Weight loss - Knowledge

745: 54: 1044:. In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is underweight, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal diseases and who have recently had surgery. According to data in the UK using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), which incorporates unintentional weight loss, more than 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10–60%) of hospital patients are also at risk, along with a similar proportion in care homes. 1122:(COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including diminished muscle mass. Around 25% experience moderate to severe weight loss, and most others have some weight loss. Greater weight loss is associated with poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include appetite loss related to reduced activity, additional energy required for breathing, and the difficulty of eating with 1433:

Trisolini, MG; Wnek, J; Anderson, JL; Halperin, JL; Albert, NM; Bozkurt, B; Brindis, RG; Curtis, LH; DeMets, D; Hochman, JS; Kovacs, RJ; Ohman, EM; Pressler, SJ; Sellke, FW; Shen, WK; Smith SC, Jr; Tomaselli, GF; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice, Guidelines.; Obesity, Society. (24 June 2014).

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to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects nutritional status indirectly, particularly during the recovery period, as it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system.

1301:, to name a few. Reduction of obesity lowers those risks. A 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) loss of body weight has been associated with an approximate 1 millimetre of mercury (0.13 kPa) drop in blood pressure. Intentional weight loss is associated with cognitive performance improvements in overweight and obese individuals. 1250:(tube feeding) is often needed. However a policy of 'nil by mouth' for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit, with some weak evidence suggesting it might hinder recovery. Early post-operative nutrition is a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. These protocols also include 780:. Self-monitoring of diet, exercise, and weight are beneficial strategies for weight loss, particularly early in weight loss programs. Research indicates that those who log their foods about three times per day and about 20 times per month are more likely to achieve clinically significant weight loss. 1377:

Arnett, Donna K.; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Albert, Michelle A.; Buroker, Andrew B.; Goldberger, Zachary D.; Hahn, Ellen J.; Himmelfarb, Cheryl D.; Khera, Amit; Lloyd-Jones, Donald; McEvoy, J. William; Michos, Erin D.; Miedema, Michael D.; Muñoz, Daniel; Smith, Sidney C.; Virani, Salim S.; Williams, Kim

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Katzmarzyk, Peter T.; Martin, Corby K.; Newton, Robert L.; Apolzan, John W.; Arnold, Connie L.; Davis, Terry C.; Price-Haywood, Eboni G.; Denstel, Kara D.; Mire, Emily F.; Thethi, Tina K.; Brantley, Phillip J.; Johnson, William D.; Fonseca, Vivian; Gugel, Jonathan; Kennedy, Kathleen B. (3 September

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being the "key to weight" is "part truth and part myth" as while metabolism does affect weight loss, external forces such as diet and exercise have an equal effect. They also commented that the idea of changing one's rate of metabolism is under debate. Diet plans in fitness magazines are also often

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Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing treatment effectiveness and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle. Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after surgery. Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy

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Inability to eat can result from: diminished consciousness or confusion, or physical problems affecting the arm or hands, swallowing or chewing. Eating restrictions may also be imposed as part of treatment or investigations. Lack of food can result from: poverty, difficulty in shopping or cooking,

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can change so that they lose weight even when they are getting what is normally regarded as adequate nutrition and the body cannot compensate. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss

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Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people. Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems. Ill-fitting dentures and other

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organizations varies widely, being previously non-evidence-based, so there is only limited evidence supporting their use, because of high attrition rates. Commercial diets result in modest weight loss in the long term, with similar results regardless of the brand, and similarly to non-commercial

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In 2008, between US$ 33 billion and $ 55 billion was spent annually in the US on weight-loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight-loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. Over $ 1.6 billion per year was spent on

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Jensen, MD; Ryan, DH; Apovian, CM; Ard, JD; Comuzzie, AG; Donato, KA; Hu, FB; Hubbard, VS; Jakicic, JM; Kushner, RF; Loria, CM; Millen, BE; Nonas, CA; Pi-Sunyer, FX; Stevens, J; Stevens, VJ; Wadden, TA; Wolfe, BM; Yanovski, SZ; Jordan, HS; Kendall, KA; Lux, LJ; Mentor-Marcel, R; Morgan, LC;

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may contribute to unwanted weight gain or loss depending on the individual, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters. Though hypothesized that

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Malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, such as pressure sores. Unintentional weight loss can be the characteristic leading to diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and

634:), or lean mass (namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue). Weight loss can either occur unintentionally because of malnourishment or an underlying disease, or from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived 944:, or a combination of these. It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used for assessing weight that is too low is the 1283:

believed to be effective but may actually be harmful by limiting the daily intake of important calories and nutrients which can be detrimental depending on the person and are even capable of driving individuals away from weight loss.

835:, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume. Obesity has been resistant to drug-based therapies, with a 2021 review stating that existing medications are "often delivering insufficient efficacy and dubious safety". 1435:"2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society" 917:

diets and standard care. Comprehensive diet programs, providing counseling and targets for calorie intake, are more efficient than dieting without guidance ("self-help"), although the evidence is very limited. The

813:. Persons dieting for weight loss have demonstrated the weight-reducing effects of increased water consumption. Among adults in the U.S. there is a significant association between inadequate hydration and obesity. 4378: 4363: 714:

and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, those who achieve and manage a healthy weight do so most successfully by being careful to consume just enough calories to meet their needs, and being physically active.

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Sowerbutts, Anne Marie; Burden, Sorrel; Sremanakova, Jana; French, Chloe; Knight, Stephen R.; Harrison, Ewen M. (8 April 2024). "Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery".

