Midwestern United States

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individual responsibility, faith in residential and social mobility, practicality, piety, public order and decorum, reverence for public education, activists, honest and frugal government, town meeting democracy, and he believed that there was a public interest that transcends particular and stick ambitions. Regarding themselves as the elect and just in a world rife with sin, air, and corruption, they felt a strong moral obligation to define and enforce standards of community and personal behavior....This pietistic worldview was substantially shared by British, Scandinavian, Swiss, English-Canadian and Dutch Reformed immigrants, as well as by German Protestants and many of the

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Indian women was that the Indian women were in charge of the processing of the pelts necessary to the fur trade. Women were integral to the fur trade and their contributions were lauded, so much so that the absence of the involvement of an Indian Woman was once cited as the cause for a trader's failure. When the French fur trade re-opened in 1716 upon the discovery that their overstock of pelts had been ruined, legal French traders continued to marry Indian women and remain in their villages. With the growing influence of women in the fur trade also came the increasing demand of cloth which very quickly grew to be the most desired trade good.

2103: 5389: 1802: 7302:, although certain northern parts of the state could have possibly been grouped with the Midwest in a geographical context, even though it is geographically in the Southeast overall. Kentucky is categorized as Southern by the U.S. Census Bureau due to its industries and especially from a historical and cultural standpoint with the majority of the state having a thoroughly majority Southern accent, demographic, history, and culture in line with her sister states of Virginia and Tennessee and even the areas that have certain Midwestern influences tend to be mixed with the native Southern culture of the area. 6091: 4538: 4638: 4694: 3884: 1176:, a supernatural being who lived in the sky and was believed to have created the world and the Huron people. At death, Hurons thought the soul left the body to live in a village in the sky. Chippewas were a deeply religious people who believed in the Great Spirit. They worshiped the Great Spirit through all their seasonal activities, and viewed religion as a private matter: Each person's relation with his personal guardian spirit was part of his thinking every day of life. Ottawa and Potawatomi people had very similar religious beliefs to those of the Chippewas. 5168: 144: 2196: 1218: 115: 151: 133: 2252: 4500: 4472: 4532: 4666: 1195: 4922: 3673: 1660: 3369:" of expanded democracy. This idea included major reforms such as direct primaries, campaign finance controls, civil service to replace patronage, restrictions on lobbyists, state income and inheritance taxes, child labor restrictions, pure food, and workmen's compensation laws. La Follette promoted government regulation of railroads, public utilities, factories, and banks. Although La Follette lost influence in the national party in 1912, the Wisconsin reforms became a model for progressivism in other states. 7235: 7219: 14917: 7200: 5807: 4606: 104: 2708: 2356: 230: 4778: 126: 2520: 4085: 5747: 4117: 3231: 4750: 2865: 2620: 3451: 15725: 1783:, eliminating the practise of gift giving which they now saw as unnecessary. This, in combination with an underwhelming trade relationship with a surplus of whiskey, increase in prices generally, and a shortage of other goods led to unrest among the Indians that was exacerbated by the decision to significantly reduce the amount of rum being traded, a product that British merchants had been including in the trade for years. This would eventually culminate in 1899: 4722: 4950: 4269: 4333: 959: 4021: 4237: 4173: 4053: 2056: 4866: 4205: 86: 7490: 7353: 7147: 15715: 3989: 3428: 1134: 4301: 3957: 4838: 6234: 5011: 4894: 5830: 4978: 15735: 5230: 3465: 5160:

Missouri. As of 2008, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, together accounting for more than half of the corn grown in the United States. The Corn Belt also sometimes is defined to include parts of South Dakota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Kentucky. The region is characterized by relatively level land and deep, fertile soils, high in organic matter.

1706: 5093: 7782:. Although North Dakota and South Dakota have often elected Democrats to Congress, after the 2012 election both states' congressional delegations are majority Republican. Nebraska has elected Democrats to the Senate and as governor in recent years, but both of its senators have been Republican since the retirement of 5144:

production skyrocketed from 3 percent to 46.5 percent, largely as a result of increase in the Midwest, and by 1969, it had risen to 76 percent. Iowa and Illinois rank first and second in the nation in soybean production. In 2012, Iowa produced 14.5 percent, and Illinois produced 13.3 percent of the nation's soybeans.

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traditional Midwestern lifestyles and values, others assert that the industrial cities of the Great Lakes—with their histories of 19th century and early 20th century immigration, manufacturing base, and strong Catholic influence—are more representative of the Midwestern experience. In South Dakota, for instance,

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As of 2022, the median household income in the Midwest is $ 70,283, slightly lower than the national average of $ 74,755. 12.2% of the region's population lives below the poverty line, including roughly 16% of children under 18, and 10% of seniors over 65. The average household size in the Midwest is

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grain in the country. The U.S. is ranked third in production volume of wheat, with almost 58 million tons produced in the 2012–2013 growing season, behind only China and India (the combined production of all European Union nations is larger than China) The U.S. ranks first in crop export volume;

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Iowa produces the largest corn crop of any state. In 2012, Iowa farmers produced 18.3 percent of the nation's corn, while Illinois produced 15.3 percent. In 2011, there were 13.7 million harvested acres of corn for grain, producing 2.36 billion bushels, which yielded 172.0 bu/acre, with US$

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is a region of the Midwest where corn has, since the 1850s, been the predominant crop, replacing the native tall grasses. The "Corn Belt" region is defined typically to include Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of

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moldboard plow that was stronger and cut the roots, making the fertile soils of the prairie ready for farming. Farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled, leading to a "wheat frontier" that moved

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into the Midwestern states changed Chicago, St. Louis, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Cincinnati, Detroit, Omaha, Minneapolis, and many other cities in the Midwest, as factories and schools enticed families by the thousands to new opportunities. Chicago alone gained hundreds of thousands of black

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The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses and assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers. Individuals were often organized in small, independent groups; this helped to maintain secrecy because individuals knew some connecting "stations"

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During the mid-19th century, the region got its first railroads, and the railroad junction in Chicago became the world's largest. During the century, Chicago became the nation's railroad center. By 1910, over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. Even today,

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Generally subscribed to the work ethic, a strong sense of community, and activist government, but were less committed to economic individualism and privatism and ferociously opposed to government supervision of the personal habits. Southern and eastern European immigrants generally leaned more toward

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Because they arrived first and had a strong sense of community and mission, Yankees were able to transplant New England institutions, values, and mores, altered only by the conditions of frontier life. They established a public culture that emphasized the work ethic, the sanctity of private property,

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Yankee settlers from New England started arriving in Ohio before 1800, and spread throughout the northern half of the Midwest. Most of them started as farmers, but later the larger proportion moved to towns and cities as entrepreneurs, businessmen, and urban professionals. Since its beginnings in the

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The French and Indian exchange of goods was called an exchange of gifts rather than a trade. These gifts held greater meaning to the relationship between the two than a simple economic exchange because the trade itself was inseparable from the social relations it fostered and the alliance it created.

