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482:, the first VTuber to achieve breakout popularity, made her debut on YouTube. She was the first to coin and use the term "virtual YouTuber". Created by digital production company Activ8 and voice-acted by Nozomi Kasuga, Kizuna AI created a sense of "real intimacy" with fans, as she was responsive to their questions. Within ten months, she had over two million subscribers and later became a culture ambassador of the
464:
3178:
633:
In
September 2020, Anycolor created an "Aggressive Acts and Slander Countermeasure Team" to offer counselling to victims of harassment and take legal measures against perpetrators of harassment, specifically the online harassment plaguing the Japanese entertainment industry. This announcement came in
568:
branches targeting a global audience. Meanwhile, independent VTubers began to appear in many countries, from Japan to the United States. In July 2018, VTubers had a collective subscriber count of 12.7 million, and more than 720 million total views. By
January 2020, there were over 10,000
757:
In August 2018, Wright Flyer Live
Entertainment released a mobile application allowing VTubers to live stream videos while monetizing them and connecting with their viewers. In a news conference in Tokyo, the head of Wright Flyer Live Entertainment stated, "just increasing the number is not that
486:. Kizuna Ai's popularity can be attributed to the oversaturation of traditional webcam YouTubers and for aspects of characters that the audience would not expect. For example, despite having a friendly appearance, Kizuna Ai often swears in her videos when she gets frustrated while playing a game.
545:. Nijisanji helped popularise the use of Live2D models instead of the prior focus on 3D models as well as the shift towards livestreaming instead of edited video and clips that was the standard for VTubers like Kizuna Ai. Cover Corporation, a company that was originally developing
433:, becoming the first software suite that enabled live avatars at home via face motion capture that started being actively used on streaming websites and YouTube. The Live2D software module enabling 2D avatars and was added one year later in 2015 in collaboration with Live2D, Inc.
88:
or technology are often—but not always—used to capture movement. The digital trend originated in Japan in the mid-2010s, and has become an international online phenomenon in the 2020s. A majority of VTubers are
English- and Japanese-speaking
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to advertise its
Yakisoba UFO noodles, held a live stream with a smartphone attached to a helium balloon. By the end of the stream, the smartphone reached an altitude of 30 kilometres (19 mi) above sea level and was noted by
173:, portraying characters designed by online artists. VTubers are not bound by physical limitations, and many of them engage in activities that are unconstrained by their real-world identity. Some VTubers, particularly those from
377:
agencies. Streamers are employed by an agency to portray characters developed by the company, which are then commercialized via merchandising and other promotional appearances, as well as traditional revenue streams such as
758:
effective. We want them to keep on doing their activities. , gaining fans and monetization are essential. So, we are providing a platform to support that". This followed Wright Flyer Live
Entertainment's parent company
795:, in November to present their content made for the Brazilian public and how VTuber works, where they had a meeting with Ambassador Eduardo Paes Saboia, being the first contact of VTubers with a Brazilian authority.
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and foreign-language VTubers have marked a rise in the trend's international popularity. Virtual YouTubers have appeared in domestic advertising campaigns and have broken livestream-related world records.
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The internet has seen a torrent of different types of 'VTubers' over the last year, and while some models are fusions of humans and creatures, few have broken through as straight-up animals.
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led to an overall increase in viewership of video game live streaming in general in 2020, which helped contribute to the growth of VTubers into a mainstream phenomenon. Searches on
304:
two-dimensional models constructed from drawn textures, while programs such as VRoid Studio can be used to create three-dimensional models. Commissioned models can cost as high as
2359:
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accumulated the largest number of active paid subscriptions of all streamers on the platform at that point in time, although still behind an overall record previously set by
607:
800,000 in 2020). VTubers accounted for 38% of YouTube's 300 most profitable channels, with a total revenue of US$ 26,229,911 (roughly half of which being viewer donations).
448:, under Cover Corporation, manages over 60 VTubers from around the world across six branches; hololive, hololive ID, hololive EN, HOLOSTARS, HOLOSTARS EN and hololive DEV_IS.
382:, and viewer donations. The use of the term "graduation" to refer to a streamer retiring their character and/or leaving an agency, is also a holdover from the idol industry.
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in late 2016. Her popularity sparked a VTuber trend in Japan, and it spurred the establishment of specialized agencies to promote them, including major ones such as
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for VTuber related content increased over 2020, leading towards the
September 2020 launch of Hololive's English branch. In August 2020, seven of the ten largest
699:
Due to their popularity, companies and organizations have used virtual YouTubers as a method of advertising or bringing attention to a product or service. When
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2017:
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baseball team has two VTuber mascots, named
Takamine Umi (also known as Hawk Kannon Sea) and Aritaka Hina, both unveiled in 2020. They have their own
2504:
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517:
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YouTube's 2020 Culture and Trends report highlights VTubers as one of the notable trends of that year, with 1.5 billion views per month by
October.
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uploaded her first video, which featured an animated, virtual avatar speaking to the camera. In 2012, Japanese company
Weathernews Inc. debuted a
2871:
1315:
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Kizuna AI's sudden popularity sparked a VTuber trend. Between May and mid-July 2018, the number of active VTubers increased from 2,000 to 4,000.
