29:
163:. Cannady, who was at that time head waiter at the Hotel Portland, also invested $ 10, along with several others, in that early effort. By May 1904, Moore had renounced his editorial role, and in that month the staff of the paper reorganized; Cannady became managing editor at that time. That lawsuit ultimately absolved Cannady of any obligation to repay the debt.
259:
274:
is known for creating conversation around interracial relations in Oregon and the rest of the country in the early 1900s. Printed weekly, the news paper featured birth and death announcements, hotel and society news, and general good news about the
African American race. Articles and editorials about
248:
She was a tireless civil rights leader at a time when the Klan was active in Oregon and exclusion laws prohibited
African-Americans from even residing in the state. She was a feminist at a time when women's suffrage was new and sexism was the norm. She was a believer in the equality of cultures and
231:
she was able to confront many racial issues that hotels, restaurants and movie theaters had. She routinely kept her readers up to date on Ku Klux Klan activity nearby in
Portland and throughout the state. One of her biggest accomplishments was the challenging of excluding African American in many
317:
dating from
October 1924 to December 1933 are now available in the library's Historic Oregon Newspaper online resource. The online resource as well as the contributions from the donor allows the legacy of African American journalism in Oregon be more accessible than it has been before.
166:
Many of the founders dropped out of the newspaper project after the first couple of months due to demanding work load and already working multiple jobs. After a few years, E. D. Cannady was running the newspaper alone and regardless of working many hours at the hotel he made sure
244:. She was finally successful in 1927. She continued her work in Oregon through the 1930s, when she moved to California. Cynthia Cannady, Beatrice's granddaughter, remembers her grandmother as a woman of many talents and a strong political conscience.
139:
makes its initial bow to the
Portland public as an independent, non-partisan, non-sectarian weekly newspaper for the intelligent discussion and authentic diffusion of matter appertaining to the colored people, especially of Portland and the State of
282:
On the 22nd birthday of the newspaper, E. D. Cannady awarded "the lion's share of credit" to
Beatrice for "her intrepid courage, faith in the loyalty of the people she serves and her self-confidence."
915:
Johnson, Clifford F. An
Analysis of Negro News and Non-News Matters Appearing in Four Oregon Daily Newspapers During the Years 1931, 1936, 1941, 1945 and 1948. M.A. Thesis, University of Oregon, 1949.
174:
Cannady and
Sproull were sued for libel in 1907 by John Logan, who had served as a witness in the Rutherford case, and Cannady was the subject of separate libel accusations the following year.
131:
arose in connection with an effort to launch a black newspaper, headed by C. B. F. Moore, pastor of Zion A.M.E. church in
Portland. The newspaper described its purpose in its first issue:
92:
was known as
Portland's second oldest black newspaper. In 1933 when the paper ceased publication it was the only remaining black-owned newspaper. In its early days, it was known as the
159:
Edward Rutherford claimed in a lawsuit to have loaned $ 10 to Moore in 1903, and that the money was never repaid. The 1906 lawsuit revealed several details of the inception of the
88:, established as a news source for Portland's African American community. It was founded in 1903 and was covered as an active entity in other Portland press until at least 1936.
443:
2360:
471:
2461:
2476:
940:
2471:
2491:
533:
1652:
232:
Pacific Northwest towns. The two main towns she focused on were Vernonia, Oregon, and Longview, Washington. Along with continuing to work on
120:
covered segregation, lynching, employment opportunities and other issues at the beginning. Microfilm of the paper is available through 1933.
2481:
2466:
2002:
599:
534:""As Citizens of Portland We Must Protest": Beatrice Morrow Cannady and the African American Response to D. W. Griffith's "Masterpiece""
2456:
2365:
2355:
2249:
2030:
798:
2486:
1982:
1751:
1737:
454:
2451:
1835:
745:
609:
999:
1744:
933:
330:. Its inaugural issue contained a map showing killings of black people in Portland. It ran through at least November 1981.
