53:
711:
927:
maltreatment and cynical indifference to
Christian precepts of morality. Redress for abuses by officials was nigh-on impossible. The distance from Spain was insuperable, and communication within the viceroyalty was via sparse roads in a vast territory. He learned the local dialects and fought for rights and liberties, confronting the viceroy's power and control. He was even persecuted by the civil authorities but his patient persistence prevailed.
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621:, considered unusual given no previous government or judicial experience. His piety and learning had reached the ears of the king. His distinguished work for the Inquisition earned him praise from the king, who nominated him for the vacant Lima archdiocese. This was confirmed by the pope, under protest from Turibius.
972:
Mogrovejo worked to push through the ambitious aims from the
Council of Trent, making evangelisation a core theme of his episcopate. He produced a trilingual catechism in Spanish/Quechuan/Aymara in 1584, implementing Trent's call for preaching in indigenous languages. He endorsed the council's decree
959:
Sometimes civil and ecclesiastical jurisdiction conflicted. Turibius fell out with GarcĂa
Hurtado de Mendoza, the viceroy for six years from 1590. The seminary school was not established without a fight over whether the entrance was to be surmounted by the coat of arms of the bishop, or that of the
926:
Against this, Turibius was seen as a champion of the rights of the natives. The
Spanish had been attracted from their homeland to make their fortunes. They were left with no effective constraint on their using almost any means in their power. Turibius often came across shocking examples of tyranny,
848:. Mogrovejo began his new mission travelling the 970 km (600 mi) to Lima on foot, all the while baptising and teaching the local people (even had he managed to average 24 km per day, the journey to Lima would have taken six weeks). A week after he arrived, he was enthroned in his new
859:
Alone and on foot he traversed his entire archdiocese three times, regardless of inclement weather, ferocious wildlife or tropical heat. He also had to deal with fevers, and was often threatened by hostile tribes. He faced these, all the while baptising and confirming almost half a million people.
904:, the fifth viceroy. His administration had had a negative impact on the indigenous peoples of Peru, the cost of his bringing political and economic order that had him dubbed as the "best of Peru's viceroys". In Lima, remote from the vast hinterland, was an exploitative society, derived from the
883:
Visiting each parish, he would go straight to the church to pray before the altar, and check the condition of all objects used in divine worship, before talking with the priest about the life of the parish. He would then check the parish registers. He made a point of checking that the priest was
942:
Partly because of a dearth of good priests, there were among the indigenous people enormous numbers who were baptised but who knew little of the christian religion. Realising that some clerical behaviour had grown too scandalous to countenance, Mogrovejo sought reformation of priests under his
891:
Turibius organised for the building of roads and schools as well as chapels and hospitals. He ensured these could be staffed from nearby convents, also instituted by him. Turibius' concern for the very poorest (see next section) extended also to destitute
Spanish. Their seeking assistance was
1412:
Ordinances Issued by the
Marquis of Cañete, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Peru, as a Remedy for the Excesses That the Judges of the Natives Commit When They Deal and Bargain with the Indians and the Damages as Well as the Grievances That the Indians Endure. Lima, Peru, 1614.
919:, and had expanded it. Called "reductions", Toledo's policy had forcibly relocated many of the indigenous peoples into new settlements, to gather labour to work in mines and other Spanish enterprises, to collect tributes and taxes, and to enforce their
663:
A staunch advocate for reform, Turibius set to work restoring some order to the priests of his diocese. He led the worst offenders away from various immoral routines and scandals, meanwhile instituting new educational programmes in priestly training.
828:. Covering 1,340,000 square kilometres, the diocese was huge, incorporating mountains, jungle and coastline. It was extremely difficult to administer from the capital on the coast. Apart from Spanish, the official tongue, most commonly spoken were
951:
At Philip II's request he oversaw the Third
Provincial Council from 1582 to 1583. He served as president, guiding rather than leading it. Two more provincial councils in 1591 and in 1601 were organised by Turibius. Mogrovejo inaugurated the third
775:
It was not long before Philip II nominated him for the vacant Lima archbishopric, despite his strong protests. Knowledge of canon law prompted him to remind both king and pope that priests alone could be delegated ecclesial dignities, but the
943:
charge. Some came to resent this, though support and assistance was forthcoming from the viceroy. In 1591 he founded the first seminary in the
Western Hemisphere. He insisted that learning indigenous languages was a prerequisite.
755:. Turibius accompanied his uncle there, and studied at the college in Coimbra before returning to Salamanca sometime later. His uncle died shortly thereafter. In February 1571 Turibius’ learning and virtuous reputation encouraged
888:(in 1570, more than ten years before Turibius' arrival in the viceroyalty) had ordered should be used. It took seven years to complete Turibius' first visitation. His second visitation took four years, but the third was shorter.