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Since the founding of rock 'n' roll music, an uncountable number of rock, soul, R&B, hip-hop, dance, blues, and jazz acts have emerged from Chicago onto the global and national music scene. Detroit has greatly contributed to the international music scene as a result of being the original home of

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wheat, hard red spring wheat, hard red winter wheat, soft red winter wheat, hard white wheat, soft white wheat, unclassed wheat, and mixed wheat. Winter wheat accounts for 70 to 80 percent of total production in the U.S., with the largest amounts produced in Kansas (10.8 million tons) and North

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Settlers without legal claims, called "squatters", had been moving into the Midwest for years before 1776. They pushed further and further down the Ohio River during the 1760s and 1770s and sometimes engaged in conflict with the Native Americans. British officials were outraged. These squatters were

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familial metaphor of a father and his children shaped the political relationship between the French and the Natives in this region. The French, regarded as the metaphoric father, were expected to provide for the needs of the Algonquians and, in return, the Algonquians, the metaphoric children, would

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spread throughout the South and Midwest, up into the areas of Minnesota and stretching out west into the Rocky Mountains. At the same time, they occupied the heart of prime buffalo range, and also an excellent region for furs they could sell to French and American traders for goods such as guns. The

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As the Midwest opened up to settlement via waterways and rail in the mid-1800s, Germans began to settle there in large numbers. The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From

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The civil conflict in Kansas was a product of the political fight over slavery. Federal troops were not used to decide a political question, but they were used by successive territorial governors to pacify the territory so that the political question of slavery in Kansas could finally be decided by

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traders entered the Ohio country as a serious competitor to the French in the fur trade around the 1690s. English (and later British) traders almost consistently offered the Indians better goods and better rates than the French, with the Indians being able to play that to their advantage, thrusting

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is one of the biggest drivers of local economies in the Midwest, accounting for billions of dollars worth of exports and thousands of jobs. The area consists of some of the richest farming land in the world. The region's fertile soil combined with the steel plow has made it possible for farmers to

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White specifically designates "the lands bordering the rivers flowing into the northern Great Lakes and the lands south of the lakes to the Ohio" as the location of the middle ground. This includes the modern Midwestern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan as well as parts of

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The middle ground is the place in between cultures, peoples, and in between empires and the non state world of villages. It is a place where many of the North American subjects and allies of empires lived. It is the area between the historical foreground of European invasion and occupation and the

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are collectively practiced by 2 percent of the population, with higher concentrations in major urban areas. 35 percent of Midwesterners attend religious services every week, and 69 percent attend at least a few times a year. People with no religious affiliation make up 22 percent of the Midwest's

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were not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s, and by 1942, the U.S. became the world's largest soybean producer, partially because of World War II and the "need for domestic sources of fats, oils, and meal". Between 1930 and 1942, the United States' share of world soybean

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experienced a short surge in the Midwest in the early 1920s, fueled by anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic fears. The KKK in the 1920s was a local membership organization, but its autonomous locals were not coordinated and it had little impact on legislation. Members wanted enforcement of vice laws,

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National reaction to the events in Kansas demonstrated how deeply divided the country had become. The Border Ruffians were widely applauded in the South, even though their actions had cost the lives of numerous people. In the North, the murders committed by Brown and his followers were ignored by

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with the temporary closing of the French fur trade from 1690 to 1716 and beyond. French fur traders were forced to abandon most posts and those remaining in the region became illegal traders who potentially sought these marriages to secure their safety. Another benefit for French traders marrying

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The presence of women in the Midwest public stage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries aligned with the growing movements for women's rights and prohibition. Women's activism was often presented as an extension of their domestic cleaning role. Activists at the local and state level used the

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railroads, similar to streetcars. The Midwest had more interurbans than any other region. In 1916, Ohio led all states with 2,798 miles (4,503 km), Indiana followed with 1,825 miles (2,937 km). These two states alone had almost a third of the country's interurban trackage. The nation's

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Differences in the definition of the Midwest mainly split between the Great Plains region on one side, and the Great Lakes region on the other. Although some point to the small towns and agricultural communities in Kansas, Iowa, the Dakotas, and Nebraska of the Great Plains as representative of

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has been converted into one of the most intensive crop producing areas in North America. Less than one tenth of one percent (<0.09%) of the original landcover of the tallgrass prairie biome remains. States formerly with landcover in native tallgrass prairie such as Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota,

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wanted the support of poor farmers, who reproduced rapidly, had little cash, and were eager to acquire cheap land in the West. Democrats did not want a big government, and keeping revenues low helped that cause. Democrats avoided words like "squatter" and regarded "actual settlers" as those who

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whether to allow slavery within their boundaries. It was hoped the Act would ease relations between the North and the South, because the South could expand slavery to new territories, but the North still had the right to abolish slavery in its states. Instead, opponents denounced the law as a

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Marquette and Jolliet were the first to map the northern portion of the Mississippi River. They confirmed that it was easy to travel from the St. Lawrence River through the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf of Mexico by water, that the native peoples who lived along the route were generally

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While these states are for the most part relatively flat, consisting either of plains or of rolling and small hills, there is a measure of geographical variation. In particular, the following areas exhibit a high degree of topographical variety: the eastern Midwest near the foothills of the

1160:. In the northern forests, the Ottawas and Potawatomis separated into small family groups for hunting. The Winnebagos and Menominees used both hunting methods interchangeably and built up widespread trade networks extending as far west as the Rockies, north to the Great Lakes, south to the 1955:

for squatters. The "squatters" became "pioneers" and were increasingly able to purchase the lands on which they had settled for the minimum price thanks to various preemption acts and laws passed throughout the 1810s-1840s. In Washington, Jacksonian Democrats favored squatter rights while

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as "too Numerous, too Lawless, and Licentious ever to be restrained", and regarded them as "almost out of Reach of Law and government; Neither the Endeavors of Government, or Fear of Indians has kept them properly within Bounds." The British had a long-standing goal of establishing a

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regions. The Upper Midwestern states of Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin reliably voted Democratic in every presidential election from 1992 to 2012. Recently, Republicans have made serious inroads in Iowa and Ohio, two states that were previously considered swing states.

7424:. This accent is typically preferred by many national radio and television producers. Linguist Thomas Bonfiglio argues that, "American English pronunciation standardized as 'network standard' or, informally, 'Midwestern' in the 20th century." He identifies radio as the chief factor. 1812:

While French control ended in 1763 after their defeat in the Seven Years' War, most of the several hundred French settlers in small villages along the Mississippi River and its tributaries remained, and were not disturbed by the new British administration. By the terms of the

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The Midwest has been a key swing district in national elections, with highly contested elections in closely divided states often deciding the national result. From 1860 to 1920, both parties tried to find their presidential and vice presidential candidates from the region.

