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1457:
31:
1591:
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509:
46:
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525:
1653:) rock engraving site in the buffer zone is of concern to UNESCO, who stated "This has severely compromised the integrity of the rock engravings in this area." The hiking trail allowed visitors unsupervised access and is seen as running too close to many of the rock-art sites. Site management has, however, improved since applying for World Heritage status, particularly with regards to visitor management; unsupervised hiking is no longer allowed.
115:
544:
536:
53:
278:
473:, reported the presence of rock engravings in the area in 1921. A more thorough investigation was only conducted after David Levin studied the feasibility of farming in 1947. He rediscovered the spring but struggled to extract enough water to sustain his family and his herd. Slowly becoming obsessed with doubts about the capacity of the spring an
1636:
in Africa. The organisation recognised "a coherent, extensive and high quality record of ritual practices relating to hunter-gather communities over at least two millennia" (criterion iii), and "links between ritual and economic practices in the apparent sacred association of the land adjacent to an
1476:
that appears brown or dark grey. Engravings were effected by chiseling through this patina, exposing the lighter rock underneath. The indentations were created over the course of thousands of years. The oldest engravings might be as old as 10,000 years, and the creation of new works probably ended by
1648:
To achieve having the site listed by UNESCO, the government of
Namibia defined a buffer zone of 91.9 km (35.5 sq mi) to protect the visual setting. In the 0.6 km (0.2 sq mi) core site, grazing is restricted and the establishment of tourism facilities is prohibited.
1565:
and beads from ostrich eggshell fragments have been found at several places. Of the items of daily use charcoal and bone fragments have been excavated as well as undecorated pottery fragments, although the pottery might have originated from early farmers rather than the Stone Age culture that
1528:
Engravings of animals that certainly never occurred in this area, like a sea lion, penguins, and possibly flamingos indicate that the hunter-gatherers might have ventured to the coast more than 100 km (62 mi) away. A modern archaeological survey led by Sven Ouzman questions these
1516:
made most of the iconic engravings and probably all the paintings. The carvings represent animals such as rhinoceroses, elephants, ostriches and giraffes as well as depictions of human and animal footprints. Some of the figures, most prominently the "Lion Man"—a lion with an extremely long
1569:
The archaeological value of the site does not compare with its importance as rock art collection. The findings do, however, support the shamanist origin of the engravings because food remains from the site proved to be bones of small antelope,
1540:
groups. They are also the creators of the more worldly indentations in that area that served as grinding hollows and game boards. Some of the stones bear marks from use as gong stones, which make unusual sounds when hit.
2235:
591:
refers to the spring itself, to the valley containing the spring, and in the context of traveling and tourism also to a greater area containing nearby tourist attractions: the rock engravings, the
660:
The rock art area consists of fourteen smaller sites that have been introduced by Scherz in his initial site survey. They are still used to describe the location of artworks in
Twyfelfontein:
1529:
descriptions of Scherz' initial investigation and describes the not easily recognisable fauna as "strange animals"—rough work of animals, possibly giraffe, that did occur at
Twyfelfontein.
373:
rituals. In the process of these rituals at least 2,500 items of rock carvings have been created, as well as a few rock paintings. Displaying one of the largest concentrations of rock
1617:
1521:— depict the transformation of humans into animals. This transformation and the depiction of animals together with their tracks make it likely that they were created as part of
2245:
481:(David Doubts-the-spring) in jest. When Levin bought the land and registered his farm in 1948 he gave it the name Twyfelfontein. While commonly being translated as
2348:
493:
1717:
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630:
vary from 10 to 28 °C (50 to 82 °F) in the winter month of July and 21 to 35 °C (70 to 95 °F) in the summer month of
November.
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group since approximately 6,000 years ago. They made most of the engravings and probably all the paintings. 2,000 to 2,500 years ago the
77:
1561:. Type and shape of these tools indicate not only the use on rock but also the prevalence of wood and leather working. Artwork such as
2307:
2363:
2338:
1795:
1525:
rituals. The more simplistic perception that they only show hunter-gatherers' attempts to acquire food is now thought to be naïve.
