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matching" and brings with it the possibility of a less-than-perfect match between two adjacent fields with a resultant hot and/or cold spot within the tumor. The second issue is that if the patient or tumor moves during this sequential delivery, then again, a hot or cold spot will result. The first problem is reduced by use of a helical motion, as in
319:
TomoTherapy Inc. which was a moveable truck; and
Pioneer, developed by UK-based Oncology Systems Limited. The latter was developed to meet the requirements of UK and European transport law requirements and was a contained unit placed on a concrete pad, delivering radiotherapy treatments in less than five weeks.
141:
as it rotates around the patient, while they are moved through the bore of the machine. The name comes from the use of a strip-shaped beam, so that only one “slice” (Greek prefix “tomo-”) of the target is exposed at any one time by the radiation. The external appearance of the system and movement of
309:
The first implementation of tomotherapy was the Corvus system developed by Nomos
Corporation, with the first patient treated in April 1994. This was the first commercial system for planning and delivering intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The original system, designed solely for use in
305:
and Paul
Reckwerdt. A small megavoltage x-ray source was mounted in a similar fashion to a CT x-ray source, and the geometry provided the opportunity to provide CT images of the body in the treatment setup position. Although original plans were to include kilovoltage CT imaging, current models use
154:
or linac, their main component), a linear accelerator generates the radiation beam, but the external appearance of the machine, the patient positioning, and treatment delivery is different. Conventional linacs do not work on a slice-by-slice basis but typically have a large area beam which can also
862:
Gonzalez, Victor J.; Buchholz, Daniel J.; Langen, Katja M.; Olivera, Gustavo H.; Chauhan, Bhavin; Meeks, Sanford L.; Ruchala, Kenneth J.; Haimerl, Jason; Lu, Weiguo; Kupelian, Patrick A. (2006). "Evaluation of two tomotherapy-based techniques for the delivery of whole-breast intensity-modulated
260:
In general, radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) has developed with a strong reliance on homogeneity of dose throughout the tumor. Tomotherapy embodies the sequential delivery of radiation to different parts of the tumor which raises two important issues. First, this method is known as "field
318:
Due to their internal shielding and small footprint, TomoTherapy Hi-Art and TomoTherapy TomoHD treatment machines were the only high energy radiotherapy treatment machines used in relocatable radiotherapy treatment suites. Two different types of suites were available: TomoMobile developed by
213:
While helical tomotherapy can treat very long volumes without a need to abut fields in the longitudinal direction, it does display a distinct artifact due to "thread effect" when treating non-central tumors. Thread effect can be suppressed during planning through good pitch selection.
310:
the brain, incorporated a rigid skull-based fixation system to prevent patient motion between the delivery of each slice of radiation. But some users eschewed the fixation system and applied the technique to tumors in many different parts of the body.
1133:
Goddu SM, Chaudhari S, Mamalui-Hunter M, et al. Helical tomotherapy planning for left-sided breast cancer patients with positive lymph nodes: Comparison to conventional multiport breast technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73:
222:
Fixed-angle tomotherapy uses multiple tomotherapy beams, each delivered from a separate fixed gantry angle, in which only the couch moves during beam delivery. This is branded as TomoDirect, but has also been called topotherapy.
909:
Woo, Shiao Y.; et al. (June 1996). "A comparison of intensity modulated conformal therapy with a conventional external beam stereotactic radiosurgery system for the treatment of single and multiple intracranial lesions".
182:
treatment times. Tomotherapy treatment times can be as low as 6.5 minutes for common prostate treatment, excluding extra time for imaging. Modern tomotherapy and conventional linac systems incorporate one or both of
210:
In helical tomotherapy, the linac rotates on its gantry at a constant speed while the beam is delivered; so that from the patient's perspective, the shape traced out by the linac is helical.
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jaws. In static-jaw delivery, the field length remains constant during a treatment. In dynamic-jaw delivery, the field length changes so that it begins and ends at its minimum setting.