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are another common cause of unexplained weight loss – in fact they are the most common non-cancerous cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include:

1133:) weight loss. About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobiliary ( 1770:

Pathak, K.; Soares, M. J.; Calton, E. K.; Zhao, Y.; Hallett, J. (1 June 2014). "Vitamin D supplementation and body weight status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials,

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Some popular beliefs attached to weight loss have been shown to either have less effect on weight loss than commonly believed or are actively unhealthy. According to Harvard Health, the idea of

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Losses from the gastrointestinal can occur because of symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, as well as fistulae and stomas. There can also be losses from drains, including nasogastric tubes.

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The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The

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For weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. There is evidence that counseling or exercise alone do not result in weight loss, whereas

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by reducing the size of the stomach, but as with any surgical procedure both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with a physician.

4033:"Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of hospital stay and postoperative complications" 4031:

Herbert, Georgia; Perry, Rachel; Andersen, Henning Keinke; Atkinson, Charlotte; Penfold, Christopher; Lewis, Stephen J.; Ness, Andrew R.; Thomas, Steven (2018).

3941:"Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort" 3788:"Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort" 3498:

Payne, C; Wiffen, PJ; Martin, S (18 January 2012). Payne, Cathy (ed.). "Interventions for fatigue and weight loss in adults with advanced progressive illness".

2947: 2219:"Effect of Exercise and Pharmacological Interventions on Visceral Adiposity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Long-term Randomized Controlled Trials" 955:). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced 959:

associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss. Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by

693:(high blood pressure), however whether this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear. Weight loss is achieved by adopting a lifestyle in which fewer 4295: 1077:

Poor appetite can be a direct symptom of an illness, or an illness could make eating painful or induce nausea. Illness can also cause food aversion.

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Atallah, R.; Filion, K. B.; Wakil, S. M.; Genest, J.; Joseph, L.; Poirier, P.; Rinfret, S.; Schiffrin, E. L.; Eisenberg, M. J. (11 November 2014).

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Serious weight loss may reduce quality of life, impair treatment effectiveness or recovery, worsen disease processes and be a risk factor for high

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In Western Europe, sales of weight-loss products, excluding prescription medications, topped €1,25 billion (£900 million/$ 1.4 billion) in 2009.

2191: 1648:"Depression-Related Increases and Decreases in Appetite: Dissociable Patterns of Aberrant Activity in Reward and Interoceptive Neurocircuitry" 1621: 4296:"Weight loss is associated with improvements in cognitive function among overweight and obese people: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2317:"The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and e-mail: Daily Self-Weighing Weight Loss Intervention" 722:

alone results in meaningful long-term weight loss, and a combination of dieting and exercise provides the best results. Meal replacements,

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The role of nutrition in maintaining health in the nation's elderly: evaluating coverage of nutrition services for the Medicare population

3109:"Long-Term Effects of 4 Popular Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials" 685:

can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. It could reduce pain and increase movement in people with

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Tsai, AG; Wadden, TA (4 January 2005). "Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States".

606: 2611: 787:(such as carbohydrate) consumed. High protein diets have shown greater efficacy in the short term (under 12 months) for people eating 1646:

Simmons, W. Kyle; Burrows, Kaiping; Avery, Jason A.; Kerr, Kara L.; Bodurka, Jerzy; Savage, Cary R.; Drevets, Wayne C. (April 2016).

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Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called

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has also become popular recently as an aid in weight loss. It is particularly beneficial for those with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

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Sumithran, Priya; Proietto, Joseph (2013). "The defence of body weight: A physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss".

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from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts,

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Veronese, N; Facchini, S; Stubbs, B; Luchini, C; Solmi, M; Manzato, E; Sergi, G; Maggi, S; Cosco, T; Fontana, L (January 2017).

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Avery, Amanda (2018). "4.7 Commercial weight management organisations for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).

3252:"Direct comparisons of commercial weight-loss programs on weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure: a systematic review" 980:

in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. It is associated with poorer outcomes. In the advanced stages of

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Obesity increases health risks, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and non-alcoholic

2900:"Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 1004:. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cells to the most complex body functions, including: 4495: 772:, sugar and salt, and reduced caloric intake with an increase in physical activity. Both long-term exercise programs and 3578: 2823: 1254:

in the 24 hours before surgery, but earlier nutritional interventions have not been shown to have a significant impact.

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often experience weight loss, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.

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state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or increase in exercise is called

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Gudzune, KA; Doshi, RS; Mehta, AK; Chaudhry, ZW; Jacobs, DK; Vakil, RM; Lee, CJ; Bleich, SN; Clark, JM (7 April 2015).

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Vakil, RM; Doshi, RS; Mehta, AK; Chaudhry, ZW; Jacobs, DK; Lee, CJ; Bleich, SN; Clark, JM; Gudzune, KA (1 June 2016).

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Maunder, Alison; Bessell, Erica; Lauche, Romy; Adams, Jon; Sainsbury, Amanda; Fuller, Nicholas R. (27 January 2020).

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Steinberg, Dori M.; Tate, Deborah F.; Bennett, Gary G.; Ennett, Susan; Samuel-Hodge, Carmen; Ward, Dianne S. (2013).

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may help, studies do not support this. The majority of dieters regain weight over the long term. According to the UK

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Type 1 diabetes in adults: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care

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Bayer, Sandra; Holzapfel, Christina (July 2022). "Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management".

948:(BMI). However, even lesser amounts of weight loss can be a cause for serious concern in a frail elderly person. 599: 375: 4488: 563: 3225:

Allan, Karen (2018). "4.4 Group-based interventions for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).

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Varkevisser, R. D. M.; van Stralen, M. M.; Kroeze, W.; Ket, J. C. F.; Steenhuis, I. H. M. (16 October 2018).

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Hart, Katherine (2018). "4.6 Fad diets and fasting for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey, Catherine (ed.).

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devised a set of essential criteria to be met by commercial weight management organizations to be approved.

