28:
247:
94:
312:. In 1995 the utility began to make small profits, which increased substantially after 2000. Is operating revenue for the 2008 financial year was $ 21.9 million, out of which it made a profit of $ 7.3 million on which it paid corporate income tax. In 1996 the utility had proposed a three-step tariff increase over seven years to reach the government's policy goal of full cost recovery. The third step proved to be unnecessary given the substantial efficiency improvements achieved by PPWSA.
218:
paid about five times more than the water tariff because they depended on "community representatives" who actually abused their power and resold water at higher than authorized prices. Initially, even slum residents had to pay full connections fees, but in 1999 payment in installments was allowed and in 2004â2006 subsidized connection fees were gradually introduced. By 2006 all performance indicators had been substantially improved, in essence completing the turnaround of the utility.
214:, Phnom Penhâs municipal government and PPWSA employees. Its newly gained autonomy allowed the utility to retain any revenues in excess of operating costs to improve services. It also allowed it to recruit its own staff, which had not been possible previously when it had been part of the municipality. One observers called this "perhaps the most important factor in PPWSA's turnaround".
343:, an indicator of operational efficiency, was reduced from 72% in 1996 to 6% in 2010. The number of staff per 1,000 connections was reduced from 22 to 3 in 2010, indicating substantially increased labor productivity. Since the number of connections increased more than fivefold, the actual number of staff remained about the same, while they were much more productively employed.
147:. It is treated in three treatment plants: Phum Prek with a capacity of 150,000 m/day, Cham Car Morn (20,000 m/day) and Chruoy Chang War (150,000 m/day). The first phase of a fourth plant at Niroth was completed in June 2013 with a capacity of 130,000 m/day, to be followed by a second phase with the same capacity to be completed in 2016.
181:). Starved of investment, by 1990 the PPWSA was virtually dysfunctional. The consequences were severe. Unaccounted for water (UFW) exceeded 80% in Phnom Penh. Almost a third of all hospitalizations were linked to water-related diseases, diarrheal diseases were endemic and Cambodia had one of the highest
277:
PPWSA established a revolving fund to finance domestic connections to help the poorest connect to the network. The utility serves more than 27,000 families (14% of all customers) in more than 123 urban poor communities at subsidized tariffs and connection fees, which can be paid in installments. Poor
259:
The number of customers increased more than fivefold, leading to an increase in the served population from 25% (1993) to 92% (2010). The capacity of the distribution network was increased from 65,000 m/day to 320,000 m/day in 2012. Water vendors which charged up to five times more for water than what
197:
A landmark election brought peace to
Cambodia in 1993. External donors started to engage in the country, providing funding for public investments. The newly appointed General Director of the PPWSA, Ek Sonn Chan, began by firing corrupt and incompetent staff, apparently at great personal risk. He said
435:
Concerning the debate about the role of the public and private sector in water supply, Ek Sonn Chan commented that, âit doesnât matter whether water distribution is done by the private sector or a public agency, as long as these institutions are transparent, independent from political pressures, and
70:
In the next fourteen years the customer base multiplied by nine reaching over 90% of residents, service quality improved from intermittent to continuous supply of safe drinking water at good pressure of 2 bar, and non-revenue water was cut to only 6%. Tariffs were increased and the utility went from
360:
External cooperation played a major role in bringing about the turnaround of the Phnom Penh water utility. During the first years the utility relied on grants, while after its financial situation improved and it became an administratively and financially separate entity it also took up loans. Japan
351:
Staff salaries increased substantially during the reform process. For example, a staff member at a managerial position who was paid $ 20 in 1993 received $ 200 in 2008. Profits are shared with employees. The utility has created a retirement system for its employees which is the first of its kind in
281:
These conditions are jointly evaluated by a committee of the utility and local communities, with results being published. This approach to reach the poor was found after several years of experimentation with unsuccessful approaches. For example, the reselling of water to the poor through "community
205:
PPSWA also introduced a computerized billing system and exclusive payment in the offices of the utility, which reduced the opportunities for small-scale corruption under the previous systems had been issued manually and bills had been collected by bill collectors. Furthermore, meters were installed
201:
The remaining staff was encouraged to provide information about illegal connections and received incentive payments. Promotions were based on merit. This created a culture of loyalty and pride among water management employees. Then the utility began a campaign to convince customers that they had to
188:
Only 20â25% of the population were served by piped water and even those received water only 10 hours per day; the workers were underpaid, demoralized and corrupt, helping customers get illegal connections and avoid paying bills; and, due to this state of affairs, combined with very low tariffs and
426:
At the same time, PPWSA's efforts to combat small-scale corruption have been well recognized. It thus seems that large-scale corruption at the highest political level and eradicating small-scale corruption at the utility level can coexist. Ek Son Chan, General
Director of PPWSA, has thanked Prime
217:
After old pipes had been replaced in the city center, the network was expanded to increase access. Pipes were laid following state-of-the-art techniques in order to ensure that leakage from the new pipes would be low. The utility also provided house connections to slum residents, which previously
66:
was extremely high at 72% due to illegal connections, manipulation of bills and physical leakage. Tariffs were extremely low, there was no metering and less than half of the amounts billed were collected. Staff were underpaid and demoralized. The utility then underwent a dramatic turnaroundâstaff
298:
The utility developed a close relationship with its customers. For example, it provided incentives to members of the public who reported illegal connections and it has set up an effective system to register and resolve complaints. This, together with the fight against small-scale corruption and
324:($ 0.13) per m, followed by a second block up to 15m at 770 Riel ($ 0.19) per m. A typical residential water bill is US$ 3â5 per month, around 1 percent of the average income. Tariffs in Phnom Penh are much lower than in some other Southeast Asian cities such as East Manila ($ 0.33/m in 2008),
307:
Meters were installed for all water connections, the billing system was computerized and non-payment penalties were introduced. As a result, collection efficiency for residential customers increased from 48% to 99.9%. Tariffs were increased in 1994, 1997 and 2001, every time with the required
209:
In 1996 PPWSA was established by decree as an autonomous public utility with its own separate finances, as opposed to being a department of the municipality as it had been the case previously. The utility's seven-member board comprises the
General Director, representatives of the Ministry of
230:. Its shares went up 48 percent on the first day of trading, but then declined to their initial price. On July 1, 2012, the Ministry retired Ek Sonn Chan and replaced him by Sim Sitha, the director of the private water company that supplies the coastal tourist city
352:
Cambodia. It evaluates its employees four times a year and can provide financial incentives as well as disciplinary actions such as delays in salary increases or even salary deductions. The utility also provides substantial training, followed by exams.
82:". Significant financial support from external donors, initially through grants and then through soft loans, also was essential in making the turnaround possible. PPWSA's achievements were recognized through international awards, including the
67:
engaged in corrupt activities were fired, bill payment was enforced, illegal connections were regularized, metering was introduced and the utility gained autonomy from the municipality in financial and personnel matters.
164:
on March 24, 1960, under Royal Decree No. 164NS. The decree mandated that PPWSA manage Phnom Penhâs water treatment and supply and ensure a âbalance of income and expenses in relation to its water treatment investmentâ.
268:
Drinking water quality has improved and the director says he is drinking the tap water without boiling and challenged his customers: âIf you get stomach ache after drinking the tap water, I will pay you compensationâ.
206:
on all connections and a customer database and information system were developed, which became operational in 1994. Full metering was achieved in 1997 and tariffs were restructured and increased in the same year.
202:
pay their bills if they wanted quality service and slapped heavy fines on illegal connections. Ek Son Chan was even threatened with a gun by an army officer when he tried to cut off the water supply.
448:
Water Prize for "dramatically overhauling Phnom Penh's water supply system and demonstrating leadership and innovation in project financing and governance". In 2006 Ek Sonn Chan was awarded the
427:
Minister Hun Sen for his support in achieving the turnaround of the utility by calling on customers to pay their bills, approving tariff increases and not interfering in managerial decisions.
332:($ 0.70/m in 2005). This can in part be explained by the proximity of Phnom Penh to the abundant water resource of the Mekong River, but mainly by the efficiency of the utility's operations.
788:
749:
817:
129:
Lake located about 100 km to the northwest of the city. The lake stores water during the wet season and releases it during the dry season, acting as an important buffer. The
198:
about PPWSA when he took over that âIt was bureaucratic and it was full of incompetent staffers. I fired many staff and my friends told me that I would be assassinatedâ.
804:
618:
489:
74:
The key to its success laid in "leadership, professionalism, integrity (and) commitment" as well as "community participation and information sharing (...),
864:
692:
373:
provided financial and technical assistance to PPWSA. The external financial assistance totalled approximately $ 165 million between 1993 and 2009.
71:
being bankrupt to making a modest profit. It now has motivated, well-paid staff. According to one observer, in 2012 its "public image is excellent".