511:
2038:
2381:
1996:
1688:
689:
675:
2415:
1052:
479:
212:
In 1930, after their divorce, Beatrice became the editor and owner of the newspaper. At the time, Portland had an
2073:
926:
893:
831:
764:
2193:
1646:
2186:
1807:
1413:
1027:
236:
and giving hundreds of talks and presentations, Cannady became the first African American to graduate from
2066:
1122:
955:
538:
237:
655:
383:
1933:
1561:
1501:
1136:
336:
892:
2422:
2402:
1494:
1206:
1171:
2172:
2101:
1793:
1625:
1143:
1020:
563:
200:, Oregon's most prominent civil rights activist in the 20th century, moved to Portland and married
148:, J. C. Logan, Rutherford, E. D. Cannady, Bob Perry, Howard Sproules, C. F. B. Moore, Edward Hunt,
1912:
1877:
1800:
1716:
1702:
1515:
1318:
1248:
1213:
1087:
1034:
1006:
97:
2408:
2350:
2277:
2129:
2094:
2059:
1522:
1427:
1406:
1335:
1157:
992:
737:
1730:
1392:
1364:
1241:
1192:
222:
227:
a commercially successful silent film that portrayed the KKK as heroes. Through writing for
2326:
2284:
1919:
1842:
1814:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1480:
1357:
1350:
1297:
1220:
1101:
8:
2319:
2291:
2024:
1926:
1898:
1849:
1779:
1632:
1473:
1378:
1269:
1227:
1129:
1066:
290:
241:
879:
720:
The Oregon Companion: An Historical Gazetteer of The Useful, The Curious, and The Arcane
427:
398:"Advocate | Historic Black Newspapers of Portland | Portland State University"
2305:
2221:
2136:
2108:
2087:
2010:
1891:
1681:
1639:
1441:
1399:
1304:
1150:
1059:
718:
555:
275:
segregation, lynching, employment opportunities and other issues kept the realities of
109:
369:
2214:
2052:
1884:
1870:
1821:
1758:
1618:
1459:
1371:
1290:
1262:
1164:
985:
741:
605:
559:
294:
145:
2429:
2207:
2165:
2017:
1975:
1940:
1674:
1487:
1311:
1283:
1199:
1185:
1178:
1108:
1073:
978:
725:
547:
349:
216:
population of barely 1,000, and Beatrice Morrow Cannady quickly became involved in
213:
85:
70:
42:
116:
covered a variety of topics for both the white and black communities in Portland.
2312:
2298:
2263:
2045:
1954:
1947:
1856:
1786:
1772:
1660:
1466:
1434:
1276:
1234:
1115:
1094:
827:
279:
and the pressing need for civil rights on the local, state, and national agenda.
197:
149:
105:
326:
In May 1981, the Portland Black United Front started a monthly newspaper called
2333:
2256:
2179:
2080:
1989:
1961:
1863:
1765:
1529:
1255:
1013:
397:
310:
249:
religions at a time when cultural arrogance and religious zealotry were common.
153:
258:
2445:
2115:
1828:
1508:
1385:
1343:
1080:
660:
276:
262:
The Birth of a Nation, a racist movie Beatrice Morrow helped protest against.
2270:
2122:
1905:
1723:
1709:
1667:
1611:
1543:
733:
217:
28:
551:
444:"The History of Portland's African American History (1805 to the Present)"
426:, which is available either by subscription or via free access through a
297:'s collection of paintings, watercolors, and sculptures by black artists.
2143:
1968:
1695:
1536:
918:
799:"New collection helps preserve the legacy of a civil rights trailblazer"
415:
2386:
2200:
1420:
2228:
384:"The Advocate. (Portland, Or.) 19??-19??, December 02, 1933, Image 1"
416:
McCants Stewart: The Struggles of a Black Attorney in the Urban West
386:. December 2, 1933 – via University of Oregon, Knight Library.
204:
editor Edward Cannady in 1912. She became the assistant editor of
2242:
472:"African American Newspapers Published in the Pacific Northwest"
185:
filed a civil suit, resulting in a "handsome" retraction by the
2235:
729:
423:
878:"Portland Advocate-May 1981" (1981). Portland Advocate. 1.