1892:
2358:
2317:
2296:
2214:
2122:
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administration. Despite its early recognition, the site was left unguarded until 1986 when the entire area was declared a
299:
1649:
Although
Twyfelfontein is regarded as "generally intact", the Twyfelfontein Country Lodge within the "Zeremonienplatz" (
2030:"World Heritage Committee inscribes two natural, one mixed, and four cultural sites onto UNESCO's World Heritage List"
2197:
1934:
1826:
1696:
1553:. It is subdivided into 15 smaller sites as described by Scherz in 1975. Objects from the site include a variety of
1505:
Additionally, the site contains rock paintings at 13 different locations, with depictions of humans painted in red
45:
2081:
2112:
1909:
295:
1721:
627:
351:
221:
1851:
1638:
1609:. As a result, many of the petroglyphs were damaged or removed. Additionally, visitors have left their own
653:
airstrip. The lodge, camp site, visitor's centre and most of the other tourist facilities are managed as a
575:
formation. The rocks containing the art work are situated in a valley flanked by the slopes of a sandstone
2267:
2353:
2343:
189:
1460:
Lion Plate with Lion Man, a creature with human toes, an overly long tail with a rectangular kink and a
604:
2192:. Sammlung Geologischer Führer. Vol. 97. Berlin · Stuttgart: Gebrüder Borntraeger. p. 120.
2114:
Heat, Dust and Dreams: An
Exploration of People and Environment in Namibia's Kaokoland and Damaraland
139:
1481:
tribes around 1000 AD. Three different types of engravings can be distinguished at
Twyfelfontein:
2153:
Viereck, A.; Rudner, J. (1957). "Twyfelfontein: A Centre of
Prehistoric Art in South West Africa".
596:
466:
245:
1509:
in six rock shelters. The similar occurrence of rock paintings and rock engravings is very rare.
35:
A sandstone slab at
Twyfelfontein. The animals are the older engravings, overlaid by the circles.
592:
2289:
Rock Art in South-West Africa. Volume II: The engravings in north-western South West Africa
1894:
Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in western
Namibia
1753:
500:
slabs. Today it is estimated that the site contains more than 5000 individual depictions.
8:
1842:"Twyfelfontein: Die Quelle des Zweifels" [Twyfelfontein: Spring of Uncertainty].
1629:
608:
382:
205:
2170:
634:
470:
127:
2313:
2292:
2285:
Felsbilder in Südwest-Afrika. Teil II: Die Gravierungen im Nordwesten Südwest-Afrikas
2193:
2118:
2091:
1930:
1905:
1822:
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413:
323:
289:
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In 1950 scientific investigation of the rock art started with an investigation by
1513:
397:
358:
285:
1869:
1642:
1606:
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462:
401:
1616:
Under Namibian legislation, the site is now protected under Section 54 of the
2332:
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1772:
1456:
1418:
1405:
1368:
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1232:
150 rock engravings on 30 slabs, approximately 24 pieces of geometric imagery
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92:
79:
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1641:. Twyfelfontein was Namibia's only World Heritage Site until 2013 when the
600:
448:
428:
366:
342:. It consists of a spring in a valley flanked by the slopes of a sandstone
1821:. Gondwana history. Windhoek, Namibia: Gondwana Travel Centre (Pty) Ltd.
1485:
1478:
650:
524:
516:
2264:"Rock Art of Twyfelfontein, Namibia, Africa. Twyfelfontein Site Report"
2174:
1633:
1554:
1491:
638:
568:
560:
452:
374:
1986:
1497:
indentations for or from everyday use (grinding hollows, board games,
234:
2029:
1558:
1522:
1079:
50 rock engravings, 43 rock paintings, 70 pieces of geometric imagery
623:
497:
474:
455:
444:
436:
394:
370:
311:
180:
2166:
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between the lodge owners and the Twyfelfontein-Uibasen Conservancy.
1901:
1610:
1533:
642:
421:
405:
362:
347:
331:
144:
30:
1953:
626:
and receives less than 150 mm (5.9 in) annual rainfall.
543:
535:
1891:
Jacobson, Peter J.; Jacobson, Kathryn M.; Seely, Mary K. (1995).
1625:
1562:
1518:
1461:
619:
580:
556:
528:
432:
409:
339:
120:
1601:
On 15 Aug 1952 the area was declared a National Monument by the
1586:
The "lion's mouth" rock formation throning on top of Huab valley
1582:
1385:
20 engravings and 25 paintings in a cave–like overhang structure
1764:
1621:
1594:
1537:
1473:
615:
378:
185:
1691:(1st ed.). Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan. pp. 35–37.