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261:, and maps them to a two- or three-dimensional model. Both free and paid programs have been developed for loading models and performing
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204:
wrestler who himself began streaming on Twitch as a VTuber in 2021, remarked that the two professions were "literally the same thing".
3528:
2351:
2302:
407:, who would usually talk to the audience about herself or about releases related to the company. On June 13, 2011, UK-based Japanese
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has been introduced, such as Inochi2D, which aims to serve the same purpose of Live2D in an open source manner. Such software is not
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who use avatar designs. By 2020, there were more than 10,000 active VTubers. Although the term is an allusion to the video platform
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In 2014 the FaceRig indie software launched on Indiegogo as an EU crowdfunding project, and later that year it was released on
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as being the live stream recorded at the highest altitude, breaking the previous record of 18.42 kilometres (11.45 mi).
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2,000 depending on their level of detail. By contrast, some VTubers, colloquially known as "PNGTubers" (in reference to the
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1991:
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1832:"ウェザーロイド Airi". Comptique Extra issue of December: Vtique Vol.02 (コンプティーク 12月号増刊 Vティーク Vol.2). Kadokawa. 2018. pp.76–79.
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of Kizuna Ai in 2018, with a full push for various Japanese and international VTuber PVC-made statues since the 2020s.
422:, on YouTube and their website. In 2014, Airi got her own solo program every Thursday and began live broadcasting with
762:'s ¥10 billion ($ 89.35 million) investment in VTubers, as well as a ¥10 billion sales target by 2020.
459:, under AnyColor Inc., manages over 160 VTubers from around the world across two branches; NIJISANJI and NIJISANJI EN.
3880:
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3540:
3147:
1350:
687:
533:
511:
265:, with some capable of being used without a webcam (albeit with pre-determined animations), and some also supporting
3722:
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2118:
989:
2149:[Analysis of the economic impact, expansion of popularity and new technologies of the VTuber phenomenon].
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3037:
1701:
647:
In May 2021, Twitch added a VTuber tag for streams as part of a wider expansion of its tag system. In July 2021,
516:
followed Kizuna as the second and third most popular VTubers, with 750,000 and 625,000 subscribers respectively.
2627:
1987:
1038:
634:
the wake of Hololive's VTuber Mano Aloe's retirement after only two weeks of activity due to online harassment.
564:. Agencies like Hololive and Nijisanji created branches in China, South Korea, Indonesia, and India, as well as
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727:
236:
2803:
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1608:
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VTubers may use their avatars as a means to better reflect their preferred presentation to their audience.
651:—a member of Hololive's first English branch—overtook Kizuna Ai as the most-subscribed VTuber on YouTube.
821:
354:
560:
After their initial success in Japan, the trend began to expand internationally via their appeal to the
3801:
328:
313:
2863:
2147:"Análise do impacto econômico, da expansão de popularidade e das novas tecnologias do fenômeno VTuber"
1299:
3969:
3959:
3764:
3759:
2778:"Virtual YouTuber Kaguya Luna Breaks Guinness World Record By Holding Livestream at Highest Altitude"
309:
2475:"VTuber Ironmouse surpasses 95,000 Twitch subscribers, takes the throne for active subs on platform"
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3813:
3606:
3582:
3572:
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1016:
933:
802:
English member Gawr Gura made a cameo appearance in an anime-themed ad by American fast food chain
208:
1907:
1208:
3807:
3196:
1410:
986:"Japan's virtual YouTubers have millions of real subscribers — and make millions of real dollars"
594:
350:
854:
since 2014 (with Arashi, and from 2021 as himself), became a VTuber for the latest CM campaign.
3600:
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1444:
871:
771:
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and XS Max in 2018, Kizuna AI appeared at the event and promoted the products on her channel.
654:
Cover's CEO Motoaki "Yagoo" Tanigo was selected as one of the Japan's Top 20 Entrepreneurs by
418:-styled character called Weatheroid Type A Airi on SOLiVE24, a 24-hour weather live stream on
3843:
3742:
3567:
3441:
3362:
2751:"Gree-owned firm launches app aimed at boosting Japan's booming world of 'virtual YouTubers'"
2201:"Report: Twitch viewership reached 1.47 billion hours in August (StreamElements, Arsenal.gg)"
938:
630:
also experimented with avatar-based streams using a model commissioned from a VTuber artist.
403:
began uploading videos to its YouTube channel featuring an animated 3D version of its mascot
331:
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film as the voice actress for one of the characters in the Japanese dub, and Korone-themed
807:
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604:
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In the beginning of 2018, Anycolor Inc. (then known as Ichikara) founded the VTuber agency
335:
320:
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220:
46:
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In June 2022, Hololive member Inugami Korone became the official brand ambassador for the
8:
3979:
3855:
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3623:
2352:"Twitch introduces more than 350 new streamer tags, including Vtuber, transgender, queer"
1912:
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1270:
851:
799:
751:
585:
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137:
738:(which launched a YouTube channel for its mascot Crunchyroll-Hime in October 2021). The
658:
Japan in its January 2022 issue. The following month, in the midst of a subathon event,
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3236:
1669:"Meet Neuro-sama, the AI Twitch Streamer Who Plays Minecraft, Sings Karaoke, Loves Art"
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959:
923:
913:
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815:
777:
715:
500:
301:
77:
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722:(which developed the character N-ko to appear in videos promoting its anime content),
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2146:
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1307:
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948:
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546:
379:
81:
38:
879:
3934:
3913:
1272:
Streaming as a Virtual Being: The Complex Relationship Between VTubers and Identity
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667:
611:
565:
430:
224:
174:
129:
106:
3895:
3885:
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3404:
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3137:
2957:"VTuber Doggo Inugami Korone Goes Fast As Sonic the Hedgehog's Newest Ambassador"
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885:
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831:
550:
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compatible with former proprietary 3D Vtubing software due to the model format's
266:
197:
178:
166:
3139:
Creative Context: Creativity and Innovation in the Media and Cultural Industries
2443:
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3717:
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3686:
3467:
3304:
3298:
2509:
1673:
1012:"Virtual YouTubers behind famous avatars in Japan make millions from superfans"
670:, VTubing content on Twitch grew by 467% in 2021 compared with a year earlier.