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Dazıroğlu ME, Tek NA (2023). "Water Consumption: Effect on Energy Expenditure and Body Weight Management".

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Kernan, Walter N.; Inzucchi, Silvio E.; Sawan, Carla; Macko, Richard F.; Furie, Karen L. (January 2013).

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with a 7–10% weight loss and manage cardiometabolic health for diabetic people with a 5–15% weight loss.

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Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Nutrition Services for Medicare Beneficiaries (9 June 2000).

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Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.

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Krukowski, Rebecca A.; Harvey-Berino, Jean; Bursac, Zoran; Ashikaga, Taka; West, Delia Smith (2013).

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Huffman, GB (15 February 2002). "Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly".

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Nutrition Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral Tube Feeding and Parenteral Nutrition

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Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Sherwood, Nancy E.; French, Simone A.; Jeffery, Robert W. (March 1999).

4587: 2986: 1230:. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss. 895: 828: 822: 773: 711: 528: 435: 123: 92: 2423:"Log Often, Lose More: Electronic Dietary Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss: Log Often, Lose More" 4665: 4250: 3588: 522: 2366:"Patterns of success: Online self-monitoring in a web-based behavioral weight control program" 4825: 4758: 4626: 3821: 739: 727: 667: 553: 428: 304: 264: 3785: 3677:"Pharmacological interventions for geriatric cachexia: a narrative review of the literature" 3192: 3055:

Wadden, Thomas A.; Webb, Victoria L.; Moran, Caroline H.; Bailer, Brooke A. (6 March 2012).

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Other losses: Conditions such as burns can be associated with losses such as skin exudates.

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may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are

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Permanent weight loss depends on maintaining a negative energy balance and not the type of

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Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve

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Continuing weight loss may deteriorate into wasting, a vaguely defined condition called

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can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.

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Changes to metabolic demands can be caused by illness, surgery and organ dysfunction.

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Müller, Timo D.; Blüher, Matthias; Tschöp, Matthias H.; DiMarchi, Richard D. (2022).

2681: 2630: 2607:"Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes: a systematic review" 2587: 2556: 2544: 2507: 2495: 2487: 2452: 2403: 2385: 2346: 2297: 2248: 2155: 2137: 2093: 2075: 2035: 1993: 1914: 1887: 1839: 1796: 1788: 1726: 1677: 1549: 1517: 1483: 1464: 1411: 1325: 1247: 1138: 994: 913: 847: 777: 671: 670:, and there is substantial evidence this can prevent progression from prediabetes to 647: 445: 254: 143: 133: 74: 4314: 3710: 3125: 3108: 4939: 4778: 4693: 4440: 4310: 4260: 4241:

Harsha, D. W.; Bray, G. A. (2008). "Weight Loss and Blood Pressure Control (Pro)".

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Unintentional weight loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids,

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weight-loss supplements. About 70 percent of Americans' dieting attempts are of a

4800: 4795: 4456: 4429: 4398: 3626: 3373: 3356: 3033: 2483: 2234: 2031: 1908: 1396: 1227: 1041: 1008: 945: 930: 883: 855: 460: 415: 365: 315: 292: 286: 229: 201: 3982:"Weight Loss: A Significant Cue To The Diagnosis of Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia" 2173: 1934: 4835: 4409: 3014: 2716: 2583: 2539: 2522: 2283: 2012: 1576: 1488:"Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report" 1279: 1156: 1001: 941: 879: 875: 851: 810: 784: 686: 631: 573: 400: 310: 249: 166: 4372: 4141:"An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people" 3693: 3268: 4923: 4870: 4768: 4425: 4272: 4113: 4056: 2925: 2835: 2724: 2491: 2389: 2198:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. July 2017 2141: 2079: 1792: 1351: 1213: 1014: 806: 794: 769: 533: 454: 385: 138: 2625: 2606: 1380:"2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease" 4788: 4763: 4717: 4511: 4322: 4280: 4174: 4125: 4074: 4017: 3966: 3868: 3813: 3786:

Mangili A, Murman DH, Zampini AM, Wanke CA; Murman; Zampini; Wanke (2006).

3772: 3702: 3546: 3519: 3469: 3432: 3382: 3341: 3306:"Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review" 3287: 3200: 3134: 3090: 3041: 2933: 2884: 2742: 2685: 2634: 2591: 2548: 2499: 2456: 2407: 2350: 2301: 2252: 2159: 2097: 2039: 1997: 1950:

Fad-diets can be tempting as they offer a quick-fix to a long-term problem.

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Nedeltcheva, AV; Kilkus, JM; Imperial, J; Schoeller, DA; Penev, PD (2010).

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renal capacity and depletion leading to water and electrolyte disturbances;

952: 871: 690: 578: 513: 495: 390: 380: 320: 3550:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 2650:"Inadequate Hydration, BMI, and Obesity Among US Adults: NHANES 2009–2012" 2071: 4908: 4783: 4539: 4529: 4470: 4156: 2957: 2604: 1330: 859: 836: 752: 475: 410: 405: 113: 103: 3998: 2859:"Weight control behaviors among adult men and women: Cause for concern?" 4558: 3980:

Bakhtiar, A; Yousphi, AS; Ghani, AR; Ali, Z; Ullah, W (7 August 2019).

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Itoh, M; Tsuji, T; Nemoto, K; Nakamura, H; Aoshiba, K (18 April 2013).

2268:"Self-Monitoring in Weight Loss: A Systematic Review of the Literature" 1835: 1503: 1130: 985: 977: 789: 678: 635: 440: 330: 108: 98: 4355: 3753: 3015:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" 2916: 2899: 2438: 2332: 2133: 2013:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" 1979: 1784: 1263:

dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.

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recommends that people combine a reduction of processed foods high in

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Harvey, Jean; Krukowski, Rebecca; Priest, Jeff; West, Delia (2019).