1468:
Sandstone rocks at Twyfelfontein are covered by the so-called
424:
which can clearly be distinguished from the older engravings.
1571:
1506:
1338:
Spoor rock with several animal footprints and a 7–toed feline
584:
1872:[Chronology of Namibian History 1916-18] (in German)
645:. From there it is connected by the district road D3214. The
587:
sustains a spring in this otherwise very dry area. The name
2043:
2041:
2039:
1929:. Windhoek · Göttingen: Klaus Hess Publishers. p. 64.
1904:: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia. pp. 132–133.
1536:
herders produced the geometric imagery, probably depicting
440:
1993:
1488:
imagery (images of animals, humans, and fantasy creatures)
1574:
and even lizards rather than the large species depicted.
2036:
1235:
Affenplatte with an engraved pecked-infill human figure
633:
Twyfelfontein lies 20 km (12 mi) south of the
2236:"Shikongo urges Namibia to take care of heritage site"
2060:
2058:
2056:
1494:(geometric rock art like pecked circles, rows of dots)
357:
The site has been inhabited for 6,000 years, first by
1890:
1819:
David Levin of Twyfelfontein : the unknown story
829:
4–toed human foot print and one parent–child grouping
2136:
2134:
1288:
Carstenplatte with several pecked animal engravings
1132:
giraffe with three waving lines attached to its head
369:
used it as a place of worship and a site to conduct
2312:(in German). Frankfurt a. M.: Africa Magna Verlag.
2053:
1129:
250 rock engravings, 40 pieces of geometric imagery
2005:
1577:
1032:ostrich depiction joined to equid by a pecked line
427:The area was uninhabited by Europeans until after
2131:
443:) to move in. The farm was later procured by the
2330:
1870:"Chronologie der Namibischen Geschichte 1916-18"
496:who described over 2500 rock engravings on 212
2215:"Twyfelfontein gets international recognition"
2079:
1435:engraved cluster with animal spoor and cupules
2349:Religious buildings and structures in Namibia
2152:
1816:
1632:as one of the largest concentrations of rock
1517:rectangular kinked tail ending in a six-toed
614:The area is a transitional zone between semi
412:), occupied the valley, then known under its
2083:Botswana & Namibia (Multi Country Guide)
1656:
489:is therefore "questionable" or "uncertain".
2291:] (in German). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag.
2080:Hardy, Paula; Firestone, Matthew D (2007).
1948:
1946:
1817:Levin, Michiel; Goldbeck, Mannfred (2013).
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
503:
485:, a more accurate translation for the word
393:Twyfelfontein valley has been inhabited by
2110:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1954:"Twyfelfontein Lodge, Damaraland, Namibia"
723:2 large giraffes with a fine–pecked infill
551:Twyfelfontein is situated in the southern
381:approved Twyfelfontein as Namibia's first
2233:
2212:
2187:
2155:The South African Archaeological Bulletin
2024:
2022:
2020:
1835:
1810:
1637:aquifer" according to criterion V of the
1943:
1779:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1589:
1581:
1455:
1447:
542:
534:
523:
515:
507:
2305:
2146:
1968:
1924:
1884:
1720:. Government of Namibia. Archived from
1549:The archaeological name of the site is
929:18 human pictures in different postures
300:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2331:
2282:
2017:
1751:
1718:"Twyfelfontein: a World Heritage Site"
1712:
1710:
1708:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1388:best–preserved paintings in the valley
408:, an ethnic group related to the San (
2266:. Bradshaw Foundation. Archived from
2075:
2073:
1858:
1736:
1029:120 rock engravings, over 200 cupules
159:0.222 sq mi (0.574 km)
52:
2213:Shigwedha, Absalom (June 29, 2007).
1686:
1238:Halbmondplatte with sitting giraffe
979:Symbolfelsen with geometric imagery
611:covers the area of rock engravings.
563:. The site lies on the banks of the
2309:Archäologischer Reiseführer Namibia
2234:Shigwedha, Absalom (27 June 2013).
1705:
1667:
477:-speaking friend began calling him
458:. The white settlers left in 1965.
