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600:
2778:, according to State Council Decree No. 98 of March 28, 1983, owning a typewriter, both by businesses or by private persons, was subject to an approval given by the local police authorities. People previously convicted of any crime or those who because of their behaviour were considered to be "a danger to public order or to the security of the state" were refused approval. In addition, once a year, typewriter owners had to take the typewriter to the local police station, where they would be asked to type a sample of all the typewriter's characters. It was also forbidden to borrow, lend, or repair typewriters other than at the places that had been authorized by the police.
686:
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467:
143:
2124:. Actual brushes and paste were later replaced by hot-wax machines equipped with cylinders that applied melted adhesive wax to developed prints of "typeset" copy. This copy was then cut out with knives and rulers, and slid into position on layout sheets on slanting layout tables. After the "copy" had been correctly positioned and squared up using a T-square and set square, it was pressed down with a brayer, or roller. The whole point of the exercise was to create so-called "camera-ready copy" which existed only to be photographed and then printed, usually by
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at the page. The Fitch was one of the first machines to allow prompt correction of mistakes with its visible writing; it was said to be the second machine operating on the visible writing system. The typebars were positioned behind the paper and the writing area faced upwards so that the result could be seen instantly. A curved frame kept the emerging paper from obscuring the keyboard, but the Fitch was soon eclipsed by machines in which the paper could be fed more conveniently at the rear.
2865:
1723:). This incorporated a thin layer of material that prevented ink from penetrating and was relatively soft and easy to remove from the page. An ordinary soft pencil eraser could quickly produce perfect erasures on this kind of paper. However, the same characteristics that made the paper erasable made the characters subject to smudging due to ordinary friction and deliberate alteration after the fact, making it unacceptable for business correspondence, contracts, or any archival use.
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616:
1464:
183:
1707:(a thin stainless-steel rectangle about 2 by 3 inches (51 by 76 mm) with several tiny holes in it) to prevent the pressure of erasing on the upper copies from producing carbon smudges on the lower copies. To correct copies, typists had to go from one carbon copy layer to the next carbon copy layer, trying not to get their fingers dirty as they leafed through the carbon papers, and moving and repositioning the eraser shield and eraser for each copy.
2343:
1757:. Correction fluid was a kind of opaque, white, fast-drying paint that produced a fresh white surface onto which, when dry, a correction could be retyped. However, when held to the light, the covered-up characters were visible, as was the patch of dry correction fluid (which was never perfectly flat, and frequently not a perfect match for the color, texture, and luster of the surrounding paper). The standard trick for solving this problem was
151:
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885:
typing of columns of numbers, freeing the operator from the need to manually position the carriage. The first models had one tab stop and one tab key; later ones allowed as many stops as desired, and sometimes had multiple tab keys, each of which moved the carriage a different number of spaces ahead of the decimal point (the tab stop), to facilitate the typing of columns with numbers of different length ($ 1.00, $ 10.00, $ 100.00, etc.)
526:
2263:. Being a typist was considered the right choice for a "good girl", meaning women who present themselves as being chaste and having good conduct. According to the 1900 census, 94.9% of stenographers and typists were unmarried women. This also led to an increase in schools and classes for typing in order to prepare for a future job. Moreover, the word "typewriter" also became associated with the women who typed during the timeperiod.
1199:
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manipulation of the keyboard alone. The two keys that achieve this are positioned at the top of the keyboard (seen in the detail image below). They are a "Lift" key that advances the paper, on the platen, to the next line and a "Return" key that causes the carriage to automatically swing back to the right, ready for one to type the new line. So an entire page could be typed without one's hands leaving the keyboard.
1056:
some selected characters in running text, for emphasis. When a typewriter had this facility, it could still be fitted with a solid black ribbon; the lever was then used to switch to fresh ribbon when the first stripe ran out of ink. Some typewriters also had a third position which stopped the ribbon being struck at all. This enabled the keys to hit the paper unobstructed, and was used for cutting stencils for
1218:, with reverse-image letters molded into its surface. The Selectric used a system of latches, metal tapes, and pulleys driven by an electric motor to rotate the ball into the correct position and then strike it against the ribbon and platen. The typeball moved laterally in front of the paper, instead of the previous designs using a platen-carrying carriage moving the paper across a stationary print position.
1883:
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transcribing of letters, one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatsoever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print; that the said machine or method may be of great use in settlements and public records, the impression being deeper and more lasting than any other writing, and not to be erased or counterfeited without manifest discovery."
29:
2150:). In Europe, where most languages have diacritics, a typical mechanical arrangement meant that hitting the accent key typed the symbol but did not advance the carriage, consequently the next character to be typed 'landed' on the same position. It was this method that carried across to the computer age whereas an alternative method (press the space bar simultaneously) did not.
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Massachusetts in 1880, and commercially released in 1884. The type is carried on a pair of interchangeable rotating sectors, one controlled by each half of the keyboard. A small hammer pushes the paper against the ribbon and type sector to print each character. The mechanism was later adapted to give a straight QWERTY keyboard and proportional spacing.
3045:
41:
1534:, and other electronic communication techniques have largely replaced typewriters in the United States. Still, as of 2009, typewriters continued to be used by a number of government agencies and other institutions in the US, where they are primarily used to fill preprinted forms. According to a Boston typewriter repairman quoted by
186:
2411:, Kerouac had one single-spaced paragraph, 120 feet (37 m) long. Some scholars say the scroll was shelf paper; others contend it was a Thermal-fax roll; another theory is that the roll consisted of sheets of architect's paper taped together. Kerouac himself stated that he used 100-foot (30 m) rolls of
185:
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1006:, reducing the number of sorts needed from 5 to 1. The typebars of "normal" characters struck a rod as they moved the metal character desired toward the ribbon and platen, and each rod depression moved the platen forward the width of one character. Dead keys had a typebar shaped so as not to strike the rod.
191:
1804:
The 1874 Sholes & Glidden typewriters established the "QWERTY" layout for the letter keys. During the period in which Sholes and his colleagues were experimenting with this invention, other keyboard arrangements were apparently tried, but these are poorly documented. The QWERTY layout of keys has
1409:
in the 1970s. The first electronic daisywheel typewriter marketed in the world (in 1976) is the
Olivetti Tes 501, and subsequently in 1978, the Olivetti ET101 (with function display) and Olivetti TES 401 (with text display and floppy disk for memory storage). This has allowed Olivetti to maintain the
1229:
Later models of IBM Executives and
Selectrics replaced inked fabric ribbons with "carbon film" ribbons that had a dry black or colored powder on a clear plastic tape. These could be used only once, but later models used a cartridge that was simple to replace. A side effect of this technology was that
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The IBM Selectric became a commercial success, dominating the office typewriter market for at least two decades. IBM also gained an advantage by marketing more heavily to schools than did
Remington, with the idea that students who learned to type on a Selectric would later choose IBM typewriters over
1076:
The first typewriter to have the sliding type bars (laid out horizontally like a fan) that enable a typewriter to be "noiseless" was the
American made Rapid which appeared briefly on the market in 1890. The Rapid also had the remarkable ability for the typist to have entire control of the carriage by
506:
Malling-Hansen developed his typewriter further through the 1870s and 1880s and made many improvements, but the writing head remained the same. On the first model of the writing ball from 1870, the paper was attached to a cylinder inside a wooden box. In 1874, the cylinder was replaced by a carriage,
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used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper case" characters; when pressed and held down, would shift a typewriter's mechanism to allow a different typebar impression (such as 'D' instead of 'd') to press into the ribbon and print on a page. The concept of a shift key or modifier key was
1499:
The pace of change was so rapid that it was common for clerical staff to have to learn several new systems, one after the other, in just a few years. While such rapid change is commonplace today, and is taken for granted, this was not always so; in fact, typewriting technology changed very little in
1183:
In 1941, IBM announced the
Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing. By assigning varied rather than uniform spacing to different sized characters, the Type 4 recreated the appearance of a typeset page, an effect that was further enhanced
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No. 2 in 1878. This key physically "shifted" either the basket of typebars, in which case the typewriter is described as "basket shift", or the paper-holding carriage, in which case the typewriter is described as "carriage shift". Either mechanism caused a different portion of the typebar to come in
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which prohibited the publishing of any written work that had not been previously officially reviewed and approved. Unapproved work was copied manually, most often on typewriters. In 1983, a new law required anyone who needed a typewriter to get police permission to buy or keep one. In addition, the
1141:
of Kansas City invented what is considered the first practical power-operated typewriter in 1914. In 1920, after returning from Army service, he produced a successful model and in 1923 turned it over to the
Northeast Electric Company of Rochester for development. Northeast was interested in finding
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Some ribbons were inked in black and red stripes, each being half the width and running the entire length of the ribbon. A lever on most machines allowed switching between colors, which was useful for bookkeeping entries where negative amounts were highlighted in red. The red color was also used on
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1893 – Gardner typewriter. This typewriter, patented by Mr J Gardner in 1893, was an attempt to reduce the size and cost. Although it prints 84 symbols, it has only 14 keys and two change-case keys. Several characters are indicated on each key and the character printed is determined by the position
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1888 – Fitch typewriter – Made by the Fitch
Typewriter Company, Brooklyn, N.Y. and later in the UK with a slightly different look. Operators of the early typewriters had to work "blind": the typed text emerged only after several lines had been completed or the carriage was lifted to look underneath
631:
The index typewriter's niche appeal however soon disappeared as, on the one hand new keyboard typewriters became lighter and more portable, and on the other refurbished second-hand machines began to become available. The last widely available western index machine was the Mignon typewriter produced
1778:
1080:
In the early part of the 20th century, a typewriter was marketed under the name
Noiseless and advertised as "silent". It was developed by Wellington Parker Kidder and the first model was marketed by the Noiseless Typewriter Company in 1917. Noiseless portables sold well in the 1930s and 1940s, and
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Before the shift key, typewriters had to have a separate key and typebar for upper-case letters; in essence, the typewriter had two keyboards, one above the other. With the shift key, manufacturing costs (and therefore purchase price) were greatly reduced, and typist operation was simplified; both
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This topic is discussed under "Creating
Professional-looking Text."; Williams 2003. pps. 31, 33. Another example of the limitation of the typewriter in regard to underlining, was the necessity to underline the titles of books and stand-alone works in Bibliographies—works that would otherwise have
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In typescript, a double hyphen (--) is often used for a long dash. Double hyphens in a typeset document are a sure sign that the type was set by a typist, not a typographer. A typographer will use an em dash, three-quarter em, or en dash, depending on context or personal style. The em dash is the
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A variation known as "Correcting
Selectrics" introduced a correction feature, later imitated by competing machines, where a sticky tape in front of the carbon film ribbon could remove the black-powdered image of a typed character, eliminating the need for little bottles of white dab-on correction
1084:
In a conventional typewriter the type bar reaches the end of its travel simply by striking the ribbon and paper. The Noiseless, developed by Kidder, has a complex lever mechanism that decelerates the type bar mechanically before pressing it against the ribbon and paper in an attempt to dampen the
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The platen was mounted on a carriage that moved horizontally to the left, automatically advancing the typing position, after each character was typed. The carriage-return lever at the far left was then pressed to the right to return the carriage to its starting position and rotating the platen to
737:
design. There were minor variations from one manufacturer to another, but most typewriters followed the concept that each key was attached to a typebar that had the corresponding letter molded, in reverse, into its striking head. When a key was struck briskly and firmly, the typebar hit a ribbon
668:
The platen was mounted on a carriage that moved horizontally to the left, automatically advancing the typing position, after each character was typed. The carriage-return lever at the far left was then pressed to the right to return the carriage to its starting position and rotating the platen to
1603:
In Latin America and Africa, mechanical typewriters are still common because they can be used without electrical power. In Latin America, the typewriters used are most often Brazilian models; Brazil continues to produce mechanical (Facit) and electronic (Olivetti) typewriters to the present day.
884:
To facilitate typewriter use in business settings, a tab (tabulator) key was added in the late nineteenth century. Before using the key, the operator had to set mechanical "tab stops", pre-designated locations to which the carriage would advance when the tab key was pressed. This facilitated the
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inch (3.2 mm) thick, with a brush attached from the center, while others looked like pink pencils, with a sharpenable eraser at the "lead" end and a stiff nylon brush at the other end. Either way, these tools made possible erasure of individual typed letters. Business letters were typed on
1563:-based manufacturer of mechanical typewriters, closed its doors, leading to a flurry of news reports that the "world's last typewriter factory" had shut down. The reports were quickly contested, with opinions settling to agree that it was indeed the world's last producer of manual typewriters.
1221:
Due to the physical similarity, the typeball was sometimes referred to as a "golfball". The typeball design had many advantages, especially the elimination of "jams" (when more than one key was struck at once and the typebars became entangled) and in the ability to change the typeball, allowing
627:
The index typewriter was briefly popular in niche markets. Although they were slower than keyboard type machines, they were mechanically simpler and lighter. They were therefore marketed as being suitable for travellers and, because they could be produced more cheaply than keyboard machines, as
251:
obtained a patent in Britain for a machine that, from the patent, appears to have been similar to a typewriter. The patent shows that this machine was created: " hath by his great study and paines & expence invented and brought to perfection an artificial machine or method for impressing or
780:
The difficulty with any other arrangement was ensuring the typebars fell back into place reliably when the key was released. This was eventually achieved with various ingenious mechanical designs and so-called "visible typewriters" which used frontstriking, in which the typebars struck forward
723:
1896 – The "Underwood 1 typewriter, 10" Pica, No. 990". This was the first typewriter with a typing area fully visible to the typist until a key is struck. These features, copied by all subsequent typewriters, allowed the typist to see and if necessary correct the typing as it proceeded. The
2438:
poet, who would type articles overnight by jumping onto the keys of a manual typewriter. The writings were typed completely in lower case, because of the cockroach's inability to generate the heavy force needed to operate the shift key. The lone exception is the poem "CAPITALS AT LAST" from
781:
against the front side of the platen, became standard. One of the first was the Daugherty Visible, introduced in 1893, which also introduced the four-bank keyboard that became standard, although the Underwood which came out two years later was the first major typewriter with these features.