908:
419:, the current Prime Minister and strong man of Cambodia since 1985, and other senior officials in the Cambodian government have been accused by
62:
In 1992 it provided low-quality piped water at very low pressure (0.2 bar) for only 10 hours per day to only 20% of the city's residents.
679:
278:
households are entitled to receive subsidies of 30%, 50%, 70% or 100% of the connection fee, depending upon their financial conditions.
17:
880:
380:
arrangements between two
Australian water utilities and PPWSA. PPWSA has worked continuously with the French engineering company
235:
407:
In 2010 Cambodia was ranked 154th out of 178 countries in the world in terms of corruption perception in a ranking published by
250:
Rooftops in Phnom Penh. The share of the population with access to piped water supply increased from 25% in 1993 to 92% in 2010.
189:
overstaffing, not even a fraction of operating costs were recovered from water users making the utility effectively bankrupt.
388:
input has been used over a wide range of topics related to the engineering of water production and distribution systems.
647:
290:, had failed in Phnom Penh because the "community representatives" resold water at much higher prices than agreed.
718:
211:
861:
453:
173:
Though initially successful, PPWSA operations suffered under the countryâs political turmoil of the 1960s, the
87:
705:
693:"Country Water Action: Cambodia Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority. Internal Reforms Fuel Performance Upgrade"
634:
412:
377:
227:
133:
between Phnom Penh and the lake reverses its flow twice a year, first filling and then draining the lake.
830:
547:
177:âs ascension into power in the late 1970s and the ensuing two decades of conflict (for more details see
408:
309:
619:"Country Water Action: Cambodia Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority: An Exemplary Water Utility in Asia"
800:
635:"Assassination Threats Couldnât Stop Cambodian Official in Providing Safe Drinking Water To The Poor"
320:
In 2013 the lowest block of the residential water tariff up to a consumption of 7m per month was 550
465:
675:
452:â the Asian equivalent of the Nobel prize - for Government Service. In 2010 PPWSA receives the
445:
402:
366:
449:
182:
83:
762:
27:
231:
785:"Sharing the Reform Process â Learning from the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)"
234:. Shortly afterwards Ek Sonn Chan was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Water at the
8:
903:
842:
746:"Sharing the Reform Process: Learning from the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)"
361:($ 85 million in grants), France ($ 21 million in grants and $ 14 million in loans), the
299:
improvements in service quality, helped to gain public acceptance for tariff increases.
530:
260:
consumers pay to the utility now have all but disappeared from the PPWSA service area.
130:
340:
63:
572:
246:
791:
and Phnom Penh Water Supply
Authority, 2010, pp. 26â28, retrieved on April 10, 2011
784:
752:
and Phnom Penh Water Supply
Authority, 2010, pp. 18-20, retrieved on April 10, 2011
745:
161:
93:
868:
178:
106:
75:
594:
420:
321:
79:
40:
897:
226:
On April 18, 2012, PPWSA became the first domestically listed company on the
210:
Industry, Mines and Energy (chair), the
Ministry of Economy and Finance, the
136:
48:
885:"Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority Wins Stockholm Industry Water Award 2010"
125:. The flow of the Mekong River during the dry season depends heavily on the
884:
847:
325:
144:
143:. Surface water is abstracted from the Mekong River, the Tonle Sap and the
122:
102:
783:
Binayak Das, Ek Sonn Chan, Chea Visoth, Ganesh
Pangare, and Robin Simpson:
744:
Binayak Das, Ek Sonn Chan, Chea Visoth, Ganesh
Pangare, and Robin Simpson:
126:
287:
174:
160:
The Phnom Penh Water Supply
Authority was officially established by King
140:
490:
La RĂ©gie des eaux de Phnom Penh: un modĂšle de gestion publique efficace
362:
118:
98:
56:
789:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
750:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
680:"Water Champion: Ek Sonn Chan: Pulling the Plug on Nonrevenue Water"
567:
565:
531:"Water supply in Phnom Penh: from devastation to sector leadership"
52:
416:
329:
562:
385:
381:
283:
411:, indicating a very high level of perceived corruption (see
595:"Water Supply of Phnom Penh: An Example of Good Governance"
477:
370:
805:"Le Secteur de lâeau au Cambodge: Enjeux et Enseignements"
548:"Phnom Penh Water Supply Expands to 1.7 million Residents"
423:
and others of being involved in large-scale corruption.