619:
423:
262:
94:
21:
2536:
1805:
1778:
710:
Some organizations and companies have employed their own VTuber characters as
470:
was founded in November 2020 as one of the first VTuber agencies based in the
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943:
928:
663:
471:
374:
270:
2170:"Playboard: World's Biggest Superchat Earner is Virtual YouTuber Kiryu Coco"
2157:. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO).
2084:
538:, two other early VTubers, each gained followings of 500,000 in six months.
3749:
3664:
3461:
3424:
3321:
3133:
1702:"The Virtual YouTube World Is in Uproar. What's the Virtual YouTube World?"
954:
766:
600:
441:
404:
396:
370:
1338:
3456:
3310:
3292:
735:
718:(which developed the character of Ibaraki Hiyori), the streaming service
343:
274:
182:
2601:"Ibaraki's virtual YouTuber first in Japan used to promote a prefecture"
2114:
985:
3771:
3701:
3696:
3577:
3446:
3327:
3286:
3270:
3264:
2982:"Japanese Sonic Frontiers players receive special V-Tuber DLC costumes"
2413:"Gawr Gura breaks YouTube milestone to become most popular VTuber ever"
759:
589:
581:
411:
358:
3045:
2383:"Gawr Gura Swims Past Kizuna AI to Be the Most Subscribed VTuber Ever"
3451:
3414:
2834:"Gawr Gura and Mori Calliope Among Hololive Vtuber Figures Announced"
1995:
1034:
803:
781:
704:
659:
648:
641:
623:
542:
479:
456:
400:
141:
125:
25:
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3485:
3409:
2295:"YouTube Culture & Trends – Data and Cultural Analysis for You"
908:
700:
627:
554:
415:
286:
258:
162:
118:
110:
102:
90:
85:
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614:, with a host of several notable English-speaking VTubers such as
241:
3822:
3219:
2926:"The Taco Bell Anime Commercial Cameo Only YouTubers Will Notice"
2895:"Embaixador do Brasil no Japão recebe as Vtubers Ayapan e Jajami"
2505:"Twitch's New Star of Streaming Charts Is Anime Avatar Ironmouse"
1879:
1847:
747:
743:
719:
711:
678:
610:
At the same time, the popularity of VTubers continued to rise on
452:
408:
282:
189:
133:
114:
98:
2265:"Bushiroad and NIJISANJI Are Taking Online Harassment Seriously"
2018:"How Fan Translators Made Virtual YouTubers a Global Phenomenon"
1939:
1937:
1935:
1300:"He's a WWE Star and a Vtuber. Those Worlds Aren't So Different"
787:
In 2020, Japanese VTubers Ayapan and Jajami were invited by the
3827:
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3230:
3177:
843:
655:
615:
577:
467:
297:
278:
250:
170:
149:
145:
463:
3012:"Inugami Korone Will Voice a Character in Yo-Kai Watch Anime"
1932:
792:
216:
212:
2628:"Netflix's official Vtuber is part sheep and promotes anime"
2568:"Japan's virtual celebrities rise to threaten the real ones"
1240:"The Rise of VTubers as Social Media Influencers, Explained"
765:
On June 24, 2019, VTuber Kaguya Luna, in collaboration with
124:
The first entertainer to use the phrase "virtual YouTuber",
3875:
1549:"Why Pokimane's Vtubing Twitch stream has everyone talking"
723:
305:
3188:
714:
within marketing. These include the government of Japan's
1749:"The Vtuber Industry: Corporatization, Labor, and Kawaii"
1177:
599:
at number one, who by that time had earned approximately
201:
1958:"Nozomi Kasuga Confirms She is Kizuna AI Voice Actress"
692:, a VTuber and representative for Japanese corporation
584:
earners of all time on YouTube were VTubers, including
553:
software, shifted its focus to VTubers by establishing
2045:
2043:
1579:"The Growing VTuber Community - The Gate's Wide Open"
750:
accounts. Occasionally, they make appearances on the
289:-illuminated sensor for more precise motion capture.
3098:"『パズドラ』新TV-CMに"嵐"の5名が出演！ 6月10日からTV-CM全国放映＆メイキング動画公開"
2325:"SIXTY60 〜BEST OF ASIA 2021〜 - 60MAG（SIXTYMAGAZINE）"
861:
835:. She also made a cameo appearance in an episode of
177:
communities, choose to use avatars to reflect their
28:
was the first VTuber to achieve breakout popularity.
