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high standards and be given a "GO" by the R.I., or can fail to meet this standard and receive a "NO GO". The student must demonstrate the ability to meet the standard in order to move forward, and can thus only afford one unsuccessful patrol. The student's success will lie in his ability to essentially manipulate those directly underneath their charge of leadership. At times, this will be as few as two to three people—and at other times the student may be required to lead up to an entire 45-person platoon. The student's success can be dependent on the performance and teamwork of these individuals, whom they must motivate and lead. Missions are typically broken up into four stages: planning, movement, actions on the objective, and establishment of a patrol base. The
Platoon Leader position (in Mountains and Florida) will be rotated throughout the mission, and the same is true for the platoon sergeant position. The squad leader position is on a 24-hour rotation which is the same for all of the ungraded key leadership positions: Medic, Forward Observer (FO) and Radio Telephone Operator (RTO).
1013:(Meal, Ready-to-eat) per day, but not allowed to eat them until given permission. This is enforced most harshly in Darby and Mountain phases. Since food and sleep are at the bottom of the priorities of those in the infantry behind security, weapons maintenance, and personal hygiene, it is generally the last thing Ranger students are allowed to do. As such, the two MREs are generally eaten within three hours of each other, one post mission, and the other prior to the planning portion of the mission. Though the Ranger student's daily caloric intake of 2200 calories would be more than enough for the average person, Ranger students are under such physical stress that this amount is insufficient. The Ranger Training Brigade does not maintain weight information in the 21st century, but in the 1980s, Ranger students lost an average of 25–30 pounds during the Ranger course.
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829:) privileges, and access to a community center where they can use a telephone, eat civilian food, and watch television. In years past, the "Gator Lounge" served this purpose, but it was destroyed by a fire in late 2005. In the years since, a new "Gator Lounge" has been built, maintaining many of the features of the original. Graduation is at Fort Moore. In an elaborate ceremony at Victory Pond, the black-and-gold Ranger Tab is pinned to the graduating soldier's left shoulder (usually by a relative, a respected RI, or soldier from the student's original unit). The Ranger Tab is permanently worn above the soldier's unit patch.
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854:, New Mexico in early 1971 called Arid Fox I. In June 1971, the Ranger Training Brigade conducted Arid Fox II, the first student-led patrol. This was part of the brigade's continuing evaluation of the possibility of integrating a Desert Phase into the Ranger course. The first students to undergo the Desert Phase were selected from Ranger Class 13–71 (class 13 in 1971). When the bulk of the class went on to begin the Swamp phase, the airborne qualified members of Ranger Class 13–71 (Desert) donned MC1-1 parachutes, boarded a C-130 aircraft and parachuted into the White Sands Missile Range.
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the pond, then transition to a rope crawl before plunging into the water. Each student must then jump into the pond and ditch their rifle and load-bearing equipment while submerged. Finally, each student climbs a ladder to the top of a seventy-foot tower and traverses down to the water on a pulley attached to a suspended cable, subsequently plunging into the pond. All of these tasks must be performed calmly without any type of safety harness. If a student fails to negotiate an obstacle (through fear, hesitation or by not completing it correctly) they are dropped from the course.
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discharges, safety violations involving demolitions or mountaineering, not looking through their sights while firing, or throwing away ammunition to lighten their load while on patrol. If a student fails a phase twice for the same reason (patrols, peers, etc.) they will usually be dropped from the course, but may possibly be offered a "day one restart," and will restart on Day 1 of the next Ranger School class. In rare cases, those assessed of honor violations (lying, cheating, stealing) and SORs may be offered a day one restart as opposed to being dropped from the course.
1060:. Corporal Hall was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross while serving with the 1st Airborne Ranger Company for his gallant actions at Chipyon-Ni during the Korean War. He exposed himself to direct enemy fire to cover his platoon's movement. Once his weapon jammed he joined his platoon and volunteered to contact friendly forces on an adjacent hill. When he reached the hill, it was covered with enemy troops. Corporal Hall killed a Chinese soldier in a foxhole and used that position to drive the enemy from the hill. He was wounded during that action by a grenade.
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Force, the Ranger
Training Brigade, and the U.S. Army's Safety Board. The results were determined to be a result of a combination of human errors exacerbated by "unexpected weather conditions". Nine Ranger Instructors were disciplined and the 6th Ranger Training Battalion commander was relieved. As there was no basis for criminal charges, none were court-martialed. The four dead Ranger School students were posthumously awarded the Ranger Tab. As a result of the 1995 deaths, 38 new safety measures were implemented in the Swamp Phase. According to John Lock,
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phase, in this phase "the stamina and commitment of the Ranger student is stressed to the maximum. At any time, they may be selected to lead tired, hungry, physically expended students to accomplish yet another combat patrol mission". The Ranger student continues learning how to sustain themselves and their subordinates in the mountains. The rugged terrain, severe weather, hunger, mental and physical fatigue, and the psychological stress the student encounters allow them to measure their capabilities and limitations and those of their fellow soldiers.
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1047:. Colonel Puckett earned the Distinguished Service Cross (upgraded to the Medal of Honor in 2021) during the Korean War as company commander of the 8th Army Ranger Company, the first Ranger Company seeing active service during the war. Then-First Lieutenant Puckett, in an attack against numerically superior Chinese forces, established defensive fighting positions on the captured objective. His Rangers held off five successive Chinese counterattacks before he was severely wounded during a sixth counterattack and evacuated despite his protests.
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odd one out" will sometimes be singled out by the squad arbitrarily. Because of this, someone who has been "peered out" or "peered," will be moved to another squad, sometimes within another platoon, in order to ensure that this was not the reason the student was peered. If it happens within this new squad, however, this is taken as an indication that student is being singled out because they are either lazy, incompetent, or cannot keep up. At this time the student will usually be removed from the course.