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Fenwick, John D.; Tomé, Wolfgang A.; Soisson, Emilie T.; Mehta, Minesh P.; Rock Mackie, T. (October 2006). "Tomotherapy and Other
Innovative IMRT Delivery Systems".
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Non-helical static beam techniques such as IMRT and TomoDirect are well suited to whole breast radiation therapy. These treatment modes avoid the low-dose integral
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1278:
Holmes, Timothy W.; et al. (June 2008). "Stereotactic Image-Guided
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Using the HI-ART II Helical Tomotherapy System".
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megavoltage energies. With this combination, the unit was one of the first devices capable of providing modern image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT).
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Franco P, Catuzzo P, Cante D, et al. TomoDirect: An efficient means to deliver radiation at static angles with tomotherapy. Tumori 2011; 97: 498–502.
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There are few head-to-head comparisons of tomotherapy and other IMRT techniques, however there is some evidence that a conventional linac using
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Murai, Taro; Shibamoto, Yuta; Manabe, Yoshihiko; Murata, Rumi; Sugie, Chikao; Hayashi, Akihiro; Ito, Hiroya; Miyoshi, Yoshihito (2013-03-21).
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by ensuring that the tumor control probability (TCP) significantly outweighs the associated normal tissue complication probability (NTCP).
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This risk is accentuated in younger patients with early-stage breast cancer, where cure rates are high and life expectancy is substantial.
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Squires, Matthew; Hu, Yunfei; Byrne, Mikel; Archibald-Heeren, Ben; Cheers, Sonja; Bosco, Bruno; Teh, Amy; Fong, Andrew (2017-06-04).
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The technology enables fixed beam treatments by moving the patient through the machine bore while maintaining specified beam angles.
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can provide faster treatment whereas tomotherapy is better able to spare surrounding healthy tissue while delivering a uniform dose.
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Bailat, Claude J; Baechler, Sébastien; Moeckli, Raphael; Pachoud, Marc; Pisaturo, Olivier; Bochud, François O (1 August 2011).
195:(IGRT). In tomotherapy, images are acquired in a very similar manner to a CT scanner, thanks to their closely related design.
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Squires M, Hu Y, Byrne M, et al. Static beam tomotherapy as an optimisation method in whole breast radiation therapy (WBRT).
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Rao, M.; et al. (November 2009). "Evaluation of Arc-based
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer".
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1069:"A comparison of dosimetric parameters between tomotherapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in rectal cancer"
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972:"Dosimetric comparison of Helical Tomotherapy and Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery for single brain metastasis"
560:"Tomotherapy: implications on daily workload and scheduling patients based on three years' institutional experience"
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146:(computed tomography), which uses lower doses of radiation for imaging. Like a conventional machine used for X-ray
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1149:"Dose to the Contralateral Breast From Radiotherapy and Risk of Second Primary Breast Cancer in the WECARE Study"
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Some research has suggested tomotherapy provides more conformal treatment plans and decreased acute toxicity.
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Stovall, Marilyn; Smith, Susan A.; Langholz, Bryan M.; Boice, John D.; Shore, Roy E.; et al. (2008).
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body radiotherapy (SBRT) are some examples of treatments commonly performed using tomotherapy.
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1350:"Static beam tomotherapy as an optimisation method in whole-breast radiation therapy (WBRT)"
741:"Comparing planning time, delivery time and plan quality for IMRT, RapidArc and Tomotherapy"
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Mackie, T. Rockwell; Balog, John; Ruchala, Ken; et al. (January 1999). "Tomotherapy".
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and long treatment times associated with helical approaches by confining dose delivery to
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The treatment field's length (the width of the radiation slice) is adjustable using
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Patient undergoing tomotherapy, face and body covered, to prevent movement
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Principles and
Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer
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Kissick, M. W.; Fenwick, J.; James, J. A.; et al. (May 2005).
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Mallick, Supriya; Rath, Goura K.; Benson, Rony (25 November 2019).