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The middle ground was formed on the foundations of mutual accommodation and common meanings established between the French and the Indians that then transformed and degraded as both were steadily lost as the French ceded their influence in the region in the aftermath of

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or complex chiefdoms. For example, Hurons were divided into matrilineal clans, each represented by a chief in the town council, where they met with a town chief on civic matters. But Chippewa people's social and political life was simpler than that of settled tribes.

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and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the southeastern section, and the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States are also known as the

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was ratified by most Midwestern state legislatures, but the Midwest also became a center of resistance to Prohibition, with ethnic, urban Catholic and German Lutheran voters supporting repeal while native-born, rural pietistic Protestant Midwesterners opposed it.

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who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and famous conflicts with settlers and the US Army have made the Plains Indians archetypical in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.

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The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires. Today, greater Detroit remains home to

2286:. Development of the region was halted until 1795 by Spain's control of the southern part of the Mississippi and its refusal to allow the shipment of American crops down the river and into the Atlantic Ocean. This was changed with the 1795 signing of 3143:

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land. Western railroads, with large land grants available to attract farmers, set up agencies in

7864:. Democrats generally only hold sway in the large cities at the opposite ends of the state, Kansas City and St. Louis, with the Republicans winning the rest of the state. Since the 2012 elections, Republicans have had a 6–2 majority in the state's 2574:

along the route, but knew few details of their immediate area. Escaped slaves would move north along the route from one way station to the next. Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on boat or train, they usually traveled on foot or by wagon.

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The Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas have been strongholds for the Republicans for many decades. These four states have gone for the Republican candidate in every presidential election since 1940, except for

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Geographers subdivide the Interior Plains into the Interior Lowlands and the Great Plains on the basis of elevation. The Lowlands are mostly below 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level whereas the Great Plains to the west are higher, rising in

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because they were easily disassembled and allowed the nomadic life of following game. When Spanish horses were obtained, the Plains tribes rapidly integrated them into their daily lives. By the early 18th century, many tribes had fully adopted a

887:. Finance and services such as medicine and education are becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a transportation crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks, and airplanes. Politically, the region is composed of 3348:

in Chicago in 1889. Settlement houses provided social services and played an active role in civic life, helping immigrants prepare for naturalization and campaigning for regulation and services from city government. Midwestern mayors—especially

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in 2012. Kansas has elected a majority of Democrats as governor since 1956, but has not elected a Democratic senator since 1932. From 1997 to 2010 and again since 2019, Kansas has had at least one Democratic House member (two in 2007 and '08).

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out of New England and New York who had settled the upper Midwest. The party opposed the expansion of slavery and stressed the Protestant ideals of thrift, a hard work ethic, self-reliance, democratic decision making, and religious tolerance.

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for the first time since 1983, though they only hold the minimum number of seats required for a majority in each of the two chambers of the legislature. As of 2023, Michigan has 2 Democratic U.S. Senators and a 7-6 bare Democratic majority

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in North America—approximately $ 689 billion, after the regions of New York City and Los Angeles. Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. The 2021

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in the 1890s. They wanted cooperatives controlled by farmers to handle farm products, a reduction in rail freight rates, and the coining of silver money to raise prices. The Alliance turned to political action with the creation of the

7733:. Ohio also has 1 Democratic and 1 Republican U.S. Senator and a 10-5 Republican majority U.S. House delegation. Ohio has been a battleground state in presidential elections, and no Republican has won the office without winning Ohio. 1152:

that could be easily moved away. Various tribes had different ways of living. The Ojibwas were primarily hunters and fishing was also important in the Ojibwas economy. Other tribes such as Sac, Fox, and Miami, both hunted and farmed.

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the Germanic view of things, while modernization, industrialization, and urbanization modified nearly everyone's sense of individual economic responsibility and put a premium on organization, political involvement, and education.

2789:. The skirmishes endured until a new governor, John W. Geary, managed to prevail upon the Missourians to return home in late 1856. A fragile peace followed, but violent outbreaks continued intermittently for several more years. 3540:

topography gradually gives way to gently rolling hills, and then (in central Ohio) to flat lands converted principally to farms and urban areas. This is the beginning of the vast Interior Plains of North America. As a result,

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who began playing this music style while popularizing the term "rock and roll" to describe it. By the mid-1950s, rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the

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to Kansas by activists from both sides. At one point, Kansas had two separate governments, each with its own constitution, although only one was federally recognized. On January 29, 1861, Kansas was admitted to the

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Advantages of accessible waterways, highly developed transportation infrastructure, finance, and a prosperous market base makes the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location.

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The so-called "Border War" lasted for another four months, from May through October, between armed bands of pro‐slavery and Free Soil men. The U.S. Army had two garrisons in Kansas, the First Cavalry Regiment at

1683:, to map the way to the Northwest Passage to the Pacific. They traveled through Michigan's upper peninsula to the northern tip of Lake Michigan. On canoes, they crossed the massive lake and landed at present-day 1032:. Maize, or corn, was the primary crop of Mississippian farmers. They gathered a wide variety of seeds, nuts, and berries, and fished and hunted for fowl to supplement their diets. With such an intensive form of 1939:

gained title to land, settled on it, and then improved upon it by building a house, clearing the ground, and planting crops. A number of means facilitated the legal settlement of the territories in the Midwest:

3906:, an organization for communication and coordination among state governments, includes in its Midwest regional office eleven states from the above list, omitting Missouri, which is in the CSG South region. The 7693:

has consistently voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since 1992, though their margins of victory have often been relatively narrow. Democrats won full control of Michigan's state government in the

3365:, the most famous leader of Midwestern progressivism, began his career by winning election against his state's Republican party in 1900. The machine was temporarily defeated, allowing reformers to launch the " 1020:

Mississippian peoples in the Midwest were mostly farmers who followed the rich, flat floodplains of Midwestern rivers. They brought with them a well-developed agricultural complex based on three major crops—

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As of 2022, the median age in the Midwest is 39.2 years, with 22% of the population being under 18, and 18% being over 65. The age distribution in the Midwest broadly matches the US as a whole. In terms of

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Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States, as well as

5081:, complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads. After the "wheat frontier" had passed through an area, more diversified farms including 2569:

to Canada. Created in the early 19th century, the Underground Railroad was at its height between 1850 and 1860. One estimate suggests that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped via the Underground Railroad.

5447:'s movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures. The Detroit area emerged as the world's automotive center, with facilities throughout the region. 3309:

chapters collapsed overnight due to a scandal involving the kidnapping and rape and death of a young woman by its state leader. The Klan represented a conformist impulse. Middletown (actually the city of

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friendly, and that the natural resources of the lands in between were extraordinary. New France officials led by LaSalle followed up and erected a 4,000-mile (6,400 km) network of fur trading posts.

5057:, a pioneer of hybrid seeds, declared in 1956 that the Corn Belt developed the "most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen". Today, the U.S. produces 40 percent of the world crop. 1768:

the French and the British into competition with each other to their own benefit. The Indian demand for certain kinds of cloth in particular fueled this competition. This, however, changed following the

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In the Ohio River Valley, the dominant food supply was not hunting but agriculture. There were orchards and fields of crops that were maintained by indigenous women. Corn was their most important crop.