2363: 755:(Meridia), a withdrawn medication due to cardiovascular side effects 4903: 4613: 4572: 4534: 3957: 3940: 3804: 3787: 3674: 3627:

National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK) (February 2006).

1697:"Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity" 1210:

and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss.

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Disease-related malnutrition can be considered in four categories:

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National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK) (2004).

2056:"Weight Loss in Underserved Patients — A Cluster-Randomized Trial" 1694: 1542:"Screening for and management of obesity and overweight in adults" 1539: 1089:

This can result from conditions that affect the digestive system.

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of efficacy. Herbal products have not been shown to be effective.

744: 4712: 4090: 2952: 2174:"World Health Organization recommends eating less processed food" 1320: 1123: 719: 702: 694: 450: 300: 88: 3939:

Mangili, A; Murman, DH; Zampini, AM; Wanke, CA (15 March 2006).

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Muckelbauer R, Sarganas G, Grüneis A, Müller-Nordhorn J (2013).

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Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained (

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Evert, Alison B.; Dennison, Michelle; Gardner, Christopher D.;

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and satiety, however this effect tends to dissipate over time.

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Yaxley, A; Miller, MD; Fraser, RJ; Cobiac, L (February 2012).

2118:"Determinants of weight loss maintenance: a systematic review" 4293: 4138: 3357:"Obesity – A Stubbornly Obvious Target for Stroke Prevention" 2052: 1961: 1376: 682: 639: 325: 4030: 1203: 1190:

Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss.

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The scientific soundness of commercial diets by commercial

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Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care

2314: 1548:. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 1481: 4465:

Nutrition in cancer care, US National Library of Medicine

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Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include:

3737:"Undernutrition in patients with COPD and its treatment" 3497: 3354: 3106: 805:

Increasing water intake can reduce weight by increasing

751:(Xenical), a commonly used anti-obesity medication, and 4139:

Alibhai, SM; Greenwood, C; Payette, H (15 March 2005).

3979: 3249: 1645: 1572: 1570: 3629:"Malnutrition and the principles of nutrition support" 2701:"Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges" 1769: 1540:

LeBlanc, E; O'Connor, E; Whitlock, EP (October 2011).

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Burke, Lora E.; Wang, Jing; Sevick, Mary Ann (2011).

1585:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care 1577:

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.

1378:

A.; Yeboah, Joseph; Ziaeian, Boback (17 March 2019).

4345: 3635:. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK). 2192:"Choosing a safe and successful weight loss program" 1567: 1431: 1350:

US Department of Health and Human Services. (2017).