910:
tradition. Mine operators and merchant princes lived an opulent lifestyle, thriving on the enforced labour of the indigenous people. Toledo had taken advantage of the pre-existing practice of forced labour under the
852:. His favourite saying was: "Time is not our own and we must give a strict account of it". Allowing him to make even better use of his time after 1590 was the assistance of the missiomnary Franciscan,
707:. His parents were of aristocratic lineage: Luis Alfonso de Mogrovejo (1510–1568) and Ana de Roblès i Morán (1515–???). Turibius' sister was Grimanese de Mogrovejo i Robledo (1545–1635).
1399:(1940) The viceroy Toledo, great tyrant of Peru: a historical review. Lima, National Museum Press. Encyclopedia Britannica. Viceroyalty of Peru. Historical area, South America.
1507:
976:
In 1588 Pope Sixtus V confirmed the acts of the Third
Council of Lima, implementing Trent's decrees. These acts from Lima were adopted by many South American dioceses.
1627:
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737:, he studied Law, and subsequently joined its faculty. His uncle Juan de Mogrovejo served as a professor there, as well as at the San Salvador High School in
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of Juan Ortiz de Zárate, mayor of Lima, after he had ordered that a suspected criminal should be taken by force from a church where he had sought refuge.
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during a pastoral visit that he contracted a fever. He continued working to the end of that visit, and arrived at the Saint
Augustine convent in
1159:
1350:
Wightman, AM. (1990) Indigenous Migration and Social Change: The Forasteros of Cuzco, 1570-1720. Duke University Press. Durham, New Carolina.
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on the cross, as in Luke 23:46: "Lord, into Your hands I commit my spirit" His remains were interred in the archdiocesan cathedral in Lima.
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constrained by the colony's social norms. Succour from Turibius arrived nevertheless, often without the source coming to light.
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At one time celebrated on 27 April, Turibius' liturgical feast is nowadays on 23 March. His cult was once limited mainly to
1602:
1367:
Tantaleán ArbulĂş, J. (2011) El Virrey Francisco de Toledo y su tiempo. 2 Tomos. Universidad de San MartĂn de Porres. Lima.
956:(i.e. the second rebuild) on 2 February 1604. His tenure also saw thirteen diocesan synods and three provincial councils.
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made efforts to "crack down on the oppression of the indigenous population at the hands of the Spanish colonizers."
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of excommunication for clerics who engaged in business ventures; these often exploited the indigenous people.
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He first studied in the Humanities and Law before being appointed as a university professor. At the behest of
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The start of Turibius' episcopate almost coincided with the end of eleven years under the viceroyalty of
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Under the Incas, everyone had to work without pay for state enterprises for a certain period of time.
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Farmer DH. (2011) Oxford Dictionary of Saints. 5th Ed Revd. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
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After his death, his reputation for holiness and learning lived on, leading to calls for his
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https://www.elvirrey.com/libro/el-virrey-francisco-de-toledo-y-su-tiempo-2-tomos_86988
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Eventually Turibius was rewarded with some success. The eighth viceroyal,
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in 1578, and consecrated as an archbishop in 1580, before setting off for
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Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo was born 16 November 1538 in Mayorga in the
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to begin his mission. An eminent and charismatic preacher, he set about
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As a child, he was recognised as pious, with a strong devotion to the
19:"Saint Turibius" redirects here. For other saints with this name, see
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641:
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Bishops consecrated by Turibius of Mogrovejo as principal consecrator
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Bust of Turibius at his birthplace in Mayorga de Campos, Valladolid.
1500: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Mogrovejo foresaw the exact date and hour of his death. It was in
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in 1578 in Granada (after four weeks’ successively ascending the
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proclaimed him patron saint of the Latin American episcopate.
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in a critical condition. He pulled himself up to receive the
825:
32:
996:, and died shortly thereafter at 3:30 pm on 23 March 1606 (
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at Valladolid in 1550, where he studied Humanities. At the
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His education befitted a patrician at the time; he entered
390:
385:
340:
876:, who later became a close friend. All would come to be
722:. In her honour, he fasted once a week and recited the
1236:
1060:
1401:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Viceroyalty-of-Peru
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Luis Alfonso de Mogrovejo and Ana de Roblès i Morán
1160:Saint Turibius of Mogrovejo, patron saint archive
1559:
780:prevailed. Preparations were made for him to be
1628:Spanish Roman Catholic bishops in South America
1588:17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Peru
1583:16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Peru
824:On 12 May 1581, the new archbishop arrived in
682:canonised him as a saint on 10 December 1726.
1648:Academic staff of the University of Salamanca
652:almost half a million people; these included
1663:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Peru
1315:"St. Toribio de Mogrovejo: Apostle of Peru"
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602:(16 November 1538 – 23 March 1606) was a
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784:before the formal announcement. He was
759:to appoint him Grand Inquisitor on the
1618:Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XIII
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1313:Sladky, Joseph F.X. (21 August 2014).
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1516:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1460:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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1242:"St. Toribio de Mogrovejo, March 23"
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1039:him as a saint on 10 December 1726.