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The second group of Plains Indians (sometimes referred to as Prairie Indians) were the semi-sedentary tribes who, in addition to hunting buffalo, lived in villages and raised crops. These included the

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Minnesota voters have not voted for a Republican candidate for president since 1972, longer than any other state. Minnesota was the only state (along with Washington, D.C.) to vote for its native son

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especially Prohibition, which many immigrants violated. The Klan reached its peak of visibility in Indiana, where the governor supposedly had connections to the secret group. However, the hundreds of

2484:—established Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital. The proliferation of businesses created a synergy that also encouraged truck manufacturers such as Rapid and 1926:

were sent into the Ohio country to destroy the crops and burn down the homes of any squatters they found living there. But overall the federal policy was to move Indians to western lands (such as the

8287: 7039:. Of this second group of schools, Butler, Dayton, Indiana State, Missouri State, North Dakota State, and South Dakota State do not play top-level college football (all playing in the second-tier 3140:

While half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half established farms in the Midwest. From Ohio to the Plains states, a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century.

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throughout the region. The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development, with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization.

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In addition to manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the Midwest's largest economy. Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists

7868:, with African-American Democrats representing the two major cities. Missouri has had a Republican governor since the 2016 elections, as well as both U.S. Senators being Republican since the 3336:

The negative effects of industrialization triggered the political movement of progressivism, which aimed to address its negative consequences through social reform and government regulation.

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and the Ozark Mountains, overlap geographically with the Midwest—Appalachia in Southern Ohio and the Ozarks in Southern Missouri. The Ohio River has long been a boundary between North and

2827:. All of the Midwestern states but one, Missouri, banned slavery. Though most battles were fought in the South, skirmishes between Kansas and Missouri continued until culmination with the 1930:

in modern Oklahoma) and allow a very large numbers of farmers to replace a small number of hunters. Congress repeatedly debated how to legalize settlements. On the one hand, Whigs such as

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The heavy German immigration played a major role in establishing musical traditions, especially choral and orchestral music. Czech and German traditions combined to sponsor the polka.

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in 1892. It had local success in the wheat belt and silver mining areas. This venture as a third party was short-lived and they fused with the Democrats in 1896 and voted for Democrat

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Inland canals in Ohio and Indiana constituted another important waterway, which connected with Great Lakes and Ohio River traffic. The commodities that the Midwest funneled into the

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wanted the government to get maximum revenue and also wanted stable middle-class law-abiding settlements of the sort that supported towns (and bankers). Jacksonian Democrats such as

7604:. The Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas have voted for the Republican candidate in every presidential election since 1940, except for Democrat 1922:

With victory in the American Revolution the new government considered evicting the squatters from areas that were now federally owned public lands. In 1785, soldiers under General

2723:, born in the Ripon, Wisconsin, in 1854 and created in opposition to the Act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery, and soon emerged as the dominant force throughout the North. 8313: 7465:

The rate of potentially preventable hospital discharges in the Midwestern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions, acute conditions, and chronic conditions.

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was in reference to Kansas and Nebraska to indicate that they were the civilized areas of the west. A source in the 1920s referred to the Midwest included within this territory

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idea, popular sovereignty stated that the inhabitants of each territory or state should decide whether it would be a free or slave state; however, this resulted in immigration

17061: 6112:, many of whom moved into major Midwestern industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and St. Louis. Along with them, they brought jazz to the Midwest, as well as 2993:

Company, made his billions in Cleveland. At one point during the late 19th century, Cleveland was home to more than 50% of the world's millionaires, many living on the famous

7321:, further demonstrating transnational cultural connections. Similar but less pronounced mutual Canadian-American cultural influence occurs throughout the Great Lakes region. 7749:

resulted in strong Republican support at the state level, and moderate Republican support at the federal level, with Republican governor Mike DeWine winning reelection in a

7266:. All of the lower Midwestern states, especially Missouri, have major Southern components and influences, as they neighbor the Southern region. Historically, Missouri was a 6413:

released many house music records. With the creation of house music in the city of Chicago, the first form of the globally popular electronic dance music genre was created.

6405:, had its beginning in Chicago in the early 1980s, and by the late 1980s and the early 1990s house music had become popular on an international scale. House artists such as 6337:, characterized by lyrical themes that focused on and appealed to the Midwestern working class. Other successful Midwestern rock artists emerged during this time, including 2454:

largest interurban junction was in Indianapolis. During the decade of the early 1900s, that city's 38 percent growth in population was attributed largely to the interurban.

1787:, which broke out in 1763. Following the conflict, the British government was forced to compromise and loosely re-created a trade system that was an echo of the French one. 5419:

set precedents for centralized pricing, uniform distribution, and controlled product standards through Standard Oil, which started as a consolidated refinery in Cleveland.

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have regions of Lowlands elevations, contrasting with their Ozark region (within the Interior Highlands). Eastern Ohio's hills are an extension of the Appalachian Plateau.

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was re-elected in the mid-term elections in 2010, and has had both one Democratic and one Republican senator since the early 1980s until the 2014 election when Republican

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be obligated to assist and obey them. Traders coming into Indian villages facilitated this system of symbolic exchange to establish or maintain alliances and friendships.

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in 1963. Economic necessity and the desire for a career also drove women to work outside the home, and certain occupations such as teaching and nursing became feminized.

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was an integral part of early European and Indian relations. It was the foundation upon which their interactions were built and was a system that would evolve over time.

16778: 3322:. The book revealed a powerful business class that promoted civic boosterism, patriotism, and straight-ticket voting, while discouraging political activism and dissent. 3249:

The Midwest saw labor unrest and rebellion against the capitalist economic order, with strikes in Chicago in 1887 and 1894. Labor leaders organized a protest meeting at

839:, which was bounded by the Great Lakes and the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Some entities in the Midwest have "Northwest" in their names for historical reasons, such as 7476:, a trick-taking card game, remains popular in the Midwest and parts of the Upper South, particularly in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. 5089:

generally took its place. The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid-19th century contributed to economic growth in the United States.

16783: 11610: 5955:

Numerous state university systems have established regional campuses statewide. The numerous state teachers colleges were upgraded into state universities after 1945.

1164:, and east to the Atlantic Ocean. The Hurons reckoned descent through the female line, while the others favored the patrilineal method. All tribes were governed under 7565: 5064:, which were more suitable for loose forest soil. On the prairie, the plows bounced around and the soil stuck to them. This problem was solved in 1837 by an Illinois 2931:

The U.S. was predominantly rural at the time of the Civil War. The Midwest was no exception, dotted with small farms all across the region. The late 19th century saw

2461:

was the world center of the auto industry, and soon practically every city within 200 miles (320 km) was producing auto parts that fed into its giant factories.

