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on-going causation of human existence. This causation is through the human soul because, as Saint Thomas
Aquinas argues, the human Soul has activities beyond the capacity of matter and the existence of these activities shows that the human soul is both immaterial and immortal---but not independent of God's causality. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that "every spiritual soul is created immediately by God - it is not "produced" by the parents, and also that it is immortal..." Humans have, however, free will and thus control over their own existence, as much as they are responsible for the act of procreation.
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their own volition or by the command and action of God. Still others declared that the soul in the moment of its creation is infused into the body. Although for a time, the several views were upheld, and it was doubtful which came nearest the truth, the Church subsequently condemned the first two and approved the third.
247:, Augustine said, "If that opinion of the creation of new souls is not opposed to this established article of faith let it be also mine; if it is, let it not be thine." Jerome condemned it and said that creationism was the opinion of the Church, but he admitted that most of the Western Christians held traducianism.
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There was a diversity of opinions among the remaining scholastics. Some held that the soul of a child is produced by the soul of the parents just as the body is generated by the parent body. Others maintained that all souls are created apart and are then united with their respective bodies, either by
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Reasons for opposing the traducianism of human beings include the metaphysical argument that since humans cannot control their own existence, their existence cannot be caused by themselves; it must rather be caused by a necessary being otherwise known as God. Creation, in other words, includes God's
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drew a distinction between the creation of Eve's body from Adam's rib and the creation of her soul by citing
Genesis 2:22: "the man said: "This one, at last, is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh." He noted that it did not say "soul of my soul", but that can only mean that the souls of the first
329:
That the soul sinned in its pre-existent state and on that account was incarcerated in the body is regarded by the
Catholic Church as a fiction that has been repeatedly condemned. Divested of that fiction, the theory that the soul exists prior to its infusion into the organism, while not explicitly
140:
aspect is transmitted through natural generation along with the body, the material aspect of human beings. That is, human propagation is of the whole being, both material and immaterial aspects: an individual's soul is derived from the soul of one or both parents. This implies that only the soul of
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Traducianism contradicts the concept of the indivisibility of the soul. If the souls are incapable of division, then it is impossible for the soul of the child to be derived from the souls of the parents. But this is a merging and creation by two souls, and God would also have to divide himself in
608:
Since God is indivisible in both quality and nature, the creation of human souls cannot therefore be from some division beyond himself and not of his own substance and quality. It follows then that the creation of the human soul is the product of a merging and reconfiguration within God himself so
468:
argues for a modified hylomorphic theory that combines the merits of both
Traducianism and Creationism. According to this view, a unique soul is generated when the gametes of parents that carry soulish potentialities meet (Traducian account), but it is God who gives a unique shape to the soul
587:
Traducianists find support in Romans 5:12, "Therefore, just as through one person sin entered the world, and through sin, death, and thus death came to all, inasmuch as all sinned..." and 1 Corinthians "For just as in Adam all die, so too in Christ shall all be brought to
330:
reprobated, is obviously opposed to the doctrine of the
Catholic Church according to which souls are multiplied correspondingly with the multiplication of human organisms. However, whether the rational soul is infused into the organism at
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the human soul is not received by parental propagation (traducianism), but by immediate divine creation (Creationism). It is also generally held that the Soul's creation coincides with its infusion into the human
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characterized creationism as the more probable opinion. All the other scholastics held creationism as certain and differed only in regard to the censure that should be attached to the opposite error. Accordingly,
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was directly created by God; they disagreed about whether humans thereafter were each given souls as a special act of creation, or whether souls were passed on to them the same way their bodies were.
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therefore humanity, being made themselves in God's image and similarly constrained, would likewise generate and issue forth souls but not actually creating anything beyond divine providence.
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spoke of "Generationism" as "certainly erroneous." Although there are no explicit definitions authoritatively put forth by the
Catholic Church that would warrant calling Creationism to be
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According to
Genesis chapters 1 and 2, God rested from creating on the 7th day. Creating new souls at each human conception could be seen as working against his finishing of creation.
1214:
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The weakness of traducianism, to many theologians, is that it makes the generation of the soul dependent of the transmission of matter. Presbyterian theologian
239:, some theologians hesitated between traducianism and creationism, believing the former to offer a better, if not the only, explanation of the transmission of
243:. For Augustine, traducianism suggested a simple explanation for original sin, but he could not decide between it and creationism. In his writing to Saint
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says that the soul of any given individual is a part of the original soul given to Adam, and therefore is not originated in the act of procreation.
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Traducianism proceeds on the unproven assumption that God only works in a managerial manner after completing the creation of the world.
334:, as the modern opinion holds, or some weeks subsequently, as medieval scholastics supposed, is an open question to some theologians.
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points out that God continues to work immediately both in the performance of miracles and in some parts of the work of redemption.
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The contingency of existence is one of the basic arguments for God's existence; for instance, see Saint Thomas
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Also, in the Nicene Creed, the Son was generated, not created, and the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the Son.
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held that since the nature of the soul is immaterial it could not be transmitted by natural generation.
