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438:(3,676 m). Other mountains within this area are Mount Lanang (2,313 m), Mount Ayek-ayek (2,819 m), Mount Pangonan Cilik (2,833 m), Mount Keduwung (2,334 m), Mount Jambangan (3,020 m), Mount Gentong (1,951 m), Mount Kepolo (3,035 m), and Mount Malang (2,401 m). The Semeru forest area has many rivers that are former lava lines from Mount Semeru. The Semeru group is considered to be very productive, producing volcanic matters such as
431:
are: Mount
Pananjakan (2,770 m), Mount Cemorolawang (2,227 m), Mount Lingker (2,278 m), Mount Pundak Lembu (2,635 m), Mount Jantur (2,705 m), Mount Ider-ider (2,527 m) and Mount Mungal (2,480 m). The peak of Mount Pananjakan is the most popular place to watch the entire volcanic complex of Tengger.
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The five volcanoes within the caldera are surrounded by a vast area of sand called the
Tengger Sand Sea, which in turn is surrounded by a steep crater wall of the larger Tengger Caldera with height differences of about 200–600 meters (660–1,970 ft). Other mountains around the Tengger caldera
1000:
The
Tengger Sand Sea in Tengger Caldera is a special ecosystem. The area is covered in volcanic sedimentation of sand from Mount Bromo activities. The resulting area is believed to be the only known desert-like area in Indonesia. The Tengger Sand Sea has been protected since 1919.
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The climate in Bromo
Tengger Semeru is cold, especially in winter from May until September. There is heavy rainfall in summer, while there is little to no precipitation in winter. Nighttime temperatures in winter commonly fall below zero degrees Celsius, with potential for
368:(3,676 meters (12,060 ft)), four lakes and 50 rivers. It is named after the Tengger tribe. The explosion of the volcano that created the caldera, happened ca. 45.000 years ago, in an event similar to the Krakatau eruption.
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There is a relatively small diversity of fauna in the Bromo
Tengger Semeru National Park. There are about 137 species of birds, 22 species of mammals and 4 species of reptiles protected in the national park. Examples are
364:) from which four new volcanic cones have emerged. This unique feature covers a total area of 5,250 hectares at an altitude of about 2,100 meters (6,900 ft). The massif also contains the highest mountain in Java,
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This zone is classified as a tropical rainforest. It can be found in the southern area of Semeru, East Semeru (Burno), and West Semeru (Patok Picis). This zone is dominated with plants of the families
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people, one of the few significant Hindu communities remaining on the island of Java. Their population of roughly 600,000 is centered in thirty villages in the isolated
Tengger mountains including
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The volcanic complex of
Tengger forms a condition where a new caldera of volcano forms inside a larger and more ancient caldera. There are five volcanoes inside the Tengger Caldera:
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415:(2,470 m), Mount Kursi (2,581 m), Mount Watangan (2,661 m), and Mount Widodaren (2,650 m). Mount Batok is the only peak that is no longer active, and is covered in
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Further south in the national park, there is another volcanic complex called the Semeru Group or
Jambangan Group. This area contains the highest peak of Java,
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The
Tengger Sand Sea has been protected since 1919. The Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park was declared a national park in 1982.
427:) trees. Mount Widodaren, located beside Mount Batok, contains the cave Widodaren, which is considered sacred by local people.
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and areas within the park. The local religion is a remnant from the
Majapahit era and therefore quite similar to that on
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On Mount Semeru, there is no plant life above the altitude of 3,100 m. This zone is covered in loose sandstones.
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According to height and temperature differences, the forests within the area can be classified into three zones:
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19th century map of Tengger Caldera showing several volcanoes forming within the vast Tengger Caldera
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but with even more animist elements. The Tengger people are believed to be descendants of the
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Plant life is greatly reduced in this area. Most of the species that grow in this area are
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478:, Tosari, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (elevation 2,338 m or 7,671 ft)
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within the park. The area is an active volcanic complex surrounded by a plain of sand.
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This article is about the national park. For the somma volcano in the caldera, see
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empire and were driven into the hills after mass arrival in the area of Muslim
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1414:. Eastjava Department of Tourism, Art and Culture Service. May 26, 2015
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Letter of Statement of the Agrarian Minister No.736/Mentan/X/1982
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1368:"The dark, otherworldy landscapes of Tengger Massif, Indonesia"
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859:. There are also liana trees, such as a variety from the genus
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1298:"Ministry of Forestry: Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park"
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Some endangered flora are protected in this park, such as
1495:. Eastjava Department of Tourism, Art and Culture Service
1469:. Eastjava Department of Tourism, Art and Culture Service
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Interactive map of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
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The area in and around the park is inhabited by the
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959:) and bottom plants such as Javanese edelweiss or
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246:50,276 hectares (124,230 acres; 502.76 km)
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811:Source: Climate-Data.org (temp & precip)
919:. There are also some wooden plants such as
1085:, and about 200 species of endemic orchids.