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include water procurement and water preservation. Leadership responsibilities, standing operating procedures (SOPs), reconnaissance, and ambush techniques were also reviewed. Additional emphasis was placed on battle drills to include react to enemy contact, react to indirect fire, and react to near and far ambushes. Drills on how to breach barbed and concertina wire with wire cutters and assault ladders were taught as were techniques on how to clear a trench line and how to assault a fortified bunker.
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611:, Georgia and is conducted by the 4th Ranger Training Battalion. The "Darby Phase" is the "crawl" phase of Ranger School, where students learn the fundamentals of squad-level mission planning. It is "designed to assess a Soldier’s physical stamina, mental toughness, leadership abilities, and establishes the tactical fundamentals required for follow-on phases of Ranger School". In this phase, training is separated into two parts, the Ranger Assessment Phase (RAP) and Squad Combat Operations.
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next class. Students recycled in the first phase are temporarily assigned to Vaughn's
Platoon (informally known as the "Gulag" to Ranger students). Recycled students typically receive classes on Ranger School tasks and perform a variety of general tasks for their respective Ranger Training Battalion. While marking time at Ranger School is not always pleasant, those who have been recycled typically perform well when reinserted back into the course, with pass rates well over 80%.
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provide better information on weather and water conditions. Command and control procedures now include the Ranger
Battalion Commander who will make the final call as to whether waterborne operations are a Go, No Go, or modified—on-site RIs also have the authority to call off an operation should the situation warrant it. Additionally, training lanes will be walked by RIs prior to the exercise and there will be no deviation in the landing sites for the patrols.
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dawn. Flashlights, with red lens filters, may only be used for map referencing; the use of flashlight to navigate across terrain will result in an immediate dismissal from the school. Later in the course, Ranger students will be expected to conduct, and navigate, patrols at night without violating light discipline. The land navigation test instills this skill early in each student's mind, thus making the task second nature when graded patrolling begins.
705:(React to Contact, Break Contact, React to Ambush, React to Indirect Fire, and Crossing a Danger Area), which are focused on providing the principles and techniques that enable the squad-level element to successfully conduct reconnaissance and ambush missions. As a result, the Ranger student gains tactical and technical proficiency and confidence in themselves, and prepares to move to the next phase of the course, the Mountain Phase.
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environment test the
Students’ ability to operate effectively under conditions of extreme mental and physical stress. This training further develops the Students' ability to plan and lead small units during independent and coordinated airborne, air assault, small boat, and dismounted combat patrol operations in a low intensity combat environment against a well trained, sophisticated enemy.
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the execution of raids, ambushes, movements to contact, and urban assaults to accomplish their assigned missions". The capstone of the course is the extensively planned raid of the
Atropian Liberation Front's (ALF) island stronghold. This small boat operation involves each platoon in the class, all working together on separate missions to take down the simulated
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comprises field craft instruction; students plan and execute daily patrolling, perform reconnaissance, ambushes, and raids against dispersed targets, followed by stealthy movement to a new patrol base to plan the next mission. Ranger students conduct about 20 hours of training per day, while consuming two or fewer meals daily totaling about 2,200
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1034:, who organized the 1st Ranger Battalion in 1942 with handpicked volunteers leading the way onto the beaches of North Africa. Ranger Battalions also spearheaded the campaigns in Sicily and Italy, and the D-Day landing on Omaha Beach. In the Pacific the 6th Ranger Battalion served with distinction in the Philippines.
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425:. The United States Army's Infantry School officially established the Ranger Department in December 1951. Under the Ranger Department, the first Ranger School Class was conducted in January–March 1952, with a graduation date of 1 March 1952. Its duration was 59 days. At the time, Ranger training was voluntary.
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Thursday, March 25, 2021, Cpl. James A. Requenez, 28, of San Antonio, Texas, died due to drowning during an unspecified training incident at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. Officials with Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade, out of Fort Moore, Georgia, said. Requenez was transported to Eglin AFB
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The phase commenced with an in-flight rigging and airborne assault—or an air assault landing by non-airborne personnel, onto an objective. Following the mission, the students moved into a cantonment area. Remaining in garrison for five days, they then received classes on desert-survival techniques to
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Combat Water
Survival Assessment, conducted at Victory Pond (previously called the Water Confidence Test). This test consists of three events that test the Ranger student's ability to calmly overcome any fear of heights or water. Students must calmly walk across a log suspended thirty-five feet above
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On
Tuesday, August 9, 2022, Staff Sgt. George Taber and 2nd Lt. Evan Fitzgibbon were killed while conducting mountaineering training in the north Georgia mountains. Both students were both struck by a portion of a falling tree while sheltering during a weather-induced training hold. Three additional
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Students can also be recycled for a variety of other reasons, including failing their patrol evaluations, peer evaluation, collecting 3 or more bad spot reports in a phase, or receiving a
Serious Observation Report (SOR). Students may receive SORs for actions including, but not limited to, negligent
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The emphasis at Camp Darby is on the instruction in and execution of Squad Combat Operations. The phase includes "fast paced instruction on troop leading procedures, principles of patrolling, demolitions, field craft, and basic battle drills focused towards squad ambush and reconnaissance missions".