13:
2369:Former populated places in Namibia
2261:
2140:
2111:Rice, Mary; Gibson, Craig (2003).
2070:
2064:
2047:
2011:
1999:
1864:
1398:Beim Großen Malereiblock Outlier
932:horned kudu bull with giraffe legs
14:
2380:
2117:. Struik Publishers. p. 47.
1298:Am Fuß des Westlichen Berghangs
1135:Riesenblock with sitting giraffe
1335:120 engravings on 10 rock blocks
942:Twyfelfontein Main Site Complex
876:2 giraffe in excellent condition
683:Nördlich des Zeremonienplatzes
276:
113:
51:
44:
29:
2364:Archaeological sites in Namibia
2339:World Heritage Sites in Namibia
2227:
2206:
2190:The Roadside Geology of Namibia
2181:
2104:
1927:Namibia. Fascination of Geology
1578:Site protection and recognition
16:Place in Kunene Region, Namibia
1918:
1544:
1182:75 rock engravings on 15 slabs
926:40 engravings and 30 paintings
826:2 superimpositioned engravings
776:rare engravings of hand prints
420:). The Khoikhoi also produced
264:9,194.5 ha (22,720 acres)
1:
2359:National Monuments of Namibia
2283:Scherz, Ernst-Rudolf (1975).
2255:
1689:National Monuments in Namibia
1661:
167:0 sq mi (0 km)
559:, an area formerly known as
7:
1987:"Twyfelfontein or ǀUi-ǁAis"
1639:cultural selection criteria
1443:
879:rough work, possibly jackal
839:Die Sieben Tafeln Outlier
647:Twyfelfontein Country Lodge
583:on an impermeable layer of
520:Rock engraving of a giraffe
190:South African Standard Time
10:
2385:
1624:approved Twyfelfontein as
1348:Beim Großen Malereiblock
1185:Löwenplatte with Lion Man
1082:dancing kudu ("Fabeltier")
982:red pigment rock paintings
465:, who also discovered the
447:government as part of the
388:
346:that receives very little
216:Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes
206:UNESCO World Heritage Site
198:UNESCO World Heritage Site
175:1,800 ft (550 m)
1657:References and literature
1092:Die südliche Wohnfläche
268:
260:
252:
240:
230:
226:Cultural: (iii), (v)
220:
212:
203:
196:
179:
171:
163:
155:
150:
138:
126:
108:
73:
39:
28:
21:
2188:Schneider, Gabi (2004).
1925:Grünert, Nicole (2000).
1613:on the sandstone slabs.
1251:Der Westliche Berghang
1241:giant elephant and rhino
773:cave with rock paintings
770:more than 175 engravings
504:Location and description
402:Wilton stone age culture
350:and has a wide range of
330:), is a site of ancient
256:57.4 ha (142 acres)
2306:Breunig, Peter (2014).
2032:. UNESCO. 28 June 2007.
1989:. UNESCO. 28 June 2007.
1752:Thomas, Dowson (2007).
1566:produced the rock art.
451:and became part of the
318:), officially known as
1687:Vogt, Andreas (2004).