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asserted, "The
Catholic Church teaches that souls are created at their infusion into the body." Saint
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Hennings, Ralph. "Disputatio de origine animae -or the victory of creationism in the fifth century",
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153:'s substance, material and immaterial, being taken from out of Adam), in contrast with the idea of
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stated: "That the souls are created by God, it is the
Catholic Faith that obliges us to accept."
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doctrine, there can be no doubt as to which view has been favored by ecclesiastical authority.
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An American Augustinian: Sin and Salvation in the Dogmatic Theology of William G. T. Shedd
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actively advocated traducianism, the parental generation of souls. After the rise of
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postulates that the souls are created immediately at the moment of the conception.
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Studia Patristica: Historica, Theologica et Philosophica, Critica et Philologica
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Foundational to the traducian position is the statement in Hebrews 7:10: "When
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to say that the intellectual soul is transmitted by process of generation."
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Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth
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man and the first woman were both created separately and independently.
1227:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 388.
1134:
Jesus Christ, Eternal God: Heavenly Flesh and the Metaphysics of Matter
643: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
507: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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195: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
909:, (Elizabeth A. Livingstone, eds.), Peeters Publishers, 1997, p. 260
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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order to create a new one through his own substance. Also, in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 7 February 2019
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Dubray, Charles. "Traducianism." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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alone among the Greek Fathers leaned toward traducianism.
157:, which holds that all souls are created directly by God.
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Supporters of traducianism present arguments from the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
983:. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. p. 506.
955:, Longmans, Green, and Company, 1910, p. 216, n.2
853:
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271:laid the foundations for the creationist view.
1136:, Oxford University Press, USA, 2012, p. 200,
16:Christian belief about the origin of the soul
1245:, from the website of the Trinity Foundation
931:"Randles, Marshall. "Requests and Replies",
419:as well as some modern theologians such as
283:, there were no defenders of traducianism.
1079:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p. 166
723:
1007:, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2007, p. 18
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703:Learn how and when to remove this message
567:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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399:Traducianism was developed initially by
603:was still in the body of his ancestor."
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1179:, Christian Liberty Press, 2007, p. 46
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132:is a doctrine about the origin of the
1123:Catechism of the Catholic Church §366
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815:According to the ruling opinion of
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935:, T. & T. Clark, 1891, p. 157"
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1077:Theology for the Community of God
340:, like Augustine, was undecided.
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462:Evil, Sin and Christian Theism
1:
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948:Hall, Francis Joseph (1910).
813:, Dis seminary, August 2005,
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359:
344:favoured creationism, as did
1215:Creatianism and Traducianism
1177:Manual of Christine Doctrine
1114:, first volume, question 76.
787:Dualism (philosophy of mind)
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979:Erickson, Millard (2013).
312:was against traducianism.
296:was more emphatic: "It is
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1157:, Moody Publishers, 1999
413:Saint Anastasius Sinaita
267:also favored that view.
227:agreed that the soul of
145:was created directly by
1224:Encyclopædia Britannica
724:Arguments in opposition
155:creationism of the soul
1259:Christian anthropology
953:Evolution and the Fall
951:Hall, Francis Joseph.
777:Christian anthropology
409:Saint Gregory of Nyssa
1024:Loke, Andrew (2022).
269:Clement of Alexandria
933:The Expository Times
637:improve this article
501:improve this article
473:Arguments in support
310:Anselm of Canterbury
302:Hugh of Saint Victor
189:improve this article
43:improve this article
1153:Ryrie, Charles C.,
1075:Grenz, Stanley J.,
884:, vol. 44, 233-234)
878:De Hominis Opificio
782:Christian mortalism
769:Christianity portal
437:Lewis Sperry Chafer
318:Gregory of Valencia
308:were creationists.
253:Theodore Abu Qurrah
1132:Webb, Stephen H.,
1003:Crisp, Oliver D.,
981:Christian Theology
876:Gregory of Nyssa.
421:Augustus H. Strong
379:. You can help by
306:Hilary of Poitiers
285:Alexander of Hales
136:holding that this
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1243:Gordon Clark
1239:Traducianism
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635:Please help
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494:verification
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429:Gordon Clark
398:
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381:adding to it
376:
346:Robert Baron
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241:original sin
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187:Please help
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36:verification
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1050:1 Cor 15:22
865:Nairne 1911
820:Theologians
593:Melchizedek
466:Andrew Loke
342:John Calvin
281:Scholastics
237:Pelagianism
1253:Categories
793:References
663:newspapers
583:such as:
527:newspapers
401:Tertullian
360:Supporters
332:conception
233:Tertullian
138:immaterial
69:newspapers
1213:(1911). "
823:organism.
298:heretical
123:Christian
1061:Heb 7:10
1039:Rom 5:12
894:Gen 2:22
817:Catholic
755:See also
464:(2022),
407:such as
265:Nemesius
257:Macarius
126:theology
1233:Sources
1221:(ed.).
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677:scholar
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541:scholar
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425:Baptist
323:de fide
261:Rufinus
161:History
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1264:Souls
811:Dogma
807:"xiv"
684:JSTOR
670:books
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548:JSTOR
534:books
90:JSTOR
76:books
1183:ISBN
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656:news
601:Levi
595:met
520:news
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229:Adam
223:All
143:Adam
134:soul
62:news
1241:by
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147:God
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