
1029:Ninisina
954:Manungal
949:Ishtaran
895:Asarluhi
820:Shadrafa
765:Kotharat
657:Ugaritic
592:Pirengir
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