1905:
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1324:"Global Volcanism Program: Mount Semeru"
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2518:Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park
2094:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
1092:The Hindu priests of the Tengger people
14:
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1886:
1525:
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1271:Forestry statistics of Indonesia 2007
1412:"Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park"
278:Ministry of Environment and Forestry
2523:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
2455:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
2202:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
1974:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
1227:List of national parks of Indonesia
1009:The flora that cover this area are
883:, and other plants from the family
308:Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru
53:Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru
24:
1517:Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
1493:Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
1467:Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
1057:
300:Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
80:Sunrise in the steaming crater of
46:Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
25:
2910:
2553:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park
2287:Mount Halimun Salak National Park
2267:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat
1510:
1345:"Bromo Volcano (Tengger Caldera)"
379:
2869:Tourist attractions in East Java
2828:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park
1244:
1211:
1202:
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895:. There are also 225 species of
835:Sub-montane zone (750 – 1,500 m)
316:) is a national park located in
141:
134:
106:
99:
74:
2874:Biosphere reserves of Indonesia
1390:"Indonesia's mountains of fire"
2756:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre
2538:Kepulauan Togean National Park
1426:
1404:
1382:
1360:
1351:
1337:
1316:
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1005:Subalpine zone (above 2,400 m)
903:Montane zone (1,500 – 2,440 m)
13:
1:
2172:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark
1392:. Lonely Planet. June 2, 2011
1258:
1047:can also be found growing in
34:. For the highest point, see
2651:Gunung Rinjani National Park
2558:Taka Bone Rate National Park
2533:Gandang Dewata National Park
2465:Danau Sentarum National Park
2450:Betung Kerihun National Park
1999:Kerinci Seblat National Park
818:
402:
374:
7:
2859:National parks of Indonesia
2606:Bali Safari and Marine Park
2227:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument
1553:National parks of Indonesia
1220:
1011:
932:
667:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
527:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
88:imposing in the background.
10:
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2460:Baning Nature Tourist Park
2392:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
2377:Sukorambi Botanical Garden
1188:Tengger Caldera at sunrise
1162:
1132:
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810:
473:
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340:, and to the southeast of
254:October 14, 1982
29:
27:National park in Indonesia
2794:
2581:
2508:
2435:
2427:Ujung Kulon National Park
2277:Meru Betiri National Park
2237:Karimunjawa National Park
2107:
1944:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
1924:
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269:61,704 (in 2007)
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50:
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2548:Lore Lindu National Park
2117:Alas Purwo National Park
2099:Way Kambas National Park
2044:Mentawai Islands Regency
1989:Gunongan Historical Park
1280:, retrieved May 20, 2010
463:. It is classified as a
348:, the Tengger Sand Sea (
1766:Bantimurung-Bulusaraung
1463:"Biological Conditions"
360:of an ancient volcano (
356:), across which is the
158:Bromo Tengger Semeru NP
150:Bromo Tengger Semeru NP
115:Bromo Tengger Semeru NP
2864:Geography of East Java
2573:Wakatobi National Park
2485:Sabangau National Park
2182:Dieng Volcanic Complex
1560:Bali and Nusa Tenggara
1276:July 22, 2011, at the
1232:Geography of Indonesia
1093:
965:Anaphalis longifongila
912:
911:Madakaripura Waterfall
828:
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52:
18:Tengger mountain range
2813:Lorentz National Park
2568:Trans Studio Makassar
2528:Bunaken National Park
2137:Baluran National Park
1832:Bukit Barisan Selatan
1771:Bogani Nani Wartabone
1684:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya
1159:in the 19th century.
