861:
item. If the product has poor customer reviews or has a short "life span," shoppers will view that purchase as a loss and avoid taking a chance on it. A product can also be viewed negatively because of consumers' past experiences and expectations. For example, if the size of a product is misleading, buyers will not want to buy it. An item advertised as "huge," but is only one inch tall, will ward off consumers. Also, "the effects of personal characteristics, such as consumers' gender, subjective norms, and impulsivity" can also affect a consumer's purchase intentions. For example, a female will, generally, purchase a cosmetic product more often than a male. In addition, "some...shoppers may be unable to buy ...because of financial constraints".
852:
risky choice framing, attribute framing and goal framing. Risky choice framing references back to the gain-or-loss thought processes of consumers. Consumers will take chances if the circumstance is profitable for them and avoid chance-taking if it is not. Attribute framing deals with one key phrase or feature of a price discount that is emphasized to inspire consumer shopping. For example, the terms "free" and "better" are used commonly to lure in shoppers to buy a product. Goal framing places pressure on buyers to act hastily or face the consequences of missing out on a definite price reduction. A "limited time only" (LTO) deal, for example, attempts to motivate buyers to make a purchase quickly, or buy on impulse, before the time runs out.
839:
perceive larger discounts for prices with small right digit endings, than for large right digit endings. For example, in a $ 32-to-$ 31 price reduction, consumers will believe to have received a greater deal than a $ 39-to-$ 38 price reduction. As a result, companies may use discounts with smaller right digits to mislead consumers into thinking they are receiving a better deal and increasing profit. However, consumers also are deceived by the infamous 9-ending prices. "The right digit effect relates to consumers' tendency to identify 9-ending prices as sale (rather than regular) prices or to associate them with a discount.
812:
purchase. A "gain" view on a purchase results in chance taking For example, if there is a buy-one-get-one-half-off discount that seems profitable, a shopper will buy the product. On the other hand, a "loss" viewpoint results in consumer aversion to taking any chances. For instance, consumers will pass on a buy-three-get-one-half-off discount if they believe they are not benefitting from the deal. Specifically, consumers will consider their options because "...the sensation of loss is 2.5 times greater than the sensation of gain for the same value".
672:
consumers a bonus pack in which they can receive two products for the price of one. In these scenarios, this bonus pack is framed as a gain because buyers believe that they are obtaining a free product. The purchase of a bonus pack, however, is not always beneficial for the consumer. Sometimes consumers will end up spending money on an item they would not normally buy had it not been in a bonus pack. As a result, items bought in a bonus pack are often wasted and is viewed as a "loss" for the consumer.
821:
purchases an item without any forethought, that was impulse buying. Product manufactures want to promote and encourage this instant purchase impulse in consumers. Buyers can be very quick to make purchases without thinking about the consequences when a product is perceived to be a good deal. Therefore, sales companies "increasingly implement promotional campaigns that will be effective in triggering consumer impulse buying behavior" to increase sales and profits
770:
difficult and effortful for the consumer to understand". For example, a buy-one-get-one-free deal on a website requires more work than the same bonus pack offered in a store. Online, consumers have to deal with payment processing, shipping and handling fees, and days waiting for the products' arrival, while in a store, the products are available without those additional steps and delays.