16878: 16218: 16088: 11709: 7453:, in the extreme northern part of the state, with a distinctive variation in St. Louis and the surrounding area; Southern Midland, in the majority of the state; and 1880:

and vegetables; most farmers were self-sufficient. They cut trees and claimed the land, then sold it to newcomers and then moved further west to repeat the process.

5685:, Black Americans currently make up 10% of the Midwest's population, with over 96% being concentrated in urban areas, including major cities like Chicago, Detroit, 3160:

The Midwest was a battleground for political and economic issues after the Civil War, with voters splitting along ethnic and religious lines rather than class. The

10118: 6063: 5701:. At the same time, most of the rural Midwest has remained overwhelmingly White, with almost two-thirds of the 1,055 counties in the Midwest being over 95% White. 12174:

To determine whether a Division I school sponsors football, and at what level, select "Football" from the "Sport" menu. In the "Division" menu, select "FBS" (for

17468: 16348: 15239: 12438: 7802:

in a tightly contested race. Between 1988 and 2012, Iowa also voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in all elections except 2004, but in 2016 and 2020

1241:

Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications, with some degree of overlap. The first group were fully nomadic, following the vast herds of

18227: 16955: 16723: 16557: 16213: 15219: 14961: 7850: 7667: 3207: 3189: 2086:. The Lewis and Clark Expedition established relations with more than two dozen indigenous nations west of the Missouri River. The Expedition returned east to 2033:

was killed by U.S. forces. The British then abandoned their Native American allies south of the lakes. The Native Americans ended being the main losers in the

11338: 11313: 10931: 7457:, in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the state, with a bulge extending north in the central part, to include approximately the southern one-third. 3922:, a professional archives organization, with hundreds of archivists, curators, and information professionals as members, covers the above twelve states, plus 2232:

Midwestern politics pitted Yankees against the German Catholics and Lutherans, who were often led by the Irish Catholics. These large groups, Buenker argues:

2149:, Wisconsin fought against the Republican bosses and for efficiency, modernization, and the use of experts to solve social, economic, and political problems. 17244: 16811: 16701: 15224: 15204: 15194: 10146: 7865: 7700: 7679: 7675: 7652: 229: 8419:

Kinietz, William Vernon, & Raudot, Antoine Denis. The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615-1760. United States: University of Michigan Press, 1940.

18300: 16579: 15234: 15229: 15214: 15209: 15199: 15189: 7857: 7715: 7686: 3273: 6002:. Local boosters, usually with a church affiliation, created numerous colleges in the mid-19th century. In terms of national rankings, the most prominent 2650:

and the western frontier towns of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the

18388: 18222: 16616: 12767: 12681:

Fry, John. "Good Farming – Clear Thinking – Right Living": Midwestern Farm Newspapers, Social Reform, and Rural Readers in the Early Twentieth Century".

8291: 3932: 3269:, went to prison where he converted to Socialism. His version of socialism appealed to some immigrant groups but was too radical for most Midwesterners. 3036:, which was known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018, and has become an internationally famous symbol of St. Louis and the Midwest. 10857: 5657:. This drastically changed the demographics of many Midwestern cities that had previously been almost entirely populated by White Americans, leading to 1407:

provided the chief source of raw materials for items that Plains Indians made, including food, cups, decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing.

17156: 17014: 13026: 9922: 7890: 5917: 12962:(University of Iowa Press; 2013) 166 pages; criticizes the neglect of the Midwest in contemporary historiography and argues for a revival of attention 9312:

Matthew Hill, " 'They are not surpassed...by an equal number of citizens of any equal country in the world': squatter society in the American West",

5707:

is the most populous and racially diverse state in the Midwest, and out of all 50 states, it is also ranked as the most representative of the overall

3102:, German Americans were at least 30 percent of the population. Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the " 16718: 16505: 5653:

for major urban areas in the North and West, fleeing racial persecution and seeking new economic opportunities in a population movement known as the

2820: 2538:

slaves into the 1830s). The regional southern boundary was the Ohio River, the border of freedom and slavery in American history and literature (see

1594: 12215: 7550: 3907: 17210: 17183: 16500: 15626: 15322: 15023: 12597: 11438: 11288: 7742: 7738: 5733:, 50.3% of the region's population are female, and 49.7% are male. Half of the population over the age of 15 are married, while half are unmarried 7619:

All Midwestern states use primary elections to select delegates for both the Democratic and Republican national conventions, except for Iowa. The

3501:. The Lowlands gradually rise westward, from a line passing through eastern Kansas, up to over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in the unit known as the 955:

cultures were the earliest in North America, with a presence in the Great Plains and Great Lakes areas from about 12,000 BCE to around 8,000 BCE.

17558: 17518: 15854: 9713: 7856:

Missouri was historically considered a bellwether state, having voted for the winner in every presidential election from 1904 to 2004 except for

7806:

won the state by about 9 and 8 percentage points, respectively. Since the 2016 elections, Republicans have held a majority in both houses of the

3169: 2115: 3117:

A favorite destination was Milwaukee, known as "the German Athens". Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city's

1391:; some of their major hunts centered on deer and buffalo. Some tribes are described as part of the "Buffalo Culture" (sometimes called, for the 673:

includes Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota, several of which are located, at least partly, within the

17366: 16284: 15771: 13407: 2157: 8012: 7706:

Indiana is considered a Republican stronghold, having voting for that party's presidential candidate in every election since 1940, except for

5308:

Outside of Chicago, many other Midwest cities are host to financial centers as well. Federal Reserve Bank districts are also headquartered in

18175: 17580: 16816: 16023: 15738: 8518: 3253:

in Chicago in 1886, where a bomb was thrown among police and eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy for murder, an event known as the

2720: 6888:

feature the largest concentration of top Midwestern Division I football and men's and women's basketball teams in the region, including the

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The calm in Kansas was shattered in May 1856 by two events that are often regarded as the opening shots of the Civil War. On May 21, the

10724: 9948: 3591:

and Ohio Rivers). These rivers have for tens of millions of years been eroding downward into the mostly horizontal sedimentary rocks of

18148: 17663: 17658: 17648: 17021: 16750: 15998: 15374: 15262: 14954: 14681: 14540: 11363: 10090: 8359: 7895: 7758: 6527: 4791: 902:, commentators took Midwestern cities and the Midwest generally to be "typical" of the United States. Earlier, the rhetorical question 11187: 10037: 8730: 18317: 18260: 18153: 17982: 17424: 15927: 12175: 7507: 7370: 7164: 7050:

hosted its first automobile race in 1903, and is one of the oldest tracks in the world, though as of 2019 is presently inactive. The

5005: 3014: 2527:

The Northwest Ordinance region, comprising the heart of the Midwest, was the first large region of the United States that prohibited

1099:. Most numerous were the Huron and Ho-Chunk. Fighting and battle were often launched between tribes, with the losers forced to flee. 11027: 18364: 18160: 17653: 17141: 17081: 16641: 16296: 16188: 16038: 14867: 12834: 12617: 12412: 11663:

Sisson R., Zacher C.K., Cayton A.R.L. (2006.) The American Midwest: An Interpretic Encyclopedia, Indiana University Press, pg. 705.