1598:
1587:
1465:
1453:
1042:Die große Wohnfläche
548:
540:
532:
521:
513:
512:Rock painting of a man
284:This article contains
1618:National Heritage Act
1593:
1585:
1459:
1451:
1419:20.59944°S 14.37028°E
1369:20.59889°S 14.37306°E
1319:20.59778°S 14.37389°E
1272:20.59806°S 14.37472°E
1216:20.59833°S 14.37528°E
1166:20.59750°S 14.37500°E
1145:Die rechte Talseite
1113:20.59722°S 14.37528°E
1063:20.59333°S 14.37500°E
1013:20.59472°S 14.37250°E
963:20.57417°S 14.37722°E
910:20.57917°S 14.37306°E
860:20.57639°S 14.37611°E
807:20.57417°S 14.37722°E
754:20.57083°S 14.36972°E
704:20.56472°S 14.36444°E
546:
538:
527:
519:
511:
145:Khorixas Constituency
93:20.59056°S 14.37222°E
1195:Die linke Talseite
628:Diurnal temperatures
494:Ernst Rudolph Scherz
352:diurnal temperatures
1651:Place of Ceremonies
1630:World Heritage Site
1424:-20.59944; 14.37028
1415: /
1374:-20.59889; 14.37306
1365: /
1324:-20.59778; 14.37389
1315: /
1277:-20.59806; 14.37472
1268: /
1221:-20.59833; 14.37528
1212: /
1171:-20.59750; 14.37500
1162: /
1118:-20.59722; 14.37528
1109: /
1068:-20.59333; 14.37500
1059: /
1018:-20.59472; 14.37250
1009: /
968:-20.57417; 14.37722
959: /
915:-20.57917; 14.37306
906: /
865:-20.57639; 14.37611
856: /
812:-20.57417; 14.37722
803: /
786:Die Sieben Tafeln
759:-20.57083; 14.36972
750: /
709:-20.56472; 14.36444
700: /
675:Important contents
609:World Heritage Site
479:David Twyfelfontein
383:World Heritage Site
98:-20.59056; 14.37222
89: /
65:Location in Namibia
2354:Prehistoric Africa
2344:Rock art in Africa
2270:on 21 October 2014
1852:Allgemeine Zeitung
1761:The UNESCO Courier
1754:"Grave engravings"
1603:South West African
1599:
1588:
1466:
1454:
992:The Boulder Field
823:150–175 engravings
549:
541:
533:
522:
514:
439:speaking farmers (
213:Official name
164: • Water
2319:978-3-937248-39-4
2298:978-3-412-03374-3
2124:978-1-86872-632-5
2097:978-1-74104-760-8
2067:, pp. 10–12.
1854:on 20 March 2012.
1557:made mostly from
1551:Twyfelfontein 534
1441:
1440:
733:Zeremonienplatz
579:. An underground
469:rock painting at
418:jumping waterhole
338:of north-western
328:jumping waterhole
296:rendering support
290:Khoekhoe language
272:
271:
156: • Land
2376:
2323:
2302:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2250:
2249:
2248:on 28 June 2013.
2244:. Archived from
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2015:
2014:, pp. 1–15.
2009:
2003:
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1844:Gondwana History
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1597:at Twyfelfontein
1514:hunter-gatherers
1452:The dancing Kudu
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605:Petrified Forest
431:, when a severe
398:hunter-gatherers
359:hunter-gatherers
316:uncertain spring
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261:Buffer zone
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2090:. p. 295.
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1798:. Tourbrief.com
1796:"Twyfelfontein"
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483:doubtful spring
416:name ǀUi-ǁAis (
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294:Without proper
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1724:on 4 July 2011
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1643:Namib Sand Sea
1607:nature reserve
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635:C39 major road
597:Burnt Mountain
577:table mountain
571:valley of the
565:Aba Huab River
505:
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463:Reinhard Maack
390:
387:
365:herders. Both
344:table mountain
298:, you may see
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2161:(45): 15–26.
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2088:Lonely Planet
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2059:
2057:
2050:, Conclusion.
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1867:
1866:Dierks, Klaus
1861:
1853:
1849:
1846:(in German).
1845:
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1828:9789991688879
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720:65 engravings
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553:Kunene Region
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367:ethnic groups
364:
361:and later by
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336:Kunene Region
333:
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308:Twyfelfontein
301:
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286:click symbols
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133:Kunene Region
131:
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74:Coordinates:
72:
59:Twyfelfontein
47:
38:
32:
27:
23:Twyfelfontein
20:
2326:
2308:
2288:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:the original
2246:the original
2241:The Namibian
2239:
2229:
2220:The Namibian
2218:
2208:
2189:
2183:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2113:
2106:
2082:
2007:
1995:
1958:. Retrieved
1926:
1920:
1893:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1860:
1847:
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1837:
1818:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1760:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1688:
1650:
1647:
1645:was listed.