31:
Headquarter of Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)
139:
is the main source of drinking water, complemented by
599:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
529:
Ek Sonn Chan, Michel Vermersch and Patrick Vaughan,
430:
719:"Ministry to retire head of first listed company"
282:representatives", an approach that works well in
221:
105:flows towards the city from the North, while the
895:
671:
669:
346:
236:Cambodian Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy
818:Cambodia:Rehabilitating the Urban Water Sector
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
113:
666:
121:, the capital of Cambodia, is located on the
97:A satellite picture of Phnom Penh during the
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517:
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511:
509:
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192:
740:
738:
736:
263:
37:Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)
862:"Country for Sale â Welcome to Cambodia"
629:
627:
502:
245:
92:
26:
909:Water supply and sanitation in Cambodia
881:Stockholm International Water Institute
733:
637:, MaximsNews Network, October 10, 2007.
593:Biswas, Asit K. and Tortajada, Cecilia,
355:
272:
86:for Government Service in 2006 and the
14:
896:
535:Water Utility Management International
492:, AFD, Document de Travail n°40, 2007
335:
624:
613:
611:
609:
607:
391:
168:
721:. The Phnom Penh Posts. 28 June 2012
302:
571:Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority,
537:, Volume 7 Issue 3, September 2012.
254:
24:
810:
604:
483:
25:
920:
471:
431:Role of public and private sector
708:, retrieved on October 27, 2012.
315:
874:
854:
836:
823:
794:
777:
755:
711:
706:"Extreme Investing in Cambodia"
698:
843:"Cambodia, a country for sale"
685:
640:
601:, June 2010, 26:2, pp. 163â168
540:
488:Aymeric Blanc and Alain RiĂšs:
454:Stockholm Industry Water Award
222:Initial Public Offering (2012)
88:Stockholm Industry Water Award
13:
1:
829:SAFEGE Consulting Engineers:
807:, retrieved on April 10, 2011
495:
396:
365:($ 29 million in loans), the
347:Motivated and qualified staff
887:, retrieved on April 9, 2011
648:"Pricing Water For The Poor"
413:Corruption Perceptions Index
384:for more than twenty years.
369:($ 13 million in loans) and
228:Cambodia Securities Exchange
109:is visible in the Northwest.
45:ááááá¶ááááčááááááááááá»áááááááá
7:
459:
376:The PPWSA also established
114:Climate and water resources
10:
925:
409:Transparency International
400:
241:
155:
150:
18:Water supply in Phnom Penh
801:French Development Agency
575:, Accessed July 16th 2012
439:
294:Engaging with communities
44:
833:, retrieved in July 2012
763:"PPWSA tariff structure"
691:Asian Development Bank,
466:Water supply in Cambodia
444:PPWSA received the 2004
193:The turnaround 1993â2006
617:Asian Development Bank:
59:and surrounding areas.
676:Asian Development Bank
478:PPWSA Official Website
446:Asian Development Bank
403:Corruption in Cambodia
367:Asian Development Bank
328:($ 0.45/m in 2007) or
264:Improved water quality
251:
183:infant mortality rates
110:
32:
550:. JICA. June 11, 2013
450:Ramon Magsaysay Award
249:
96:
84:Ramon Magsaysay Award
30:
356:External cooperation
273:Reaching the poorest
212:Ministry of Interior
336:Improved efficiency
78:, transparency and
47:) is the municipal
867:2009-02-08 at the
392:Governance context
252:
169:Decades of decline
111:
33:
654:. 12 October 2009
341:Non-revenue water
303:Improved finances
101:in May 2005. The
64:Non-revenue water
16:(Redirected from
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860:Global Witness,
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162:Norodom Sihanouk
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421:Global Witness
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767:. Retrieved
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51:that serves
36:
34:
816:World Bank:
288:Philippines
175:Khmer Rouge
141:groundwater
55:'s capital
904:Phnom Penh
898:Categories
831:"Cambodia"
820:, ca. 2006
769:7 December
725:20 January
658:7 December
554:7 December
496:References
401:See also:
397:Corruption
363:World Bank
119:Phnom Penh
99:wet season
57:Phnom Penh
633:Puy Kea,
573:"History"
127:Tonlé Sap
90:in 2010.
865:Archived
460:See also
378:twinning
53:Cambodia
765:. PPWSA
417:Hun Sen
330:Jakarta
242:Results
156:Origins
151:History
652:Forbes
440:Awards
386:SAFEGE
382:SAFEGE
284:Manila
41:Khmer
771:2013
727:2014
660:2013
556:2013
371:UNEP
35:The
415:).
900::
883:,
845:,
787:,
748:,
735:^
678:,
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650:.
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533:,
504:^
456:.
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43::
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662:.
558:.
39:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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