240:
in 1922, and she worked to remove racist language from the
177:
In 1919, Merriman, then serving as editor of the competing
309:, among other newspapers, were anonymously donated to the
152:, W. H. Bolds, and A. Ballard, most of whom worked for
2361:
National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame
321:
16:
Defunct Black-owned newspaper in Portland, Oregon, USA
880:
https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/portlandadvocate/1
676:"The Editor and Publisher 1919-10-30: Vol 52 Iss 22"
717:
2443:
934:
2462:African-American history in Portland, Oregon
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
512:"The Advocate, Portland, Oregon (1903–1936)"
266:Portland's African American community cited
220:issues, including protesting the showing of
333:In the 1870s, there was a paper called the
181:, published an attack on Beatrice Cannady;
948:
941:
927:
525:
270:as the city's most influential newspaper.
192:
2366:National Newspaper Publishers Association
2356:National Association of Black Journalists
700:
2477:Newspapers published in Portland, Oregon
597:
362:
257:
1752:The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)
1738:The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)
765:"Beatrice Morrow Cannady (1889 - 1974)"
715:
372:– via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
100:from 1913 to 1924) and possibly as the
2472:Defunct newspapers published in Oregon
2444:
826:
575:
573:
531:
510:Mangun, Kimberley (January 22, 2007).
509:
422:89 (1988), 157-79; requires access to
2492:African-American newspapers of Oregon
922:
832:"Beatrice Morrow Cannady (1889–1974)"
822:
820:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
759:
757:
598:Chandler, J. D. (November 12, 2013).
593:
591:
370:"About The advocate. (Portland, Or.)"
305:In February 2019, original issues of
208:a role she held for twenty-four years
1745:The Colored American (New York City)
678:. Duncan McIntosh. October 30, 1919.
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
438:
436:
84:was a four-page weekly newspaper in
33:The Advocate newspaper article, 1924
2482:Publications disestablished in 1933
2467:Defunct African-American newspapers
570:
322:Other newspapers with the same name
13:
909:
890:
849:"Exhibit of Negro Art at Museum".
817:
782:
754:
625:"Colored People Appear in Court".
601:Hidden History of Portland, Oregon
588:
476:University of Washington Libraries
408:
300:
14:
2503:
2382:Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
1689:Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune
897:. In Hubert Howe Bancroft (ed.).
494:
433:
2457:1933 disestablishments in Oregon
2416:Genius of Universal Emancipation
1053:African-American News and Issues
27:
2074:Southwestern Christian Advocate
884:
872:
857:
842:
682:
668:
648:
633:
618:
532:Mangun, Kimberley (Fall 2006).
478:. June 11, 2011. Archived from
428:number of academic institutions
2487:Newspapers established in 1903
690:"Negro Editors Sign Armistice"
464:
390:
376:
293:to exhibit the New York–based
1:
2452:1903 establishments in Oregon
2194:The Colored American Magazine
664:. October 9, 1919. p. 9.
355:
2004:The Philadelphia Independent
1414:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder
1028:The Washington Afro-American
716:Engeman, Richard H. (2009).
311:University of Oregon Library
7:
1123:The Burning Spear Newspaper
539:Oregon Historical Quarterly
420:Oregon Historical Quarterly
343:
238:Northwestern College of Law
189:and dismissal of the suit.
123:
10:
2508:
1934:The Mississippi Enterprise
402:pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu
337:Pacific Christian Advocate
144:The founders consisted of
2403:Abolitionist publications
2395:
2374:
2343:
2157:
1575:
1553:
1451:
1328:
1207:The Jacksonville Advocate
1172:Florida Sentinel Bulletin
1044:
970:
963:
954:
66:
56:
48:
38:
26:
2173:Black Issues Book Review
2102:The Winter Park Advocate
1144:The Charleston Chronicle
1021:The Philadelphia Tribune
891:Victor, Frances Fuller.