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This article examines the history, economics, and ergonomics of the typewriter keyboard. We show that David's version of the history of the market's rejection of Dvorak does not report the true history, and we present evidence that the continued use of Qwerty is efficient given the current
1676:
Typewriter eraser brushes were necessary for clearing eraser crumbs and paper dust, and using the brush properly was an important element of typewriting skill; if erasure detritus fell into the typewriter, a small buildup could cause the typebars to jam in their narrow supporting grooves.
107:
until after the mid-1880s. The typewriter quickly became an indispensable tool for practically all writing other than personal handwritten correspondence. It was widely used by professional writers, in offices, in business correspondence in private homes, and by students preparing written
711:
1884 – Hammond "Ideal" typewriter with case, by Hammond Typewriter Company Limited, United States. Despite an unusual, curved keyboard (see picture in citation), the Hammond became popular because of its superior print quality and changeable typeface. Invented by James Hammond of Boston,
1969:. To overcome this limitation, users typically typed more than one adjacent hyphen to approximate these symbols. This typewriter convention is still sometimes used today, even though modern computer word processing applications can input the correct en and em dashes for each font type.
2685:
The determination of a make and/or model of typewriter is a 'classification' problem and several systems have been developed for this purpose. These include the original Haas Typewriter Atlases (Pica version) and (Non-Pica version) and the TYPE system developed by Philip Bouffard, the
553:, although Sholes soon disowned the machine and refused to use or even recommend it. The working prototype was made by clock-maker and machinist Matthias Schwalbach. Hall, Glidden and Soule sold their shares in the patent (US 79,265) to Densmore and Sholes, who made an agreement with
443:
After the market had matured under the market dominance of large companies from Britain, Europe and the United States—but before the advent of daisywheel and electronic machines—the typewriter market faced strong competition from less expensive typewriters from Asia, including
188:
1543:
A rather specialized market for typewriters exists due to the regulations of many correctional systems in the US, where prisoners are prohibited from having computers or telecommunication equipment, but are allowed to own typewriters. The Swintec corporation (headquartered in
3657:
231:, several people contributed insights and inventions that eventually resulted in ever more commercially successful instruments. Historians have estimated that some form of the typewriter was invented 52 times as thinkers and tinkerers tried to come up with a workable design.
2708:
to describe how a typewriter might be identified was William E. Hagan who wrote, in 1894, "All typewriter machines, even when using the same kind of type, become more or less peculiar by use as to the work done by them". Other early discussions of the topic were provided by
134:. The origins of this layout still need to be clarified. Similar typewriter keyboards, with layouts optimised for other languages and orthographies, emerged soon afterward, and their layouts have also become standard for computer keyboards in their respective markets.
623:
The index typewriter came into the market in the early 1880s. The index typewriter uses a pointer or stylus to choose a letter from an index. The pointer is mechanically linked so that the letter chosen could then be printed, most often by the activation of a lever.
1120:, in 1902. Like the manual Blickensderfer typewriters, it used a cylindrical typewheel rather than individual typebars. The machine was produced in several variants but apparently not a commercial success, having come to market ahead of its time, before ubiquitous
2274:" – adult comic books produced in Mexico for the American market, starting in the 1930s – often featured women typists. In one panel, a businessman in a three-piece suit, ogling his secretary's thigh, says, "Miss Higby, are you ready for—ahem!—er—dictation?"
1291:
The first of these was the relatively obscure Mag Card Executive, which used 88-character elements. Later, some of the same typestyles used for it were used on the 96-character elements used on the IBM Electronic Typewriter 50 and the later models 65 and 85.
6382:
nineteenth-century standard, still prescribed in many editorial style books, but the em dash is too long for use with the best text faces. Like the oversized space between sentences, it belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography.
42:
5726:
A previous version of this story did not clearly state that Godrej & Boyce appears to be the world's last maker of mechanical typewriters, which operate solely on human power. Numerous other manufacturers continue to make several types of electric
2290:
owner would have to register a typed sample of all its letters and numbers, to ensure that any illegal literature typed with it could be traced back to its source. The typewriter became increasingly popular as the interest in prohibited books grew.
582:
keyboard layout, which, because of the machine's success, was slowly adopted by other typewriter manufacturers. As with most other early typewriters, because the typebars strike upwards, the typist could not see the characters as they were typed.
1230:
the text typed on the machine could be easily read from the used ribbon, raising issues where the machines were used for preparing classified documents (ribbons had to be accounted for to ensure that typists did not carry them from the facility).
43:
1429:, though today that term almost always denotes a type of software program. Manufacturers of such machines included Olivetti (TES501, first totally electronic Olivetti word processor with daisywheel and floppy disk in 1976; TES621 in 1979 etc.),
1857:
On modern keyboards, the exclamation point is the shifted character on the 1 key, because these were the last characters to become "standard" on keyboards. Holding the spacebar down usually suspended the carriage advance mechanism (a so-called
1828:
are required to move their fingers between rows to type the most common letters. Although the QWERTY keyboard was the most commonly used layout in typewriters, a better, less strenuous keyboard was being searched for throughout the late 1900s.
115:
software. Nevertheless, typewriters remain common in some parts of the world. For example, typewriters are still used in many Indian cities and towns, especially in roadside and legal offices, due to a lack of continuous, reliable electricity.
1349:
345:, presented a gold medal to Father Azevedo for this invention. Many Brazilian people, as well as the Brazilian federal government recognize Fr. Azevedo as the inventor of the typewriter, a claim that has been the subject of some controversy.
1832:
One popular but incorrect explanation for the QWERTY arrangement is that it was designed to reduce the likelihood of internal clashing of typebars by placing commonly used combinations of letters farther from each other inside the machine.
854:
Certain models further reduced the number of keys and typebars by making each key perform three functions – each typebar could type three different characters. These little three-row machines were portable and could be used by journalists.
1307:
system. The system included a computer-driven input station to capture the key strokes on magnetic tape and insert the operator's format commands, and a Composer unit to read the tape and produce the formatted text for photo reproduction.
2074:(BS) – a keystroke that moved the cursor backwards one position (on a typewriter, this moved the physical platen backwards), to enable a character to be overtyped. Originally this was used to combine characters (for example, the sequence
829:
The result is that each typebar could type two different characters, cutting the number of keys and typebars in half (and simplifying the internal mechanisms considerably). The obvious use for this was to allow letter keys to type both
2496:
used typewriters for his entire career, and when he was no longer able to have them repaired, learned to do it himself; he repeatedly stated his belief that computers are bad for writing, maintaining that "Art is not supposed to be
222:
Although many modern typewriters have one of several similar designs, their invention was incremental, developed by numerous inventors working independently or in competition with each other over a series of decades. As with the
2923:
1905:
Many non-Latin alphabets have keyboard layouts that have nothing to do with QWERTY. The Russian layout, for instance, puts the common trigrams ыва, про, and ить on adjacent keys so that they can be typed by rolling the fingers.
753:
advance the paper vertically. A small bell was struck a few characters before the right hand margin was reached to warn the operator to complete the word and then use the carriage-return lever. Typewriters for languages written
2200:(HT), shortened from "horizontal tab" or "tabulator stop" – caused the print position to advance horizontally to the next pre-set "tab stop". This was used for typing lists and tables with vertical columns of numbers or words.
2517:
explains why he uses a manual typewriter: "I think the computer user does their thinking on the screen, and the non-computer user is compelled, because he or she has to retype a whole text, to do a lot more thinking in the
1131:. The Krums' machine, named the Morkrum Printing Telegraph, used a typewheel rather than individual typebars. This machine was used for the first commercial teletypewriter system on Postal Telegraph Company lines between
1556:), manufactures a variety of typewriters for use in prisons, made of clear plastic (to make it harder for prisoners to hide prohibited items inside it). As of 2011, the company had contracts with prisons in 43 US states.
1145:
After some 2,500 electric typewriters had been produced, Northeast asked Remington for a firm contract for the next batch. However, Remington was engaged in merger talks, which would eventually result in the creation of
45:
7653:, These guides are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on Questioned Documents. Copies of ASTM Standards can be obtained directly from
2598:(1950) for orchestra and typewriter, and it has since been used as the theme for numerous radio programs. The solo instrument is a real typewriter played by a percussionist. The piece was later made famous by comedian
1142:
new markets for their electric motors and developed Smathers's design so that it could be marketed to typewriter manufacturers, and from 1925 Remington Electric typewriters were produced powered by Northeast's motors.
7431:
1893:
The keyboards for other Latin languages are broadly similar to QWERTY but are optimised for the relevant orthography. In addition to some changes in the order of letters, perhaps the most obvious is the presence of
1845:
have been proposed to reduce the perceived inefficiencies of QWERTY, but none have been able to displace the QWERTY layout; their proponents claim considerable advantages, but so far none has been widely used. The
1024:
In English-speaking countries, ordinary typewriters printing fixed-width characters were standardized to print six horizontal lines per vertical inch, and had either of two variants of character width, one called
507:
moving beneath the writing head. Then, in 1875, the well-known "tall model" was patented, which was the first of the writing balls that worked without electricity. Malling-Hansen attended the world exhibitions in
1242:– each character and letterspace was allotted the same width on the page, from a capital "W" to a period. IBM did produce a successful typebar-based machine with five levels of proportional spacing, called the
1376:
electric typewriters introduced in 1973 switched to interchangeable Coronamatic (SCM-patented) ribbon cartridges. including fabric, film, erasing, and two-color versions. At about the same time, the advent of
1284:(MT/SC), the Mag Card Selectric Composer, and the Electronic Selectric Composer, IBM also made electronic typewriters with proportional spacing using the Selectric element that were considered typewriters or
489:, which went into commercial production in 1870 and was the first commercially sold typewriter. It was a success in Europe and was reported as being used in offices on the European continent as late as 1909.
697:
Underwood 1 typewriter, 1896 - The typewriter that would set the design standard for the new century, with four rows of keys, front strike visible and a single shift key. It also had a light and fast typing
187:
5744:
2682:. This is done primarily to determine 1) the make and/or model of the typewriter used to produce a document, or 2) whether or not a particular suspect typewriter might have been used to produce a document.
628:
budget machines for users who needed to produce small quantities of typed correspondence. For example, the Simplex Typewriter Company made index typewriters for 1/40 the price of a Remington typewriter.
1347:
2697:
The earliest reference in fictional literature to the potential identification of a typewriter as having produced a document was by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote the Sherlock Holmes short story "
2248:
When Remington started marketing typewriters, the company assumed the machine would not be used for composing but for transcribing dictation, and that the person typing would be a woman. The 1800s
2100:(CR) – return to the first column of text. (Most typewriters switched automatically to the next line. In computer systems, "line feed" (see below) is a function that is controlled independently.)
858:
Such three-row machines were popular with WWI journalists because they were lighter and more compact than four-bank typewriters, while they could type just as fast and use just as many symbols.
669:
advance the paper vertically. A small bell was struck a few characters before the right hand margin was reached to warn the operator to complete the word and then use the carriage-return lever.
211:
5499:
2000:
and the use of all capitals to provide emphasis are additional examples of typographical conventions that derived from the limitations of the typewriter keyboard that still carry on today.
2373:
wrote in some of his novels – and possibly believed – that "a machine he called the 'Soft Typewriter' was writing our lives, and our books, into existence", according to a book review in
1348:
1150:
and no executives were willing to commit to a firm order. Northeast instead decided to enter the typewriter business for itself, and in 1929 produced the first Electromatic Typewriter.
5798:
1862:" feature), allowing one to superimpose multiple keystrikes on a single location. The ¢ symbol (meaning cents) was located above the number 6 on American electric typewriters, whereas
1425:, though the latter term was also frequently applied to less sophisticated machines that featured only a tiny, sometimes just single-row display. Sophisticated models were also called
6533:. Strizver states that "When available, true primes should be used for measurements, but typewriter quotes (not smart quotes) have become the accepted practice in digital typography."
6174:
2134:– a key that, when typed, does not advance the typing position, thus allowing another character to be overstruck on top of the original character. This was typically used to combine
1413:
Unlike the Selectrics and earlier models, these really were "electronic" and relied on integrated circuits and electromechanical components. These typewriters were sometimes called
341:
In 1861, Father Francisco João de Azevedo, a Brazilian priest, made his typewriter with basic materials and tools, such as wood and knives. In that same year, the Brazilian emperor
7571:
The earliest known reference to the identification potential of typewriting, curiously enough, appears in 'A Case of Identity', a Sherlock Holmes story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle...