7838: 7779: 7609: 7601: 7597: 6877: 3161: 2696: 1873:

in 1794 was large-scale settlement possible. Large numbers also came north from Kentucky into southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.

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ranked Chicago as the fourth most competitive city in the country and eleventh in the world, directly behind Paris and Tokyo. The

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Dakota (9.8 million tons). Of the total wheat produced in the country, 50 percent is exported, valued at US$ 9 billion.

1043:

culture. The Mississippians suffered a tremendous population decline about 1400, coinciding with the global climate change of the

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of 1803. Meanwhile, the British maintained forts and trading posts in U.S. territory, refusing to give them up until 1796 by the

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and in the early years of the United States, when the colonial territories had not extended far from the Atlantic coast and the

18371: 18080: 17763: 17668: 17498: 17446: 17407: 16974: 16969: 16823: 16760: 16713: 16691: 16656: 16311: 16167: 14674: 14560: 13019: 12970: 8435:

Hyde, George E.; Indians of the Woodlands From Prehistoric Times to 1725; Norman, Oklahoma; University of Oklahoma Press; 1962.

7555: 2156:

had the best showing in this region, carrying the states of Michigan, Minnesota, and South Dakota. In 1924, La Follette, Sr.'s

1114:—are also Algonkian-speaking tribes who relocated from the eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes region in the 19th century. The 15468: 11217: 5439:, consolidated steel production throughout the region. Many of the world's largest employers began in the Great Lakes region. 3206:'s crusade against alcohol, as a way to push for the right to vote. Midwestern states began allowing women to vote before the 18473: 18187: 18075: 17945: 17849: 17758: 17682: 17227: 17193: 16208: 16198: 16193: 16051: 16046: 15910: 15875: 15728: 14947: 14669: 14603: 12199: 12102: 10758: 10570: 10550: 10531: 9577: 9417: 8700: 8543: 8111: 7989: 7818:

as Republicans hold all but one statewide office, both U.S. Senate seats, all four U.S. House seats, and Republican governor

5171: 5001: 3203: 3181: 2816:, failed. Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction. 1144:

In the 16th century, the natives of the area used projectiles and tools of stone, bone, and wood to hunt and farm. They made

17: 2691:. The Act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands that would help settlement in them, repealed the 18383: 18280: 18217: 18207: 18090: 17881: 17844: 17773: 17605: 17570: 17121: 16851: 16584: 16355: 16306: 16279: 16203: 16162: 15718: 15011: 14970: 14664: 14628: 14567: 12143: 11876: 10973: 10841:. Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California: Unpublished Manuscript, History of Soybeans and Soyfoods, 1100 B.C. to the 1980s. 10651: 5842: 5768: 5139:

accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11, 1862, making Iowa the first state in the nation to do so.

3568:

to around 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The Lowlands, then, are confined to parts of Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan,

3121:. Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included 1829:

in Missouri were the main towns, but there was little new settlement. France regained Louisiana from Spain in exchange for

551: 70: 11716: 11063: 10809: 10702: 1857:. American settlement began either via routes over the Appalachian Mountains or through the waterways of the Great Lakes. 661:

put the population of the Midwest at 68,995,685. The Midwest is divided by the U.S. Census Bureau into two divisions. The

18339: 18327: 18265: 18022: 17513: 17412: 17009: 16668: 16564: 16448: 14657: 14652: 14598: 10418: 10299:

9 (1906): 485–97; J. Neale Carman, ed. and trans., "German Settlements Along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway",

10188:

The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

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European settlement of the area began in the 17th century following French exploration of the region and became known as

883:

The region's economy is a mix of heavy industry and agriculture, with extensive areas forming part of the United States'

11763: 7542: 2167:, a belief that America should not involve itself in foreign entanglements. This position was largely based on the many 18312: 18253: 18138: 18133: 18070: 17832: 17793: 17753: 17600: 17553: 17533: 17146: 16773: 16768: 16673: 16621: 16150: 15905: 15764: 15491: 14526: 13400: 12815:

Page, Brian, and Richard Walker. "From settlement to Fordism: the agro-industrial revolution in the American Midwest".

12560: 12261: 11939: 9617: 8261: 7434:

The dialect of Minnesota, western Wisconsin, much of North Dakota and Michigan's Upper Peninsula is referred to as the

6109: 5866: 5682: 5654: 5602:, 4.3% report Polish ancestry, and 2.6% report Norwegian ancestry. The Midwest is home to the largest concentration of 3820: 3724: 3050: 3010: 2948: 2824: 1515:

or Teton (uncertain): the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, are often referred to as the

1234: 948: 12074: 7420:

The accent characteristic of most of the Midwest is popularly considered to be that of "standard" American English or

4809: 1465:("Knife"): residing in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa, and are often referred to as the 18458: 18354: 18334: 18285: 18275: 18143: 18065: 18042: 18002: 17866: 17856: 17733: 17708: 17615: 17595: 17073: 16863: 16589: 15971: 14608: 13012: 12323: 11840: 11674: 9786: 9689: 9525: 9384: 9238: 9095: 8424: 8325: 8183: 8158: 8057: 7529: 7392: 7186: 7083: 7040: 6539: 5925: 5708: 5631: 5321: 5309: 4935: 3645:

have become a major component of the new woodlands since then. The majority of the Midwest can now be categorized as

3282: 2759: 2636: 2535: 2164: 2135: 2002:. More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle, which has since borne the name " 1575: 12965:

Lauck, Jon K. "Trump and The Midwest: The 2016 Presidential Election and The Avenues of Midwestern Historiography."

11902: 10215: 3152:

hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres (1,200 km) to German-speaking farmers.

3098:, Nebraska, the proportion of German Americans was 57 percent in 1910. In many other cities of the Midwest, such as 2565:, whereby Midwesterners assisted slaves to freedom from their crossing of the Ohio River through their departure on 683:

is the most populous city in the American Midwest and the third-most populous in the United States. Chicago and its

18359: 18305: 18290: 18192: 18027: 17503: 17456: 17451: 17353: 17280: 16980: 16745: 16274: 15463: 15001: 14623: 14613: 14555: 14533: 14516: 14511: 14430: 12752:

Lauck, Jon K. "Trump and The Midwest: The 2016 Presidential Election and The Avenues of Midwestern Historiography"

11828: 11090: 10939: 7949: 7823: 7750: 7644: 7330: 5365: 4679: 3468: 3177: 2955: 2877: 780: 392: 10150: 7114:

is just outside the officially defined Midwest, but is linked with the region because the track is located in the

3028:, is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, and the world's tallest arch. Built as a monument to the 18393: 18182: 18123: 18032: 17923: 17898: 17395: 17385: 16950: 16868: 16806: 16790: 16636: 16631: 16395: 16375: 16365: 16360: 15350: 15345: 15335: 15178: 14633: 14462: 14328: 14242: 14192: 12781: 11466: 8378: 7091: 6523: 5850: 5662: 5369: 5302: 5120: 3483: 3261:

was a shutdown of most rail traffic in the Midwest and West. It turned violent and was broken by federal troops.