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The purpose of the course is learning to soldier as a combat leader while enduring the great mental and psychological stresses and physical fatigue of combat; the Ranger Instructors (RIs) – also known as Lane Graders – create and cultivate such a physical and mental environment. The course primarily
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New equipment is now on hand to assist troubled students; equipment which includes one-man inflatable rafts designed to get Rangers out of the water and to arrest hypothermia, water measuring devices, and global positioning systems. Monitoring stations have also been installed in swamp locations to
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The Ranger students are updated on the scenario that eventually commits the unit to combat during techniques training. The 10-day FTX comprises "fast paced, highly stressful, challenging exercises in which the Students are evaluated on their ability to apply small unit tactics and techniques during
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This phase focuses on the continued development of the Ranger student's combat arms functional skills. Students receive instruction on waterborne operations, small boat movements, and stream crossings upon arrival. Practical exercises in extended platoon level operations executed in a coastal swamp
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The Darby Award is awarded to the Ranger that shows the best tactical and administrative leadership performance, has the most positive spot reports and has demonstrated being a cut above the rest. They must also pass all graded leadership positions, peer reports, and may not recycle. This award is
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If a student performs successfully, but suffers an injury that keeps them from finishing, they may be medically recycled (med recycle) at the discretion of either the battalion or the Ranger Training Brigade commander; the student will be given an opportunity to heal and finish the course with the
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Another part of the evaluation of the student is a peer evaluation; failing a peer evaluation (scoring less than a 60% approval rating from your squad) can result in disqualification, though usually only if it happens twice. Due to unit loyalties, certain individuals within a squad who may be "the
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A student's graduation is highly dependent on their performance in graded positions of leadership. This leadership ability is evaluated at various levels in various situations, and is observed while they are in one of typically two graded leadership roles per phase. The student can either meet the
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Modern Army Combatives Program (MACP) training was removed as a part of a new POI at the start of 2009; it was reinstated with Class 06–10. The Combatives Program was spread over all phases and culminated with practical application in Swamp Phase. However, MACP has been removed from Ranger again,
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Ranger School training has a basic scenario: the flourishing drug and terrorist operations of the enemy forces, the "Aragon Liberation Front," must be stopped. To do so, the Rangers will take the fight to their territory, the rough terrain surrounding Fort Moore, the mountains of northern Georgia,
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Desert Phase was added in 1983 and the length of the Ranger course was extended to 65 days. The duration was again expanded in October 1991 to 68 days, concurrently with the reshuffling of the Desert phase from the last phase to the second. The 7th Ranger Training Battalion was added to administer
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was over 65%. 64% of Ranger School class 10–80 graduated. The graduation rate has dropped below 50% in recent years: 52% in 2005, 54% in 2006, 56% in 2007, 49% in 2008, 46% in 2009, 43% in 2010, and 42% in 2011. Recycles are included in the graduation rates. Recycles are tracked by the class they
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In October 1991, the course was increased to sixty-eight days and the sequence was changed to Fort Benning, Desert (Fort Bliss, Texas), Mountain, and Florida. In May 1995, the school underwent its most recent course change when the Desert phase was discontinued. The last Ranger School class to go
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by the 5th Ranger Training Battalion. Here, "students receive instruction on military mountaineering tasks, mobility training, as well as techniques for employing a platoon for continuous combat patrol operations in a mountainous environment". Adding to the physical hardships endured in the Darby
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Combination Night/Day land navigation test – This has proven to be one of the more difficult events for students, as sending units fail to teach land navigation using a map and compass. Students are given a predetermined number of MGRS locations and begin testing approximately two hours prior to
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On 15 February 1995, the "worst incident in the 44-year history of the school" occurred during the Swamp Phase of class 3–95. Captain Milton Palmer, 2LT Spencer Dodge, 2LT Curt Sansoucie, and SGT Norman Tillman died from hypothermia. Investigations of the incident were conducted by the U.S. Air
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Because of the physical and psychological effect of low calorie intake over an extended period of time, it is not uncommon for many Ranger School graduates to encounter weight problems as they return to their units and their bodies and minds slowly adjust to routine again. A drastically lowered
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In 1966, a panel headed by General Ralph E. Haines Jr. recommended making Ranger training mandatory for all Regular Army officers upon commissioning. On 16 August 1966, the Chief of Staff of the Army, General Harold K. Johnson, directed it so. This policy was implemented in July 1967. It was
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The Puckett Award is awarded to the Ranger that passes all graded leadership positions; peer reports, and may not recycle. The Ranger may not have any lost equipment due to negligence and may not have any retests on any critical tasks. This award is named in honor of Colonel
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A Ranger student's diet and sleep are strictly controlled by the Ranger Instructors. During time in garrison, students are given one to three meals a day, but forced to eat extremely quickly and without any talking. During field exercises, Ranger students are given two
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The Hall is awarded to the Ranger that passes all graded leadership positions; peer reports, and may not recycle. The Ranger may not have any lost equipment due to negligence and may not have any retests on any critical tasks. This award is named in honor of Corporal
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861:, Texas from 1983 to 1987. When the Desert Phase was officially introduced, the length of Ranger School was lengthened to 65 days. At the outset, the Desert Phase was the last phase of the Ranger Course—following the Benning, Mountain and Swamp Phases, respectively.
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Combat missions are against a conventionally equipped threat force in a Mid-Intensity Conflict. These missions are both day and night in a two part, four and five-day FTX, and include moving cross country over mountains, vehicle ambushes, raiding communications and
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In August 1987, the Ranger Department was split from the Infantry School and the Ranger Training Brigade was established. The Ranger Companies that made up the Ranger Department became the current training units—the 4th, 5th and 6th Ranger Training Battalions.
246:). The Ranger course has changed little since its inception. Until recently, it was an eight-week course divided into three phases. The course is now 61 days in duration and divided into three phases as follows: Benning Phase, Mountain Phase, and Swamp Phase.