946:. With mechanical typewriters, the number of whose characters (sorts) was constrained by the physical limits of the machine, the number of keys required was reduced by the use of
1101:
in 1870. This device remotely printed letters and numbers on a stream of paper tape from input generated by a specially designed typewriter at the other end of a telegraph line.
44:
2507:
typewriter until his death. In 2009, the Lettera he obtained from a pawn shop in 1963, on which nearly all his novels and screenplays were written, was auctioned for charity at
636:
which was produced until 1934. Considered one of the very best of the index typewriters, part of the Mignon's popularity was that it featured interchangeable indexes as well as
7102:
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2879:
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Boyer, Kate, and Kim England. "Gender, Work and Technology in the Information Workplace: From Typewriters to ATMs." Social & Cultural Geography 9.3 (2008): 241–256. Web.
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A number of typographical conventions stem from the typewriter's characteristics and limitations. For example, the QWERTY keyboard typewriter did not include keys for the
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Jocher, Katharine; Bliven, Bruce (1954). "Reviewed work: The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It., Richard N. Current; the Wonderful Writing Machine., Bruce Bliven, Jr".
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Bouffard, P.D. (1992), A PC-Based Typewriter Typestyle Classification System Standard, presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences meeting, New Orleans, LA.
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could take down information at rates up to 130 words per minute, whereas a writer with a pen was limited to a maximum of 30 words per minute (the 1853 speed record).
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Although electric typewriters would not achieve widespread popularity until nearly a century later, the basic groundwork for the electric typewriter was laid by the
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uses and collects manual typewriters. To control the size of his collection, he gifts autographed machines to appreciative fans and repair shops around the world.
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describes it merely as "the first writing mechanism whose invention was documented", but even that claim may be excessive since Turri's invention pre-dates it.
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mechanism was developed in the US by Franz X. Wagner from about 1892 and taken up, in 1895, by John T. Underwood (1857–1937), a producer of office supplies.
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2285:
was a form of surreptitious self-publication used when the government was censoring what literature the public could see. The Soviet government signed a
2116:– taking text, a numerical table, or an image and pasting it into a document. The term originated when such compound documents were created using manual
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fluid and for hard erasers that could tear the paper. These machines also introduced selectable "pitch" so that the typewriter could be switched between
370:
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In November 2012, Brother's UK factory manufactured what it claimed to be the last typewriter ever made in the UK; the typewriter was donated to the
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1253:, which was capable of right-margin justification (typing each line twice was required, once to calculate and again to print) and was considered a
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forward, permitting another character to be imprinted at the same location; thus a single dead key such as the acute accent could be combined with
496:
escapement to return the carriage on some of his models, which makes him a candidate for the title of inventor of the first "electric" typewriter.
111:
Typewriters were a standard fixture in most offices up to the 1980s. After that, they began to be largely supplanted by personal computers running
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5465:
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1161:, purchased Northeast Electric, and the typewriter business was spun off as Electromatic Typewriters, Inc. In 1933, Electromatic was acquired by
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Die Schreibmaschine. Illustrierte Beschreibung aller gangbaren Schreibmaschinen nebst gründlicher Anleitung zum Arbeiten auf sämtlichen Systemen
1937:
This typed page uses a number of typographic conventions stemming from the mechanical limitations of the typewriter: two hyphens in place of an
1789:
standard and continues to be used long after the reasons for its adoption (including reduction of key/lever entanglements) have ceased to apply.
1249:
The only fully electromechanical Selectric Typewriter with fully proportional spacing and which used a Selectric type element was the expensive
311:
From 1829 to 1870, many printing or typing machines were patented by inventors in Europe and America, but none went into commercial production.
6495:
2724:
A modern description of the examination procedure is laid out in ASTM Standard E2494-08 (Standard Guide for Examination of Typewritten Items).
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mechanism (a disk with the letters molded on the outside edge of the "petals"). The daisy wheel concept first emerged in printers developed by
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The next step in the development of the electric typewriter came in 1910, when Charles and Howard Krum filed a patent for the first practical
777:, so the typist could not see the text as it was typed. What was typed was not visible until a carriage return caused it to scroll into view.
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1340:
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ANSI INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) Office Machines and Supplies – Alphanumeric Machines – Keyboard Arrangement (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999))
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to the next on-screen line of text. (But not to the beginning of that line – a CR is also needed if that effect is desired.)
1921:. They were not easy to operate, but professional typists used them for a long time until the development of electronic word processors and
1600:
in exchange for more zealous and exclusive promotion of the Latin alphabet for the Azerbaijani language; this offer, however, was declined.
1315:
terminal was a popular example of a Selectric-based computer terminal, and similar mechanisms were employed as the console devices for many
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series follows a disabled war veteran who learns to type because her handwriting has been impaired, and soon she becomes a popular typist.
2156:(LF), also called "newline" – Whereas most typewriters rolled the paper forward automatically on a "carriage return), this is an explicit
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Nietzsches Schreibkugel. Ein Blick auf Nietzsches Schreibmaschinenzeit durch die Restauration der Schreibkugel. Eberwein-Typoskriptverlag
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Questions about morals made a salacious businessman making sexual advances to a female typist into a cliché of office life, appearing in
2106:– a marker used to indicate where the next character will be printed. The cursor was originally a term to describe the clear slider on a
1764:
A different fluid was available for correcting stencils. It sealed up the stencil ready for retyping but did not attempt to color match.
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The final major development of the typewriter was the electronic typewriter. Most of these replaced the typeball with a plastic or metal
1109:
Some electric typewriters were patented in the 19th century, but the first machine known to be produced in series is the Cahill of 1900.
529:
Prototype of the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, and the first with a QWERTY keyboard (1873)
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Waller, Robert A. "Women and the Typewriter During the First Fifty Years, 1873–1923". Studies in Popular Culture 9.1 (1986): 39–50. Web.
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label makers are the most common index typewriters today, and perhaps the most common typewriters of any kind still being manufactured.
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2648:, starring Romain Duris and Déborah François, centers on a young secretary in the 1950s striving to win typewriting speed competitions.
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3441:"History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, The bases of digital computers, typewriter and computer keyboard"
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was accustomed to typing from awkward positions: "balancing his typewriter on his attic bed, because there was no room on his desk".
1410:
world record in the design of electronic typewriters, proposing increasingly advanced and performing models in the following years.
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and Super ("Windows" or "Apple") keys on modern computer keyboards. The generalized concept of a shift key reached its apex in the
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Davies, Margery W. (14 January 2004). "Women Clerical Workers and the Typwriter: The Writing Machine". In Kramarae, Cheris (ed.).
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rather than a typewriter. Composer typeballs physically resembled those of the Selectric typewriter but were not interchangeable.
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By the mid-19th century, the increasing pace of business communication had created a need to mechanize the writing process.
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No. 3 Typewriter have two separate shift keys, a "CAP" shift (for uppercase) and a "FIG" shift (for numbers and symbols).
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heavyweight, high-rag-content bond paper, not merely to provide a luxurious appearance, but also to stand up to erasure.
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on a roll of paper so he would not be interrupted by having to change the paper. Within two weeks of starting to write
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1972:
Other examples of typewriter practices that are sometimes still used in desktop publishing systems include inserting a
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8009:. Photographers: Anthony Casillo and Bruce Curtis; foreword: Tom Hanks. San Francisco: Chronical Books. p. 208.
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series of newspaper columns, which were later compiled into a series of books. According to his literary conceit, a
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become the de facto standard for English-language typewriter and computer keyboards. Other languages written in the
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type (10 characters per inch) and elite type (12 per inch), even within one document. Even so, all Selectrics were
499:
The Hansen Writing Ball was produced with only upper-case characters. The Writing Ball was a template for inventor
338:, or machine for writing with keys"). It was an advanced machine that let the user see the writing as it was typed.
2615:(BTO), a comedic musical percussion group, has performed at numerous art festivals, clubs, and parties since 2004.
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In most of the early typewriters, the typebars struck upward against the paper, pressed against the bottom of the
4504:
2679:
1243:
7889:– Improvement in Type-Writing Machines (the patent that laid the basis for the Sholes & Glidden Type Writer)
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6196:
Kroemer, Karl H.E (2014), "Keyboards and keying an annotated bibliography of the literature from 1878 to 1999",
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David, P. A. (1986). "Understanding the Economics of QWERTY: the Necessity of History". In Parker, William N.,
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1997:
1985:
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developed multiple patents, of which his first in 1843 was created as an aid to blind people, such as the 1845
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2327:(1876). Research showed that Twain's memory was incorrect and that the first book submitted in typed form was
320:
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layout may have possibly been the first attempt at optimizing the keyboard layout for efficiency advantages.
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1 million on a redesign of the Electromatic Typewriter, launching the IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01.
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520:
6881:"The Typewriter Under the Bed: Introducing Digital Humanities through Banned Books and Endangered Knowledge"
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The typewriter was a useful machine during the censorship era of the Soviet government, starting during the
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A very early typewritten letter as part of a court case in the Utah Territory, from Appeal #6544, dated 1886
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South Korean improviser Ryu Hankil frequently performs on typewriters, most prominently in his 2009 album
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by including the 1937 innovation of carbon-film ribbons that produced clearer, sharper words on the page.
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Several online-only virtual museums collect and display information about typewriters and their history:
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were entering the workforce. In the United States, women often started in the professional workplace as
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computers. These mechanisms used "ruggedized" designs compared to those in standard office typewriters.
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material. Some were thin, flat disks, pink or gray, approximately 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter by
834:, but normally the number keys were also duplexed, allowing access to special symbols such as percent,
316:
175:
159:
6062:"How inventing Liquid Paper got a secretary fired and then turned her into an exec worth $ 25 million"
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4993:
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2524:(the "Unabomber") infamously used two old manual typewriters to write his polemic essays and messages.
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103:
The first commercial typewriters were introduced in 1874, but did not become common in offices in the
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3179:
Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865–1956
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typewriters are of the index type--albeit with a very much larger index and number of type elements.
648:. This is something very few keyboard machines were capable of--and only at considerable added cost.
607:
591:
534:
408:
7397:"Becoming Typewriter : Ryu Hankil : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive"
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Some of IBM's advances were later adopted in less expensive machines from competitors. For example,
1068:
789:
8590:
8268:
8203:
7528:
Interpol (1969) "System for Identification of Typewriter Makes Using the Card Index", ICPO-Interpol
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Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, Second Edition (Forensic and Police Science Series)
3806:"Rasmus Malling-Hansen Invents the Hansen Writing Ball, the First Commercially Produced Typewriter"
3229:
1607:
The early 21st century saw revival of interest in typewriters among certain subcultures, including
416:
292:" which, in common with many other early machines, is listed as the "first typewriter". The London
289:
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The Mac is not a typewriter: A style manual for creating professional-level type on your Macintosh
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Although they were pushed out of the market in most of the world by keyboard machines, successful
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in 1873 and Paris in 1878 and he received the first-prize for his invention at both exhibitions.
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purposely used the limitations of a typewriter (or more precisely, a particular typist) in his
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1977:
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were less and less necessary; only the original need be typed, and photocopies made from it.
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4187:"Controlling the Kanjisphere: The Rise of the Sino-Japanese Typewriter and the Birth of CJK"
3704:"The archives times – March – April 2013 – Lost and found, a 1984 photo revives those times"
2665:, a 2016 documentary film, investigates the culture of typewriter enthusiasts, including an
2511:
for US$ 254,500; McCarthy obtained an identical replacement for $ 20 to continue writing on.
903:, special signs attached to or on top of the base letter: for example, a combination of the
8631:
8600:
6789:
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4425:
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2370:
2207:(VT) control character, named by analogy with HT, was designed for use with early computer
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1910:
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1300:
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In 1931, an electric typewriter was introduced by Varityper Corporation. It was called the
1166:
633:
550:
375:
163:
7510:
Hodgins, Cpl. J.H. (January 1963). "A Punchcard System for Identification of Typescript".
4893:"Bert Kerschbaumer, "The Cahill Electrical Typewriters," ETCetera No. 100 (December 2012)"
4024:
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of an inch) used for any measurement, the most common one being the height of a typeface.
8:
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2047:). Similarly, the exclamation point was created by combining an apostrophe and a period (
2015:. Typists who trained on these machines learned the habit of using the lowercase letter
1918:
1887:
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486:
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285:
142:
7099:"Cormac McCarthy's Typewriter Brings $ 254,500 at Auction – ArtsBeat Blog – NYTimes.com"
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The Devil in the White City: A Saga of Magic and Murder at the Fair that Changed America
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as part of his regular routine both on screen and stage, most notably in the 1963 film
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1933:
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In 1823, Italian Pietro Conti da Cilavegna invented a new model of the typewriter, the
196:
155:
131:
82:
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5250:
2486:
before a mechanical failure and lack of replacement parts forced him to upgrade to an
2464:, a quarterly magazine about historic writing machines, and is the author of the book
1824:
The QWERTY layout is not the most efficient layout possible for the English language.
1548:), which, as of 2011, still produced typewriters at its overseas factories (in Japan,
931:
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7491:
Haas, Josef and Bernhard Haas. (1985), "ATLAS der Schreibmaschinenschrift, Non-PICA".
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The first typewriter to be commercially successful was patented in 1868 by Americans
466:
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127:
62:
6332:"Before the computer, there was something almost as complex: the Chinese typewriter"
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2545:
has used various models of the Smith Corona Electra 210 to write his biographies of
1627:
According to the standards taught in secretarial schools in the mid-20th century, a
8535:
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The Eclectisaurus online Museum of Typewriters by manufacturers from Adler to Voss.