1133:Further information:
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910:
826:
163:Show map of Indonesia
2671:Komodo National Park
2626:Garuda Wisnu Kencana
2583:Lesser Sunda Islands
2500:The Equator monument
2034:Lumbini Natural Park
1984:East Lampung Regency
1628:Mount Gede Pangrango
1618:Bromo Tengger Semeru
1176:Gunung Bromo sunrise
465:subtropical highland
2833:Wasur National Park
2480:Kutai National Park
2407:Tirto Samodra Beach
2257:Keraton Kacirebonan
1954:Bandar Lampung City
1934:Aceh Tsunami Museum
1914:Tourist attractions
1796:Rawa Aopa Watumohai
1587:Laiwangi Wanggameti
1434:"Climate: Podokoyo"
1115:crab-eating macaque
1035:Kemlandingan gunung
976:Imperata cylindrica
945:kemlandingan gunung
597:Daily mean °C (°F)
274:Governing body
223: /
2823:Raja Ampat Islands
2781:Ujung Water Palace
2445:Beras Basah Island
2212:House of Sampoerna
2142:Banyuwangi Regency
1745:Teluk Cenderawasih
1730:Aketajawe-Lolobata
1592:Manupeu Tanah Daru
1436:. Climate-Data.org
1094:
1083:Javanese edelweiss
1045:Javanese edelweiss
970:Anaphalis javanica
913:
829:
354:Laut Pasir Tengger
332:, to the south of
289:bromotenggersemeru
2841:
2840:
2372:Sidoarjo mud flow
2252:Keraton Kasepuhan
2064:Pagaruyung Palace
1880:
1879:
1489:"Flora and Fauna"
1304:on March 23, 2010
1135:Tenggerese people
1040:Albizia lophantha
994:Centella asiatica
950:Albizia lophantha
815:
814:
474:Climate data for
324:, to the east of
310:; abbreviated as
297:
296:
227:8.017°S 112.917°E
184:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
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2854:IUCN Category II
2681:Lake Segara Anak
2402:Thousand Islands
2397:Tangkuban Perahu
2197:Gembira Loka Zoo
2069:Penyengat Island
1907:
1900:
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1786:Kepulauan Togean
1723:Maluku and Papua
1653:Kepulauan Seribu
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1300:. Archived from
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1252:Indonesia portal
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956:Acacia decurrens
953:), acacia bark (
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125:Show map of Java
122:Location in Java
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2766:Tanjung Ringgit
2621:Dreamland Beach
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2490:Samboja Lestari
2470:Derawan Islands
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2422:Yogyakarta City
2387:Suramadu Bridge
2322:Patenggang Lake
2262:Keraton Kanoman
2247:Kenjeran Bridge
2232:Jawa Timur Park
2222:Istiqlal Mosque
2207:Heroes Monument
2132:Arjuno-Welirang
2122:Ancol Dreamland
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1959:Barelang Bridge
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1370:. When on Earth
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2601:Bali Bird Park
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2495:Tanjung Puting
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62:IUCN category
58:
54:
49:
44:
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33:
19:
2889:Glidik basin
2808:Fort Belgica
2771:Tirta Gangga
2751:Tampaksiring
2686:Lovina Beach
2382:Surabaya Zoo
2367:Sempu island
2352:Ranu Kumbolo
2297:Mount Semeru
2292:Mount Merapi
2157:Bogor Palace
2009:Lagundri Bay
1979:Bukit Lawang
1847:Mount Leuser
1822:Batang Gadis
1694:Mount Palung
1638:Mount Merapi
1617:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1466:
1438:. Retrieved
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1362:
1353:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1266:
1138:
1095:
1079:junghuhniana
1075:
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1038:
1034:
1031:junghuhniana
1027:
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928:junghuhniana
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914:
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838:
830:
741:mm (inches)
453:
444:volcanic ash
436:Mount Semeru
433:
429:
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392:
390:
370:
366:Mount Semeru
299:
298:
157:
149:
114:
86:Mount Semeru
40:
2894:Mujur basin
2818:Puncak Jaya
2716:Nusa Penida
2706:Moyo Island
2347:Ragunan Zoo
2317:Pangandaran
2312:Nusa Barong
2282:Mount Bromo
2242:Kawah Putih
2217:Ijen Crater
2187:Ceto Temple
2014:Lampung Bay
