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466:. In the city a royal palace was built and a temple acropolis to which a straight paved street led from the city gate. There was also a planned residential area and the entire city was enclosed by a wall. The city size was about 90 hectares (220 acres). Shubat-Enlil may have had a population of 20,000 people at its peak. After the death of Shamshi-Adad, the city became the capital of
690:, M. Staubwasser and H. Weiss, Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric-Early Historic West Asia," in M. Staubwasser and H. Weiss, eds., Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric-Early Historic West Asia. Quaternary Research (special issue) Volume 66, Issue 3 (November 2006), pp. 372-387.
719:
L. Ristvet, "Resettling Apum: Tribalism and Tribal States in the Tell Leilan Region, Syria.", In N. Laneri, P. Philzner and S. Valentini (eds.), Looking North: the
Socioeconomic Dynamics of Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC. Wiesbaden:
849:
Weiss, Harvey, Sturt
Manning, Lauren Ristvet, Lucia Mori, Mark Besonen, Andrew McCarthy, Philippe Quenet, Alexia Smith, Zainab Bahrani, "Tell Leilan Akkadian Imperialization, Collapse, and Short-Lived Reoccupation Defined by High-Resolution Radiocarbon Dating", in H. Weiss, ed., Seven Generations
903:
Weiss, Harvey, Francesca deLillis, Dominique deMoulins, Jesper Eidem, Thomas
Guilderson, Ulla Kasten, Torben Larsen, Lucia Mori, Lauren Ristvet, Elena Rova, and Wilma Wetterstrom, 2002, Revising the contours of history at Tell Leilan. Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes, vol. 45,
579:
Eidem, J., "Old
Assyrian Trade in Northern Syria. The Evidence from Tell Leilan. In J. G. Dercksen (ed.), Anatolia and the Jazira during the Old Assyrian Period", pp. 31-41, Publications de l’Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 111. Leiden.,
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revived the abandoned site of Tell Leilan. Shamshi-Adad saw the great potential in the rich agricultural production of the region and made it the capital city of his empire. He renamed it from Shehna to Shubat-Enlil, or Šubat-Enlil, meaning "the residence of the god
606:
Risvet, L., "The Third
Millennium City Wall at Tell Leilan, Syria: Identity, Authority and Urbanism", in J. Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. Vanlerberghe, eds., Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean. Leuven: Peters, pp. 183-212,
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maintained by the rulers of the city. These tablets date to the eighteenth century BC and record the dealings with other
Mesopotamian states and how the city administration worked. Finds from the excavations at Tell Leilan are on display in the
641:
van Gijn, Annelou, The
Ninevite 5 Chipped Stone Assemblage from Tell Leilan: Preliminary Results", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors.,
653:
Wetterstrom, Wilma, "Ninevite 5 Period
Agriculture at Tell Leilan: Preliminary Results", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors.,
629:
Parayre, Dominique, "The
Ninevite 5 Sequence of Glyptic at Tell Leilan", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors.,
701:
Ristvet, L. and H. Weiss 2005 "The Hābūr Region in the Late Third and Early Second
Millennium B.C.," in Winfried Orthmann, ed., The History and Archaeology of Syria. Vol. 1. Saabrucken: Saarbrucken Verlag.
729:
Eidem, Jesper. 2008. The Royal Archives from Tell Leilan: Old Babylonian Letters and Treaties from The Lower Town Palace. Yale Tell Leilan Research, Vol. 2. London and New Haven: Yale University Press.
847:
618:
Weiss, Harvey, "Ninevite 5 Periods and Processes.", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors. 2003
258:
at Tell Leilan containing no evidence of human habitation offered clues as to the cause of the demise of the Akkadian imperial city; analysis indicated that at around 2200 BC, a three-century
773:
Weiss, Harvey, "Tell Leilan 1989: New Data for Mid-Third Millennium Urbanization and State Formation.", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin, vol. 122, pp. 193-218, 1990
559:
Ristvet, Lauren, Thomas Guilderson and Harvey Weiss, "The Dynamics of State Development and Imperialization at Third Millennium Tell Leilan, Syria", In Orient Express, vol. 21, no. 2, 2004
793:
949:
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Pulhan, Gül. 2000. On the Eve of the Dark Age: Qarni-Lim’s Palace at Tell Leilan. Ph.D. Dissertation, Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University, New Haven, CT
193:. The site has been occupied since the 5th millennium BC. During the late third millennium, the site was known as Shekhna. During that time it was under control of the
423:
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Harvey Weiss, Excavations at Tell Leilan and the Origins of North Mesopotamian cities in the Third Millennium B.C., Paléorient, vol 9, iss. 2, pp. 39-52, 1983
687:
782:
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Harvey Weiss, "Rediscovering: Tell Leilan on the Habur Plains of Syria", The Biblical Archaeologist, ASOR, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 5–34 (Mar 1985)
570:
F. de Lillis Forest, L. Milano and L. Mori, "The Akkadian Occupation in the Northwest Area of the Tell Leilan Acropolis", KASKAL, vol. 4, 2007
666:, Harvey Weiss et al., The genesis and collapse of Third Millennium north Mesopotamian Civilization, Science, vol. 291, pp. 995-1088, 1993
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678:, H. M. Cullen, Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: Evidence from the deep sea, Geology, vol. 28, pp. 379-382, 2000
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Van De Mieroop, Marc, "The Leilan Tablets 1991 a Preliminary Report", Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 305-344, 1994
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sacked it in 1726 BC. During this period various minor kings ruled there, including Turum-natki, Zuzu, and Haja-Abum.