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1973:
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Due to falling sales, IBM sold its typewriter division in 1991 to the newly formed
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Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
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266:
invented a typewriter for his blind friend Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzano.
255:
In 1802, Italian Agostino Fantoni developed a particular typewriter to enable his
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3686:"This is How Some of the World's Familiar Inventions Looked at the Time of Birth"
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2786:
Public and private collections of typewriters exist around the world, including:
2572:
2500:
2385:, his typewriter is a living, insect-like entity (voiced by North American actor
2317:
that he was the first important writer to present a publisher with a typewritten
2097:
2087:
1954:
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the competition in the workplace as businesses replaced their old manual models.
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546:
385:
353:
123:
112:
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3607:"Cembalo Scrivano – macchina per scrivere – Industria, manifattura, artigianato"
2110:; on typewriters, it was the paper that moved and the insertion point was fixed.
388:) developed several models and a fully functioning prototype typewriter in 1867.
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1946:
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the corrected page, but this was possible only with high quality photocopiers.
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Comparison of full-keyboard, single-shift, and double-shift typewriters in 1911
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By about 1910, the "manual" or "mechanical" typewriter had reached a somewhat
611:
Victor typewriter, 1889 - The first successful typewriter to use a daisy wheel
603:
Columbia 2 typewriter, 1886 - Early index typewriter with proportional spacing
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3975:. Records of the Patent and Trademark Office, Record Group 241. 23 June 1868.
3327:
3273:
2929:
US Army Quartermaster soldiers in typewriter repair shop, Tours, France, 1919
2758:
in charge of maintaining records of the typewriters and their owners. In the
2755:
2521:
2508:
2432:
2286:
2271:
2197:
2067:
Some terminology from the typewriter age has survived into the computer era.
1922:
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1608:
1515:
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The Brother WP1, an electronic typewriter complete with a small screen and a
1210:
typewriter in 1961, which replaced the typebars with a spherical element (or
1207:
1193:
1098:
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436:
171:
104:
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to create a derivative that would produce letter prints cheaper and faster.
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8484:
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7963:
6685:"John Naughton: Log on to an old-time typewriter; now try to cut and paste"
4917:"P. Robert Aubert, "The Last Service Call," ETCetera No. 33(December 1995)"
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1033:, for twelve. This differed from the use of these terms in printing, where
955:
904:
420:
400:
301:
7917:
6930:"Samizdat: How did people in the Soviet Union circumvent state censorship"
6209:
5961:
Swimming in the steno pool : a retro guide to making it in the office
5935:
The typewriter revolution : a typist's companion for the 21st century
5550:
5413:
4737:
1469:
Electronic typewriter – the final stage in typewriter development. A 1989
36:, were long-time standards in government agencies, newsrooms, and offices.
8555:
8525:
8344:
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5843:
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Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script
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was particularly difficult, and called for the use of a device called an
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1486:
1454:
1402:
1382:
1355:
A recording of the sound of typing on a Smith-Corona electric typewriter.
1273:
1128:
869:
831:
381:
335:
7421:"Déborah François interview for Populaire: 'Acting felt like a fantasy'"
6879:
Bolintineanu, Alexandra; Thirugnanasampanthan, Jaya (29 November 2018).
4941:"U.S. Patent 1,286,351 filed in May, 1910, and issued in December, 1918"
4878:
4854:
4219:
4186:
574:
Remington began production of its first typewriter on March 1, 1873, in
8499:
8385:
7980:(2nd ed.). Bournemouth, UK: British Typewriter Museum Publishing.
7566:
4965:
4066:
4050:
4007:
2732:
2568:
2482:
2435:
2318:
2310:
2267:
2220:
2107:
2032:
1993:
1851:
1470:
1434:
1364:
1265:
1254:
1176:, because a narrow cylinder-like wheel could be replaced to change the
1057:
615:
248:
228:
224:
8007:
Typewriters: Iconic Machines from the Golden Age of Mechanical Writing
7856:
6542:
6316:
6283:
5959:
5310:
4685:
Typewriters: Iconic Machines from the Golden Age of Mechanical Writing
3730:"From behind the scenes – Godrej Prima and the Stenographers handbook"
2342:
2003:
Many older typewriters did not include a separate key for the numeral
89:
document composed of ink and paper. By the end of the 19th century, a
8540:
4261:
4236:
4231:
4229:
2914:
2666:
2528:
2514:
2487:
2428:
2354:
2293:
2228:
2167:
2153:
2086:). Subsequently it facilitated "erase and retype" corrections (using
2071:
1899:
1612:
1549:
1540:, "Every maternity ward has a typewriter, as well as funeral homes".
1438:
1215:
1173:
947:
900:
818:
305:
256:
150:
73:, and each one causes a different single character to be produced on
8034:
The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist's Companion for the 21st Century
7558:
6897:
6880:
6578:
Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation
3999:
2766:
of each organization sent data on organization's typewriters to the
2466:
The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist's Companion for the 21st Century
1777:
525:
8595:
8263:
7808:
7230:"Tom Hanks just sent a typewriter to an Arlington shop. Here's why"
6300:
6135:
3119:
3099:
2771:
2691:
2412:
2282:
2131:
2117:
1859:
1746:
1715:
Paper companies produced a special form of typewriter paper called
1659:
1553:
1450:
1312:
1198:
959:
894:
745:), making a printed mark on the paper wrapped around a cylindrical
493:
412:
238:
In 1575, an Italian printmaker, Francesco Rampazetto, invented the
7126:"No Country for Old Typewriters: A Well-Used One Heads to Auction"
6443:
The Complete Manual of Typography: A Guide to Setting Perfect Type
4566:
4226:
3274:"Ettore Sottsass, Perry King. Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968"
3055:, the fifth Qajar king of Persia (Iran), made in late 19th century
1081:
noiseless standards continued to be manufactured until the 1960s.
7897:– typewriter ribbon, by George K. Anderson of Memphis, Tennessee.
6885:
KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies
6857:
KULA: knowledge creation, dissemination, and preservation studies
3666:. New. Vol. 17, no. 1. New York. 6 July 1867. p. 3
2180:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1809:
sometimes use variants of the QWERTY layouts, such as the French
1750:
1504:
1446:
1433:(Brother WP1 and WP500 etc., where WP stood for word processor),
482:
215:
86:
58:
8177:
Germany 'may revert to typewriters' to counter hi-tech espionage
6878:
6521:(3rd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 199.
4353:"Underwood 1 Typewriter, 1897 | Science Museum Group Collection"
3391:(in Italian). Museo dinamico della tecnologia Adriano Olivetti.
846:
factors contributed greatly to mass adoption of the technology.
8468:
8461:
8456:
8446:
7482:
Haas, Josef. (1972), "ATLAS der Schreibmaschinenschrift, PICA".
6362:(third ed.). Hartley & Marks, Publishers. p. 80.
5199:"IBM Reinvented the Typewriter With the Selectric 50 Years Ago"
4479:
Approaches to the History of Written Culture: A World Inscribed
3498:(in Italian). Modena: Tipografia Vincenzi e Rossi. p. 150.
1882:
1867:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1782:
1650:
1593:
1560:
1390:
1132:
963:
774:
746:
579:
508:
120:
96:
66:
8188:
8158:
7623:(2nd ed.). Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith. p. 1042.
6566:
been italicized, if that capability existed on the typewriter.
5741:"Wite Out? World's 'last typewriter factory' apparently isn't"
4833:
Acocella, Joan, "The Typing Life: How writers used to write",
2805:
Chestnut Ridge Typewriter Museum (Fairmont, West Virginia, US)
2094:.) Only the latter concept has survived into the computer age.
2062:
8293:
8060:
7462:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 177–189.
4710:
Smalley, William A.; Vang, Chia Koua; Yang, Gnia Yee (1990).
2184:
1647:
The traditional erasing method involved the use of a special
1631:
was supposed to have no mistakes and no visible corrections.
1527:
742:
428:
74:
28:
8108:
Video showcasing historical typewriters, with soundtrack by
7968:
Beeching was the Director of the British Typewriter Museum.
7929:. Routledge Revivals (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge.
7028:"JACK KEROUAC on THE STEVE ALLEN SHOW with Steve Allen 1959"
6115:
5659:. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 27 April 2011. Archived from
3898:. American Printing House for the Blind, Inc. Archived from
6519:
Type Rules: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography
4855:"The Modern Typewriter and ITS Probable Future Development"
4763:"How to prepare a mimeograph stencil by using a typewriter"
2244:
Humorous "Get out! Can't you see I'm busy" postcard (1900s)
2176:
1863:
1177:
641:
7694:"News & Notes: The Great Rumanian Typewriter Decree".
5822:"Contrary to Reports, Typewriter Industry "Far From Dead""
5414:"The History of Smith Corona | Since 1877 to Present"
5363:"Quickprint closes after 72 years, presses roll elsewhere"
4302:"Fitch typewriter, 1891 | Science Museum Group Collection"
2790:
Schreibmaschinenmuseum Peter Mitterhofer (Parcines, Italy)
1202:
IBM Selectric II (dual Latin/Hebrew typeball and keyboard)
8248:
6501:
6393:
4567:"Remington Standard No. 2: 'Lower Case' vs. 'Shift Key'?"
3154:
2808:
Technical Museum of the Empordà (Figueres, Girona, Spain)
2767:
2188:
2011:, and some even older ones also lacked the numeral zero,
1303:, the Composer would be adapted as the output unit for a
1162:
739:
473:
was the first typewriter manufactured commercially (1870)
396:
158:
typewriter, featured in the permanent collections of the
78:
7547:
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science
6855:
6551:. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Archived from
2901:
Hammond 1B typewriter, invented 1870s, manufactured 1881
8159:
Documentary Film – The Typewriter (In the 21st Century)
7643:
6543:
Regents of the University of Minnesota (18 July 2007).
5256:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p.
4378:"Mechanical Typewriter Explained: How Typewriters Work"
899:
Languages such as French, Spanish, and German required
8165:
Kremlin returns to typewriters to avoid computer leaks
6420:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Peachpit Press.
6244:"Instructions for Using the Blickensderfer Typewriter"
3860:
3491:
3230:"Typewriters, Writing a Social History of Urban India"
2814:
Lu Hanbin Typewriter Museum Shanghai (Shanghai, China)
1507:, completely exiting from a market it once dominated.
126:, developed for typewriters in the 1870s, remains the
7619:
Osborn, Albert S. (1973) . "Questioned Typewriting".
5685:. Fixed-mobile-convergence.tmcnet.com. 15 June 2011.
5657:"The death of the typewriter? Don't write it off yet"
5601:"Company News; I.B.M. to Complete Unit Sale in March"
3299:"Valentine, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum"
2581:
as a percussion instrument, along with (elsewhere) a
1029:
for ten characters per horizontal inch and the other
861:
Such three-row machines, such as the Bar-Let and the
813:, with a "FIG" shift key as well as a "CAP" shift key
7195:
6445:. Berkeley, California: Peachpit Press. p. 80.
5795:"Has The Last Typewriter Factory Closed? Not Really"
3256:"Fact of Fiction? The Legend of the QWERTY Keyboard"
2811:
Musée de la machine à écrire (Lausanne, Switzerland)
2474:
used a Hermes 2000 model manual typewriter to write
595:
Hall 1 typewriter, 1881 - The first index typewriter
210:
An Elliott-Fisher book typewriter on display at the
69:
characters. Typically, a typewriter has an array of
6504:"U&lc Online Issue 41.1.1: Top Ten Type Crimes"
6396:"U&lc Online Issue 41.1.1: Top Ten Type Crimes"
6284:"Computer-Controlled Drills for First-Year Russian"
4622:
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office
4408:
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office
4382:
Gadget Explained – Reviews Gadgets Electronics Tech
2770:. This posed a significant risk for dissidents and
2694:'s typewriter classification system, among others.
2690:'s Termatrex Typewriter classification system, and
1514:, the introduction of low-cost, truly high-quality
391:By 1900, notable typewriter manufacturers included
7973:
7419:
6983:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting
6467:
6282:
6117:
5252:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting
5249:
4841:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting
4185:
2294:Writers with notable associations with typewriters
2255:During World Wars I and II, increasing numbers of
2231:operating systems to designate a given "terminal".
7815:(in French). Perrier Machines de Bureau, Lausanne
6223:
5497:, "Display typewriter", issued 1986-11-04
4658:Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
3876:(3). University of Illinois Press. Archived from
3836:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 291.
2557:
93:who used such a device was also referred to as a
8623:
7927:The Writing Machine: A History of the Typewriter
7910:The Writing Machine: A History of the Typewriter
5710:"World's last typewriter plant stops production"
5683:"Texas inmates have clear choice in typewriters"
5481:M.P.S. Macchine per scrivere Olivetti e non solo
4966:Colin Hempstead, William E. Worthington (2005).
4277:"Two Hammond 'Ideal' typewriters, one with case"
3950:
3870:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
2796:Liverpool Typewriter Museum (Liverpool, England)
1998:practice of underlining text in place of italics
1877:
1841:A number of radically different layouts such as
1510:The increasing dominance of personal computers,
1222:multiple fonts to be used in a single document.