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The region was shaped by the relative absence of slavery (except for Missouri), pioneer settlement, education in

2457:

Competition with automobiles and buses undermined the interurban and other railroad passenger business. By 1900,

1935: 804: 161: 12747: 12464: 8496:(3). Western Historical Quarterly, Utah State University on behalf of The Western History Association: 112–338. 8097:

Jay Pridmore (2000) "Northwestern University: Celebrating 150 Years" Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press

6499: 3761:

Old Northwest, Mississippi River (Missouri River joins near the state border), Ohio River, and Great Lakes state

18376: 18050: 17997: 17913: 17903: 17871: 17800: 17788: 17743: 17630: 17528: 17390: 17310: 17300: 17086: 16943: 16646: 16604: 16547: 16321: 16232: 15453: 15253: 14577: 11539: 9776: 7511: 7435: 7374: 7334: 7168: 7020: 6850: 6782: 6774: 5937: 5874: 5290: 5254: 4763: 4707: 3732:

states, and the Missouri River is a major waterway joining with the Mississippi. The Midwest lies north of the

3676: 3148:

and other German cities, promising cheap transportation, and sales of farmland on easy terms. For example, the

3134: 3126: 2985:, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry. Meanwhile, 2378: 1893: 1564:

Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815, p. XXVI

986: 913: 397: 354: 12983: 12779:

Meyer, David R. "Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century",

12647:

The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and Public Building in the Chicago Area, 1875–1925

12413:"Geographic Variation in Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations for Acute and Chronic Conditions, 2005–2011" 11247: 9833: 9738: 7596:. Indiana has been won by Republicans in every presidential election since 1940, except for Lyndon Johnson in 7580:

The Midwestern United States is a politically divided region, with the Democratic Party being stronger in the

5642:

ancestry. In North Dakota, 22% of the population reports Norwegian ancestry, the highest rate in the country.

2838:

Lawrence was targeted because of the town's long-time support of abolition and its reputation as a center for

18128: 17992: 17908: 17839: 17810: 17748: 17638: 17610: 17254: 16626: 16519: 15757: 15498: 15051: 14887: 14872: 13393: 12287: 11785: 11492: 9300:

The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal

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became the global leader in rubber production, driven by the demand for tires. Over 200 million tons of

5435:

into the world's most efficient and profitable mills. The largest, most comprehensive monopoly in the world,

5261:(established 1848) listed the first ever standardized "exchange traded" forward contracts, which were called 5077:

westward over the course of years. Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising

4619: 3702:

was in reference to Kansas and Nebraska to indicate that they were the civilized areas of the west. The term

3642: 2958:

from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy.

1834: 1207: 776: 387: 9919: 9299: 5849:. Of the 69 members from the U.S. and Canada, 17 are located in the Midwest. These include private schools 5787:

compose about 15 percent of Missouri's population, but much smaller percentages in other Midwestern states.

1451:

Sioux (Dakota) became the most powerful of the Plains tribes and the greatest threat to American expansion.

993:(1,000 BCE to 100 CE), and the Mississippian Period (900 to 1500 CE). Archeological evidence indicates that 18423: 18416: 18349: 18212: 18095: 18017: 18007: 17861: 17822: 17778: 17738: 17695: 17643: 17575: 17548: 17508: 17486: 17295: 17109: 17056: 16989: 16846: 16802: 16730: 16651: 16569: 16380: 16244: 16073: 15981: 15789: 15515: 15448: 15143: 14920: 14572: 14202: 13929: 13634: 7746: 7559: 7267: 7115: 6842: 6830: 6822: 5945: 5357: 5282: 4851: 4583: 3903: 2671: 2528: 1107: 45: 38: 3733: 3478: 1805:

The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the territories north and southwest of the

1245:. Some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture, growing tobacco and corn primarily. These included the 18344: 18295: 18110: 18012: 17935: 17817: 17713: 17538: 17523: 17461: 17096: 17051: 16858: 16740: 16594: 15616: 15091: 14059: 12219: 12129: 10728: 10301: 9115:. History of the State of Ohio. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. 8013:"Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020" 7924: 7428: 7306: 7126: 7051: 6508: 5784: 5274: 4735: 4651: 3919: 3851: 3748: 3518: 3436: 2962: 2917: 2692: 2302: 555: 407: 345: 235: 12727: 12663:

Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s-1920s

11449: 11140: 10588:"About this Collection – Railroad Maps, 1828–1900 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" 9284: 5771:

is the single largest denomination, varying between 18 percent and 34 percent of the state populations.

2145:

became influential in the region (as it was in other regions), with Wisconsin a major center. Under the

1593:, Native alliances with both the French and British, conflicts and treaties with the United States both 18248: 18118: 17950: 17930: 17918: 17728: 17718: 17400: 17305: 16918: 16908: 16435: 16430: 16420: 16415: 15937: 15695: 15658: 15653: 15641: 15486: 15133: 14237: 14222: 13520: 13505: 10171:

Günter Moltmann, "The Pattern of German Emigration to the United States in the Nineteenth Century". in

7815: 7410: 7289: 7247:(the region west of the Missouri River) shares cultural elements with the western United States, while 7079: 6720: 6266:. Notable soul and R&B musicians associated with Motown that had their origins in the area include 6223: 6095: 6075: 4513: 3250: 3033: 2736: 2651: 2582: 2532: 2146: 2071: 2050: 1869:

in 1787 became the first settlement in Ohio, but not until the defeat of Native American tribes at the

917: 704: 567: 204: 180: 12858:(Indiana University Press, 2006), 1916 pp of articles by scholars on all topics covering the 12 states 3603:

ages. The modern Mississippi River system has developed during the Pleistocene Epoch of the Cenozoic.

3493:

The vast central area of the U.S., into Canada, is a landscape of low, flat to rolling terrain in the

2523:

An animation depicting when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861

2278:

Three waterways have been important to the development of the Midwest. The first and foremost was the

96: 18463: 17827: 17133: 16938: 16933: 16495: 15949: 15165: 15160: 15126: 15121: 15033: 14618: 14550: 14521: 14506: 14247: 14172: 13283: 13096: 13091: 12389: 11799: 10443: 9194: 9171: 9070: 9047: 9024: 8968: 8826: 8765: 7873: 7648: 7454: 7248: 7244: 7207: 7054:, opened in 1909, is a prestigious auto racing track which annually hosts the internationally famous 7012: 7004: 6980: 6972: 6388: 6169: 5975: 5890: 5345: 4907: 4449: 3892: 3888: 3418: 3410: 2762: 876: 688: 670: 662: 658: 362: 255: 250: 11862: 8852: 8803: 7745:

presidential elections, signaling a shift towards the right for the state's federal electorate. The

7082:

road courses opened in the 1950s and 1960s respectively. Other motorsport venues in the Midwest are

4569: 3902:

Various organizations define the Midwest with slightly different groups of states. For example, the

3819:

Louisiana Purchase, Mississippi River (Ohio River joins near the state border), Missouri River, and

2102: 1720:

Goods often traded included guns, clothing, blankets, strouds, cloth, tobacco, silver, and alcohol.