655:"New technologies and machines for stereotactic radiation therapy"
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Mayles, Philip; Nahum, Alan; Rosenwald, Jean-Claude, eds. (2007).
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The tomotherapy technique was developed in the early 1990s at the
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the radiation source and patient can be considered analogous to a
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Beavis, A W (April 2004). "Is tomotherapy the future of IMRT?".
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Cai, Jing; Chang, Joe Y.; Yin, Fang-Fang (18 September 2017).
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International
Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
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International
Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
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International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
861:
714:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
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Radiotherapy in practice : physics for clinical oncology
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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmrs.232/abstract
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treatment machine. In tomotherapy a thin radiation beam is
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949:(2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 210.
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1312:
1146:
969:
908:
814:
510:"The concept and challenges of TomoTherapy accelerators"
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738:
1432:"OSL launches Pioneer relocatable radiotherapy suite"
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Mackie, T R (7 July 2006). "History of tomotherapy".
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Handbook of radiotherapy physics theory and practice
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Tomotherapy treatment times vary compared to normal
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Practical radiotherapy : physics and equipment
2246:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1231:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 68.
791:Radiation Therapy Dosimetry: A Practical Handbook
739:Oliver, Michael; et al. (15 November 2009).
445:
285:Static beam angle approaches aim to maximize the
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602:Cancer Imaging: Instrumentation and Applications
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2949:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
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564:Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment
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945:Cherry, Pam; Duxbury, Angela, eds. (2009).
745:Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics
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970:PeñagarĂcano, JosĂ© A; et al. (2006).
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65:Learn how and when to remove this message
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653:Wang, Brian; Yang, Jun (December 2022).
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558:Piotrowski, T; et al. (June 2014).
169:
1111:
899:
817:"The helical tomotherapy thread effect"
217:
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2876:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
1513:
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357:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 969.
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1354:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
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15:
2886:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
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382:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
205:
13:
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1846:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
388:10.1093/med/9780199573356.001.0001
14:
3349:
1869:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
1768:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1453:
788:Darafsheh, Arash (8 March 2021).
599:Hayat, M. A. (21 November 2007).
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3293:
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2969:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
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475:The British Journal of Radiology
20:
2058:Historical stockpiles and tests
1406:"Radiation Therapy on the Road"
1026:Physics in Medicine and Biology
781:
646:
452:. Springer Nature. p. 69.
425:10.1016/j.semradonc.2006.04.002
299:University of Wisconsin–Madison
2959:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1841:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1315:Seminars in Radiation Oncology
1067:Yu, Mina; et al. (2013).
619:
605:. Academic Press. p. 28.
592:
517:Reports on Progress in Physics
501:
466:
439:
413:Seminars in Radiation Oncology
193:image-guided radiation therapy
1:
3287:Nuclear technology portal
1327:10.1016/S1053-4296(99)80058-7
1159:(4). Elsevier BV: 1021–1030.
924:10.1016/S0360-3016(96)80023-X
537:10.1088/0034-4885/74/8/086701
339:
3333:Radiation therapy procedures
3149:Field-reversed configuration
2759:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
1292:10.1016/j.meddos.2008.02.006
1165:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.02.040
877:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.12.044
726:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.959
659:Precision Radiation Oncology
449:Practical Radiation Oncology
7:
3106:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
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2053:States with nuclear weapons
1038:10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R24
871:(1). Elsevier BV: 284–290.
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40:. The specific problem is:
10:
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2944:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
2068:Tests in the United States
794:. CRC Press. p. 325.
632:. CRC Press. p. 144.
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263:spiral computed tomography
191:imaging systems, enabling
155:be resized and modulated.
148:external beam radiotherapy
94:Tomotherapy Hi Art machine
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3069:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
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2590:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1926:Electron-beam processing
757:10.1120/jacmp.v10i4.3068
577:10.7785/tcrt.2012.500374
150:(often referred to as a
3089:Organic nuclear reactor
2261:Nuclear power phase-out
2184:Nuclear decommissioning
2124:Reactor-grade plutonium
1874:Targeted alpha-particle
1753:Accidents and incidents
1410:Imaging Technology News
1086:10.1186/1748-717X-8-181
691:Imaging Technology News
230:Clinical considerations
1238:10.1186/1748-717x-8-68
989:10.1186/1748-717X-1-26
687:"VMAT vs. Tomotherapy"
303:Thomas Rockwell Mackie
175:
42:This is mostly jargon.