1112:Another electric typewriter was produced by the
1063:
720:of the case keys, which choose one of six cases.
514:
5576:"The Society-Changing Invention of Typewriters"
5097:. IBM Archives. 23 January 2003. Archived from
4755:
4709:
4475:
2793:Museo della Macchina da Scrivere (Milan, Italy)
2401:, a fast typist at 100 words per minute, typed
1741:made its appearance, under brand names such as
332:Cembalo scrivano o macchina da scrivere a tasti
146:Peter Mitterhofer's typewriter prototype (1864)
7608:, Rochester, NY: The Genesee Press, p. 23
7286:"Why Robert Caro Now Has Only Ten Typewriters"
7123:
6979:
6631:"The Carriage Return and Line Feed Characters"
6116:Liebowitz, S. J.; Stephen E. Margolis (1990).
5478:
5247:
4051:"The Original Typewriter Enterprise 1867–1873"
3920:
3577:"Thurber's Chirographer – Scientific American"
3001:1920s Underwood typewriter with Swedish layout
2460:in Cincinnati who collects typewriters, edits
1280:In addition to its electronic successors, the
876:with a similar three-row typewriter keyboard.
8204:
7319:"IMSLP16532-Satie_-_Parade_(orch._score).pdf"
6079:
5768:"Reports of typewriter's death are premature"
5047:. 03.ibm.com. 23 January 2003. Archived from
4027:. Wisconsin Historical Society. 22 March 2007
3249:
3247:
2975:SH-280, a small machine with 2,268 characters
2913:Hammond 1B, as used by a newspaper office in
2889:for the Sholes, Glidden, and Soule typewriter
2837:Chuck & Rich's Antique Typewriter Website
2538:used a Royal typewriter to compose his books.
1596:offered to donate western typewriters to the
1445:(PWP, i.e. Personal Word Processor line) and
276:
270:
239:
32:Mechanical desktop typewriters, such as this
7589:. Albany, NY: Banks & Brothers. p.
6130:(April 1990). The University of Chicago: 1.
5928:
5926:
5438:
3985:
3361:"The Typing Life: How writers used to write"
2820:German Typewriter Museum (Bayreuth, Germany)
2817:Wattens Typewriter Museum (Wattens, Austria)
2063:Terminology repurposed for the computer age
1836:
81:ribbon selectively against the paper with a
8606:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
7258:. Vol. Fall 1999, no. 152. 1999.
6198:Universal Access in the Information Society
5464:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5071:"Changing the Type of Typewriter Made Easy"
4647:"My Typewriter Collection: Bar-Let Model 2"
3935:
1592:more difficult. In 1997, the government of
619:A Mignon Model 4 index typewriter from 1924
49:A typewriter being used to type "Knowledge"
8211:
8197:
7671:(in Romanian). jurnalul.ro. Archived from
7583:Hagan, William E. (1894). "Chapter VIII".
7149:
7147:
7145:
6494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6355:
5901:"Ainda se fabricam máquinas de escrever? (
5483:. Fondazione Natale Capellaro. p. 74.
5441:"Mid2Mod: Back in the day: Typing erasers"
4698:"Principles of Telegraphy, Teletypewriter"
4149:
4147:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4044:
4042:
3244:
3182:. Princeton University Press. p. 38.
1622:
1341:Smith-Corona Prestige Auto 12 being tapped
85:. Thereby, the machine produces a legible
7543:"Landmarks in Typewriting Identification"
7536:
7534:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7341:"Boston Orchestra Makes Typewriters Sing"
7326:International Music Score Library Project
6896:
6600:
6231:Economic History and the Modern Economist
5923:
5813:
5765:
5285:"IBM Office Products Division highlights"
5136:
5134:
4994:"The history of IBM electric typewriters"
4401:
4260:
3893:
3634:Antique typewriters: from Creed to QWERTY
3522:
3516:
2678:Typewritten documents may be examined by
2215:to be fed until the next line's position.
1928:
1396:
849:
244:, a machine to impress letters in papers.
8120:Early Typewriter Collectors' Association
7971:
7953:
7733:"10 Typewriter Museums You Should Visit"
7637:
7332:
5819:
5738:
5707:
5389:"IBM Selectric Typewriter Resource Page"
4843:(Cornell) 2007, by Darren Wershler-Henry
4476:Lyons, Martyn; Marquilhas, Rita (2017).
4183:
3527:(2nd ed.). Harvard Business Press.
3471:"Italian Inventors and their Inventions"
3358:
2630:
2389:) and actually dictates the book to him.
2341:
2239:
1932:
1881:
1776:
1679:
1638:
1322:
1259:
1197:
1104:
1067:
804:
796:
788:
764:
701:
692:
684:
676:
614:
606:
598:
590:
524:
465:
205:
181:
168:Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
149:
141:
39:
27:
8058:
8036:. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press.
8004:
7509:
7283:
7221:
7142:
7096:
6580:. New York: Gotham Books. p. 135.
6329:
6280:
6233:. Basil Blackwell, New York and Oxford.
6195:
6172:
5868:
5792:
5196:
4969:Encyclopedia of 20th Century Technology
4616:Mosher, Charles Philo (10 April 1917).
4592:"Typing Through Time: Keyboard History"
4527:
4496:
4144:
4115:
4048:
4039:
3175:
2727:Typewriter examination was used in the
2673:
2651:The manga (2015–2020) and anime (2018)
1522:technologies, and the pervasive use of
234:Some early typing instruments include:
16:Mechanical device for typing characters
8624:
8137:Ding, click clack – typewriter is back
7618:
7603:
7531:
7458:Kelly, Mary W. (2006). "Typewriters".
7446:
7227:
7204:"I Am TOM. I Like to TYPE. Hear That?"
7153:
7138:from the original on 4 September 2014.
7072:"Harlan Ellison Webderland: Interview"
6927:
6786:"1876 Sholes, Gidden, Soule invention"
6711:"Keyboard Design for the LISP Machine"
6625:
6623:
6545:"University of Minnesota Style Manual"
6474:(1st ed.). New Castle, Delaware.
6440:
5633:Keene, Cindy Atoji (1 February 2009).
5538:
5131:
4738:"A Brief Chronology of the Typewriter"
4615:
4533:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4019:
4017:
3887:
3854:
3829:
3523:Utterback, James M. Utterback (1996).
3495:Intorno invenzioni e scoperte italiane
2252:had floral ornamentation on the case.
1976:between sentences, and the use of the
1913:with thousands of characters, such as
561:) to commercialize the machine as the
455:
330:created a prototype typewriter called
8192:
7924:
7907:
7724:
7666:
7582:
7540:
7457:
7201:
6654:
6575:
6250:from the original on 21 February 2014
6087:"How to correct a mimeograph stencil"
6059:
6035:"Escaping the Bonds of Erasable Bond"
5964:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 232.
5957:
5850:from the original on 19 December 2013
5632:
5279:
5277:
5222:
4947:from the original on 25 December 2016
4852:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4596:Das Keyboard Mechanical Keyboard Blog
4451:"The typewriter: an informal history"
3823:
3757:
3751:
3631:
3546:
3544:
3451:from the original on 5 September 2016
3421:from the original on 28 November 2012
3373:from the original on 3 December 2013.
2754:) were a controlled technology, with
2669:repair store in Berkeley, California.
2027:("oh") for the zero. A cents symbol,
1785:" layout of typewriter keys became a
1634:
366:article and inspired other inventors.
212:Historic Archive and Museum of Mining
8031:
7912:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
7730:
7434:from the original on 11 January 2022
7417:
7363:
7156:"The Hidden World of the Typewriter"
6980:Wershler-Henry, Darren Sean (2007).
6289:The Slavic and East European Journal
6097:from the original on 16 October 2012
5932:
5645:from the original on 26 August 2013.
5635:"Typewriters ring on in the fringes"
4859:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
4773:from the original on 16 October 2012
4564:
4357:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
4331:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
4306:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
4237:"The Remington Type-Writing Machine"
3525:Mastering The Dynamics Of Innovation
2802:– MoP (Haverhill, Massachusetts, US)
2353:Universal Portable in his office at
1114:Blickensderfer Manufacturing Company
672:
7667:Betea, Lavinia (13 February 2009).
7191:from the original on 4 August 2017.
7154:Joiner, James (11 September 2013).
7124:Patricia Cohen (30 November 2009).
6834:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
6620:
6330:Makinen, Julie (3 September 2016).
6173:Francis, Darryl (1 November 2015).
5937:. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press.
5903:Are typewriters still manufactured?
5739:Stanglin, Douglas (26 April 2011).
5225:Scientific Examination of Documents
5140:
5024:National Museum of American History
4165:from the original on 3 October 2016
4080:
4014:
3786:from the original on 2 January 2014
3764:. London: Guilbert Pitman. p.
3389:museocasertaolivetti.altervista.org
2160:on computer systems that moves the
2142:can be generated by first pressing
1953:indents for paragraphs, and double
1772:
1726:
1559:In April 2011, Godrej and Boyce, a
1276:available by changing the type ball
1088:
757:operate in the opposite direction.
586:
13:
8115:Oliveira Typewriter (em português)
7901:
7833:
7783:"Museo della Macchina da Scrivere"
7338:
7097:Kennedy, Randy (4 December 2009).
6928:Aleeva, Ekaterina (10 July 2017).
5911:from the original on 25 April 2012
5820:Rohrlich, Justin (25 April 2011).
5801:from the original on 13 March 2012
5716:from the original on 29 April 2011
5689:from the original on 26 April 2012
5573:
5420:from the original on 22 March 2017
5274:
5197:Jackson, Nicholas (27 July 2011).
5083:from the original on 26 June 2018.
5045:"IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01"
4929:from the original on 30 July 2016.
4905:from the original on 30 July 2016.
4810:
4565:Mark, Adams on (24 October 2013).
4502:
4402:McCormack, Harry S. (2 May 1907).
4294:
3863:"The Three Lives of Frank H. Hall"
3850:from the original on 26 June 2018.
3798:
3587:from the original on 27 March 2015
3541:
3196:from the original on 26 June 2018.
2824:Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum
2717:, and again in his 1929 textbook,
1329:
1009:
728:
567:. This was the origin of the term
557:(then famous as a manufacturer of
14:
8663:
8149:Typewriters experience a comeback
8088:
7377:from the original on 4 April 2012
7371:"The Boston Typewriter Orchestra"
7351:from the original on 8 March 2012
7284:Helfand, Zach (22 October 2021).
7236:. Boston Globe Media Partners LLC
7078:from the original on 8 March 2012
6359:The elements of typographic style
6161:understanding of keyboard design.
5844:"UK's 'last typewriter' produced"
4515:from the original on 29 July 2011
4511:. The Virtual Typewriter Museum.
4333:. Science Museum Group Collection
4139:from the original on 6 June 2021.
4055:The Wisconsin Magazine of History
3510:William Austin Burt's Typographer
3395:from the original on 21 June 2017
3253:
2858:Peter Mitterhofer 1864 typewriter
2357:, which is now maintained by the
2298:
2235:
2138:with letters they modified (e.g.
1688:
1288:instead of typesetting machines.
817:A significant innovation was the
356:(US), built a machine called the
7958:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
7849:
7827:
7801:
7787:Museo della macchina da scrivere
7775:
7750:
7687:
7660:
7612:
7597:
7576:
7522:
7503:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7411:
7389:
7311:
7277:
7248:
7181:"Why typewriters beat computers"
7173:
7117:
7105:from the original on 28 May 2011
7090:
7064:
7038:
7020:
7000:
6973:
6947:
6921:
6872:
6848:
6822:
6813:
6804:
6778:
6753:
6728:
6703:
6677:
6648:
6603:"Invention of the Backspace Key"
6594:
6569:
6536:
6459:
6434:
6409:
6387:
6349:
6323:
6274:
6262:
6236:
6189:
6166:
6150:from the original on 3 July 2008
6109:
6053:
6027:
6002:
5976:
5951:
5893:
5862:
5836:
5786:
5766:Romenesko, Jim (26 April 2011).
5759:
5747:from the original on 7 July 2012
5732:
5701:
5675:
5520:from the original on 28 May 2013
5113:"A different type of dance move"
4540:Machines of Loving Grace website
4426:"A Brief History of Typewriters"
4126:
4103:from the original on 2 July 2016
3067:An Olivetti Studio 45 Typewriter
3060:
3044:
3028:typewriter robotron S 1001 from
3021:
3006:
2994:
2980:
2965:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2906:
2894:
2878:
2863:
2851:
1710:
1643:Triumph typewriter eraser (1960)
1478:
1462:
1363:Problems playing this file? See
1345:
1282:Magnetic Tape Selectric Composer
1187:
1037:is a linear unit (approximately
826:contact with the ribbon/platen.
760:
8218:
7836:"The Virtual Typewriter Museum"
7669:"La Miliţie cu maşina de scris"
6601:Kelechava, Brad (17 May 2016).
6502:Upper and Lower Case Magazine.
6394:Upper and Lower Case Magazine.
6175:"AZERTY & QWERTZ keyboards"
6060:Mejia, Zameena (23 July 2018).
5793:Memmott, Mark (26 April 2011).
5649:
5626:
5593:
5567:
5532:
5506:
5487:
5472:
5432:
5406:
5381:
5355:
5329:
5311:"IBM MT/ST (1964 – late 1970s)"
5303:
5248:Wershler-Henry, Darren (2005).