2603:. The Japan Times. October 13, 2018. Archived from
2040:
1035:"ユーザーローカル、バーチャルYouTuberの1万人突破を発表 9000人から4ヵ月で1000人増"
373:, with business models influenced by those used by
819:franchise in Japan. She would later appear in the
161:VTubers are online entertainers who are typically
2804:"Nyatasha Nyanners is the First VShojo Nendoroid"
2232:"Column: Bonus Stage: The Sudden Rise of Vtubers"
364:
338:such as the Virtual Puppet Project (vpuppr) that
223:with human or non-human traits. Some VTubers use
169:. They use avatars created with programs such as
3926:
3074:(in Japanese). November 21, 2023. Archived from
3044:(in Japanese). November 21, 2023. Archived from
1479:"The otter who became an accidental VTuber star"
1374:"The otter who became an accidental VTuber star"
1339:"Virtual Theatrics and the Ideal VTuber Bishōjo"
644:was chosen as one of Asia's top 60 influencers.
359:core personality, gameplay, and chat interaction
249:A VTuber's avatar is typically animated using a
3131:
2537:"【SoftBank】新型iPhone発売セレモニーにお邪魔しました！！【XS / MAX】"
2052:"Japan's latest big thing: 'virtual YouTubers'"
1943:
1663:
1095:"Japan's latest big thing: 'virtual YouTubers'"
726:(who planned to have in-character streams with
666:. According to data provided by parent company
227:avatars, non-human characters such as animals.
69:
50:
63:
3204:
2151:VIII Encontro de Engenharia No Entretenimento
1700:Marinescu, Jake Dean, Delia (June 10, 2021).
281:smartphones—particularly, those that include
3068:"二宮和也、『パズドラ』新CMでVTuberデビュー 1秒も出演せず"中の人"に徹する"
1875:"SOLiVE24 (SOLiVEナイト ) 2014-04-10 23:32:32〜"
1843:"SOLiVE24 (SOLiVE ムーン) 2012-04-13 21:31:23〜"
1730:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
349:More recently, some Vtubers have introduced
76:is an online entertainer who uses a virtual
3104:(in Japanese). June 9, 2014. Archived from
2689:"Crunchyroll-Hime launches YouTube channel"
2625:
1297:
3643:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
3211:
3197:
2115:"バーチャルYouTuber、4,000人を突破 動画再生回数は合計7億2千万回に"
1547:Hernandez, Patricia (September 14, 2020).
1510:
1408:
1336:
1173:"The virtual vloggers taking over YouTube"
353:into the design of their characters using
327:with the Live2D standard, due to Live2D's
237:Video game live streaming § Equipment
3612:Korean backdoor advertisement controversy
1955:
1699:
1609:"Live2D Open Software License Agreemeent"
1546:
1477:Hernandez, Patricia (February 18, 2021).
1476:
1372:Hernandez, Patricia (February 18, 2021).
1371:
257:the streamer's motions, expressions, and
181:for personal comfort and safety reasons.
2349:
2262:
2198:
1908:"VTubers and the women behind the masks"
1209:"VTubers and the Women Behind the Masks"
1131:"Virtual Youtubers – What's the appeal?"
1029:
1027:
951:(for other virtual personality concepts)
677:
462:
451:
440:
240:
20:
2905:from the original on September 17, 2021
2547:from the original on September 29, 2018
2211:from the original on September 28, 2020
2167:
2121:from the original on September 17, 2020
1237:
1124:
1122:
1120:
357:and have even integrated AI into their
3927:
2874:from the original on November 11, 2022
2730:from the original on February 23, 2022
2565:
2559:
2485:from the original on February 21, 2022
2472:
2454:from the original on November 26, 2021
2362:from the original on September 1, 2021
2305:from the original on December 18, 2020
2275:from the original on September 4, 2020
2064:from the original on February 14, 2019
2049:
1645:from the original on February 16, 2023
1523:from the original on December 28, 2021
1511:Weatherbed, Jess (December 24, 2021).
1455:from the original on September 1, 2021
1421:from the original on September 1, 2021
1353:from the original on December 22, 2022
1337:Bredikhina, Liudmila (March 1, 2021).
1268:
1250:from the original on November 28, 2022
1219:from the original on November 28, 2022
1170:
1105:from the original on February 14, 2019
1092:
806:(which premiered to coincide with the
188:VTubers often portray themselves as a
3192:
3038:"二宮和也、"VTuber"デビュー 本人1秒も登場せず「中の人」に専念"
2992:from the original on October 17, 2022
2936:from the original on January 21, 2022
2892:
2844:from the original on January 10, 2022
2814:from the original on November 7, 2022
2699:from the original on November 4, 2021
2669:from the original on November 4, 2021
2626:Kastrenakes, Jacob (April 28, 2021).
2595:
2593:
2444:"世界中にファン5000万人。VTuber「ホロライブ」が急成長する理由"
2423:from the original on December 3, 2022
2244:from the original on November 1, 2020
2229:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2095:from the original on February 1, 2021
2028:from the original on January 20, 2021
1905:
1887:from the original on November 7, 2020
1743:
1741:
1712:from the original on November 8, 2021
1542:
1540:
1538:
1506:
1504:
1489:from the original on October 11, 2021
1472:
1470:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1404:
1402:
1206:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:from the original on January 21, 2021
1128:
1074:from the original on December 8, 2020
1041:from the original on January 31, 2020
1024:
992:from the original on February 6, 2022
2923:
2784:from the original on October 7, 2020
2775:
2659:"Sonic the Hedgehog is a Vtuber now"
2656:
2638:from the original on October 8, 2021
2543:. A.I. Channel. September 29, 2018.