694:The Editor and Publisher
253:
1913:Metro Herald (Virginia)
1703:The Chicago Conservator
1516:The Sacramento Observer
1319:Winston-Salem Chronicle
1249:The New Orleans Tribune
1214:Jacksonville Free Press
1088:Baltimore Afro-American
1035:The Washington Informer
1007:New York Amsterdam News
836:The Oregon Encyclopedia
656:"Negroes Turn to Court"
193:Beatrice Morrow Cannady
171:came out every Friday.
2409:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
2351:Associated Negro Press
2278:Our Women and Children
2130:Afro-American Sentinel
2060:The Seattle Republican
1523:San Francisco Bay View
1428:The St. Louis American
1407:The Michigan FrontPage
1158:The Christian Recorder
993:New Pittsburgh Courier
949:African American press
769:oregonencyclopedia.org
604:. Arcadia Publishing.
414:Albert S. Broussard, "
263:
251:
142:
1731:The Cleveland Gazette
1393:Indianapolis Recorder
1365:The Cincinnati Herald
1242:New Journal and Guide
1193:Houston Forward Times
661:The Morning Oregonian
584:. September 25, 1906.
580:"Cannady Wins Case".
552:10.1353/ohq.2006.0013
328:The Portland Advocate
261:
246:
223:The Birth of a Nation
133:
2327:Visions Metro Weekly
1920:The Michigan Citizen
1843:Indianapolis Freeman
1605:Arkansas State Press
1598:The Aliened American
1591:The Alaska Spotlight
1481:Los Angeles Sentinel
1358:The Chicago Defender
1351:The Chicago Crusader
1298:The Triangle Tribune
1221:The Louisiana Weekly
1102:The Baptist Vanguard
864:"The Negro in Art".
644:. February 29, 1908.
640:"Threatens to Sue".
566:on October 29, 2009.
2320:Transition Magazine
2025:The Progressive Era
1927:Mirror of the Times
1899:Memphis Free Speech
1850:Indianapolis Leader
1780:Detroit Plaindealer
1633:Atlanta Independent
1379:Fort Wayne Ink Spot
1270:Richmond Free Press
1228:Louisville Defender
1130:Carolina Peacemaker
1067:Atlanta Daily World
696:. January 29, 1920.
291:Portland Art Museum
242:Oregon Constitution
102:Beaver State Herald
23:
2088:The Washington Sun
2081:The Washington Bee
2011:Pittsburgh Courier
1997:The People's Voice
1892:The McDowell Times
1682:The Carolina Times
1640:The Black Dispatch
1442:St. Louis Sentinel
1400:Michigan Chronicle
1305:Tri-State Defender
1151:The Charlotte Post
1060:Atlanta Black Star
830:(March 17, 2018).
460:on April 11, 2023.
264:
154:The Hotel Portland
58:Ceased publication
21:
2439:
2438:
2153:
2152:
2053:The Rights of All
1885:Louisville Leader
1871:Jackson Eagle Eye
1822:Frost Illustrated
1815:Freedom's Journal
1759:Daily Negro Times
1647:The Black Panther
1619:Athens Republique
1571:
1570:
1502:Portland Observer
1460:Arizona Informant
1372:The Columbus Post
1291:Tennessee Tribune
1263:The Orlando Times
1165:The Dallas Weekly
986:Buffalo Criterion
899:History of Oregon
747:978-0-88192-899-0
611:978-1-62584-667-9
295:Harmon Foundation
77:
76:
2499:
2430:The National Era
2166:Black Enterprise
2067:The Shining Star
2018:Portland New Age
1976:New National Era
1675:California Eagle
1488:Los Angeles Wave
1312:The Village Beat
1284:Savannah Tribune
1200:Jackson Advocate
1186:Houston Defender
1179:The Florida Star
1109:Birmingham Times
1074:Atlanta Inquirer
1000:The New York Age
979:Bay State Banner
968:
967:
961:
960:
943:
936:
929:
920:
919:
903:
902:
896:
888:
882:
876:
870:
869:
861:
855:
854:
846:
840:
839:
828:Taylor, Quintard
824:
815:
814:
812:
810:
805:. March 27, 2019
795:
780:
779:
777:
775:
761:
752:
751:
723:
713:
698:
697:
686:
680:
679:
672:
666:
665:
652:
646:
645:
637:
631:
630:
622:
616:
615:
595:
586:
585:
577:
568:
567:
562:. Archived from
529:
523:
522:
520:
518:
507:
492:
491:
489:
487:
482:on June 11, 2011
468:
462:
461:
459:
453:. Archived from
448:
440:
431:
412:
406:
405:
394:
388:
387:
380:
374:
373:
366:
350:Portland New Age
289:worked with the
214:African American
135:With this issue
94:Mt. Scott Herald
86:Portland, Oregon
71:Portland, Oregon
59:
43:Weekly newspaper
31:
24:
20:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2391:
2370:
2339:
2299:Sister 2 Sister
2149:
2109:The Woman's Era