5241:
5227:. CRC Press. pp. 106–107.
5216:
5190:
5160:
5105:
5087:
5063:
5037:
5012:
4986:
4959:
4933:
4909:
4885:
4846:
4785:
4730:
4716:. University of Chicago Press.
4703:
4691:
4676:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4628:
4609:
4584:
4558:
4469:
4443:
4418:
4395:
4370:
4345:
4319:
4281:Science Museum Group Collection
4269:
4177:
3979:
3961:
3954:Hvem er Skrivekuglens Opfinder?
3944:
3929:
3914:
3861:Hendrickson, Walter B. (1956).
3772:
3721:
3696:
3678:
3650:
3625:
3599:
3569:
3502:
3492:Gianfrancesco Rambelli (1844).
3485:
3463:
3433:
3407:
3377:
3359:Acocella, Joan (9 April 2007).
3352:
3161:. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.).
2873:, invented in 1865 (1870 model)
2826:(Odunpazarı, Eskişehir, Turkey)
2039:with a slash character (typing
1909:Typewriters were also made for
288:patented a machine called the "
262:Between 1801 and 1808, Italian
7809:"Musée de la Machine à Ecrire"
7731:Ways, Mark (28 October 2021).
7541:Crown, David A. (March 1967).
7101:. Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com.
6957:. Rehr, Darryl. Archived from
6470:The Typographic Desk Reference
6124:Journal of Law & Economics
5907:. Mundoestranho.abril.com.br.
5439:Dana@mid2mod (3 August 2011).
5174:. 7 March 2012. Archived from
3334:
3316:
3291:
3266:
3222:
3200:
3169:
3148:
3036:, this sample is owned by the
2941:Typebars in a 1920s typewriter
2840:Mr. Martin's Typewriter Museum
2781:
2635:Typewriting speed competition
2558:Typewriters in popular culture
809:Corona #3 typewriter owned by
564:Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer
1:
8335:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
7972:Beeching, Wilfred A. (1990).
7954:Beeching, Wilfred A. (1974).
7418:Dehn, Georgia (27 May 2013).
7228:Patkin, Abby (5 April 2023).
7008:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography
6014:Perspectives on History | AHA
5542:Technology and Women's Voices
5020:"IBM Electromatic Typewriter"
4839:, April 9, 2007, a review of
4542:. Alan Seaver. Archived from
4327:"Gardner typewriter, c. 1893"
4159:The Virtual Typewriter Museum
3761:The History of the Typewriter
3636:. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Pub.
3141:
2742:, typewriters (together with
2688:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
2642:The 2012 French comedy movie
2571:'s 1917 score for the ballet
2447:
2250:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
1878:Keyboards for other languages
1577:, which has made the ongoing
521:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
515:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
8289:Underwood Typewriter Company
7813:Musée de la machine à écrire
7512:Journal of Forensic Sciences
7256:"The Art of Biography No. 2"
7202:Hanks, Tom (3 August 2013).
7006:Carpenter, Humphrey (1978).
6986:. Cornell University Press.
6466:Rosendorf, Theodore (2009).
5990:. November 1947. p. 128
5984:"Rotating Typewriter Eraser"
5393:www.covingtoninnovations.com
5343:. 23 January 2003. p. 2
5291:. 23 January 2003. p. 2
4192:The Journal of Asian Studies
4184:Mullaney, Thomas S. (2016).
4049:Current, Richard N. (1949).
4025:"First Practical Typewriter"
3473:. YourGuideToItaly.com. 2010
2456:, a philosophy professor at
2324:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
888:
793:Remington 2 typewriter, 1878
784:
425:Underwood Typewriter Company
7:
8585:Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing
8574:Boston Typewriter Orchestra
8254:Imperial Typewriter Company
8125:The Classic Typewriter Page
8110:Boston Typewriter Orchestra
8065:. Lewiston, Maine: Penmor.
6655:Stoll, Cliff (April 2020).
6356:Bringhurst, Robert (2004).
6281:Purcell, Edward T. (1974).
5337:"IBM typewriter milestones"
5095:"IBM Typewriter Milestones"
4797:The Classic Typewriter Page
4671:"1921 Corona Folding No. 3"
4430:The Classic Typewriter Page
4133:The Classic Typewriter Page
4093:"Antique Index Typewriters"
3894:Anonymous (24 April 2011).
3072:
2680:forensic document examiners
2613:Boston Typewriter Orchestra
2562:
2120:techniques for typographic
1423:word-processing typewriters
1135:and New York City in 1910.
1060:(aka mimeograph machines).
942:, and others were separate
405:Imperial Typewriter Company
21:Typewriter (disambiguation)
10:
8668:
8153:United Press International
8130:
7878:
7758:"Schreib Maschinen Museum"
7604:Osborn, Albert S. (1908),
7010:, Unwin Paperbacks p.207.
6516:
6465:
6415:
5708:CBC News (26 April 2011).
5168:"The Selectric Typewriter"
5143:"The Selectric Typewriter"
4972:. Routledge. p. 605.
3969:"Drawing for a Typewriter"
3346:Victoria and Albert Museum
3176:Cortada, James W. (2015).
3053:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
2844:
2704:In non-fiction, the first
2031:was created by combining (
1797:
1730:
1500:its first 80 or 90 years.
1494:
1214:) slightly smaller than a
1191:
1013:
892:
879:
769:Daugherty typewriter, 1893
681:Hammond 1 typewriter, 1885
518:
459:
360:which appeared in an 1867
176:Victoria and Albert Museum
160:Metropolitan Museum of Art
137:
18:
8564:
8518:
8477:
8434:
8353:
8310:Blickensderfer typewriter
8302:
8259:Oliver Typewriter Company
8226:
8005:Casillo, Anthony (2017).
7976:Century of the Typewriter
7956:Century of the Typewriter
7710:10.1080/03064228608534006
7347:. National Public Radio.
5846:. BBC. 20 November 2012.
5770:. Poynter. Archived from
5493:
4688:. 2017. pp. 116; 197–198.
4660:"Corona No. 3 Typewriter"
4204:10.1017/S0021911816000577
3951:Johanne Agerskov (1925).
3158:Oxford English Dictionary
2834:Virtual Typewriter Museum
2359:University of Mississippi
2337:
2007:or the exclamation point
1992:, as quotation marks and
1848:Blickensderfer typewriter
1837:Other layouts for English
1793:
1767:
1419:dedicated word processors
962:, which did not move the
958:) would be assigned to a
535:Christopher Latham Sholes
409:Oliver Typewriter Company
8591:Repetitive strain injury
8269:Royal Typewriter Company
8059:Wichary, Marcin (2023).
6657:"When Slide Rules Ruled"
6517:Strizver, Ilene (2010).
6416:Williams, Robin (2003).
5869:Cornell, Svante (2005).
5315:Museum of Obsolete Media
4636:"Three-Bank Typewriters"
3692:. May 1929. p. 751.
3611:Lombardia Beni Culturali
3278:The Museum of Modern Art
2626:
2605:Who's Minding the Store?
2441:archys life of mehitabel
1737:In the 1950s and 1960s,
1573:Russian typewriters use
1264:Composer output showing
1050:
689:Fitch 1 typewriter, 1888
417:Royal Typewriter Company
8652:19th-century inventions
8546:Speech-to-text reporter
8361:Lucien Stephen Crandall
8239:Commodore International
8101:Most Definitely My Type
7606:Typewriting as Evidence
6549:University of Minnesota
6119:"The Fable of the Keys"
5479:Giuseppe Silmo (2007).
3921:Otto Burghagen (1898).
3737:www.archives.godrej.com
3632:Adler, Michael (1997).
3512:. Science Museum. 1829.
3303:Smithsonian Institution
3163:Oxford University Press
3051:Personal typewriter of
3015:Deutsches Technikmuseum
2960:, with 2,450 characters
2715:Typewriting as Evidence
2503:wrote his novels on an
2330:Life on the Mississippi
2043:, then backspace, then
1721:Eaton's Corrasable Bond
1623:Correction technologies
369:Between 1864 and 1867,
8032:Polt, Richard (2015).
7925:Adler, M. H. (2023) .
6955:"The First Typewriter"
6740:Typography for Lawyers
6441:Felici, James (2003).
6271:(retrieved 2012-07-04)
5933:Polt, Richard (2015).
5574:AO (29 January 2020).
4618:"Type-Writing Machine"
4404:"Type-Writing Machine"
3810:History of Information
3658:"Type Writing Machine"
3330:, London. 19 May 2016.
3013:Chinese typewriter at
2988:Hermes 3000 typewriter
2713:in his 1908 treatise,
2638:
2366:
2333:(1883, also by Twain).
2245:
2211:, and would cause the
2019:("ell") for the digit
1958:
1929:Typewriter conventions
1896:precomposed characters
1890:
1790:
1685:
1644:
1598:Republic of Azerbaijan
1397:Electronic typewriters
1334:
1277:
1203:
1095:Universal Stock Ticker
1073:
1072:Rapid typewriter, 1890
850:Three-bank typewriters
821:, introduced with the
814:
802:
794:
770:
707:
699:
690:
682:
620:
612:
604:
596:
530:
492:Malling-Hansen used a
474:
277:
271:
240:
219:
203:
179:
170:in New York; London's
147:
50:
37:
8411:Lyman Cornelius Smith
8406:James Fields Smathers
8381:Rasmus Malling-Hansen
8244:E. Remington and Sons
7908:Adler, M. H. (1973).
7074:. Harlanellison.com.
6830:"Decree on the Press"
6210:10.1007/s102090100012
6093:. SIL International.
5551:10.4324/9780203221938
5516:. Mindmachine.co.uk.
5495:US patent 4620808
5223:Ellen, David (2005).
4853:Gould, R. T. (1928).
4769:. SIL International.
4534:Seaver, Alan (2011).
3896:"Hall Braille Writer"
3830:Larson, Erik (2004).
3780:"Early Office Museum"
3758:Mares, G. C. (1909).
2662:California Typewriter
2634:
2345:
2307:dictated to a typist.
2243:
1978:typewriter apostrophe
1936:
1885:
1780:
1753:; it was invented by
1684:Erasing Shield (1992)
1683:
1642:
1568:London Science Museum
1546:Moonachie, New Jersey
1333:
1323:Later electric models
1263:
1201:
1139:James Fields Smathers
1118:Stamford, Connecticut
1105:Early electric models
1071:
1014:Further information:
950:. Diacritics such as
808:
800:
792:
768:
705:
696:
688:
680:
618:
610:
602:
594:
555:E. Remington and Sons
528:
479:Rasmus Malling-Hansen
469:
393:E. Remington and Sons
326:In 1855, the Italian
227:, the telephone, and
209:
194:
153:
145:
130:for English-language
48:
31:
8601:Speed typing contest
7621:Questioned Documents
7586:Disputed Handwriting
6736:"Tabs and tab stops"
6576:Truss, Lynn (2004).
5958:Peril, Lynn (2011).
5877:Taylor & Francis
5832:on 24 February 2016.
5141:IBM (7 March 2012).
4793:"Noiseless Portable"
4247:(342): 43–44. 1876.
3445:history-computer.com
3415:"Henry Mill Patents"
3218:on 27 December 2016.
3212:www.officemuseum.com
3165:. 1989. p. 789.
3090:Duplicating machines
2719:Questioned Documents
2674:Forensic examination
2431:named "Archy" was a
2371:William S. Burroughs
2192:space-cadet keyboard
2023:, and the uppercase
1911:East Asian languages
1755:Bette Nesmith Graham
1619:, and street poets.
1301:letterpress printing
872:was developed for a
832:upper and lower case
551:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
164:Museum of Modern Art
34:Underwood Typewriter
19:For other uses, see
8391:John Jonathon Pratt
8325:Hansen Writing Ball
8315:Data Recall Diamond
8170:The Daily Telegraph
7861:www.mrmartinweb.com
7857:"Typewriter Museum"
7697:Index on Censorship
7675:on 4 September 2015
7427:The Daily Telegraph
6792:on 14 December 2012
6091:LinguaLinks Library
5774:on 4 September 2011
5607:. 12 January 1991.
4767:LinguaLinks Library
4536:"Daugherty Visible"
4253:1876Natur..14...43.
4097:Early Office Museum
3940:. Schauenburg 2005.
3663:Scientific American
3556:Early Office Museum
3348:. 25 February 2008.
3110:Projection keyboard
3032:-Elektronik at the
2973:Japanese typewriter
2871:Hansen Writing Ball
2620:Becoming Typewriter
2505:Olivetti Lettera 32
2424:archy and mehitabel
1888:Olivetti Lettera 22
1886:Italian typewriter
1415:display typewriters
1255:typesetting machine
1206:IBM introduced the
1165:, which then spent
1064:"Noiseless" designs
1058:stencil duplicators
657:Chinese typewriters
487:Hansen Writing Ball
471:Hansen Writing Ball
462:Hansen Writing Ball
456:Hansen Writing Ball
380:, a carpenter from
363:Scientific American
350:John Jonathon Pratt
286:William Austin Burt
8647:Italian inventions
8642:1873 introductions
8401:Christopher Sholes
8340:Olivetti Valentine
8320:Hammond Typewriter
7655:ASTM International
7649:2006-03-31 at the
7644:ASTM International
7208:The New York Times
7052:on 21 October 2007
7034:. 12 January 2015.