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(2019). 1020:muscle strength (including respiratory muscles); 3934: 3932: 3451: 3449: 2265: 1422: 4234: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3102: 3100: 2647: 2469: 1535: 1533: 1531: 4496: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 1141:), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies. 809:, by reducing food intake, and by increasing 600: 4287: 4132: 3929: 3834: 3826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3681:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 3446: 3220: 3218: 3146: 3144: 2948:"Profiting From America's Portly Population" 2756:Mazaheri, Dr. Mehdi K. (19 September 2023). 2641: 2598: 2569: 2563: 2272:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1622:"Moods for Overeating: Good, Bad, and Bored" 827:Other methods of weight loss include use of 697:are consumed than are expended. Depression, 4094:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4037:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3659: 3500:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3419:National Cancer Institute (November 2011). 3414: 3412: 3227:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity 3174: 3172: 3153:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity 3097: 3008: 3006: 3004: 1913:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 179–181. 1910:Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity 1884:Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity 1528: 1266:Loss of hope, status or social contact and 4503: 4489: 4240: 3564:|...|intentional=yes}} 3476: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3299: 3297: 3178: 3048: 2612:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1610:. National Health Service. 19 August 2016. 666:through slimming. Weight loss is the main 607: 593: 52: 4254: 4164: 4064: 4007: 3997: 3956: 3858: 3803: 3762: 3752: 3717: 3692: 3372: 3331: 3277: 3267: 3215: 3141: 3124: 3080: 2915: 2874: 2732: 2675: 2624: 2538: 2446: 2397: 2340: 2291: 2242: 2149: 2087: 1987: 1900: 1720: 1671: 1511: 1458: 1405: 1395: 1370: 622:, in the context of medicine, health, or 4303:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 4192:"Does Metabolism Matter in Weight Loss?" 3169: 3012: 3001: 2784:"Bariatric Surgery Highlights and Facts" 2755: 2010: 1875: 1746:"Sleep might help dieters shed more fat" 1608:"Health Weight – Understanding Calories" 743: 3840: 3455: 3389: 3294: 3193:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00012 2111: 2109: 2107: 1713:10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006 1224:and nausea. This can cause weight loss. 1086:Impaired digestion &/or absorption 865: 14: 4922: 4218:The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior Health 2520: 1962:The Look AHEAD Research Group (2014). 1907:Hankey, Catherine (23 November 2017). 1906: 1475: 4484: 4186: 4184: 4086: 4084: 3224: 3150: 1602: 1600: 1120:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 630:, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat ( 626:, refers to a reduction of the total 4215: 4145:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3587:. National Academies Press. p. 3057:"Lifestyle Modification for Obesity" 2981: 2979: 2104: 1940:. British Dietetic Association. 2014 1881: 1744:Harmon, Katherine (4 October 2010). 1257: 1220:often have poor or absent appetite, 842: 759: 2788:Bariatric Surgery Information Guide 2781: 2210: 1927: 1494:(Professional society guidelines). 677:Weight loss in individuals who are 24: 4460:U.S. National Institutes of Health 4450:Weight-control Information Network 4265:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.094011 4181: 4081: 3888:. Royal College of Physicians UK. 2904:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2876:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00700.x 2648:Chang T, Ravi N, Davis MM (2016). 2196:Weight-control Information Network 1597: 1583:Fact sheet, Informed Health Online 1579:"Health benefits of losing weight" 1451:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee 1441:(Professional society guideline). 1240: 1052: 935: 646:and may be a symptom of a serious 191:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 25: 4956: 4341: 3073:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453 2976: 2828:DHHS Publication No (FDA) 92-1189 1316:Cigarette smoking for weight loss 1286: 4510: 3421:"Nutrition in cancer care (PDQ)" 1293:Obesity § Effects on health 924: 27:Reduction of the total body mass 4315:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.017 4209: 4024: 3973: 3779: 3572: 3348: 3243: 3126:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723 2960:. 21 April 2008. Archived from 2940: 2891: 2850: 2832:US Food and Drug Administration 2816: 2812:. Mayo Clinic. 9 February 2009. 2802: 2775: 2749: 2692: 2514: 2463: 2414: 2357: 2308: 2259: 2184: 2166: 2060:New England Journal of Medicine 2046: 2004: 1955: 1850: 1815: 1763: 1737: 1688: 963:in the gastrointestinal tract, 4106:10.1002/14651858.CD008879.pub3 4049:10.1002/14651858.CD004080.pub3 3539:10.1002/14651858.CD008427.pub3 3512:10.1002/14651858.CD008427.pub2 1664:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020162 1652:American Journal of Psychiatry 1639: 1614: 816: 653: 564:Social determinants of obesity 13: 1: 3427:. National Cancer Institute. 3115:(Systematic review of RCTs). 3013:Thom, G; Lean, M (May 2017). 2705:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2011:Thom, G; Lean, M (May 2017). 1336: 1187:and many other GI conditions. 733: 197:Metabolically healthy obesity 3945:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3374:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639922 3034:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 2484:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000840 2235:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.019 2032:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 1862:Dietary Guidelines 2015–2020 1397:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678 800: 354:Obesity-associated morbidity 32:Weight loss (disambiguation) 7: 4578:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 4476:Weight loss - unintentional 3843:"Hyperthyroidism (primary)" 3841:Nygaard, B (19 July 2010). 3311:Annals of Internal Medicine 3229:. Wiley. pp. 164–168. 3181:Annals of Internal Medicine 3155:. Wiley. pp. 177–182. 1886:. Wiley. pp. 177–182. 1701:Annals of Internal Medicine 1304: 549:Obesity and the environment 10: 4961: 2717:10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8 2584:10.1007/s13679-023-00501-8 2540:10.1007/s13679-020-00391-0 2284:10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008 1546:Evidence Syntheses, No. 89 1290: 1165:inflammatory bowel disease 1152:Gastrointestinal disorders 928: 882:, weight loss groups, and 820: 737: 29: 4886: 4851: 4749: 4680: 4583:Wernicke's encephalopathy 4557: 4548: 4518: 4349: 4216:Long, Jacqueline (2015). 