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616:
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Claudine Adrienne Vincente, "The 1987 Tell Leilan Tablets Dated by the Limmu of Habil-kinu: Volume 1 and 2", AMI, 1992
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Harvey Weiss, Tell Leilan and Shubat Enlil, Mari, Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, vol. 4, pp. 269-92, 1985
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Rivers and steppes. Cultural heritage and environment of the Syrian Jezireh. Catalogue to the Museum of Deir ez-Zor
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42:
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Vincente, C.-A., "Tell Leilan Recension of the Sumerian King List.", NABU 1990, no. 11, pp. 8–9, 1990
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and was used as an administrative center. Around 1800 BC, the site was renamed "Šubat-Enlil" by the king
806:
The Royal Archives from Tell Leilan. Old Babylonian Letters and Treaties from the Lower Town Palace East
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The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)
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502:. The dig ended in 2008. Among many important discoveries at Tell Leilan is an archive of 1100
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Weiss, Harvey, ed., 2012, Seven Generations Since the Fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
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Beginning in 1979 the mound of Tell Leilan was excavated by a team of archaeologists from
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The city originated around 5000 BC as a small farming village and grew to be a large city
8:
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Leilan, Brak and Urkesh were particularly prominent during the Akkadian period.
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is about 50 km away to the southwest, and also in the Khabur River basin.
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since the Fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz., pp. 163–192, 2012
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808:(PIHANS 117). The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden, 2011.
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The site is located close to some other flourishing cities of the time.
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Jesper Eidem, with a contribution by Lauren Ristvet and Harvey Weiss:
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The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE.
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Harvey Weiss et al., 1985 Excavations at Tell Leilan, Syria,
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Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
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Bonatz, Dominik; Kühne, Hartmut; Mahmoud, As'ad (1998).
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was severe enough to affect agriculture and settlement.
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Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2004).
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Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC
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449:The conquest of the region by the Amorite warlord
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254:period were found at the site. A 3-foot layer of
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854:The Climate of Man — II: The curse of Akkad
985:Archaeological sites in al-Hasakah Governorate
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213:is about 50 km away to the southeast.
221:(Urkesh) is about 50 km to the west.
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589:Margreet L. Steiner, Ann E. Killebrew,
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181:situated near the Wadi Jarrah in the
762:, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 529-581, 1990
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486:, maintained a large palace there.
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1000:2nd millennium BC in Assyria
277:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
274:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
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16:Archaeological site in Syria
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70:Al-Hasakah Governorate
866:The Mesopotamian City
856:. Elizabeth Kolbert.
595:OUP Oxford, 2014 p398
101:36.95722°N 41.50528°E
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930:Tell Leilan project
368:• Established
179:archaeological site
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31:View of Tell Leilan
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512:Deir ez-Zor Museum
106:36.95722; 41.50528
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539:Tell Khoshi
490:Archaeology
472:Samsu-iluna
248: 2600
237: 2600
175:Tell Leilan
104: /
80:Coordinates
20:Tell Leilan
939:Categories
357:Bronze Age
305:Government
252:Ninevite 5
219:Tell Mozan
160:Site notes
120:Settlement
92:41°30′19″E
89:36°57′26″N
828:638775287
504:cuneiform
498:, led by
480:Qarni-Lim
462:" in the
455:Ekallatum
286:1809 BCE–
215:Tell Brak
205:Geography
185:basin in
165:Condition
138:Abandoned
518:See also
388:1776 BCE
375:1809 BCE
309:Monarchy
290:1776 BCE
256:sediment
211:Hamoukar
168:In ruins
154:Assyrian
150:Akkadian
146:Cultures
141:1726 BCE
133:5000 BCE
66:Location
484:Andarig
476:Babylon
330:•
295:Capital
260:drought
228:History
130:Founded
125:History
911:
891:
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177:is an
545:Notes
460:Enlil
442:Syria
386:circa
373:circa
336:circa
332:circa
288:circa
284:circa
191:Syria
74:Syria
909:ISBN
889:ISBN
870:ISBN
824:OCLC
654:2003
642:2003
630:2003
607:2007
580:2008
468:Apum
417:Apum
338:BCE
316:King
117:Type
474:of
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245:c.
234:c.
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830:.
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