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In addition to combat operations, the student receives four days of military mountaineering training. The sequence of training has changed in past decades. As of 2010, the training sequence is as follows. In the first two days students learn knots,
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with full gear on roads and trails surrounding Camp Rogers. This is the last test during RAP and is a pass/fail event. If the Ranger student fails to finish the march in under 3 hours, they are dropped from the course. (12 miles is approximately
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officer to receive a Ranger tab. In 2019, First Lieutenant Chelsey Hibsch became the first female Air Force officer to graduate from Ranger School. In 2024, Captain Molly Murphy became the first female Army nurse to graduate from Ranger School.
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this phase. The most recent duration change to Ranger School occurred in May 1995, when the Desert Phase was removed from the Ranger course. Ranger School was reduced to its current 61-day length of training, at 19.6 hours of training per day.
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small unit tactics and leadership course that develops functional skills directly related to units whose mission is to engage the enemy in close combat and direct fire battles. Ranger training was established in September 1950 at Fort Benning,
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The U.S. Army has not given up on small unit desert training. In 2015, the 1st Armored Division created the Desert Warrior Course that focuses on honing combat tracking, night land navigation, live-fire drills, and a myriad of other tasks.
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The remainder of the phase comprised patrolling during field training exercises—"reconnaissance, raid, or ambush missions". "The phase culminated with an airborne assault—with non-Airborne trucked—by the entire class on a joint objective."
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buddy run, followed by the Malvesti Field Obstacle Course, featuring the notorious "worm pit": a shallow, muddy, 25-meter obstacle covered by knee-high barbed wire. The obstacle must be negotiated—usually several times—on one's back and
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Following the completion of Ranger School, a student will usually find himself "in the worst shape of his life". Military folk wisdom has it that Ranger School's physical toll is like years of natural aging; high levels of
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making up the largest group. The average age of a student is 23, and the average class consists of 366 students, with 11 classes conducted per year. The vast majority of Ranger students have already graduated from
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metabolic rate, combined with a nearly insatiable appetite (the result of food deprivation and the ensuing survivalist mentality) can cause quick weight gain, as the body is already in energy (fat) storing mode.
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The Ranger Assessment Phase is conducted at Camp Rogers. As of April 2011, it encompasses Days 1–3 of training. Historically, it accounts for 60% of students who fail to graduate Ranger School. Events include:
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in August 2015, the Army announced that Ranger School would henceforth be open to female students. While acknowledging that in the past he "would have doubted a woman could pass the rigorous course", Brigade
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The awards listed below are designed to recognize outstanding achievement during the Ranger Course. Dependent on class performance, all or some of these awards may be presented upon graduation.
317:. The two share a common heritage and subordinate battalions common lineage, and Ranger School is a requirement for all officers and non-commissioned officers (NCO) of the 75th Ranger Regiment.
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and how to determine the difference between venomous and non-venomous snakes. Camp Rudder has specially trained reptile experts who teach the students to not fear the wildlife they encounter.
278:, as well as selected students from other nations allied with the United States. The course is conducted in various locations. Benning Phase occurs in and around Camp Rogers and Camp Darby at
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Curtis Arnold described Griest and Haver as "tough soldiers" who "proved their mettle beyond a doubt" and "absolutely earned the respect of every ranger instructor". In October 2015, Major
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The Desert Phase was designed to instruct its students in Desert Warfare operations and basic survival in the deserts of the Middle East. John Lock describes the Desert Phase as follows.
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Afterwards, students who have met graduation requirements spend several days cleaning their weapons and equipment before returning to Fort Moore. By then they have earned PX (
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475:(MOSs) in the U.S. Army, although—as of April 2011—an Army combat exclusion zone still limits some from attending. Ranger students come from units in the United States
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The Ranger student receives instruction on airborne/air assault operations, demolitions, environmental and "field craft" training, executes the infamous "Darby Queen"
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died after exposure to high altitude and stress in the mountain phase. The Ranger Training Brigade did not know about his medical issue until after his death.
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Upon formal integration into the Ranger Course, the Desert Phase was initially run by the Ranger School's 4th (Desert Ranger) Training Company stationed at
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as a school open to most members of the United States Army, but the 75th Ranger Regiment is a Special Operations warfighting unit organized under the
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Awarded to the highest ranked commissioned officer as selected by their peers for demonstrating outstanding leadership, initiative, and motivation.
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Awarded to the highest ranked enlisted Ranger as selected by their peers for demonstrating outstanding leadership, initiative, and motivation.
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While Ranger School is designed to physically stress students to a point short of death, some fatalities have occurred during training.
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MAJ Jaster performs a fireman's carry on a simulated casualty during the first phase of Ranger School. MAJ Jaster was the first female
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793:(Auxiliary Field #6), Eglin Air Force Base, Florida by the 6th Ranger Training Battalion. According to the Ranger Training Brigade,
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starting with the Combatives Program in Mountains and Florida and followed by the removal of RAP week combatives in class 06–12.
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Historically, the graduation rate has been around 50%, but this has fluctuated. In the period prior to 1980, the Ranger School
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and the swamps and coast of Florida. Ranger students are given a clear mission, but they determine how to best execute it.
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hospital, where he was pronounced dead, according to the release, which added the incident was under investigation.
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A student receives instructions on rappelling from Cadre during the Mountain Phase of Ranger School (February 2011).
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1661:"US Army captain becomes first female nurse to graduate from the Army's elite Ranger Course | CNN Politics"
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by the Ranger Training Command". The first class graduated from Ranger training in November 1950, becoming the
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down a river to start their waterborne training mission at Camp Rudder, Eglin Air Force Base (July 2016).