606:
860:
Although there are aspects that can determine a consumer's shopping behavior, there are many outside factors that can influence the shoppers' decision in making a purchase. For example, even though a product's price is discounted, the quality of that product may dissuade the consumer from buying the
851:
is "the phenomenon that occurs when there is a change in an individual's preference between two or more alternatives caused by the way the problem is presented". In other words, the format in which something is presented will affect a person's viewpoint. This theory consists of three subcategories:
811:
Many discounts are designed to give consumers the perception of saving money when buying products, but not all discounted prices are viewed as favorable to buyers. Therefore, before making a purchase, consumers may weigh their options as either a gain or a loss to avoid the risk of losing money on a
671:
Price-pack/Bonus packs deal: The packaging offers a consumer a certain percentage more of the product for the same price (for example, 25 percent extra). This is another type of deal "in which customers are offered more of the product for the same price". For example, a sales company may offer their
755:
New technologies have provided a range of new opportunities for sales promotions. Loyalty cards, personal shopping assistants, electronic shelf labels, and electronic advertising displays allow for more personalized communications and more targeted information at the point of purchase. For example,
568:
Sale promotions often come in the form of discounts. Discounts impact the way consumers think and behave when shopping. The type of savings and its location can affect the way consumers view a product and affect their purchase decisions. The two most common discounts are price discounts ("on sale
560:
Sales promotion includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate product interest, trial, or purchase. Examples of
764:
There are different types of discounts available online versus in the stores. On-shelf couponing: Coupons are present at the shelf where the product is available. On-line couponing: Coupons are available online. Consumers print them out and take them to the store. Although discounts can be found
829:
Many consumers read left-to-right, and therefore, compare prices in the same manner. For example, if the price of a product is $ 93 and the sales price is $ 79, people will initially compare the left digits first (9 and 7) and notice the two digit difference. However, because of this habitual
820:
Impulse buying results from consumers' failure to weigh their options before buying a product. Impulse buying is "any purchase that a shopper makes that has not been planned... sudden and immediate". For example, if a consumer has no intention of buying a product before entering a store, but
838:
The right digit effect focuses on the right digits of prices when the left digits are the same. In other words, prices like $ 45 and $ 42 force consumers to pay more attention to the right digits (the 2 and 5) to determine the discount received. This effect also "implies that consumers will
769:
as opposed to physically going to various stores. In addition, buyers tend to refrain from purchasing bonus packs online because of the skepticism (of fraud and scams) that may come with the deal. Since "...bonus packs are more difficult than price discounts to process online, they are more
564:
Sales promotion is implemented to attract new customers, hold present customers, counteract competition, and take advantage of opportunities that are revealed by market research. It is made up of activities, both outside and inside activities, to enhance company sales. Outside sales promotion
830:
behavior, "consumers may perceive the ($ 14) difference between $ 93 and $ 79 as greater than the ($ 14) difference between $ 89 and $ 75". As a result, consumers often mistakenly believe they are receiving a better deal with the first set of prices based on the left digits solely.
569:
items") and bonus packs ("bulk items"). Price discounts are the reduction of an original sale by a certain percentage while bonus packs are deals in which the consumer receives more for the original price. Many companies present different forms of discounts in
585:, it is also a form of advertisement used within a short period of time. Researchers Farhangmehr and Brito reviewed the definitions of sales promotions in marketing texts and journals and identified a set of common characteristics of sales promotion, including:
565:
activities include advertising, publicity, public relations activities, and special sales events. Inside sales promotion activities include window displays, product and promotional material display and promotional programs such as premium awards and contests.
657:
Consumer sales promotions are short-term techniques designed to achieve short-term objectives, such as to stimulate a purchase, encourage store traffic or simply to build excitement for a product or brand. Traditional sales promotions techniques include:
765:
online and in stores, there is a different thought process when shopping in each location. For example, "online shoppers are more price-sensitive because of the readily available low search cost and direct price comparisons". Consumers can easily go to
892:
is notorious for having the most strict regulations. Famous examples include the car wash that was barred from giving free car washes to regular customers and a baker who could not give a free cloth bag to customers who bought more than 10 rolls.
490:. Sales promotion uses both media and non-media marketing communications for a predetermined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Examples include
581:
Sales promotion represents a variety of techniques used to stimulate the purchase of a product or brand. Sales promotion has a tactical, rather than strategic role in marketing communications and
613:
Both manufacturers and retailers make extensive use of sales promotions. Retailer-sponsored sales promotions are directed at consumers. Manufacturers use two types of sales promotion, namely:
628:: Sales promotions targeted at trade, especially retailers, designed to increase sales to retailers, to carry the product or brand or to support the retailer in consumer-oriented promotions
884:
Most
European countries also have controls on the scheduling and permissible types of sales promotions, as they are regarded in those countries as bordering upon
1152:
1293:
881:
regime in which manufacturers could legally dictate the minimum resale price for virtually all goods; this practice was abolished in 1964.