2046:Richmond Planet
2032:Ravenswood Post
1955:Nashville Globe
1948:Muhammad Speaks
1787:Detroit Tribune
1773:The Denver Star
1661:Boston Guardian
1567:
1549:
1467:Black Lens News
1447:
1435:St. Louis Argus
1324:
1277:Roanoke Tribune
1235:The Miami Times
1116:Black Chronicle
1095:Baltimore Times
1040:
950:
947:
912:
910:Further reading
907:
906:
889:
885:
877:
873:
868:. June 9, 1936.
863:
862:
858:
853:. May 17, 1936.
848:
847:
843:
825:
818:
808:
806:
797:
796:
783:
773:
771:
763:
762:
755:
748:
714:
701:
688:
687:
683:
674:
673:
669:
654:
653:
649:
639:
638:
634:
624:
623:
619:
612:
596:
589:
579:
578:
571:
530:
526:
516:
514:
508:
495:
485:
483:
470:
469:
465:
457:
446:
442:
441:
434:
413:
409:
396:
395:
391:
382:
381:
377:
368:
367:
363:
358:
346:
324:
303:
301:Original issues
256:
198:Beatrice Morrow
195:
150:McCants Stewart
126:
57:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2137:The Enterprise
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1990:Pacific Appeal
1986:
1983:The North Star
1979:
1972:
1965:
1962:The Negro Star
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1864:Iowa Bystander
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1766:Dallas Express
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1562:The Final Call
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1530:Seattle Medium
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1256:Oklahoma Eagle
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1137:The Carolinian
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1014:Our Time Press
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
974:
972:
965:
958:
952:
951:
946:
945:
938:
931:
923:
917:
916:
911:
908:
905:
904:
883:
871:
866:Oregon Journal
856:
851:Oregon Journal
841:
816:
781:
753:
746:
699:
681:
667:
647:
642:Oregon Journal
632:
629:. May 7, 1907.
627:Oregon Journal
617:
610:
587:
582:Oregon Journal
569:
546:(3): 382–409.
524:
493:
463:
451:sos.oregon.gov
432:
407:
389:
375:
360:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
345:
342:
323:
320:
302:
299:
255:
252:
194:
191:
146:J. A. Merriman
125:
122:
104:(published in
96:(published in
75:
74:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2504:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:The Liberator
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:Organizations
2342:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:Omaha Monitor
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:The Reflector
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1829:Gary American
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:Richmond Post
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1386:Gary Crusader
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:Call and Post
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1081:Atlanta Voice
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
994:
990:
988:
987:
983:
981:
980:
976:
975:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
957:
953:
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
925:
924:
921:
914:
913:
900:
895:
887:
881:
875:
867:
860:
852:
845:
837:
833:
829:
823:
821:
804:
800:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
770:
766:
760:
758:
749:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
721:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
695:
691:
685:
677:
671:
663:
662:
657:
651:
643:
636:
628:
621:
613:
607:
603:
602:
594:
592:
583:
576:
574:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
535:
528:
513:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
481:
477:
473:
467:
456:
452:
445:
439:
437:
429:
425:
421:
417:
411:
403:
399:
393:
385:
379:
371:
365:
361:
351:
348:
347:
341:
339:
338:
331:
329:
319:
316:
312:
308:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
280:
278:
277:Jim Crow laws
273:
269:
260:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:The Advocate,
203:
199:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
172:
170:
164:
162:
157:
156:at the time.