1663:Ujung Kulon
1658:Meru Betiri
1648:Karimunjawa
1145:Mount Bromo
1119:marbled cat
413:Mount Batok
411:(2,329 m),
409:Mount Bromo
338:Probolinggo
251:Established
230: /
206:Coordinates
200:Probolinggo
179:, Indonesia
160:(Indonesia)
82:Mount Bromo
32:Mount Bromo
2848:Categories
2543:Lake Tempe
2437:Kalimantan
2152:Baturraden
2049:Metro City
1994:Jam Gadang
1872:Way Kambas
1867:Tesso Nilo
1791:Lore Lindu
1672:Kalimantan
1608:Alas Purwo
1567:Bali Barat
1499:January 1,
1473:January 1,
1418:January 1,
1308:January 3,
1259:References
1107:Javan rusa
461:light snow
421:Indonesian
350:Indonesian
304:Indonesian
258:1982-10-14
2761:Tanah Lot
2691:Mandalika
2666:Kintamani
2646:Goa Gajah
2636:Gili Meno
2616:Cempi Bay
2591:Awang Bay
2357:Ranu Pani
2337:Prambanan
2332:Penataran
2162:Borobudur
2147:Batu City
2029:Lake Toba
1964:Berastagi
1918:Indonesia
1857:Sembilang
1440:March 22,
1153:Majapahit
1077:Casuarina
1049:this zone
1029:Casuarina
1018:Vaccinium
939:Vaccinium
926:Casuarina
874:Asplenium
857:Rubiaceae
819:Ecosystem
417:casuarina
403:Volcanism
375:Geography
322:Indonesia
318:East Java
177:East Java
2746:Senggigi
2741:Seminyak
2711:Nusa Dua
2661:Kelimutu
2656:Jimbaran
2631:Gili Air
2510:Sulawesi
2417:Trowulan
2362:Sangiran
2004:Krakatoa
1806:Wakatobi
1759:Sulawesi
1740:Manusela
1709:Sabangau
1577:Kelimutu
1329:June 12,
1274:Archived
1221:See also
1157:Madurese
1068:Moraceae
1064:Fagaceae
991:sp. and
845:Moraceae
841:Fagaceae
737:Average
476:Podokoyo
346:sand sea
342:Surabaya
334:Pasuruan
330:Lumajang
266:Visitors
218:112°55′E
196:Pasuruan
173:Location
2786:Uluwatu
2596:Bedugul
2475:Kakaban
1926:Sumatra
1862:Siberut
1815:Sumatra
1776:Bunaken
1735:Lorentz
1613:Baluran
1163:Gallery
1141:Tengger
1129:Culture
988:Themeda
961:senduro
889:Poaceae
885:Araceae
880:Begonia
862:Calamus
806:(76.1)
801:(12.4)
756:(13.8)
751:(13.3)
746:(11.7)
732:(47.1)
727:(48.6)
722:(49.1)
717:(46.9)
712:(45.0)
707:(44.2)
702:(44.1)
697:(46.0)
692:(47.5)
682:(49.3)
677:(48.4)
672:(48.6)
662:(54.3)
657:(55.2)
652:(55.6)
647:(54.7)
642:(53.1)
637:(52.3)
632:(52.0)
627:(53.4)
622:(54.7)
617:(55.0)
612:(55.8)
607:(55.2)
602:(55.0)
592:(61.6)
587:(61.9)
582:(62.1)
577:(62.4)
572:(61.3)
567:(60.4)
562:(60.1)
557:(61.0)
552:(62.1)
547:(62.1)
542:(62.4)
537:(62.1)
532:(61.7)
450:Climate
362:Tengger
358:caldera
284:Website
256: (
2796:Maluku
2726:Pecatu
2611:Canggu
2563:Toraja
2412:Tretes
2342:Puncak
2302:Mrapen
2272:Malang
2192:G-Land
2089:Sipura
2079:Sabang
1827:Berbak
1582:Komodo
1043:) and
1024:cemara
1022:) and
982:Pteris
921:cemara
897:orchid
891:, and
877:, and
855:, and
796:(5.6)
791:(2.7)
786:(0.7)
781:(0.6)
776:(1.5)
771:(2.5)
766:(4.1)
761:(7.2)
483:Month
425:cemara
397:massif
326:Malang
36:Semeru
2800:Papua
2736:Sanur
2731:Rinca
2127:Anyer
1750:Wasur
1704:Kutai
1099:besra
985:sp.,
868:Piper
804:1,933
687:(48)
522:Year
457:frost
395:is a
313:TNBTS
215:8°1′S
2798:and
2776:Ubud
2676:Kuta
2109:Java
2059:Nias
1601:Java
1501:2010
1475:2010
1442:2019
1420:2010
1398:2015
1376:2015
1331:2017
1310:2010
1149:Bali
1121:and
967:and
660:12.4
655:12.9
650:13.1
645:12.6
640:11.7
635:11.3
630:11.1
625:11.9
620:12.6
615:12.8
610:13.2
605:12.9
600:12.8
590:16.5
585:16.6
580:16.7
575:16.9
570:16.3
565:15.8
560:15.6
555:16.1
550:16.7
545:16.7
540:16.9
535:16.7
530:16.5
519:Dec
516:Nov
513:Oct
510:Sep
507:Aug
504:Jul
501:Jun
498:May
495:Apr
492:Mar
489:Feb
486:Jan
459:and
440:lava
391:The
336:and
328:and
291:.org
243:Area
64:II (
1916:in
1033:).
973:),
943:),
930:),
799:315
794:141
764:105
759:184
754:350
749:337
744:297
730:8.4
725:9.2
720:9.5
715:8.3
710:7.2
705:6.8
700:6.7
695:7.8
690:8.6
680:9.6
675:9.1
670:9.2
2850::
1491:.
1465:.
1450:^
1285:^
1125:.
1117:,
1113:,
1109:,
1105:,
1101:,
1081:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1051:.
997:.
979:,
887:,
871:,
865:,
851:,
847:,
843:,
789:69
784:19
779:15
774:37
769:64
467:.
442:,
423::
352::
320:,
306::
198:,
194:,
190:,
1906:e
1899:t
1892:v
1545:e
1538:t
1531:v
1503:.
1477:.
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1378:.
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1333:.
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1037:(
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260:)
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38:.
20:)
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