1001:

area and spread northwest along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers and entered the state along the

912:

to signal whether something would appeal to mainstream America. As of 2010 the Midwest has a higher

17940: 17320: 17290: 17285: 17275: 17041: 16997: 16838: 16599: 16249: 16063: 16003: 14124: 13707: 13420: 13339: 13288: 7719: 7450: 7342: 7028: 7008: 6925: 6893: 6515: 6364: 6303: 5921: 5862: 4963: 4823: 3706:

has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term,

3440: 3272:

Farmers distrusted big business and adopted cooperative arrangements, such as those offered by the

2021:, but American negotiators rejected the idea because Britain had lost control of the region in the 1870: 1858: 1826: 1801: 1743:

Marriage also became an important aspect of the trade in both the Ohio River valley and the French

1700: 1634: 1590: 904: 764: 372: 31: 15413: 13385: 10677: 2888:

to Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri;

1633:

in 1534 and ending with their cessation of the majority of their holdings in North America to the

17434: 17170: 16928: 15895: 15295: 14854: 14545: 14452: 14129: 13839: 13834: 12178:) or "FCS" (for Football Championship Subdivision) as applicable. Finally, click on "Run Report". 12038:

The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migration of Black and White Southerners Transformed America

8515: 7695: 7500: 7363: 7157: 7043:), and Creighton, Marquette, Milwaukee, Wichita State and Xavier do not sponsor football at all. 6984: 6976: 6921: 6043: 5963: 5933: 5894: 5858: 5424: 5019: 4879: 2831:

on August 21, 1863. Also known as Quantrill's Raid, the massacre was a rebel guerrilla attack by

2770: 2688: 2372: 2360: 840: 12366: 10614:"President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery" 8356: 6090: 3841:

Louisiana Purchase, part of Red River Colony before 1818, Great Plains, and Missouri River state

1796: 18432: 17886: 17236: 17046: 17026: 16828: 16683: 16478: 16425: 16410: 16254: 15942: 15663: 15636: 15560: 15443: 15150: 14831: 14638: 14232: 14035: 13359: 13233: 12939: 12757: 12161: 12094: 12088: 9230: 7309:

has historically had strong cultural ties to Canada, partly as a result of early settlement by

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cover most of the Great Plains states. Iowa and much of Illinois lie within an area called the

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in which slavery already had been abolished, and by five slave states that became known as the

2667: 2663: 1986:, his force advanced to the location of Native American settlements near the headwaters of the 1846: 1830: 1814: 1729: 1668: 1638: 1222: 1040: 970: 921: 579: 200: 12340: 11929: 11639: 11596: 10960: 9639: 9374: 9085: 7975: 7714:

in 2008. As of 2023, the Republican party controls both U.S. Senate seats, has a 7–2 majority

3289:. Leftwing rural politics continued in the 20th century in the Dakotas and Minnesota with the 1446:, who occupied large amounts of territory in the Great Plains of the Midwest. The area of the 585:

The U.S. Census Bureau's definition consists of 12 states in the north central United States:

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Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

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Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

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Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8943:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8928:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8913:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8898:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8883:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8868:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8781:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8655:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

8447:

Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792

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1830s, Chicago has grown to dominate the Midwestern metropolis landscape for over a century.

2003: 1865:) at the source of the Ohio River became the main base for settlers moving into the Midwest. 1818: 1759: 1014: 994: 942: 925: 800: 756: 752: 728: 665:

includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the

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Why Iowa?: how caucuses and sequential elections improve the presidential nominating process

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Alan Brown, "The Role of the Army in Western Settlement Josiah Harmar's Command, 1785-1790"

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Missouri has been won by Republicans in every presidential election since 2000, despite its

6429:. The genre, while popular in America, became much more popular overseas such as in Europe. 1410:

The tribes followed the bison's seasonal grazing and migration. The Plains Indians lived in

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Smits, David D. (1994). "The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865-1883".

7613: 7277: 7223: 7095: 7000: 6956: 6929: 6696: 6656: 6007: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5882: 5810: 5353: 5341: 4693: 3382: 3277: 2994: 2970: 2712: 2639: 2624: 2562: 2540: 2287: 2142: 2026: 2010: 1965: 1944: 1916: 1684: 1626: 1598: 1298: 1103: 819:. During the colonial period, the upper-Mississippi watershed including the valleys of the 12614:

A Revolution in the Heartland: Changes in Rural Culture, Family and Communities, 1900–2000

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population, this changed in the early 20th century as numerous African Americans left the

5582:

According to the 2022 American Community Survey, 22.6% of the Midwest's population report

4637: 4537: 3078:

were favored destinations of German immigrants. By 1900, the populations of the cities of

8: 17977: 17893: 17703: 17419: 17104: 16735: 15932: 15438: 15393: 15388: 14447: 14112: 14049: 14025: 13856: 13717: 13663: 13604: 13575: 13515: 13510: 13293: 13238: 12514: 11038: 10613: 10502: 8340: 8073: 7837:

in 1984. However, recent Democratic victories have often been fairly narrow, such as the

7811: 7666:. Wisconsin also has 1 Democratic and 1 Republican Senator and a 6-2 Republican majority 7593: 7271: 7122: 7087: 6941: 6937: 6917: 6905: 6889: 6770: 6754: 6744: 6700: 6614: 6610: 6535: 6448: 6368: 6051: 5814: 5635: 5436: 5412: 5167: 3737: 3715: 3606:

Rainfall decreases from east to west, resulting in different types of prairies, with the

3537: 3390: 3211: 3099: 3083: 2986: 2966: 2755: 2364: 2338: 2180: 2022: 1979: 1902: 1889: 1779:

The British attempted to establish a more assertive relationship with the Indians of the

1769: 1579: 1282: 1111: 998: 978: 836: 832: 708: 700: 12489: 11188:"U.S. Steel - Primary Energy Cogeneration Plant at Gary Works Wins National Recognition" 9346:

William O. Odo, "Destined for Defeat: an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791".

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had its start in Detroit in the late 1980s and early 1990s with techno pioneers such as

5813:, constructed by 1816 and opened in 1819, was the first academic building in the former 5152:

Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Missouri have become valued for their highly productive soils.

3883: 2293:

The second waterway is the network of routes within the Great Lakes. The opening of the

2219:

Historian John Bunker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Midwest:

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