561:
devices used in sales promotion include coupons, samples, premiums, point-of-purchase (POP) displays, contests, rebates, and sweepstakes.
690:
Mobile couponing: Coupons are available on a mobile phone. Consumers show the offer on a mobile phone to a salesperson for redemption.
1057:
Proceedings of the 1997 World
Marketing Congress. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science,
797:
Trade discounts (also called functional discounts): These are payments to distribution channel members for performing some function.
1588:
1055:
Farhangmehr M. and Brito P.Q.. "Sales
Promotions: Prescriptive Definitions and the Managers View,". In: Sidin S., Manrai A. (eds),
869:
Sales promotions have traditionally been heavily regulated in many advanced industrial nations, with the notable exception of the
748:
Kids eat free specials: Offers a discount on the total dining bill by offering 1 free kids meal with each regular meal purchased.
917:
450:
2244:
1286:
2237:
2025:
1242:
Stuart
Mitchell, "Resale price maintenance and the character of resistance in the conservative party: 1949-64,"
1183:
1101:
681:: The price of a popular product is temporarily reduced below cost in order to stimulate other profitable sales
668:
Cents-off deal: Offers a brand at a lower price. The price reduction may be a percentage marked on the package.
788:
Point-of-purchase displays: Used to create the urge of "impulse" buying and selling your product on the spot.
665:
Loyal Reward
Program: Consumers collect points, miles, or credits for purchases and redeem them for rewards.
17:
751:
Sampling: Consumers get one sample for free, after their trial and then could decide whether to buy or not.
706:
Contests/sweepstakes/games: The consumer is automatically entered into the event by purchasing the product.
693:
Online interactive promotion game: Consumers play an interactive game associated with the promoted product.
922:
2048:
1279:
766:
1071:
Gedenek, K., Geslin, S.A. and
Ailawadi, S.L., "Sales Promotion," in: Krafft, M. and Mantra, M.K. (eds),
1029:
Yin, Xu; Jin-Song, Huang (2014). "Effects Of Price
Discounts And Bonus Packs On Online Impulse Buying".
962:
374:
649:
The effect of sales promotion may not persist unless other marketing is used to create brand loyalty.
2005:
1366:
1257:
885:
848:
794:
Push money: Also known as "spiffs." An extra commission paid to retail employees to push products.
621:: Sales promotions targeted at consumers or end-users and designed to stimulate the actual purchase
2295:
1544:
1539:
932:
878:
98:
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2206:
1917:
1854:
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952:
756:
shoppers may receive alerts for special offers when they approach a product in a specific aisle.
534:
443:
389:
369:
354:
168:
143:
118:
58:
684:
Free-standing insert (FSI): A coupon booklet is inserted into the local newspaper for delivery.
1922:
1618:
178:
1210:
779:
Trade allowances: Short-term incentive offered to induce a retailer to stock up on a product.
687:
Checkout dispensers: On checkout, the customer is given a coupon based on products purchased.
2189:
2141:
2121:
2040:
2030:
1814:
1698:
942:
907:
364:
216:
128:
113:
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1947:
1897:
1633:
1628:
1598:
1461:
379:
309:
271:
183:
163:
78:
42:
782:
Dealer loader: An incentive given to induce a retailer to purchase and display a product.
8:
2116:
2106:
2063:
1834:
1661:
1623:
1519:
967:
902:
511:
329:
319:
256:
133:
73:
601:
Is not a single technique, rather it is a set of techniques used for a specific purpose
2227:
1990:
1889:
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1829:
1748:
1529:
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1302:
1175:
957:
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523:
436:
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349:
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138:
103:
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2073:
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507:
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422:
291:
266:
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153:
148:
1179:
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1980:
1942:
1927:
1718:
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1167:
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1038:
487:
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417:
314:
251:
241:
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173:
158:
123:
108:
88:
2264:
2249:
2015:
1791:
1638:
1613:
1578:
1421:
947:
467:
407:
83:
595:
Exhibits a secondary role in relation to other forms of marketing communication;
2146:
2010:
1995:
1957:
1937:
1874:
1713:
1688:
1593:
1476:
1456:
1411:
1389:
1042:
874:
582:
519:
324:
1229:
2289:
2254:
2211:
2020:
2000:
1839:
1583:
1431:
1336:
870:
359:
246:
2259:
2179:
2174:
2058:
1902:
1844:
1824:
1331:
912:
609:
Cokecaps is a manufacturer-sponsored sales promotion targeted at consumers.