3694:10.1007/s12603-011-0083-8 3458:American Family Physician 3269:10.1186/s12889-016-3112-z 2655:Annals of Family Medicine 1358:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc 1233:Connective tissue disease 1101: 1093: 1085: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1047: 766:World Health Organization 662:and health, or to change 172:Classification of obesity 51: 46: 4471:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 4455:12 February 2015 at the 1273: 1135:hepatocellular carcinoma 1080:and poor quality meals. 976:. Cachexia differs from 774:anti-obesity medications 569:Social stigma of obesity 4435:considered for deletion 2626:10.3945/ajcn.112.055061 2572:Current Obesity Reports 2527:Current Obesity Reports 2521:Magkos, Faidon (2020). 2223:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1445:(25 Suppl 2): S102-38. 1102:Excess nutrient losses 993:, anemia, weakness and 823:Anti-obesity medication 712:National Health Service 529:Fat acceptance movement 436:Anti-obesity medication 124:Gestational weight gain 2834:. 1992. Archived from 2810:"Gastric bypass risks" 1935:"Fact Sheet—Fad diets" 756: 4759:Electrolyte imbalance 4627:Pyridoxine deficiency 4601:Riboflavin deficiency 4220:. Detroit, MI: Gale. 3556:|...}} 3533:(Retracted, see 3258:(Systematic review). 3183:(Systematic review). 2072:10.1056/NEJMoa2007448 1291:Further information: 1094:Altered requirements 747: 740:Management of obesity 728:very-low-calorie diet 668:treatment for obesity 554:Obesity and sexuality 429:Management of obesity 305:Binge eating disorder 265:Waist-to-height ratio 4737:Vitamin K deficiency 4731:Vitamin E deficiency 4708:Vitamin D deficiency 4689:Vitamin A deficiency 4588:Korsakoff's syndrome 4157:10.1503/cmaj.1031527 3425:Physician Data Query 3063:(Narrative review). 2838:on 26 September 2006 2790:. bariatricguide.org 1252:carbohydrate loading 1216:. Patients who have 1183:, diarrhea, chronic 1161:peptic ulcer disease 1126:(labored breathing). 866:Weight loss industry 778:abdominal fat volume 539:Health at Every Size 491:Weight loss coaching 225:Body adiposity index 30:For other uses, see 3999:10.7759/cureus.5335 1858:"Executive Summary" 1750:Scientific American 1299:fatty liver disease 1185:mesenteric ischemia 1062: 982:progressive disease 892:Dietary supplements 706:supplementation of 559:Sedentary lifestyle 371:Fatty liver disease 335:Starvation response 235:Body fat percentage 182:Genetics of obesity 4945:Symptoms and signs 4751:Mineral deficiency 4550:Vitamin deficiency 1836:10.1042/CS20120223 1504:10.2337/dci19-0014 1484:Garvey, W. Timothy 1268:spiritual distress 1200:parasitic diseases 1173:ulcerative colitis 1060: 829:anti-obesity drugs 757: 396:Obesity and cancer 277:Related conditions 187:Metabolic syndrome 4917: 4916: 4866:Failure to thrive 4861:Delayed milestone 4745: 4744: 4723:Harrison's groove 4653:Folate deficiency 4640:Biotin deficiency 4419: 4418: 3847:Clinical Evidence 3792:Clin. Infect. Dis 3754:10.3390/nu5041316 3598:978-0-309-06846-8 3256:BMC Public Health 2956:(Press release). 2917:10.1111/dom.13973 2439:10.1002/oby.22382 2370:Health Psychology 2333:10.1002/oby.20396 2134:10.1111/obr.12772 1980:10.1002/oby.20662 1785:10.1111/obr.12162 1390:(11): e596–e646. 1326:Physical exercise 1258:Social conditions 1248:Enteral nutrition 1208:Whipple's disease 1139:pancreatic cancer 1112: 1111: 914:weight management 896:clinical evidence 848:Bariatric surgery 843:Bariatric surgery 793:due to increased 760:Diet and exercise 648:medical condition 617: 616: 446:Bariatric surgery 255:Relative Fat Mass 144:Childhood obesity 134:Weight management 75:Human body weight 60: 59: 41:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 4952: 4555: 4554: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4438: 4347: 4346: 4335: 4334: 4300: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4258: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4120: 11001290. 4088: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4043:(10): CD004080. 4028: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4001: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3817: 3807: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3756: 3732: 3715: 3714: 3696: 3672: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3624: 3603: 3602: 3586: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3531: 3495: 3474: 3473: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3416: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3335: 3324:10.7326/M14-2238 3301: 3292: 3291: 3281: 3271: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3084: 3067:(9): 1157–1170. 3052: 3046: 3045: 3028:(7): 1739–1751. 3022:Gastroenterology 3019: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2964:on 11 March 2009 2944: 2938: 2937: 2919: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2863:Obesity Research 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2668:10.1370/afm.1951 2645: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2542: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2450: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2382:10.1037/a0028135 2361: 2355: 2354: 2344: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2295: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2246: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2153: 2113: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2026:(7): 1739–1751. 2020:Gastroenterology 2017: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1824:Clinical Science 1819: 1813: 1812: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1724: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1675: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1626:Psychology Today 1618: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1537: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1462: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1347: 1192:Fungal illnesses 1074:Impaired intake 1063: 1059: 1027:thermoregulation 880:personal coaches 624:physical fitness 609: 602: 595: 486:Weight loss camp 481:Obesity medicine 361:Arteriosclerosis 245:Corpulence index 240:Body Shape Index 207:Set point theory 177:Exercise paradox 161:Medical concepts 129:Diet (nutrition) 83:General concepts 62: 61: 56: 44: 43: 21: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4882: 4847: 4741: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4649: 4636: 4623: 4610: 4597: 4569: 4544: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4457:Wayback Machine 4423: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4358: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4256:10.1.1.547.1622 4239: 4235: 4228: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4137: 4133: 4100:(4): CD008879. 