1615:
1600:
1568:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1527:
1511:
1504:
1467:
889:Hasenblock
672:Coordinates
666:Site number
659:
646:
632:
613:
601:Doros crater
588:
550:
491:
486:
482:
478:
461:Topographer
460:
429:World War II
426:
417:
392:
356:
327:
319:
315:
307:
306:
283:
140:Constituency
1898:(PDF 8.7MB)
1634:petroglyphs
1620:. In 2007,
1572:rock dassie
1555:stone tools
1545:Archaeology
1499:gong stones
1422: /
1372: /
1322: /
1275: /
1219: /
1169: /
1116: /
1066: /
1016: /
966: /
913: /
863: /
810: /
757: /
707: /
669:Site name
649:features a
593:Organ Pipes
414:Damara/Nama
377:in Africa,
375:petroglyphs
324:Damara/Nama
244:2007 (31st
241:Inscription
96: /
2333:Categories
2256:Literature
1956:. NamibWeb
1911:9991670947
1662:References
1492:pictograms
1464:at its tip
1410:14°22′13″E
1407:20°35′58″S
1360:14°22′23″E
1357:20°35′56″S
1310:14°22′26″E
1307:20°35′52″S
1263:14°22′29″E
1260:20°35′53″S
1207:14°22′31″E
1204:20°35′54″S
1157:14°22′30″E
1154:20°35′51″S
1104:14°22′31″E
1101:20°35′50″S
1054:14°22′30″E
1051:20°35′36″S
1004:14°22′21″E
1001:20°35′41″S
954:14°22′38″E
951:20°34′27″S
901:14°22′23″E
898:20°34′45″S
851:14°22′34″E
848:20°34′35″S
798:14°22′38″E
795:20°34′27″S
745:14°22′11″E
742:20°34′15″S
695:14°21′52″E
692:20°33′53″S
639:Sesfontein
603:, and the
573:Mount Etjo
561:Damaraland
539:Rhinoceros
531:and cattle
467:White Lady
453:Damaraland
84:14°22′20″E
81:20°35′26″S
1773:1993-8616
1628:'s first
1559:quartzite
1523:shamanist
1472:, a hard
624:shrubland
498:sandstone
475:Afrikaans
471:Brandberg
456:bantustan
445:apartheid
437:Afrikaans
395:Stone-age
385:in 2007.
371:shamanist
312:Afrikaans
288:from the
231:Reference
181:Time zone
172:Elevation
1902:Windhoek
1611:graffiti
1563:pendants
1534:Khoikhoi
1479:pastoral
1444:Artworks
643:Khorixas
422:rock art
406:Khoikhoi
363:Khoikhoi
348:rainfall
320:ǀUi-ǁAis
222:Criteria
2175:3886436
1767:: 4–5.
1626:Namibia
1519:pugmark
1462:pugmark
620:savanna
581:aquifer
567:in the
557:Namibia
529:Giraffe
433:drought
410:Bushmen
400:of the
389:History
340:Namibia
334:in the
246:Session
121:Namibia
109:Country
2316:
2295:
2196:
2173:
2141:Ouzman
2121:
2094:
2065:Ouzman
2048:Ouzman
2012:Ouzman
2000:Ouzman
1933:
1908:
1825:
1771:
1765:UNESCO
1728:17 Aug
1695:
1622:UNESCO
1595:Tafoni
1538:herder
1486:iconic
1474:patina
651:gravel
622:, and
616:desert
607:. The
487:twyfel
379:UNESCO
128:Region
118:
2287:[
2274:4 Aug
2171:JSTOR
1960:4 Aug
1876:3 Aug
1802:3 Aug
1763:(6).
1757:(PDF)
1507:ochre
637:from
585:shale
547:Zebra
441:Boers
186:UTC+1
2314:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2276:2010
2194:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2092:ISBN
1962:2010
1931:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1878:2010
1823:ISBN
1804:2010
1769:ISSN
1730:2010
1693:ISBN
1532:The
1512:The
569:Huab
253:Area
235:1255
151:Area
2163:doi
1395:15
1345:14
1295:13
1248:12
1192:11
1142:10
641:to
555:of
2335::
2238:.
2217:.
2169:.
2159:12
2157:.
2133:^
2086:.
2072:^
2055:^
2038:^
2019:^
1970:^
1945:^
1900:.
1868:.
1848:73
1781:^
1759:.
1738:^
1707:^
1669:^
1089:9
1039:8
989:7
939:6
886:5
836:4
783:3
730:2
680:1
618:,
599:,
595:,
354:.
326::
314::
2322:.
2301:.
2278:.
2223:.
2202:.
2177:.
2165::
2127:.
2100:.
1964:.
1939:.
1914:.
1880:.
1831:.
1806:.
1775:.
1732:.
1701:.
1501:)
322:(
310:(
302:.
292:.
248:)
192:)
188:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