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The Ranger student reaches his objective in several ways: cross-country movement, parachuting into small
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Ranger Training had begun in September 1950 at Fort Benning Georgia "with the formation and training of
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Students conduct 360° security while another element moves ahead to secure their path (December 2009)
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Without a doubt, Ranger School is the most physically and mentally demanding course in the U.S. Army
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of the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade and its 4th, 5th, and 6th Ranger Training Battalions
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In 1985, in the Swamp phase, a soldier drowned crossing a stream against a strong current.
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The Coveted Black and Gold: A Daily Journey Through the U.S. Army Ranger School Experience
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The Ranger Assessment Phase, the first five days of Ranger School, was added in 1992.
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5 mile individual run in 40 minutes or less over a course with gently rolling terrain
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This article is about the United States Army school. For the Swedish Army unit, see
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1952:"Soldier tried to identify as a 'weak swimmer' before Ranger School river drowning"
1847:
1567:
1233:
1031:
864:
In 1987, the unit was expanded into the 7th Ranger Training Battalion and moved to
492:
460:
351:
198:
3041:
2836:
2648:
2635:
2529:
2252:
2187:
2149:
1802:, ArmyTimes, by Michelle Tan, dated 30 March 2015, last accessed 28 December 2017
1632:
1415:
938:
755:
694:
596:
1528:
850:
Ranger School's initial evaluation of a Desert Phase was a cadre-lead patrol at
1309:"Remaining women at Army Ranger School clear hurdle, make it to Mountain Phase"
950:
924:
803:
743:
734:, anchor points, rope management, mobility evacuation, and the fundamentals of
721:
The second phase of Ranger School is conducted at the remote Camp Merrill near
591:
484:
383:
2631:
135:
3091:
2590:
2534:
2171:
2136:
1044:
826:
735:
87:
2129:
1721:
455:
286:. Mountain Phase is conducted at Camp Merrill, in the remote mountains near
3036:
2846:
2564:
2514:
2088:
1919:"Army investigating death of soldier during 'swamp phase' of Ranger School"
1725:
1205:
1178:
702:
290:. Swamp Phase is conducted in the coastal swamps at various locations near
2959:
2524:
1088:
965:
961:
946:
790:
604:
540:
511:
291:
1104:
In March 1992, a Ranger student died from a fall on the Slide for Life.
3056:
2909:
2519:
1956:
1781:
1599:
1122:
students were also injured during the event and treated at a hospital.
981:
977:
969:
858:
758:
sites, river crossing, and scaling steeply sloped mountainous terrain.
698:
672:
608:
321:
279:
243:
174:
150:
2011:"Wind blew tree onto sheltering soldiers, killing 2, loss report says"
2569:
2544:
1524:
973:
762:
739:
657:
619:
Ranger Physical Fitness Test (RPFT) requiring the following minimums:
580:
488:
476:
58:
2037:"Ranger Candidates Were Killed by Falling Tree During Georgia Storm"
635:
Chin-ups: 6 (performed from a dead hang with no lower body movement)
467:
receives his Ranger Tab after completing Ranger School (April 2011).
954:
942:
750:(FTX), students execute a mission requiring mountaineering skills.
731:
742:. The training ends in a two-day Upper mountaineering exercise at
1152:
United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
1136:
811:
626:
576:
354:, Commander of the U.S. Maneuver Center of Excellence, July 2015.
299:
1558:"Meet the first 2 women to pass U.S. army's elite ranger school"
2116:
989:
819:
1984:"Army identifies 2 soldiers killed by falling tree in Georgia"
543:
also graduated from Ranger School, becoming the first female
181:
61:
to his students as part of Ranger School training, April 2009
1261:"Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia AR 670-1"
802:
The Swamp Phase continues the progressive, realistic OPFOR (
645:
Combat Water Survival Test (no longer conducted as of 2010)
320:
Those graduating from Ranger School are presented with the
1087:
In the winter of 1977, two students in class 2-77 died of
928:
start with, and affect only that class's graduation rate.
1010:
993:
1898:
1722:"Ranger Training Brigade – Student Information: Phases"
1361:
1359:
960:
Common maladies during the course include weight loss,
919:
Ranger School graduate being congratulated (June 2015).
447:
In 2015 Ranger School was permanently opened to women.
305:
The school is not organizationally affiliated with the
1805:
1595:"3rd woman, and 1st female Reservist, dons Ranger tab"
2489:
Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation
1822:
1820:
1768:
1744:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1025:
William O. Darby Award (Distinguished Honor Graduate)
664:
Demolitions training and airborne refresher training.
629:: 49 (in 2 minutes, graded strictly for perfect form)
1684:. United States Army. February 2011. p. cover.
1356:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1344:, United States Army. PowerPoint Presentation, n.d.
599:
officer to graduate from the course (October 2015).
3077:Honors and decorations of the 75th Ranger Regiment
1817:
1756:
1411:"Army Ranger School Now Open to Women Permanently"
1390:
1371:
2827:43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry (Mosby's Rangers)
789:The third phase of Ranger School is conducted at
603:The first phase of Ranger School is conducted at
3089:
2173:United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
810:/swamp environment by learning how to deal with
311:United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
1521:"Airman Ranger made the cut, now leads the way"
78:
2620:
1198:"Airborne & Ranger Training Brigade Brief"
1168:
1166:
2606:
2157:
1518:
1051:Glenn M. Hall Award (Enlisted Honor Graduate)
1016:
1003:
502:Ranger students typically range in rank from
433:. Once again, Ranger training was voluntary.
315:United States Army Special Operations Command
1038:Ralph Puckett Award (Officer Honor Graduate)
1163:
1072:CSM Michael Kelso Enlisted Leadership Award
309:. Ranger School falls under control of the
194:of the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade
2613:
2599:
2164:
2150:
1626:Correll, Diana Stancy (3 September 2019).