155:
151:
147:
141:
138:
132:
130:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:
72:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2375:Corporations
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2271:Negro Digest
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2123:Western Post
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1906:Memphis Post
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1794:The Elevator
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1724:The City Sun
1722:
1715:
1710:Chicago Whip
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1668:The Broad Ax
1666:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1626:Athens Voice
1624:
1617:
1612:Athens Blade
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1584:The Advocate
1583:
1582:
1560:
1544:Sun-Reporter
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1495:Oakland Post
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
898:
886:
874:
865:
859:
850:
844:
835:
807:. Retrieved
803:Around the O
802:
772:. Retrieved
768:
734:Timber Press
719:
693:
684:
670:
659:
650:
641:
635:
626:
620:
600:
581:
564:the original
543:
537:
527:
515:. Retrieved
486:February 27,
484:. Retrieved
480:the original
475:
466:
455:the original
450:
419:
410:
401:
392:
378:
364:
334:
332:
327:
325:
315:The Advocate
314:
313:. Issues of
307:The Advocate
306:
304:
287:The Advocate
286:
284:
281:
272:The Advocate
271:
268:The Advocate
267:
265:
247:
234:The Advocate
233:
229:The Advocate
228:
221:
218:civil rights
209:
205:
202:The Advocate
201:
196:
186:
183:The Advocate
182:
178:
176:
173:
169:The Advocate
168:
165:
160:
158:
143:
137:The Advocate
136:
134:
129:The Advocate
128:
127:
118:The Advocate
117:
114:The Advocate
113:
101:
93:
90:The Advocate
89:
81:The Advocate
80:
79:
78:
67:Headquarters
22:The Advocate
18:
2250:The Horizon
2144:Omaha Guide
1969:Negro World
1878:Louisianian
1801:The Equator
1717:The Circuit
1696:Chicago Bee
1654:Black Times
1537:The Skanner
2446:Categories
2387:Real Times
2201:The Crisis
2095:The Appeal
1421:Omaha Star
956:Newspapers
736:. p.
356:References
110:Montavilla
2285:Right On!
2229:The Fader
2158:Magazines
1474:The Facts
971:Northeast
894:"2"
560:159457134
335:Portland
285:In 1936,
2292:The Root
1836:Harambee
1554:National
1337:The Call
809:March 2,
774:March 2,
726:Portland
517:March 2,
344:See also
161:Advocate
124:Founders
2396:Related
2243:theGrio
2222:Essence
1808:Freedom
1576:Defunct
1329:Midwest
140:Oregon.
106:Gresham
49:Founded
2236:Fire!!
2215:Emerge
2187:Clutch
964:Active
744:
730:Oregon
608:
558:
73:, U.S.
2208:Ebony
1045:South
556:S2CID
458:(PDF)
447:(PDF)
424:JSTOR
254:About
187:Times
179:Times
98:Lents
2313:Tint
2306:Soul
2264:King
1941:Mojo
1452:West
811:2020
776:2020
742:ISBN
606:ISBN
519:2020
488:2018
108:and
62:1933
52:1903
39:Type
2334:YSB
2257:Jet
2180:BLK
1857:Ink
548:doi
544:107
418:",
112:).
2448::
834:.
819:^
801:.
784:^
767:.
756:^
740:.
738:66
732::
728:,
724:.
702:^
692:.
658:.
590:^
572:^
554:.
542:.
536:.
496:^
474:.
449:.
435:^
400:.
340:.
942:e
935:t
928:v
901:.
838:.
813:.
778:.
750:.
614:.
550::
521:.
490:.
430:.
404:.
225:,
210:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