960:king. There was also a row over the
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1668:Canonizations by Pope Benedict XIII
1427:"The Not-So-Abandoned Town of Zaña"
1415:https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666924
1172:
13:
1673:Beatifications by Pope Innocent XI
1613:Roman Catholic archbishops of Lima
1506:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
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1155:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima
14:
1684:
1608:17th-century venerated Christians
1593:16th-century venerated Christians
1450:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
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1000:). His final words were those of
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534:Bartolomé Martinez Menacho y Mesa
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1653:University of Valladolid alumni
1452:"St. Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo"
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1643:University of Salamanca alumni
1482:Short biography at MSN Encarta
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1:
1633:Spanish Roman Catholic saints
1598:17th-century Christian saints
1578:16th-century Christian saints
1508:St. Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo
1203:"Saint Turibius of Mogroveio"
1165:
770:
747:invited Juan him to teach at
1638:University of Coimbra alumni
1544:16 May 1579 – 23 March 1606
1007:
690:
600:Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo
544:Alfonso Fernández de Bonilla
179:Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo
38:Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo
7:
1603:17th-century Spanish clergy
1205:. Saints SQPN. 28 July 2017
1056:
610:from 1579 until his death.
10:
1689:
1279:"San Turibio de Mogrovejo"
18:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1403:. Accessed 25 March 2024.
1238:Plinio CorrĂŞa de Oliveira
1020:in 1679 (ratified in the
932:GarcĂa Hurtado de Mendoza
678:the late archbishop, and
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468:CristĂłbal Rojas Sandoval
289:University of Valladolid
154:CristĂłbal Rojas Sandoval
1550:Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero
1533:Diego GĂłmez de Lamadrid
1145:List of Catholic saints
1028:"). In the papal bull "
947:Archdiocesan leadership
735:University of Salamanca
685:
617:, he went on to become
294:University of Salamanca
128:Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero
118:Diego GĂłmez de Lamadrid
1524:Catholic Church titles
884:using the missal that
808:in August 1580 by the
715:
606:prelate who served as
576:Reginaldo de Lizárraga
565:Alonso RamĂrez Vergara
458:Episcopal consecration
395:Latin American bishops
1513:Catholic Encyclopedia
1457:Catholic Encyclopedia
1244:. Tradition in Action
1016:was celebrated under
810:Archbishop of Seville
713:
703:. He was named after
424:Turibius of Mogrovejo
420:Ordination history of
329:Roman Catholic Church
284:University of Coimbra
509:Episcopal succession
228:Lima Cathedral, Peru
1658:Venerated Catholics
1472:Lives of the Saints
902:Francisco de Toledo
796:). On 16 May 1579,
705:Turibius of Astorga
554:Luis LĂłpez de SolĂs
443:Priestly ordination
215:Viceroyalty of Peru
1540:Archbishop of Lima
1465:Catholic Hierarchy
1034:Pope Benedict XIII
968:Tridentine reforms
938:Clerical formation
802:Archbishop of Lima
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680:Pope Benedict XIII
608:Archbishop of Lima
365:Pope Benedict XIII
361:Rome, Papal States
230:12.05° S, 77.03° W
45:Archbishop of Lima
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1555:
1547:Succeeded by
1490:American Catholic
1373:978-612-4088-17-9
1339:978-0-19-959660-7
1051:Pope John Paul II
896:Indigenous people
860:Among these were
798:Pope Gregory XIII
761:Inquisition Court
646:indigenous people
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317:27 April (Former)
186:Mayorga de Campos
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604:Spanish Catholic
538:4 September 1588
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206:(1606-03-23)
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1573:1606 deaths
1568:1538 births
1089:Catholicism
917:Inca Empire
886:Pope Pius V
870:Juan MasĂas
806:consecrated
749:the college
731:the college
642:catechising
338:2 July 1679
235:Nationality
114:Predecessor
101:24 May 1581
93:16 May 1579
70:Archdiocese
1562:Categories
1285:16 October
1248:16 October
1209:16 October
1166:References
1022:papal bull
907:encomienda
800:named him
790:priesthood
771:Episcopate
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630:priesthood
556:, O.E.S.A.
405:Valladolid
371:Attributes
276:Alma mater
259:Occupation
139:Ordination
106:Term ended
1150:Mogrovejo
1077:Biography
1049:In 1983,
1037:canonised
1026:Laudeamus
1008:Sainthood
986:Pacasmayo
878:canonised
804:; he was
691:Education
676:beatified
650:confirmed
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314:23 March
152:by
21:Turibius
1504::
1113:History
1063:Portals
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842:Puquina
830:Quechua
788:to the
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726:often.
628:to the
490:Seville
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436:History
251:Parents
238:Spanish
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834:Kichwa
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525:, O.P.
401:Scouts
262:Priest
225:Buried
164:Bishop
134:Orders
60:Church
1125:Spain
980:Death
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648:. He
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33:Saint
1369:ISBN
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1287:2017
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1137:Peru
990:Zaña
872:and
844:and
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589:1601
570:1595
548:1593
474:Date
452:1578
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391:Lima
386:Peru
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211:Saña
201:Died
175:Born
160:Rank
142:1578
84:Lima
74:Lima
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270:Law
80:See
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