1440:
1438:
1064:LTC Keith Antonia Officer Leadership Award
332:; a smaller, metal version is worn on the
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1519:Brantley-Sisk, Brigitte N. (9 May 2011).
1512:
1079:
872:through the Desert Phase was class 7–95.
2968:75th Ranger Infantry Regiment (Airborne)
2008:
914:
776:
712:
683:
590:
454:
367:
34:. For the New York forestry school, see
3047:Ranger Assessment and Selection Program
1949:
1658:
1625:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1435:
1408:
1306:
1132:Ranger Assessment and Selection Program
879:
372:First graduates of Ranger School (1950)
14:
3090:
1916:
1703:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1457:from the original on 18 September 2015
1226:
1091:while on patrol in the Florida swamp.
139:Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade,
2594:
2145:
2034:
1493:. United States Army. 13 April 2011.
1423:from the original on 2 September 2015
1342:U.S. Army Ranger School Command Brief
1142:United States Army Air Assault School
392:Army Ranger training film, circa 1953
2203:Center for Initial Military Training
2092:. United States Army. Archived from
2063:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1826:
1811:
1762:
1750:
1469:
1409:Worland, Justin (2 September 2015).
1396:
1384:
1365:
1227:Baldor, Lolita (19 September 2014).
526:Following the graduation of Captain
2009:Nostrant, Rachel (17 August 2022).
1774:
1592:
1543:
1444:
1229:"Army opens Ranger school to women"
931:
910:
888:
24:
2409:Institute for Religious Leadership
1990:. Associated Press. 11 August 2022
1777:"Army to launch new desert school"
1732:from the original on 19 April 2011
1691:from the original on 29 April 2011
1500:from the original on 14 March 2012
1174:"Fort Benning Student Information"
1147:United States Army Airborne School
214:
197:
180:
141:United States Army Infantry School
27:United States Army training course
25:
3114:
2998:Regimental Reconnaissance Company
2374:Command and General Staff College
2109:
2035:Kheel, Rebecca (10 August 2022).
1593:Tan, Michelle (16 October 2015).
1563:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1321:from the original on 13 July 2015
1270:. 3 February 2005. Archived from
708:
697:, and learns the fundamentals of
559:Not for the weak or fainthearted.
473:Military Occupational Specialties
2768:
2479:Warrant Officer Candidate School
2454:Recruiting and Retention College
2231:
2122:United States Army Ranger School
2115:
1917:Winsor, Morgan (29 March 2021).
1800:Army to launch new desert school
1574:from the original on 17 May 2017
396:
382:
134:
99:
80:
51:
2989:Military Intelligence Battalion
2198:Center for Army Lessons Learned
2137:US Army Ranger Training Manuals
2057:
2028:
2002:
1976:
1950:Rempfer, Kyle (16 March 2022).
1943:
1910:
1832:
1775:Tan, Michelle (30 March 2015).
1671:
1659:Britzky, Haley (31 July 2024).
1652:
1619:
1586:
1488:"Ranger Training Brigade Brief"
1402:
832:
2484:Warrant Officer Career College
1527:Public Affairs. Archived from
1347:
1334:
1300:
1281:
1253:
1220:
1190:
1097:In March 1992, a student with
772:
586:
363:
13:
1:
2349:Army Management Staff College
2218:Combined Arms Support Command
1307:Lamothe, Dan (10 July 2015).
1157:
671:A 12-mile forced, individual
471:Ranger School is open to all
429:rescinded on 21 June 1972 by
254:The Ranger School is open to
2329:Air Defense Artillery School
1840:"Ranger School Class Awards"
1209:. 4 May 2021. Archived from
996:, and other wildlife bites.
897:
822:'s final point of strength.
431:General William Westmoreland
7:
2948:5th Ranger Infantry Company
2943:4th Ranger Infantry Company
2938:3rd Ranger Infantry Company
2933:2nd Ranger Infantry Company
2928:1st Ranger Infantry Company
2918:Korean War Ranger Companies
2394:Financial Management School
2241:Centers of Excellence (CoE)
2068:. Arizona: Fenestra Books.
1679:"Ranger Handbook: SH 21–76"
1125:
783:Combat Rubber Raiding Craft
551:
465:823rd Base Defense Squadron
450:
423:1st Ranger Infantry Company
249:
10:
3119:
3103:United States Army schools
3098:United States Army Rangers
2923:Eighth Army Ranger Company
2622:United States Army Rangers
2379:Defense Language Institute
2208:Center of Military History
1017:Ranger School Class Awards
1004:Food and sleep deprivation
632:Sit-ups: 59 (in 2 minutes)
359:
330:Army Green Service Uniform
29:
3029:
2994:Special Troops Battalion
2976:
2958:
2908:
2845:
2813:
2788:
2777:
2766:
2740:
2714:
2686:
2658:
2647:
2628:
2497:
2469:Soldier Support Institute
2344:Army Logistics University
2311:
2293:Space and Missile Defense
2240:
2229:
2180:
1353:United States Army, 1950.