2251:Anti-nuclear movement
1436:medicalphysicsweb.org
1360:(4). Wiley: 281–289.
173:
3159:Reversed field pinch
2954:Traveling-wave (TWR)
2438:Supercritical (SCWR)
1936:Gemstone irradiation
863:radiation therapy".
487:10.1259/bjr/22666727
218:Fixed-angle delivery
47:improve this article
36:to meet Knowledge's
2324:Aqueous homogeneous
2119:Reprocessed uranium
1792:Safety and security
833:2005MedPh..32.1414K
529:2011RPPh...74h6701B
103:Helical tomotherapy
3238:Dense plasma focus
2153:Actinide chemistry
1618:Isotope separation
1515:Nuclear technology
1470:has a profile for
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1073:Radiation Oncology
976:Radiation Oncology
314:Mobile tomotherapy
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159:General principles
152:linear accelerator
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1280:Medical Dosimetry
1032:(13): R427–R453.
841:10.1118/1.1896453
801:978-1-351-00537-1
672:10.1002/pro6.1180
639:978-1-4987-3678-7
612:978-0-08-055376-4
459:978-981-15-0073-2
329:Radiation therapy
287:therapeutic ratio
189:kilovoltage X-ray
185:megavoltage X-ray
180:radiation therapy
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29:This article may
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555:
549:
548:
514:
505:
499:
498:
481:(916): 285–295.
470:
464:
463:
443:
437:
436:
408:
402:
401:
375:
369:
368:
350:
237:, head and neck
206:Helical delivery
121:edit on Wikidata
92:
80:
79:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
24:
23:
16:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3338:Medical physics
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3281:
3279:
3262:
3226:
3193:
3178:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3073:
2978:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2900:
2844:
2775:
2750:
2728:
2700:
2682:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2626:
2617:
2599:
2564:
2555:
2469:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2356:Natural fission
2310:
2309:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2265:
2241:Nuclear weapons
2220:
2179:Low-level (LLW)
2157:
2089:
2041:
1940:
1903:
1850:
1803:
1724:
1656:
1579:
1517:
1512:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1465:
1461:
1456:
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1440:
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1346:
1342:
1311:
1307:
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1272:
1217:
1213:
1207:
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1198:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1065:
1061:
1022:
1015:
968:
964:
957:
943:
939:
907:
900:
860:
856:
821:Medical Physics
813:
809:
802:
786:
782:
737:
733:
710:
706:
696:
694:
685:
684:
680:
651:
647:
640:
624:
620:
613:
597:
593:
556:
552:
512:
506:
502:
471:
467:
460:
444:
440:
409:
405:
398:
376:
372:
365:
351:
347:
342:
325:
316:
295:
249:, stereotactic
247:prostate cancer
232:
220:
208:
161:
124:
95:
78:
71:
60:
54:
51:
44:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Muon-catalyzed
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
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3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
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3166:
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3112:
3111:
3109:
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3075:
3074:
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3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
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3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Integral (IFR)
2936:
2930:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
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2873:
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2803:
2798:
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2783:
2777:
2776:
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2773:
2768:
2763:
2754:
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2748:
2740:
2734:
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2705:
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2609:
2607:
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2569:
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2299:
2298:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2256:Uranium mining
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
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2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2129:Minor actinide
2126:
2121:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:Autoradiograph
1822:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
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1726:
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1587:
1581:
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1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Atomic nucleus
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:External links
1452:
1449:
1448:
1423:
1397:
1340:
1321:(1): 108–117.
1305:
1286:(2): 135–148.