2441:
2230:White, DeForest (October 29, 2020).
2199:Desatoff, Sam (September 23, 2020).
2180:from the original on August 24, 2020
2085:"尖ったメンバーばかりのVTuberグループ"にじさんじ"の魅力を紹介"
1956:Loveridge, Lynzee (April 25, 2020).
1785:from the original on January 5, 2021
1779:"すーぱーそに子 ワンダーフェスティバル2010[冬]"
1409:Martinello, Eva (January 29, 2021).
1318:from the original on August 25, 2021
1269:Turner, Anna Birna (June 24, 2022).
1238:Mancuso, Devin (December 15, 2020).
1202:
1200:
1185:from the original on August 13, 2019
1117:
1059:
369:Major VTubers are often employed by
285:—as an external webcam, using their
3156:from the original on March 28, 2023
2954:
2720:"福岡ソフトバンクホークスVTuber 鷹観音海、有鷹ひな紹介サイト"
2435:
2380:
2263:Morrissy, Kim (September 4, 2020).
1992:Japan National Tourism Organization
1855:from the original on March 18, 2022
1814:from the original on March 11, 2020
1657:
1615:from the original on March 15, 2023
1384:from the original on March 16, 2021
1279:from the original on March 28, 2023
673:
489:
484:Japan National Tourism Organization
13:
3124:
2748:
2590:
2578:from the original on June 29, 2021
2133:
2082:
1738:
1681:from the original on June 20, 2023
1535:
1501:
1467:
1443:Çakır, Gökhan (January 29, 2021).
1433:
1399:
1153:
16:Streamers that use digital avatars
14:
3991:
3170:
2753:. The Japan Times. Archived from
2717:
2566:Nagumo, Jada (January 19, 2020).
2517:from the original on May 16, 2022
2473:Miceli, Max (February 21, 2022).
2393:from the original on July 1, 2021
2145:Regis, Rafael (August 25, 2021).
2050:Nagata, Kazuaki (July 17, 2018).
1968:from the original on May 14, 2020
1920:from the original on May 15, 2021
1759:from the original on May 31, 2022
1589:from the original on May 26, 2022
1559:from the original on July 3, 2022
1197:
1171:Lufkin, Bryan (October 2, 2018).
1093:Nagata, Kazuaki (July 17, 2018).
1060:Chen, James (November 30, 2020).
101:, they also use websites such as
3909:
3908:
3723:CNN/YouTube presidential debates
3176:
2168:Morissy, Kim (August 23, 2020).
1781:. Nitroplus. February 12, 2010.
988:. Rest of World. July 26, 2021.
892:
878:
864:
3090:
3060:
3030:
3004:
2974:
2948:
2917:
2886:
2856:
2826:
2796:
2769:
2742:
2711:
2681:
2650:
2619:
2529:
2497:
2466:
2405:
2374:
2350:Marshall, Cass (May 27, 2021).
2343:
2317:
2287:
2256:
2223:
2192:
2161:
2107:
2076:
2010:
1980:
1949:
1899:
1867:
1835:
1826:
1797:
1771:
1693:
1627:
1601:
1571:
1365:
1330:
1291:
1262:
1129:Dazon, Laura (March 16, 2020).
829:would be released for the game
734:), and anime streaming service
603:85 million (approximately
390:
2924:Cahn, Lauren (July 27, 2021).
1988:"Come to Japan with Kizuna AI"
1231:
1086:
1053:
1004:
978:
365:Agencies and commercialization
316:as opposed to a rigged model.
1:
3637:Slovenian government incident
3618:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
1906:Faber, Tom (April 20, 2021).
1207:Faber, Tom (April 20, 2021).
1062:"The Vtuber takeover of 2020"
971:
730:and his Japanese voice actor
703:announced the release of the
230:
3595:Fantastic Adventures scandal
2299:YouTube Culture & Trends
2117:. Mogura VR. July 10, 2018.
1804:Ami Yamato (June 13, 2011).
1037:. PANORA. January 15, 2020.
380:monetization of their videos
334:. There is also open source
245:A vtuber using hand tracking
207:VTubers are associated with
7:
3218:
2901:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
2893:Eriki (November 11, 2020).
2657:Diaz, Ana (June 24, 2021).
1944:Otmazgin & Ben-Ari 2020
857:
436:
156:
84:. Real-time motion capture
70:
51:
10:
3996:
2442:中沢弘子 (November 25, 2021).
1411:"The best VTuber software"
850:, who's been working with
839:that aired in March 2023.
385:
312:image format), use static
234:
3955:2020s in Internet culture
3950:2010s in Internet culture
3904:
3836:
3710:
3652:
3558:
3506:
3395:
3386:
3345:
3279:
3257:
3250:
3226:
3136:, eds. (April 23, 2020).
2718:HAWKS, Fukuoka SoftBank.