1030:named in the honor of BG
852:White Sands Missile Range
207:
190:
173:
168:
160:
146:
130:
122:
112:
94:
74:
66:
50:
45:
2890:Provisional Ranger Group
2429:Officer Candidate School
2084:"First Graduating Class"
192:Shoulder sleeve insignia
3072:Best Ranger Competition
3062:Rangers Standing Orders
2505:Aberdeen Proving Ground
2464:Sergeants Major Academy
2424:Mountain Warfare School
2399:Force Management School
2319:Adjutant General School
767:Tennessee Valley Divide
748:field training exercise
256:U.S. military personnel
177:awarded upon graduation
126:Special skills training
57:An instructor explains
18:U.S. Army Ranger School
2693:Father Le Loutre's War
2419:Military Police School
2389:Field Artillery School
1268:Department of the Army
1115:
1080:Ranger training deaths
920:
866:Dugway Proving Grounds
844:
800:
786:
781:Students paddle their
718:
689:
600:
562:
537:Command Sergeant Major
468:
373:
347:
219:
202:
185:
164:"Rangers lead the way"
36:SUNY-ESF Ranger School
2900:29th Ranger Battalion
2716:French and Indian War
2698:French and Indian War
2359:Basic Combat Training
1110:
918:
839:
795:
780:
716:
687:
594:
556:
530:and First Lieutenant
458:
419:17 Airborne Companies
371:
339:
218:
201:
184:
3015:3rd Ranger Battalion
3010:2nd Ranger Battalion
3005:1st Ranger Battalion
2984:75th Ranger Regiment
2880:6th Ranger Battalion
2875:5th Ranger Battalion
2870:4th Ranger Battalion
2865:3rd Ranger Battalion
2860:2nd Ranger Battalion
2855:1st Ranger Battalion
2832:7th Virginia Cavalry
2575:Presidio of Monterey
2459:Sapper Leader Course
2444:Quartermaster School
2312:Colleges and schools
2213:Combined Arms Center
2181:Subordinate Commands
2124:at Wikimedia Commons
1340:United States Army,
1241:on 20 September 2014
988:, cuts, and insect,
880:Leadership positions
791:Camp James E. Rudder
528:Kristen Marie Griest
497:75th Ranger Regiment
334:Army Service Uniform
307:75th Ranger Regiment
296:Eglin Air Force Base
2895:6615th Ranger Force
2885:Merrill's Marauders
2064:Lock, John (2005).
1907:, pp. 182–189.
1850:on 15 November 2013
1451:The Washington Post
1314:The Washington Post
1277:on 6 February 2012.
504:Private First Class
326:Army Combat Uniform
2819:American Civil War
2805:Whitcomb's Rangers
2800:Knowlton's Rangers
2665:King William's War
2640:United States Army
2439:Prime Power School
2324:Air Assault School
2298:Special Operations
2223:Recruiting Command
1814:, pp. 22, 30.
1570:. 20 August 2015.
986:contact dermatitis
921:
787:
723:Dahlonega, Georgia
719:
690:
607:and Camp Darby at
601:
469:
374:
288:Dahlonega, Georgia
235:United States Army
220:
203:
186:
107:United States Army
32:Army Ranger School
3085:
3084:
3025:
3024:
2815:Confederate units
2792:Revolutionary War
2764:
2763:
2744:Revolutionary War
2688:King George's War
2660:King Philip's War
2588:
2587:
2560:Fort Leonard Wood
2510:Carlisle Barracks
2434:Pathfinder School
2414:Jumpmaster School
2120:Media related to
2075:978-1-58736-367-2
1789:on 29 August 2022
1753:, pp. 91–92.
1728:. 13 April 2011.
1640:on 29 August 2022
1607:on 29 August 2022
1368:, pp. 28–29.
1186:on 24 March 2022.
1099:sickle cell trait
532:Shaye Lynne Haver
415:
414:
404:
224:
223:
117:Military training
16:(Redirected from
3110:
2977:Post-Vietnam War
2786:
2785:
2772:
2752:Butler's Rangers
2706:Gorham's Rangers
2678:Church's Rangers
2670:Queen Anne's War
2656:
2655:
2649:British American
2615:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2580:Redstone Arsenal
2555:Fort Gregg-Adams
2550:Fort Leavenworth
2273:Maneuver Support
2235:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:Official website
2119:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:on 13 March 2013
2079:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1964:on 15 April 2022
1960:. Archived from
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:. Archived from
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1846:. Archived from
1836:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1785:. Archived from
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1718:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1636:. Archived from
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1603:. Archived from
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1568:Associated Press
1554:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1331:. Italics added.
1330:
1328:
1326:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1237:. Archived from
1234:Associated Press
1224:
1218:
1217:
1216:on 17 July 2022.
1215:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1182:. Archived from
1170:
1032:William O. Darby
932:Physical effects
911:Graduation rates
889:Peer evaluations
566:
565:Ranger Handbook.
461:Airman 1st Class
406:
405:
386:
364:
355:
138:
105:
103:
102:
90:
86:
84:
83:
55:
43:
42:
21:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3042:Ranger Memorial
3021:
2972:
2954:
2904:
2841:
2837:Loudoun Rangers
2809:
2791:
2780:
2773:
2760:
2756:Queen's Rangers
2743:
2736:
2732:Burke's Rangers
2724:Rogers' Rangers
2710:
2696:
2691:
2682:
2668:
2663:
2651:
2643:
2636:British America
2624:
2619:
2589:
2584:
2530:Fort Eisenhower
2493:
2404:Infantry School
2384:Engineer School
2354:Aviation School
2334:Airborne School
2307:
2283:Mission Command
2236:
2227:
2188:Army University
2176:
2170:
2128:
2127:
2112:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1792:
1790:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1633:Air Force Times
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1531:on 8 March 2013
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1324:
1322:
1305:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1128:
1082:
1019:
1006:
939:fight-or-flight
934:
913:
900:
891:
882:
835:
804:opposing forces
775:
711:
695:obstacle course
597:US Army Reserve
589:
568:
564:
554:
521:Airborne School
453:
411:
410:
409:
408:
407:
397:
394:
387:
362:
357:
349:
252:
227:
100:
98:
81:
79:
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2728:Danks' Rangers
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
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1975:
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1931:on 11 May 2021
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1989:
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1829:, p. 30.