1270:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1136:
1126:
1110:
1059:
1013:
962:
955:
937:
918:(3): 593–597.
898:
854:
807:
800:
780:
751:(4): 117–131.
731:
704:
678:
665:(4): 321–327.
645:
638:
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611:
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465:
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419:(4): 199–208.
403:
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3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:electrostatic
3203:
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3196:
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3187:
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3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2984:Generation IV
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Breeder (FBR)
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2911:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
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2809:
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2735:
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2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
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2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Nuclear power
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2216:Transmutation
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
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2100:
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2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:high-altitude
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Proliferation
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Brachytherapy
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
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1870:
1867:
1865:
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1861:
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1834:
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1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1795:
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1793:
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1783:
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1771:
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1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
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1698:
1696:
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1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Cross section
1683:
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1371:
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1309:
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1257:
1252:
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1234:
1230:
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1215:
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1200:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
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1143:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1114:
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1097:
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1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
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1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
958:
956:9781405184267
952:
948:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
803:
797:
793:
792:
784:
776:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
727:
723:
719:
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708:
692:
688:
682:
673:
668:
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660:
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649:
641:
635:
631:
630:
622:
614:
608:
604:
603:
595:
587:
583:
578:
573:
570:(3): 233–42.
569:
565:
561:
554:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:(8): 086701.
522:
518:
511:
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492:
488:
484:
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476:
469:
461:
455:
451:
450:
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422:
418:
414:
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397:9780199573356
393:
389:
385:
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364:9781420012026
360:
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301:by Professor
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269:
266:
264:
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248:
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243:breast cancer
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3309:
3297:
3278:
3258:Pyroelectric
3212:Laser-driven
2992:Sodium (SFR)
2919:fast-neutron
2758:
2304:
2194:Reprocessing
2075:WMD treaties
1894:Radiosurgery
1883:
1864:Fast-neutron
1836:Scintigraphy
1473:Tomotherapy
1472:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1412:. 2010-04-19
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693:. 2010-06-02
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334:Radiosurgery
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255:stereotactic
251:radiosurgery
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130:
129:
61:
52:
45:Please help
41:
30:
3169:Stellarator
3133:confinement
3027:Superphénix
2854:Molten-salt
2806:VHTR (HTGR)
2583:HW BLWR 250
2549:R4 Marviken
2478:Pressurized
2448:Heavy water
2432:many others
2361:Pressurized
2316:Light water
2018:underground
1976:Disarmament
1884:Tomotherapy
1879:Proton-beam
1743:Power plant
1705:Temperature
1538:Engineering
720:(3): S419.
235:Lung cancer
131:Tomotherapy
100:Other names
83:Tomotherapy
55:August 2023
49:if you can.
3327:Categories
3194:(acoustic)
2811:PBR (PBMR)
2199:Spent fuel
2189:Repository
2169:Fuel cycle
2136:Activation
1913:Processing
1780:Propulsion
1738:by country
1670:Activation
1079:(1): 181.
340:References
277:tangential
253:(SRS) and
165:collimator
144:CT scanner
3164:Spheromak
2863:Fluorides
2527:IPHWR-700
2522:IPHWR-540
2517:IPHWR-220
2306:Moderator
1986:Explosion
1961:Arms race
1748:Economics
1700:Reflector
1695:Radiation
1690:Generator
1645:Plutonium
1598:Deuterium
1563:Radiation
1533:Chemistry
1475:(Q174387)
1374:2051-3895
1247:1748-717X
1173:0360-3016
982:(1): 26.
885:0360-3016
139:modulated
109:Specialty
3299:Category
3253:Polywell
3184:Inertial
3141:Magnetic
2896:TMSR-LF1
2891:TMSR-500
2871:Fuji MSR
2831:THTR-300
2671:Graphite
2534:PHWR KWU
2500:ACR-1000
2428:IPWR-900
2411:ACPR1000
2406:HPR-1000
2396:CPR-1000
2371:APR-1400
2162:Disposal
2114:Actinide
2107:Products
1966:Delivery
1809:Medicine
1638:depleted
1633:enriched
1603:Helium-3
1568:ionizing
1392:28580762
1335:10196402
1300:18456165
1265:23517931
1191:18556141
1134:1243–51.