64:
42:
3353:Most-subscribed channels
2448:Forbes JAPAN（フォーブス ジャパン）
1445:"How to become a VTuber"
1017:South China Morning Post
934:Japanese popular culture
211:and aesthetics, such as
209:Japanese popular culture
3808:Internet Symphony No. 1
2693:advanced-television.com
2083:公開, 日時 (June 5, 2020).
351:artificial intelligence
3601:Garcia v. Google, Inc.
3142:. Springer Singapore.
2780:. Anime News Network.
1298:D'Anastasio, Cecilia.
872:Anime and manga portal
772:Guinness World Records
746:channel and their own
740:Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
696:
562:anime and manga fandom
475:
460:
449:
395:On February 12, 2010,
275:Leap Motion Controller
246:
194:professional wrestling
192:character, not unlike
29:
3945:2020s fads and trends
3940:2010s fads and trends
3866:Headquarters shooting
3844:Censorship of YouTube
3442:PewDiePie vs T-Series
3363:Multi-channel network
2864:"Nendoroid Kizuna AI"
2810:. December 12, 2021.
2301:. December 15, 2020.
1755:. December 22, 2020.
1585:. February 12, 2022.
1244:www.virtualhumans.org
939:Video gaming in Japan
752:Fukuoka PayPay Dome's
681:
466:
455:
444:
332:license compatibility
300:is typically used to
244:
24:
3680:original programming
3631:Innocence of Muslims
3546:Most-disliked videos
3358:Most-viewed channels
3185:at Wikimedia Commons
3108:on November 22, 2023
3078:on November 22, 2023
3048:on November 22, 2023
2757:on February 14, 2019
2724:ソフトバンクホークス オフィシャルサイト
2695:. October 25, 2021.
2607:on February 14, 2019
2237:The Eastern Progress
1998:on February 14, 2019
1665:D'Anastasio, Cecilia
1513:"How to be a Vtuber"
852:Puzzle & Dragons
827:downloadable content
822:Sonic the Hedgehog 2
808:2020 Summer Olympics
780:has begun producing
694:Rohto Pharmaceutical
325:backwards compatible
321:open-source software
277:. Some programs use
273:devices such as the
253:and software, which
221:moe anthropomorphism
3881:YouTube downloaders
3856:Channel suspensions
3782:Project for Awesome
3607:Kohistan video case
3524:French music videos
3519:Arabic music videos
3295:(founder & CEO)
3018:. February 28, 2023
2988:. August 25, 2022.
1913:The Financial Times
640:On March 30, 2021,
446:Hololive Production
336:3D VTubing software
296:animation software
138:Hololive Production
3802:Symphony Orchestra
3787:Social in the City
3514:Most-viewed videos
3132:Otmazgin, Nissim;
2868:www.goodsmile.info
2269:Anime News Network
2174:Anime News Network
2022:Anime News Network
1962:Anime News Network
1883:. April 10, 2014.
1851:. April 13, 2012.
1807:Trying this out...
1639:vrm-consortium.org
960:Virtual influencer
924:Internet celebrity
914:Avatar (computing)
900:Video games portal
842:In November 2023,
816:Sonic the Hedgehog
778:Good Smile Company
728:Sonic the Hedgehog
716:Ibaraki Prefecture
697:
476:
461:
450:
247:
30:
3922:
3921:
3738:KSI vs Logan Paul
3653:Apps and services
3554:
3553:
3541:Most-liked videos
3378:Original channels
3341:
3340:
3183:Virtual YouTubers
3181:Media related to
2749:Nagata, Kazuaki.
2513:. April 6, 2022.
2153:(in Portuguese).
1667:(June 17, 2023).
949:Virtual character
848:Kazunari Ninomiya
789:Brazilian embassy
732:Jun'ichi Kanemaru
574:COVID-19 pandemic
82:computer graphics
3987:
3970:Internet culture
3960:2010s neologisms
3912:
3911:
3583:Copyright strike
3573:Copyright issues
3534:Pakistani videos
3393:
3392:
3373:Official channel
3255:
3254:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3190:
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3023:
3008:
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3001:
2999:
2997:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2955:Harding, Daryl.
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2840:. July 3, 2021.
2830:
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2439:
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2432:
2430:
2428:
2419:. July 4, 2021.
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2381:Harding, Daryl.
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2327:. Archived from
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2291:
2285:
2284:
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2280:
2260:
2254:
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2071:
2069:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1984:
1978:
1977:
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1973:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1930:
1929:
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1925:
1903:
1897:
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1717:
1697:
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1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:"VRM Consortium"
1631:
1625:
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1622:
1620:
1605:
1599:
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1575:
1569:
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1022:
1021:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
919:Content creation
902:
897:
896:
895:
888:
883:
882:
874:
869:
868:
691:
674:Use in marketing
598:
566:English-language
537:
526:
515:
504:
490:The VTuber trend
355:AI-generated art
329:anti-competitive
150:Fan translations
130:creating content
80:generated using
75:
73:
67:
66:
59:virtual YouTuber
56:
54:
44:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3965:Cultural trends
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3900:
3896:YouTube Theater
3886:YouTube Instant
3832:
3706:
3648:
3550:
3502:
3388:
3382:
3337:
3317:Susanne Daniels
3275:
3246:
3222:
3217:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3150:
3127:
3125:Further reading
3122:
3121:
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3109:
3096:
3095:
3091:
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3079:
3066:
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3051:
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2845:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2776:Morrissy, Kim.