4089: 4082: 4029: 4025: 3978: 3974: 3937: 3930: 3918: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3839: 3835: 3819: 3818: 3784: 3780: 3733: 3718: 3673: 3660: 3648: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3625: 3606: 3599: 3577: 3573: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3532: 3496: 3477: 3454: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3417: 3390: 3353: 3349: 3302: 3295: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3223: 3216: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3149: 3142: 3105: 3098: 3053: 3049: 3017: 3011: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2896: 2892: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2750: 2697: 2693: 2646: 2642: 2603: 2599: 2568: 2564: 2519: 2515: 2468: 2464: 2419: 2415: 2362: 2358: 2313: 2309: 2264: 2260: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2180:. 3 March 2003. 2172: 2171: 2167: 2122:Obesity Reviews 2114: 2105: 2066:(10): 909–918. 2051: 2047: 2015: 2009: 2005: 1960: 1956: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1820: 1816: 1773:Obesity Reviews 1768: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1742: 1738: 1693: 1689: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1575: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1538: 1529: 1480: 1476: 1430: 1423: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1307: 1295: 1289: 1276: 1260: 1243: 1241:Therapy-related 1228:Cardiac disease 1169:crohn's disease 1055: 1053:Disease-related 1050: 1042:type 1 diabetes 1009:immune response 1002:mortality rates 946:body mass index 938: 936:Characteristics 933: 931:Eating disorder 927: 876:fitness centers 868: 856:gastric banding 845: 825: 819: 803: 762: 742: 736: 672:type 2 diabetes 656: 613: 584: 583: 509: 501: 500: 461:Caloric deficit 431: 421: 420: 416:Type 2 diabetes 366:Atherosclerosis 356: 346: 345: 316:Hyperthyroidism 293:Eating disorder 278: 270: 269: 260:Waist–hip ratio 230:Body mass index 220: 212: 211: 202:Obesity paradox 162: 154: 153: 84: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4958: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4836:Keshan disease 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4755: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520:Protein-energy 4516: 4515: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4467: 4462: 4447: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4401: 4390: 4375: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350:Classification 4343: 4342:External links 4340: 4337: 4336: 4286: 4249:(6): 1420–25. 4233: 4227:978-1573027526 4226: 4208: 4196:Harvard Health 4180: 4131: 4080: 4023: 3972: 3958:10.1086/500398 3928: 3895:978-1860162282 3894: 3874: 3833: 3805:10.1086/500398 3778: 3747:(4): 1316–35. 3716: 3658: 3649:|journal= 3604: 3597: 3571: 3475: 3445: 3388: 3367:(1): 278–286. 3347: 3318:(7): 501–512. 3293: 3242: 3235: 3214: 3168: 3161: 3140: 3119:(6): 815–827. 3096: 3047: 3000: 2989:. 14 July 2010 2975: 2939: 2910:(6): 891–903. 2890: 2849: 2815: 2801: 2774: 2748: 2711:(3): 201–223. 2691: 2662:(4): 320–324. 2640: 2619:(2): 282–299. 2597: 2562: 2533:(3): 213–218. 2513: 2478:(4): 265–270. 2462: 2433:(3): 380–384. 2413: 2376:(2): 164–170. 2356: 2327:(9): 1789–97. 2307: 2258: 2229:(2): 211–224. 2209: 2183: 2165: 2128:(2): 171–211. 2103: 2045: 2003: 1954: 1926: 1919: 1899: 1892: 1874: 1849: 1814: 1762: 1736: 1687: 1658:(4): 418–428. 1638: 1613: 1596: 1566: 1527: 1498:(5): 731–754. 1474: 1421: 1369: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1303: 1288: 1287:Health effects 1285: 1280:metabolic rate 1275: 1272: 1259: 1256: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1211: 1188: 1157:celiac disease 1149: 1142: 1127: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1012: 942:muscle atrophy 937: 934: 926: 923: 867: 864: 852:gastric bypass 844: 841: 831:that decrease 821:Main article: 818: 815: 802: 799: 785:macronutrients 770:saturated fats 761: 758: 735: 732: 687:osteoarthritis 655: 652: 632:adipose tissue 615: 614: 612: 611: 604: 597: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 576: 574:Weight cutting 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 516: 510: 508:Social aspects 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 463: 458: 448: 443: 438: 432: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 408: 403: 401:Osteoarthritis 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 357: 352: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 338: 328: 323: 318: 313: 311:Food addiction 308: 290: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 262: 257: 252: 250:Lean body mass 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 184: 179: 174: 169: 167:Adipose tissue 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 71: 70: 58: 57: 49: 48: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4957: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4871:Short stature 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4694:Bitot's spots 4692: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151:(6): 773–80. 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3951:(6): 836–42. 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3798:(6): 836–42. 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3687:(2): 148–54. 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3575: 3563: 3555: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3464:(4): 640–50. 3463: 3459: 3452: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3236:9780470670767 3232: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3162:9780470670767 3158: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2869:(2): 179–88. 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578:(2): 99–107. 2577: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278:(1): 92–102. 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1936: 1930: 1922: 1920:9781118857977 1916: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1895: 1893:9780470670767 1889: 1885: 1878: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830:(4): 231–41. 1829: 1825: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779:(6): 528–37. 1778: 1774: 1766: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707:(7): 435–41. 