6961:on 1 February 2009
6715:Xah Keyboard Guide
6555:on 17 January 2009
6041:. 19 February 2010
5605:The New York Times
4829:2007-09-29 at the
3417:. Todayinsci.com.
3155:"typewriter (2)".
3095:Friden Flexowriter
2954:Chinese typewriter
2800:Museum of Printing
2699:A Case of Identity
2639:
2443:, written in 1933.
2367:
2246:
2175:later extended to
2126:offset lithography
1959:
1957:between paragraphs
1891:
1872:computer keyboards
1791:
1686:
1658:that contained an
1645:
1635:Typewriter erasers
1512:desktop publishing
1335:
1278:
1251:Selectric Composer
1204:
1074:
1020:Pitch (typewriter)
1016:Point (typography)
815:
803:
795:
771:
708:
700:
691:
683:
621:
613:
605:
597:
531:
475:
446:Brother Industries
284:In 1829, American
220:
204:
180:
156:Olivetti Valentine
148:
132:computer keyboards
51:
38:
8619:
8618:
8510:Typewriter eraser
8354:Prominent figures
7630:978-0-87585-207-2
7469:978-0-8493-2044-6
6993:978-0-8014-4586-6
6587:978-1-59240-087-4
6528:978-0-470-54251-4
6481:978-1-58456-231-3
6452:978-0-321-12730-3
6427:978-0-201-78263-9
6369:978-0-88179-206-5
6336:Los Angeles Times
6010:"Erasing History"
5988:Popular Mechanics
5560:978-0-203-22193-8
5369:. 18 January 2012
5367:Superior Telegram
5267:978-0-8014-4586-6
5234:978-0-8493-3925-7
5147:Icons of Progress
5119:. 20 January 2020
5079:: 83. July 1931.
5076:Popular Mechanics
5000:. 23 January 2003
4979:978-1-57958-464-1
4865:(3940): 717–738.
4742:www.quadibloc.com
4723:978-0-226-76287-6
4682:Anthony Casillo.
4489:978-3-319-54136-5
4457:. 23 January 2003
3936:Dieter Eberwein.
3883:on 6 August 2010.
3843:978-1-4000-7631-4
3739:. Godrej archives
3709:. Godrej archives
3690:Popular Mechanics
3643:978-0-7643-0132-2
3534:978-0-87584-740-5
3324:"ETTORE SOTTSASS"
3189:978-1-4008-7276-3
3115:Teletype Model 33
3105:Letter (alphabet)
3085:Computer keyboard
2752:computer printers
2706:document examiner
2654:Violet Evergarden
2637:(The Hague, 1954)
2458:Xavier University
2315:his autobiography
2279:Russian Civil War
2270:and movies. The "
2158:control character
2136:diacritical marks
1693:Erasing a set of
1350:
1299:began to replace
940:⟨ñ⟩
936:⟨é⟩
932:metal typesetting
838:, and ampersand,
738:(usually made of
673:Other typewriters
450:Silver Seiko Ltd.
371:Peter Mitterhofer
241:scrittura tattile
202:typewriter in use
192:
128:de facto standard
63:electromechanical
46:
8659:
8536:Data entry clerk
8490:Correction fluid
8396:Clarence Seamans
8366:Frank Haven Hall
8213:
8206:
8199:
8190:
8189:
8102:
8084:
8055:
8028:
7999:
7979:
7967:
7948:
7921:
7896:
7888:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7762:Typewritermuseum
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7704:(1): 2–3. 1986.
7691:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7664:
7658:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7538:
7529:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7507:
7501:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7483:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7455:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7423:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7323:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7151:
7140:
7139:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7048:. Archived from
7042:
7036:
7035:
7024:
7018:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6900:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6836:. 25 August 2015
6826:
6820:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6788:. Archived from
6782:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6664:Ingersoll Museum
6661:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6627:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6540:
6534:
6532:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6499:
6493:
6485:
6473:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6286:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6240:
6234:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6121:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6039:Or What You Will
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5828:. Archived from
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5639:The Boston Globe
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5463:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5255:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5101:on 27 June 2017.
5091:
5085:
5084:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4850:
4844:
4821:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4707:
4701:
4700:. 1967. p. A-15.
4695:
4689:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:10.1038/014043a0
4233:
4224:
4223:
4189:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4124:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4089:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4021:
4012:
4011:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3902:on 27 April 2012
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3214:. Archived from
3204:
3198:
3197:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3152:
3080:Chorded keyboard
3064:
3048:
3025:
3010:
2998:
2984:
2969:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2910:
2898:
2882:
2867:
2855:
2764:First Department
2744:printing presses
2729:Leopold and Loeb
2536:David McCullough
2393:J. R. R. Tolkien
2347:William Faulkner
2085:
2081:
2077:
2058:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1991:
1983:
1955:carriage returns
1943:sentence spacing
1874:have ^ instead.
1773:Keyboard layouts
1739:correction fluid
1733:Correction fluid
1727:Correction fluid
1671:
1670:
1666:
1537:The Boston Globe
1482:
1466:
1387:correction fluid
1352:
1351:
1332:
1305:phototypesetting
1157:, a division of
1089:Electric designs
1046:
1045:
1041:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
953:
941:
937:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
841:
837:
811:Ernest Hemingway
587:Index typewriter
539:Frank Haven Hall
501:Frank Haven Hall
379:
328:Giuseppe Ravizza
280:
275:, also known as
274:
264:Pellegrino Turri
259:sister to write.
243:
193:
47:
8667:
8666:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8566:
8560:
8514:
8505:Typewriter desk
8473:
8442:Keyboard layout
8430:
8426:Ettore Sottsass
8416:Samuel W. Soulé
8349:
8298:
8222:
8217:
8185:, July 15, 2014
8173:, July 11, 2013
8155:, Dec. 19, 2011
8142:Quad-City Times
8133:
8100:
8091:
8073:
8044:
8017:
7988:
7937:
7904:
7902:Further reading
7892:
7884:
7881:
7876:
7875:
7865:
7863:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7840:
7838:
7832:
7828:
7818:
7816:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7766:
7764:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7741:
7739:
7729:
7725:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7678:
7676:
7665:
7661:
7651:Wayback Machine
7642:
7638:
7631:
7617:
7613:
7602:
7598:
7581:
7577:
7559:10.2307/1141378
7539:
7532:
7527:
7523:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7477:
7470:
7456:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7416:
7412:
7402:
7400:
7399:. 10 March 2001
7395:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7354:
7352:
7337:
7333:
7321:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7200:
7196:
7187:. 30 May 2008.
7179:
7178:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7152:
7143:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7055:
7053:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6938:
6936:
6926:
6922:
6898:10.5334/kula.30
6877:
6873:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6839:
6837:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6793:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6769:
6767:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6668:
6666:
6659:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6635:Daniel Miessler
6629:
6628:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6574:
6570:
6558:
6556:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6508:
6506:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6464:
6460:
6453:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6414:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6388:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6328:
6324:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6228:
6224:
6194:
6190:
6171:
6167:
6153:
6151:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6070:
6068:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5931:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5879:. p. 283.
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5737:
5733:
5719:
5717:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5477:
5473:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5447:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5221:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5178:on 3 April 2012
5166:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5139:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4851:
4847:
4831:Wayback Machine
4822:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4681:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4571:Type-Writer.org
4563:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4127:Polt, Richard.
4125:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4047:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4000:10.2307/2573562
3984:
3980:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3949:
3945:
3934:
3930:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3844:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3252:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3190:
3174:
3170:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3130:Typewriter desk
3075:
3068:
3065:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3002:
2999:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2951:
2942:
2939:
2930:
2927:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2890:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2859:
2856:
2847:
2784:
2676:
2636:
2629:
2579:Mach. à écrire"
2565:
2560:
2501:Cormac McCarthy
2450:
2379:film adaptation
2340:
2301:
2296:
2287:Decree on Press
2238:
2149:
2145:
2098:carriage return
2088:correction tape
2083:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:) a lower case
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1989:
1986:straight quotes
1981:
1947:quotation marks
1931:
1880:
1839:
1817:and the German
1802:
1796:
1775:
1770:
1735:
1729:
1713:
1691:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1637:
1629:business letter
1625:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1467:
1427:word processors
1399:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1297:offset printing
1286:word processors
1196:
1190:
1122:electrification
1107:
1091:
1066:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1022:
1012:
1010:Character sizes
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
951:
939:
935:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
897:
891:
882:
852:
839:
835:
787:
763:
731:
729:Standardization
675:
589:
576:Ilion, New York
559:sewing machines
547:Samuel W. Soule
523:
517:
464:
458:
373:
354:Centre, Alabama
317:Charles Thurber
182:
140:
124:keyboard layout
113:word processing
77:by striking an
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8665:
8655:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8581:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8567:health aspects
8562:
8561:
8559:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8495:Erasing shield
8492:
8487:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8438:
8436:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8421:Kyota Sugimoto
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8376:Carlos Glidden
8373:
8371:James Densmore
8368:
8363:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8216:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8174:
8162:
8156:
8146:
8145:, May 18, 2009
8132:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8097:
8090:
8089:External links
8087:
8086:
8085:
8071:
8056:
8042:
8029:
8015:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7986:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7935:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7890:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7848:
7834:Robert, Paul.
7826:
7800:
7774:
7749:
7723:
7686:
7659:
7636:
7629:
7611:
7596:
7575:
7553:(1): 105–111.
7530:
7521:
7502:
7493:
7484:
7475:
7468:
7445:
7410:
7388:
7362:
7339:Hurley, Sean.
7331:
7310:
7290:The New Yorker
7276:
7247:
7234:www.boston.com
7220:
7194:
7172:
7141:
7131:New York Times
7116:
7089:
7063:
7046:"Blog archive"
7037:
7019:
6999:
6992:
6972:
6946:
6920:
6871:
6847:
6821:
6812:
6803:
6777:
6761:"What is TTY?"
6752:
6727:
6702:
6676:
6647:
6619:
6593:
6586:
6568:
6535:
6527:
6480:
6458:
6451:
6433:
6426:
6408:
6386:
6368:
6348:
6322:
6301:10.2307/306437
6273:
6261:
6235:
6222:
6188:
6165:
6136:10.1086/467198
6108:
6078:
6052:
6026:
6001:
5975:
5950:
5944:978-1581573114
5943:
5922:
5892:
5886:978-1135796693
5885:
5861:
5835:
5812:
5785:
5758:
5731:
5700:
5674:
5648:
5625:
5592:
5580:History Things
5566:
5559:
5531:
5514:"Smith-Corona"
5505:
5486:
5471:
5431:
5405:
5380:
5354:
5328:
5317:. 19 July 2020
5302:
5273:
5266:
5240:
5233:
5215:
5189:
5159:
5130:
5104:
5086:
5062:
5051:on 26 May 2013
5036:
5011:
4985:
4978:
4958:
4932:
4908:
4884:
4845:
4836:The New Yorker
4809:
4784:
4754:
4729:
4722:
4702:
4690:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4608:
4583:
4557:
4546:on 11 May 2013
4526:
4503:Robert, Paul.
4495:
4488:
4468:
4442:
4417:
4394:
4369:
4344:
4318:
4293:
4268:
4225:
4198:(3): 725–753.
4176:
4155:"The Mignon 2"
4143:
4114:
4079:
4061:(4): 391–407.
4038:
4013:
3994:(2): 197–198.
3978:
3960:
3943:
3928:
3913:
3886:
3853:
3842:
3822:
3797:
3771:
3750:
3720:
3695:
3677:
3649:
3642:
3624:
3598:
3581:todayinsci.com
3568:
3540:
3533:
3515:
3501:
3484:
3462:
3432:
3406:
3376:
3366:The New Yorker
3351:
3333:
3315:
3290:
3265:
3254:Stamp, Jimmy.
3243:
3221:
3199:
3188:
3168:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2887:patent drawing
2884:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2649:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2595:The Typewriter
2590:Leroy Anderson
2586:
2583:roulette wheel
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:Lyndon Johnson
2539:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2498:
2494:Harlan Ellison
2491:
2472:William Gibson
2469:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2416:
2396:
2390:
2387:Peter Boretski
2375:The New Yorker
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2308:
2300:
2299:Early adopters
2297:
2295:
2292:
2272:Tijuana bibles
2237:
2236:Social effects
2234:
2233:
2232:
2225:teletypewriter
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:fan-fold paper
2195:
2165:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2129:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2064:
2061:
2052:
2048:
1930:
1927:
1925:in the 1980s.
1923:laser printers
1879:
1876:
1838:
1835:
1813:, the Italian
1807:Latin alphabet
1798:Main article:
1795:
1792:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1731:Main article:
1728:
1725:
1719:(for example,
1712:
1709:
1700:erasing shield
1690:
1689:Erasing shield
1687:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1590:Latin alphabet
1532:text messaging
1524:web publishing
1520:inkjet printer
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1407:Diablo Systems
1398:
1395:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:IBM System/360
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1159:General Motors
1148:Remington Rand
1129:teletypewriter
1106:
1103:
1097:, invented by
1090:
1087:
1065:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1011:
1008:
893:Main article:
890:
887:
881:
878:
874:teletypewriter
851:
848:
786:
783:
762:
759:
730:
727:
726:
725:
721:
717:
713:
674:
671:
663:Embossing tape
646:character sets
588:
585:
543:Carlos Glidden
519:Main article:
516:
513:
477:In 1865, Rev.