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2726:(in Japanese).
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2687:
2686:
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2672:
2670:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
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2520:
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2503:
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2498:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2450:(in Japanese).
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2331:on May 12, 2021
2323:
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2293:
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2134:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2057:The Japan Times
2048:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
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1985:
1981:
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1954:
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1434:
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1407:
1400:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1343:Replaying Japan
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1236:
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1222:
1220:
1213:Financial Times
1205:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1169:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1099:The Japan Times
1091:
1087:
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1075:
1058:
1054:
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1032:
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1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
984:
983:
979:
974:
969:
898:
893:
891:
886:Internet portal
884:
877:
870:
863:
860:
832:Sonic Frontiers
685:
676:
592:
551:virtual reality
531:
520:
518:Nekomiya Hinata
509:
498:
492:
439:
420:Nico Nico Douga
393:
388:
371:talent agencies
367:
267:virtual reality
259:mouth movements
239:
233:
225:anthropomorphic
179:online identity
159:
71:bācharu YūChūbā
61:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3977:
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3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:YouTube Select
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3799:
3794:
3792:Streamy Awards
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
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3747:
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3504:
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3501:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3468:YouTube Rewind
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Creator Awards
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3383:
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3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
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3342:
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3336:
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3330:
3325:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3305:Susan Wojcicki
3302:
3299:Salar Kamangar
3296:
3290:
3283:
3281:
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3268:
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3259:
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3208:
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3187:
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3172:
3171:External links
3169:
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3166:
3148:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3102:Dengeki online
3089:
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2885:
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2795:
2768:
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2089:Dengeki Online
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2009:
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1948:
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1706:Slate Magazine
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1275:. p. 35.
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1020:. May 9, 2022.
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837:Yo-kai Watch ♪
683:Nebasei Cocoro
675:
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620:Projekt Melody
491:
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478:In late 2016,
438:
435:
424:motion capture
392:
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263:motion capture
232:
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167:live streamers
158:
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95:live streamers
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3777:Playlist Live
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3733:Creator Clash
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3629:Reactions to
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3529:Indian videos
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3242:Social impact
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2986:Eurogamer.net
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2940:September 27,
2935:
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2899:Suco de Mangá
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2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1946:, p. 77.
1945:
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1322:September 27,
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991:
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981:
977:
966:
965:Vtuber Awards
963:
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945:
944:Virtual actor
942:
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929:Japanese idol
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811:
810:in Tokyo).
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472:Western world
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375:Japanese idol
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271:hand tracking
269:hardware, or
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3871:In education
3814:
3806:
3755:Music Awards
3660:BrandConnect
3641:
3630:
3616:
3599:
3497:
3466:
3462:YouTube poop
3425:Draw My Life
3322:Robert Kyncl
3158:. Retrieved
3138:
3112:November 22,
3110:. Retrieved
3106:the original
3101:
3092:
3082:November 22,
3080:. Retrieved
3076:the original
3071:
3062:
3052:November 22,
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3041:
3032:
3022:November 28,
3020:. Retrieved
3015:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2985:
2976:
2966:December 21,
2964:. Retrieved
2960:
2950:
2938:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2898:
2888:
2878:November 11,
2876:. Retrieved
2867:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2837:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2807:
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2771:
2761:February 14,
2759:. Retrieved
2755:the original
2744:
2734:February 25,
2732:. Retrieved
2723:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2662:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2631:
2621:
2611:February 14,
2609:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2580:. Retrieved
2571:
2561:
2551:February 14,
2549:. Retrieved
2540:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2508:
2499:
2489:February 22,
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
2468:
2458:November 26,
2456:. Retrieved
2447:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2416:
2407:
2397:September 1,
2395:. Retrieved
2386:
2376:
2366:September 1,
2364:. Retrieved
2355:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2319:
2309:December 16,
2307:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2279:September 8,
2277:. Retrieved
2268:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2235:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2184:September 1,
2182:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2123:. Retrieved
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2068:February 14,
2066:. Retrieved
2055:
2032:December 14,
2030:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2002:February 14,
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1961:
1951:
1922:. Retrieved
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1828:
1818:February 14,
1816:. Retrieved
1806:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1752:
1714:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1672:
1659:
1649:February 16,
1647:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1619:February 16,
1617:. Retrieved
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1583:Anime Corner
1582:
1573:
1563:September 1,
1561:. Retrieved
1552:
1525:. Retrieved
1516:
1493:September 1,
1491:. Retrieved
1482:
1459:September 1,
1457:. Retrieved
1448:
1425:September 1,
1423:. Retrieved
1414:
1393:
1386:. Retrieved
1377:
1367:
1357:December 22,
1355:. Retrieved
1346:
1342:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1303:
1293:
1283:December 22,
1281:. Retrieved
1271:
1264:
1254:December 22,
1252:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1223:December 22,
1221:. Retrieved
1212:
1189:February 14,
1187:. Retrieved
1176:
1145:December 14,
1143:. Retrieved
1134:
1109:December 14,
1107:. Retrieved
1098:
1088:
1078:December 14,
1076:. Retrieved
1065:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
980:
955:Virtual idol
841:
830:
820:
814:
812:
797:
786:
776:
767:Nissin Foods
764:
756:
754:videoboard.