2151:
2111:
1962:
1869:
1864:
1733:
1723:
1708:
1534:
1504:
1486:
1351:
785:
Trade contest: A contest to reward retailers that sell the most product.
678:
570:
550:
503:
491:
471:
226:
201:
93:
791:
Training programs: Dealer employees are trained in selling the product.
675:
Coupons: Coupons have become a standard mechanism for sales promotions.
2232:
2131:
2088:
2053:
1972:
1912:
1806:
1743:
1562:
1446:
1436:
1361:
1346:
1341:
1316:
737:
724:
Glorifier: A small stage that elevates a product above other products.
384:
1952:
1932:
1907:
1786:
1758:
1671:
1608:
1494:
1356:
1326:
1271:
927:
483:
344:
276:
33:
592:
Operates and influences only the last phase of the purchase process;
2083:
1859:
1683:
1666:
1603:
1466:
1384:
1376:
1171:
712:
Aisle interrupter: A sign that juts into the aisle from the shelf.
542:
538:
530:
1153:"Distortion Of Price Discount Perceptions: The Right Digit Effect"
1102:"Influence Of Discount Price Announcements On Consumer's Behavior"
2199:
2184:
2068:
1985:
1703:
1471:
1401:
937:
889:
730:
Lipstick Board: A board on which messages are written in crayon.
700:
662:
Price deal: A temporary reduction in the price, such as 50% off.
63:
598:
Performs an accessory role regarding the product's core benefits
2126:
495:
68:
1211:"Effects Of Discount Framing In Comparative Price Advertising"
2166:
1766:
743:
Electroluminescent: Solar-powered, animated light in motion.
645:
4. The product are likely to be perished if not sold or used.
475:
231:
211:
1648:
605:
1073:
Retailing in the 21st
Century: Current and Future Trends,
699:: Consumers are offered a money-back if the receipt and
1067:
1065:
715:
Dangler: A sign that sways when a consumer walks by it.
642:
3. Penetration or entry into a competitors stronghold.
573:, hoping to convince consumers to buy their products.
1062:
806:
733:
Necker: A coupon placed on the 'neck' of a bottle.
989:How to start and succeed in a business of your own
759:
736:YES unit: "Your extra salesperson" is a pull-out
470:. The primary elements in the promotional mix are
27:Short-term incentive to initiate trial or purchase
2287:
718:Dump bin: A bin full of products dumped inside.
529:Sales promotions can be directed at either the
1150:
1287:
773:
549:. Sales promotions targeted at retailers and
444:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1028:
801:
1294:
1280:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
451:
437:
1255:
1208:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1120:
1193:
1099:
604:
1151:Coulter, Keith; Coulter, Robin (2007).
1078:
14:
2288:
1301:
1129:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
986:
1275:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
833:
1109:Revista de Administração de Empresas
767:other websites and find better deals
541:). Sales promotions targeted at the
918:Integrated marketing communications
824:
721:Bidding portals: Getting prospects
636:1. The product is newly introduced.
24:
995:
25:
2307:
1246:40, no. 2 (August 2005): 259-289.
1031:Social Behavior & Personality
855:
842:
815:
807:Meaningful savings: gain or loss
632:Sales promotion is useful when:
589:Short-term effects and duration;
1938:Party platforms (or manifestos)
1122:10.1590/s0034-75902012000600007
760:Online deals vs. In-store deals
1258:"Handcuffs on the high street"
1249:
1236:
1059:Springer, Cham, 2015, pp 45-49
1049:
980:
727:Wobbler: A sign that jiggles.
466:is one of the elements of the
13:
1:
1218:European Journal of Marketing
973:
864:
639:2. There is excess inventory.
576:
2026:Rally 'round the flag effect
1160:Journal of Consumer Research
923:Institute of Sales Promotion
7:
1244:Canadian Journal of History
1100:Isabella, Giuliana (2012).