460:Main article:
457:
454:
441:
440:
389:
384:(then part of
367:
346:
339:
324:
298:
297:
294:Science Museum
282:
267:
260:
253:
245:
139:
136:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8664:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8580:
8579:Etaoin shrdlu
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8563:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8467:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8330:IBM Selectric
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:Manufacturers
8225:
8221:
8214:
8209:
8207:
8202:
8200:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8072:9798985873900
8068:
8064:
8063:
8062:Shift Happens
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8043:9781581573114
8039:
8035:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8016:9781452154886
8012:
8008:
8003:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7987:9780951679005
7983:
7978:
7977:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7952:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7936:9781032481135
7932:
7928:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7905:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7837:
7830:
7814:
7810:
7804:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7738:
7737:Typing Lounge
7734:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7690:
7674:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7640:
7632:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7607:
7600:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7579:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7537:
7535:
7525:
7517:
7513:
7506:
7497:
7488:
7479:
7471:
7465:
7461:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7422:
7414:
7398:
7392:
7376:
7373:. Wordpress.
7372:
7366:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7320:
7314:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7209:
7205:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7176:
7161:
7157:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7120:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7016:0 04 928039 2
7013:
7009:
7003:
6995:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6976:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6816:
6807:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6766:
6765:Computer Hope
6762:
6756:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6691:. 23 May 2009
6690:
6686:
6680:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6608:
6607:The ANSI Blog
6604:
6597:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6539:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6505:
6497:
6491:
6483:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6462:
6454:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6412:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6352:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6277:
6270:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6232:
6226:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6204:(2): 99–160,
6203:
6199:
6192:
6185:(4): 292–295.
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5927:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5865:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5746:
5743:. USA Today.
5742:
5735:
5728:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5663:on 3 May 2011
5662:
5658:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5545:. Routledge.
5544:
5543:
5535:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5496:
5490:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5461:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5025:
5021:
5015:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4925:
4918:
4912:
4901:
4894:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:Newyorker.com
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4634:Alan Seaver.
4631:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4043:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3988:Social Forces
3982:
3974:
3973:docsteach.org
3970:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3705:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3557:
3553:
3552:"Typewriters"
3547:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3328:Design Museum
3325:
3319:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:"Typewriters"
3203:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2819:
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2756:secret police
2753:
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2748:copy machines
2745:
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2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:The composer
2587:
2585:and a pistol.
2584:
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2566:
2552:
2548:
2544:
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2522:Ted Kaczynski
2520:
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2381:of his novel
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2325:
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2309:
2306:
2303:
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2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:(1917–1922).
2280:
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2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
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2230:
2226:
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2214:
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2209:line printers
2206:
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2178:
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2166:
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2159:
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2141:
2137:
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2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:cut and paste
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2078:, backspace,
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2034:
2033:over-striking
2001:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
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1956:
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1935:
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1873:
1869:
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1855:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:Touch-typists
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1788:
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1779:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
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1718:
1717:erasable bond
1711:Erasable bond
1708:
1706:
1705:eraser shield
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:carbon copies
1682:
1678:
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1661:
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1383:carbon copies
1380:
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1342:
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1275:
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1258:
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1247:
1245:
1244:IBM Executive
1241:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:IBM Selectric
1200:
1195:
1194:IBM Selectric
1188:IBM Selectric
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
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1125:
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1099:Thomas Edison
1096:
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1021:
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782:
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761:Frontstriking
758:
756:
755:right-to-left
750:
748:
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741:
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718:
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488:
485:invented the
484:
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437:Olympia-Werke
434:
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302:Stenographers
295:
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195:Video of the
177:
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172:Design Museum
169:
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144:
135:
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125:
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117:
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109:
108:assignments.
106:
105:United States
101:
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92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
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60:
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8611:Touch typing
8583:
8565:Cultural and
8551:Stenographer
8531:Audio typist
8485:Carbon paper
8284:Smith Corona
8279:Silver Seiko
8219:
8182:The Guardian
8180:
8168:
8140:
8061:
8033:
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7975:
7955:
7926:
7909:
7864:. Retrieved
7860:
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7839:. Retrieved
7829:
7817:. Retrieved
7812:
7803:
7791:. Retrieved
7789:(in Italian)
7786:
7777:
7765:. Retrieved
7761:
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7740:. Retrieved
7736:
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7689:
7677:. Retrieved
7673:the original
7662:
7639:
7620:
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7599:
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7546:
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7436:. Retrieved
7425:
7413:
7403:12 September
7401:. Retrieved
7391:
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7344:
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7250:
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7233:
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7211:. Retrieved
7207:
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7175:
7163:. Retrieved
7160:The Atlantic
7159:
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7119:
7107:. Retrieved
7092:
7080:. Retrieved
7066:
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7050:the original
7040:
7031:
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6975:
6963:. Retrieved
6959:the original
6949:
6937:. Retrieved
6934:www.rbth.com
6933:
6923:
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6838:. Retrieved
6833:
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6790:the original
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6764:
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6739:
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6718:. Retrieved
6714:
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6689:the Guardian
6688:
6679:
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6663:
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6634:
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6553:the original
6548:
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6469:
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6411:
6399:. Retrieved
6389:
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6335:
6325:
6295:(1): 56–68.
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6264:
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6090:
6081:
6069:. Retrieved
6065:
6055:
6043:. Retrieved
6038:
6029:
6017:. Retrieved
6013:
6004:
5992:. Retrieved
5987:
5978:
5960:
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5934:
5913:. Retrieved
5902:
5895:
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5864:
5854:12 September
5852:. Retrieved
5838:
5830:the original
5825:
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5772:the original
5761:
5749:. Retrieved
5734:
5727:typewriters.
5725:
5718:. Retrieved
5703:
5691:. Retrieved
5677:
5665:. Retrieved
5661:the original
5651:
5638:
5628:
5616:. Retrieved
5604:
5595:
5583:. Retrieved
5579:
5569:
5541:
5534:
5524:12 September
5522:. Retrieved
5508:
5489:
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5444:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5408:
5396:. Retrieved
5392:
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5366:
5357:
5345:. Retrieved
5341:IBM Archives
5340:
5331:
5319:. Retrieved
5314:
5305:
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5289:IBM Archives
5288:
5251:
5243:
5224:
5218:
5206:. Retrieved
5203:The Atlantic
5202:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5176:the original
5171:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5146:
5121:. Retrieved
5116:
5107:
5099:the original
5089:
5074:
5065:
5055:12 September
5053:. Retrieved
5049:the original
5039:
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5023:
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4998:IBM Archives
4997:
4988:
4968:
4961:
4951:16 September
4949:. Retrieved
4935:
4911:
4887:
4862:
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4848:
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4796:
4787:
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4766:
4757:
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4741:
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4599:. Retrieved
4595:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4570:
4560:
4548:. Retrieved
4544:the original
4539:
4529:
4517:. Retrieved
4508:
4498:
4482:. Springer.
4478:
4471:
4459:. Retrieved
4455:IBM Archives
4454:
4445:
4433:. Retrieved
4429:
4420:
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4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4381:
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4330:
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4280:
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4240:
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4191:
4179:
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4158:
4132:
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4096:
4070:. Retrieved
4058:
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4029:. Retrieved
3991:
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3900:the original
3889:
3878:the original
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3869:
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3809:
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3774:
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3753:
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3736:
3723:
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3698:
3689:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3661:
3652:
3633:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3613:(in Italian)
3610:
3601:
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3580:
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3465:
3455:19 September
3453:. Retrieved
3444:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3388:
3379:
3364:
3354:
3336:
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3302:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:
3268:
3259:
3234:. Retrieved
3224:
3216:the original
3211:
3202:
3178:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3030:VEB Robotron
3014:
2956:produced by
2829:
2785:
2774:authors. In
2760:Soviet Union
2750:, and later
2740:Eastern Bloc
2737:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2711:A. S. Osborn
2703:
2696:
2684:
2677:
2660:
2652:
2643:
2619:
2603:
2593:
2578:
2577:includes a "
2573:
2547:Robert Moses
2481:
2480:and half of
2475:
2465:
2461:
2454:Richard Polt
2440:
2433:reincarnated
2422:
2408:
2402:
2399:Jack Kerouac
2382:
2374:
2328:
2322:
2276:
2265:
2261:copy typists
2254:
2247:
2223:, short for
2205:vertical tab
2172:modifier key
2139:
2066:
2002:
1974:double space
1971:
1960:
1908:
1904:
1892:
1856:
1840:
1831:
1823:
1803:
1786:
1763:
1759:photocopying
1743:Liquid Paper
1736:
1716:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1675:
1648:
1646:
1626:
1606:
1602:
1582:reconversion
1572:
1565:
1558:
1542:
1535:
1509:
1502:
1498:
1473:Typestar 110
1443:Smith-Corona
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1400:
1379:photocopying
1374:Smith-Corona
1371:
1362:
1310:
1295:By 1970, as
1294:
1290:
1279:
1274:Italic fonts
1248:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1182:
1171:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1126:
1111:
1108:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1054:
1030:
1026:
1023:
956:acute accent
905:acute accent
898:
883:
867:
860:
857:
853:
844:
828:
816:
779:
772:
751:
735:standardized
732:
667:
661:
650:
630:
626:
622:
573:
568:
562:
532:
505:
498:
491:
476:
442:
421:Smith Corona
361:
357:
331:
321:Chirographer
310:
306:telegraphers
299:
233:
221:
198:
118:
110:
102:
94:
90:
83:type element
65:machine for
54:
52:
25:
8632:Typewriters
8556:Typesetting
8526:Copy typist
8519:Occupations
8478:Accessories
8345:Hermes 3000
8220:Typewriters
7518:(1): 68–81.
7303:14 December
7269:14 December
6965:16 February
6796:29 December
6375:10 November
5826:Minyanville
5117:Industrious
4505:"Daugherty"
4362:22 November
4337:23 November
4311:23 November
3906:29 February
3727:Silver Reed
3385:"Scrittura"
3342:"Valentine"
3308:18 February
3260:Smithsonian
3135:UNIVAC 1102
2917:around 1910
2782:Collections
2701:" in 1891.
2600:Jerry Lewis
2543:Robert Caro
2541:Biographer
2477:Neuromancer
2419:Don Marquis
2409:On the Road
2404:On the Road
2383:Naked Lunch
2365:as a museum
2313:claimed in
2305:Henry James
2122:page layout
1994:prime marks
1945:, straight
1656:hard rubber
1649:typewriter
1579:Azerbaijani
1487:floppy disk
1455:VideoWriter
1403:daisy wheel
1381:meant that
986:to produce
870:Murray code
578:. It had a
382:South Tyrol
374: [
343:D. Pedro II
336:harpsichord
290:Typographer
8626:Categories
8500:Ink ribbon
8435:Components
8386:Henry Mill
8081:1420907615
7945:1381545570
7866:23 January
7841:23 January
7819:23 January
7793:23 January
7767:23 January
7742:23 January
7165:23 January
7109:11 January
7056:23 October
6939:9 December
6866:1126556820
6840:9 December
5970:1036875148
5152:20 January
4509:Collection
3790:1 December
3670:14 January
3591:20 January
3477:25 January
3283:27 January
3232:. The Wire
3142:References
3125:Typescript
2733:Alger Hiss
2569:Erik Satie
2534:Historian
2509:Christie's
2483:Count Zero
2448:Late users
2436:free-verse
2319:manuscript
2311:Mark Twain
2268:vaudeville
2227:– used in
2108:slide rule
1900:diacritics
1870:-standard
1852:DHIATENSOR
1613:steampunks
1365:media help
1240:monospaced
901:diacritics
569:typewriter
452:of Japan.
272:tachigrafo
249:Henry Mill
225:automobile
59:mechanical
55:typewriter
8541:Secretary
8052:907103984
8025:959698333
7718:220951010
7679:24 August
7298:0028-792X
7264:0031-2037
6915:158322355
6907:2398-4112
6891:(1): 22.
6490:cite book
6309:0037-6752
6254:3 January
6218:207064170
6179:Word Ways
5613:0362-4331
4871:0035-9114
4212:0021-9118
4129:"Simplex"
2915:Saskatoon
2667:eponymous
2645:Populaire
2529:Tom Hanks
2515:Will Self
2490:computer.
2488:Apple IIc
2429:cockroach
2377:. In the
2355:Rowan Oak
2351:Underwood
2229:Unix-like
2154:line feed
2146:and then
2072:backspace
1941:, double
1850:with its
1821:layouts.
1552:, and/or
1550:Indonesia
1439:Canon Cat
1216:golf ball
1174:Varityper
1153:In 1928,
948:dead keys
926:produced
914:produced
889:Dead keys
823:Remington
819:shift key
785:Shift key
358:Pterotype
348:In 1865,
334:("Scribe
315:American
278:tachitipo
247:In 1714,
229:telegraph
199:Valentine
197:Olivetti
154:The 1969
8596:Samizdat
8264:Olivetti
7996:24700251
7894:US349026
7647:Archived
7432:Archived
7381:16 March
7375:Archived
7355:16 March
7349:Archived
7189:Archived
7185:BBC News
7136:Archived
7103:Archived
7082:30 March
7076:Archived
6860:. 2017.
6770:27 April
6745:27 April
6720:27 April
6695:27 April
6669:27 April
6640:27 April
6612:27 April
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