709:
698:
653:
646:
639:
636:
632:
609:
571:
559:
540:
493:
477:
428:
405:Super Sonico
397:visual novel
394:
391:Predecessors
368:
348:
339:
319:Alternative
318:
291:
248:
206:
187:
175:marginalized
160:
123:
65:バーチャルユーチューバー
58:
33:
31:
18:
3728:Comedy Week
3457:Viral video
3387:Culture and
3311:Jawed Karim
3293:Chad Hurley
3042:Model Press
2961:Crunchyroll
2703:November 4,
2673:November 4,
2572:Nikkei Asia
2479:Dot Esports
2387:Crunchyroll
2248:November 1,
2215:October 26,
2099:January 28,
1891:November 1,
1859:November 1,
1789:October 13,
1763:November 8,
1716:November 8,
1449:Dot Esports
1415:Dot Esports
736:Crunchyroll
686: [
593: [
532: [
521: [
510: [
507:Mirai Akari
499: [
496:Kaguya Luna
344:open source
294:proprietary
183:Transgender
3980:Wasei-eigo
3929:Categories
3815:Mothership
3772:Open Sauce
3578:Content ID
3568:Censorship
3447:Reply girl
3430:Let's Play
3328:Udi Manber
3287:Steve Chen
3271:Lyor Cohen
3265:Neal Mohan
3016:Siliconera
2996:August 26,
2930:Mashed.com
2838:Siliconera
2808:Siliconera
2574:. Nikkei.
972:References
791:in Tokyo,
782:nendoroids
760:Gree, Inc.
590:Kiryu Coco
582:Super Chat
412:Ami Yamato
235:See also:
231:Technology
3797:Space Lab
3560:Criticism
3452:StudyTube
3415:BreadTube
3313:(founder)
3289:(founder)
3160:March 20,
2848:March 28,
2818:March 28,
2632:The Verge
2510:Bloomberg
2427:March 28,
2335:March 30,
1810:YouTube.
1685:August 4,
1674:Bloomberg
1527:April 20,
1517:TechRadar
1388:March 19,
1312:1059-1028
996:March 28,
804:Taco Bell
798:In 2021,
705:iPhone XS
660:Ironmouse
649:Gawr Gura
642:Kizuna AI
624:Ironmouse
569:VTubers.
547:augmented
543:Nijisanji
480:Kizuna AI
457:Nijisanji
401:Nitroplus
163:YouTubers
142:Nijisanji
126:Kizuna AI
91:YouTubers
26:Kizuna AI
3914:Category
3590:Elsagate
3486:YouTuber
3410:BookTube
3346:Channels
3233:(parent)
3154:Archived
3072:Livedoor
2990:Archived
2934:Archived
2903:Archived
2872:Archived
2842:Archived
2812:Archived
2782:Archived
2728:Archived
2697:Archived
2667:Archived
2636:Archived
2582:June 23,
2576:Archived
2545:Archived
2521:April 8,
2515:Archived
2483:Archived
2452:Archived
2421:Archived
2391:Archived
2360:Archived
2303:Archived
2273:Archived
2242:Archived
2209:Archived
2178:Archived
2119:Archived
2093:Archived
2062:Archived
2026:Archived
1966:Archived
1918:Archived
1885:Archived
1853:Archived
1812:Archived
1783:Archived
1757:Archived
1726:cite web
1710:Archived
1679:Archived
1643:Archived
1613:Archived
1587:Archived
1557:Archived
1521:Archived
1487:Archived
1453:Archived
1419:Archived
1382:Archived
1351:Archived
1316:Archived
1277:Archived
1248:Archived
1217:Archived
1183:Archived
1139:Archived
1103:Archived
1072:Archived
1039:Archived
990:Archived
909:Aniforms
858:See also
800:Hololive
701:SoftBank
628:Pokimane
618:members
586:Hololive
555:Hololive
437:Breakout
416:Vocaloid
346:nature.
287:infrared
255:captures
157:Overview
128:, began
119:Bilibili
111:Facebook
103:Niconico
86:software
52:BuiChūbā
39:Japanese
3935:VTubers
3849:Germany
3837:Related
3823:Tubecon
3743:rematch
3675:Premium
3624:Privacy
3400:Apology
3258:Current
3237:History
3220:YouTube
2909:June 4,
2788:May 19,
2663:Polygon
2541:YouTube
2417:Dexerto
2356:Polygon
2125:July 3,
1972:May 25,
1924:May 24,
1880:YouTube
1848:YouTube
1593:May 14,
1553:Polygon
1483:Polygon
1378:Polygon
1067:Polygon
1045:July 3,
846:member
748:Twitter
744:YouTube
720:Netflix
712:mascots
588:member
409:vlogger
386:History
314:sprites
283:Face ID
190:kayfabe
134:YouTube
115:Twitter
99:YouTube
47:Hepburn
43:ブイチューバー
3828:VidCon
3718:Awards
3711:Events
3692:Studio
3687:Shorts
3498:VTuber
3405:Beauty
3389:videos
3333:Yu Pan
3280:Former
3251:People
3231:Google
3146:
1349:: 21.
1310:
1135:Quench
844:Arashi
668:Amazon
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