1105:23866263
1054:31523227
1046:16790916
1008:16887031
893:16618583
849:15984692
775:19918236
586:24066951
545:53124638
495:15107318
433:17010902
323:See also
279:angles.
113:oncology
31:require
3311:Commons
3222:Z-pinch
3192:Bubble
3174:Tokamak
3037:FBR-600
3017:CFR-600
3012:BN-1200
2678:coolant
2605:Organic
2490:CANDU 9
2487:CANDU 6
2455:coolant
2416:ACP1000
2391:CAP1400
2329:Boiling
2294:Fission
2141:Fission
2085:Weapons
2025:Warfare
2008:Testing
1998:History
1991:effects
1946:Weapons
1856:Therapy
1831:RadBall
1818:Imaging
1710:Thermal
1675:Capture
1662:Neutron
1650:Thorium
1628:Uranium
1593:Tritium
1573:braking
1553:Fission
1543:Physics
1526:Science
1468:Scholia
1383:5715293
1256:3643840
1182:3782859
1096:3721992
999:1557668
932:8655384
829:Bibcode
766:5720582
525:Bibcode
293:History
33:cleanup
3122:Fusion
3082:Others
3022:Phénix
3007:BN-800
3002:BN-600
2997:BN-350
2826:HTR-PM
2821:HTR-10
2801:UHTREX
2766:Magnox
2761:(UNGG)
2654:Lucens
2649:KS 150
2386:ATMEA1
2366:AP1000
2349:Kerena
2229:Debate
1981:Ethics
1971:Design
1954:Topics
1785:rocket
1763:Fusion
1758:Policy
1720:Fusion
1680:Poison
1558:Fusion
1441:6 June
1416:6 June
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697:6 June
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609:
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431:
394:
361:
239:tumors
3243:Migma
3231:Other
3200:Fusor
3099:Piqua
3094:Arbus
3052:PRISM
2794:MHR-T
2789:GTMHR
2719:EGP-6
2714:AMB-X
2689:Water
2634:HWGCR
2573:HWLWR
2512:IPHWR
2483:CANDU
2344:ESBWR
2099:Waste
2063:Tests
2046:Lists
2030:Yield
1773:MMRTG
1730:Power
1050:S2CID
541:S2CID
513:(PDF)
273:splay
119:[
3059:Lead
3042:CEFR
3032:PFBR
2914:None
2724:RBMK
2709:AM-1
2639:EL-4
2613:WR-1
2595:AHWR
2539:MZFR
2507:CVTR
2496:AFCR
2423:VVER
2381:APWR
2376:APR+
2339:ABWR
2209:cask
2204:pool
2146:LLFP
2035:TNTe
1715:Fast
1585:Fuel
1443:2016
1418:2016
1388:PMID
1370:ISSN
1331:PMID
1296:PMID
1261:PMID
1243:ISSN
1187:PMID
1169:ISSN
1101:PMID
1042:PMID
1004:PMID
951:ISBN
928:PMID
889:PMID
881:ISSN
845:PMID
796:ISBN
771:PMID
699:2016
634:ISBN
607:ISBN
582:PMID
491:PMID
454:ISBN
429:PMID
392:ISBN
359:ISBN
200:VMAT
3131:by
3047:PFR
2838:PMR
2816:AVR
2738:Gas
2676:by
2644:KKN
2578:ATR
2493:EC6
2453:by
2401:EPR
2334:BWR
1378:PMC
1362:doi
1323:doi
1288:doi
1251:PMC
1233:doi
1177:PMC
1161:doi
1091:PMC
1081:doi
1034:doi
994:PMC
984:doi
920:doi
873:doi
837:doi
761:PMC
753:doi
722:doi
667:doi
572:doi
533:doi
483:doi
421:doi
384:doi
187:or
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