1828:
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1398:
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1058:Glenn M. Hall
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703:battle drills
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88:United States
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46:Ranger School
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3051:
3037:Ranger Creed
2847:World War II
2781:Army Rangers
2630:
2565:Fort Novosel
2540:Fort Jackson
2515:Fort Belvoir
2448:
2339:Armor School
2263:Intelligence
2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2089:Fort Benning
2087:
2065:
2058:Bibliography
2044:. Retrieved
2041:Military.com
2040:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1955:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1922:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1843:
1834:
1807:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1780:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1726:Fort Benning
1693:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:the original
1631:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1598:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1561:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1459:. Retrieved
1450:
1425:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1392:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1323:. Retrieved
1312:
1302:
1283:
1272:the original
1255:
1245:19 September
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1232:
1222:
1211:the original
1206:Fort Benning
1204:
1192:
1184:the original
1179:Fort Benning
1177:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1086:
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1075:
1067:
1054:
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1020:
1007:
998:
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935:
922:
905:
901:
892:
883:
874:
870:
863:
856:
849:
845:
840:
836:
833:Desert phase
824:
816:
801:
796:
788:
760:
752:
728:
720:
691:
613:
602:
579:(9,200
573:
569:
563:
558:
557:
545:Army Reserve
525:
501:
481:Marine Corps
470:
446:
443:
439:
435:
427:
416:
352:Scott Miller
348:
342:
340:
319:
304:
264:Marine Corps
253:
242:(now called
233:is a 62-day
230:
228:
131:Part of
70:1950–present
40:
2960:Vietnam War
2525:Fort Eustis
2474:War College
2364:CBRN School
2303:Sustainment
2046:11 November
2020:11 November
1994:11 November
1535:22 February
1461:2 September
1427:2 September
1289:32 CFR
1089:hypothermia
966:trench foot
962:dehydration
947:epinephrine
773:Swamp phase
605:Camp Rogers
587:Darby phase
541:Lisa Jaster
516:specialists
512:lieutenants
493:Coast Guard
292:Camp Rudder
276:Space Force
147:Garrison/HQ
3092:Categories
3057:Ranger tab
2910:Korean War
2520:Fort Moore
2015:Army Times
1988:Army Times
1957:Army Times
1844:Ranger.org
1782:Army Times
1600:Army Times
1158:References
982:cellulitis
978:chilblains
970:heatstroke
859:Fort Bliss
808:rainforest
763:drop zones
699:patrolling
673:ruck march
609:Fort Moore
322:Ranger Tab
280:Fort Moore
244:Fort Moore
209:Unit flash
175:Ranger Tab
151:Fort Moore
2790:American
2742:American
2570:Fort Sill
2545:Fort Knox
1935:29 August
1905:Lock 2005
1893:Lock 2005
1881:Lock 2005
1869:Lock 2005
1827:Lock 2005
1812:Lock 2005
1793:29 August
1763:Lock 2005
1751:Lock 2005
1644:5 October
1525:23rd Wing
1397:Lock 2005
1385:Lock 2005
1366:Lock 2005
974:frostbite
898:Recycling
740:abseiling
485:Air Force
463:from the
272:Air Force
258:from the
59:abseiling
3030:See also
2638:and the
2268:Maneuver
2248:Aviation
2175:(TRADOC)
2100:19 March
1968:18 April
1924:ABC News
1736:24 April
1730:Archived
1695:24 April
1686:Archived
1572:Archived
1504:24 April
1495:Archived
1455:Archived
1421:Archived
1319:Archived
1296:Archived
1126:See also
955:cortisol
943:hormones
868:, Utah.
812:reptiles
736:climbing
658:2.1 mile
627:Push-ups
577:calories
552:Training
451:Students
250:Overview
169:Insignia
161:Motto(s)
2817:in the
2652:Rangers
2632:Rangers
2278:Medical
1611:16 June
1325:12 July
941:stress
510:, with
508:Captain
360:History
300:Florida
284:Georgia
240:Georgia
155:Georgia
75:Country
2072:
1292:578.98
990:spider
820:cartel
756:mortar
732:belays
661:belly.
274:, and
104:
95:Branch
85:
67:Active
2258:Fires
2253:Cyber
1854:9 May
1689:(PDF)
1682:(PDF)
1578:9 May
1498:(PDF)
1491:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
3067:RSLC
2102:2010
2070:ISBN
2048:2023
2022:2023
1996:2023
1970:2022
1937:2022
1856:2018
1795:2022
1738:2011
1697:2011
1646:2020
1613:2016
1580:2018
1537:2013
1506:2011
1463:2015
1429:2015
1416:Time
1327:2015
1247:2014
1011:MREs
738:and
514:and
489:Navy
477:Army
328:and
268:Navy
260:Army
229:The
123:Role
113:Type
2634:of
1665:CNN
994:bee
506:to
459:An
345:."
298:in
3094::
2754:,
2730:,
2726:;
2695:,
2690:,
2667:,
2662:,
2086:.
2039:.
2013:.
1986:.
1954:.
1921:.
1842:.
1819:^
1779:.
1724:.
1705:^
1663:.
1630:.
1597:.
1566:.
1560:.
1545:^
1523:.
1471:^
1453:.
1449:.
1437:^
1419:.
1413:.
1373:^
1358:^
1317:.
1311:.
1266:.
1231:.
1203:.
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1165:^
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2078:.
2050:.
2024:.
1998:.
1972:.
1939:.
1858:.
1797:.
1740:.
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1615:.
1582:.
1539:.
1508:.
1465:.
1431:.
1329:.
1249:.
945:(
341:"
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20:)
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