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Diabetes Care 1489: 1485: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1284: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:Renal disease 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1058: 1045: 1043: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015:wound healing 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 932: 925:Unintentional 922: 920: 915: 910: 907: 905: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884:food products 881: 877: 873: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 840: 838: 834: 830: 824: 814: 812: 811:fat oxidation 808: 807:thermogenesis 798: 796: 795:thermogenesis 792: 791: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 754: 750: 746: 741: 731: 729: 725: 721: 716: 713: 709: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 610: 605: 603: 598: 596: 591: 590: 588: 587: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 534:Fat fetishism 532: 530: 527: 524: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 505: 504: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 471: 467: 464: 462: 459: 456: 455:List of diets 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 430: 425: 424: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 386:Heart disease 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 355: 350: 349: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291: 288: 284: 281: 280: 274: 273: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 216: 215: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 192: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 158: 157: 149: 145: 142: 140: 139:Overnutrition 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 86: 80: 79: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 63: 55: 50: 45: 39: 37: 33: 19: 4898: 4718:Osteomalacia 4522:malnutrition 4512:Malnutrition 4469: 4441:Weight loss 4428: 4403: 4392: 4377: 4362: 4306: 4302: 4289: 4246: 4243:Hypertension 4242: 4236: 4217: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4195: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4097: 4093: 4040: 4036: 4026: 3992:(8): e5335. 3989: 3985: 3975: 3948: 3944: 3899:. Retrieved 3884: 3877: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3822:cite journal 3795: 3791: 3781: 3744: 3740: 3684: 3680: 3632: 3582: 3574: 3560:{{ 3552:{{ 3506:: CD008427. 3503: 3499: 3461: 3457: 3436:. Retrieved 3424: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3315: 3309: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3226: 3187:(1): 56–66. 3184: 3180: 3152: 3116: 3112: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3025: 3021: 2991:. Retrieved 2966:. Retrieved 2962:the original 2951: 2942: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2840:. Retrieved 2836:the original 2827: 2818: 2804: 2792:. Retrieved 2787: 2777: 2767:19 September 2765:. Retrieved 2762:Dr. Mazaheri 2761: 2751: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2659: 2653: 2643: 2616: 2610: 2600: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2200:. 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Retrieved 1355: 1345: 1296: 1277: 1265: 1261: 1244: 1196:endocarditis 1177:pancreatitis 1144:People with 1113: 1106: 1078: 1056: 1038: 1033:menstruation 999: 971: 969: 953:malnutrition 950: 939: 911: 908: 900: 869: 846: 826: 804: 788: 782: 763: 717: 691:hypertension 676: 657: 619: 618: 579:Weight class 514:Comfort food 496:Yo-yo effect 391:Hypertension 381:Gynecomastia 321:Malnutrition 219:Measurements 148:Epidemiology 118: 93:Epidemiology 38: 36: 4930:Weight loss 4909:Underweight 4899:Weight loss 4540:Catabolysis 4530:Kwashiorkor 3919:|work= 3061:Circulation 2958:PR Newswire 1974:(1): 5–13. 1944:12 December 1439:Circulation 1384:Circulation 1331:Weight gain 888:supplements 878:, clinics, 860:food energy 837:Semaglutide 817:Medications 753:sibutramine 654:Intentional 620:Weight loss 476:Liposuction 411:Sleep apnea 406:Prediabetes 119:Weight loss 114:Weight gain 104:Underweight 47:Weight loss 4924:Categories 4876:Idiopathic 4826:Molybdenum 4670:deficiency 4559:B vitamins 4405:DiseasesDB 3363:(Review). 3024:(Review). 2968:17 January 1755:20 October 1631:17 October 1356:health.gov 1337:References 1131:idiopathic 986:metabolism 978:starvation 929:See also: 790:ad libitum 738:See also: 734:Techniques 679:overweight 664:appearance 636:overweight 441:Bariatrics 331:Starvation 109:Body shape 99:Overweight 18:Weightloss 4935:Dietetics 4806:Manganese 4784:Potassium 4779:Phosphate 4774:Magnesium 4666:Vitamin B 4433:is being 4331:207093523 4309:: 87–94. 4273:0194-911X 4251:CiteSeerX 4114:1469-493X 4057:1469-493X 3921:ignored ( 3911:cite book 3741:Nutrients 3651:ignored ( 3641:cite book 3562:retracted 3554:retracted 3528:261730608 2926:1463-1326 2782:Albgomi. 2725:1474-1784 2557:219691446 2508:250078610 2492:1363-1950 2390:1930-7810 2142:1467-7881 2080:0028-4793 1793:1467-789X 1181:gastritis 904:self-help 801:Hydration 708:vitamin D 628:body mass 523:Criticism 519:Fast food 4904:Cachexia 4894:Anorexia 4843:Fluorine 4831:Selenium 4821:Chromium 4769:Chloride 4614:Pellagra 4573:Beriberi 4535:Marasmus 4453:Archived 4426:template 4323:27890688 4281:18474829 4175:15767612 4126:38588454 4075:30353940 4018:31598442 3967:16477562 3869:21418670 3853:: 0611. 3814:16477562 3773:23598440 3711:30473679 3703:22323350 3547:28387447 3520:22258985 3470:11871682 3433:26389293 3383:23111440 3342:25844997 3288:27246464 3201:15630109 3135:25387778 3091:22392863 3042:28214525 2934:31984610 2885:10102255 2743:34815532 2686:27401419 2635:23803882 2592:37036559 2549:32542589 2500:35762163 2457:30801989 2408:22545978 2351:23512320 2302:21185970 2253:30711119 2178:BBC News 2160:30324651 2098:32877581 2040:28214525 1998:24307184 1844:23126426 1801:24528624 1731:20921542 1682:26806872 1554:22049569 1522:31000505 1469:24222017 1416:30879355 1311:Anorexia 1305:See also 1222:vomiting 1066:Problem 973:cachexia 965:diarrhea 961:fistulae 957:appetite 906:nature. 833:appetite 749:Orlistat 724:orlistat 695:calories 644:cachexia 466:Exercise 297:Anorexia 283:Diabetes 67:a series 65:Part of 4940:Obesity 4887:General 4764:Calcium 4713:Rickets 4399:D015431 4201:18 June 4066:6517065 4009:6778047 3860:3275323 3764:3705350 3333:4446719 3279:4888663 3262:: 460. 3209:2589699 3082:3313649 2993:19 July 2953:Reuters 2794:13 June 2734:8609996 2677:4940461 2448:6647027 2427:Obesity 2399:4993110 2342:3788086 2321:Obesity 2293:3268700 2244:6410710 2202:17 July 2151:7416131 2089:7493523 2054:2020). 1989:3904491 1968:Obesity 1809:8660739 1722:2951287 1673:4818200 1589:27 June 1559:27 June 1513:7011201 1460:5819889 1407:7734661 1321:Dieting 1198:, many 1124:dyspnea 995:fatigue 776:reduce 720:dieting 703:boredom 660:fitness 470:outline 451:Dieting 301:Bulimia 89:Obesity 4853:Growth 4816:Iodine 4811:Copper 4789:Sodium 4702:Scurvy 4445:Curlie 4439: 4430:Curlie 4388:783.21 4329: 4321: 4279: 4271: 4253: 4224: 4173: 4166:552892 4163: 4124: 4112: 4073: 4063: 4055: 4016: 4006: 3986:Cureus 3965: 3901:3 July 3892: 3867: 3857: 3812: 3771: 3761: 3709: 3701: 3595: 3545: 3541:, 3526: 3518: 3468: 3438:3 July 3431: 3381: 3361:Stroke 3340: 3330: 3286: 3276: 3233: 3207: 3199: 3159: 3133: 3089: 3079: 3040: 2932: 2924: 2883: 2842:14 May 2741: 2731: 2723: 2684: 2674: 2633: 2590: 2555: 2547: 2506: 2498: 2490: 2455: 2445: 2406: 2396: 2388: 2349: 2339: 2300: 2290: 2251: 2241: 2158: 2148: 2140: 2096: 2086: 2078: 2038: 1996: 1986: 1917: 1890: 1842: 1807: 1799: 1791: 1729: 1719: 1680: 1670: 1552: 1520: 1510: 1467: 1457: 1414: 1404: 1218:uremia 1069:Cause 1048:Causes 991:nausea 699:stress 544:Hunger 287:Type 1 4681:Other 4424:‹The 4410:28440 4373:R63.4 4327:S2CID 4299:(PDF) 3707:S2CID 3558:with 3524:S2CID 3205:S2CID 3018:(PDF) 2553:S2CID 2504:S2CID 2016:(PDF) 1938:(PDF) 1867:2 May 1805:S2CID 1274:Myths 1029:; 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