896:
703:are mailed to the producer.
10:
2312:
1256:Anonymous (May 13, 2000).
1043:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.8.1293
963:Sales Promotion (magazine)
877:formerly operated under a
774:Trade promotion techniques
375:Promotional representative
2220:
2165:
2097:
2039:
1971:
1888:
1805:
1757:
1647:
1558:
1485:
1375:
1367:Manipulation (psychology)
1309:
1230:10.1108/03090561211259952
1209:McKechnie, Sally (2012).
886:unfair business practices
619:Consumer sales promotions
547:consumer sales promotions
537:channel members (such as
1545:Criticism of advertising
933:Marketing communications
879:resale price maintenance
802:Consumer thought process
709:Point-of-sale displays:
652:
2207:Promotional merchandise
1918:Character assassination
1855:Narcotizing dysfunction
1729:Photograph manipulation
1442:Guerrilla communication
953:Promotional merchandise
370:Promotional merchandise
355:Out-of-home advertising
144:Account-based marketing
2190:Product demonstrations
1619:Historical negationism
610:
555:trade sales promotions
179:Horizontal integration
2122:Reputation management
2041:Psychological warfare
1890:Political campaigning
1699:Firehose of falsehood
987:Taylor, John (1978).
943:Promotion (marketing)
908:Behavioral clustering
608:
365:Product demonstration
217:Corporate anniversary
2157:Corporate propaganda
1224:(11/12): 1501–1522.
380:Visual merchandising
310:Behavioral targeting
184:Vertical integration
164:Influencer marketing
2245:Media concentration
2117:Non-apology apology
2107:Cult of personality
1835:Emotive conjugation
1589:Burying of scholars
968:Tobacco advertising
903:Alcohol advertising
873:. For example, the
330:In-game advertising
320:Display advertising
196:Promotional content
2228:Influence-for-hire
2021:National mythology
1991:Crowd manipulation
1880:Tabloid journalism
1749:Video manipulation
1694:Fictitious entries
1417:Civil disobedience
1303:Media manipulation
958:Native advertising
834:Right digit effect
611:
533:, sales staff, or
413:Marketing research
350:Online advertising
340:Native advertising
335:Mobile advertising
287:Sex in advertising
104:Consumer behaviour
2283:
2282:
2049:Airborne leaflets
1928:Election promises
1782:Product placement
1657:Alternative facts
1397:Alternative media
508:point of purchase
461:
460:
423:Consumer research
304:Promotional media
292:Underwriting spot
267:Product placement
247:On-hold messaging
237:Loyalty marketing
154:Product marketing
149:Digital marketing
16:(Redirected from
2303:
2275:Media proprietor
2099:Public relations
2079:Public diplomacy
2064:Information (IT)
1943:Name recognition
1568:Media regulation
1550:Annoyance factor
1407:Call-out culture
1322:Crowd psychology
1296:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1215:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1182:. Archived from
1157:
1148:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1106:
1097:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1037:(8): 1293–1302.
1026:
993:
992:
984:
825:Comparing prices
626:Trade promotions
488:public relations
480:direct marketing
476:personal selling
453:
446:
439:
418:Mystery shopping
315:Brand ambassador
252:Personal selling
242:Mobile marketing
222:Direct marketing
207:Ambush marketing
174:Annoyance factor
159:Social marketing
109:Consumer culture
89:Brand management
30:
29:
21:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2296:Sales promotion
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2270:Media influence
2265:Media franchise
2250:Media democracy
2216:
2161:
2093:
2035:
2016:Loaded language
1967:
1884:
1801:
1753:
1643:
1572:
1554:
1481:
1422:Culture jamming
1371:
1305:
1300:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1186:
1155:
1149:
1130:
1104:
1098:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1027:
996:
985:
981:
976:
948:Promotional mix
899:
867:
858:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
804:
776:
762:
655:
579:
520:product samples
468:promotional mix
464:Sales promotion
457:
428:
427:
408:Market research
403:
395:
394:
305:
297:
296:
282:Sales promotion
197:
189:
188:
84:Brand licensing
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
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2241:
2240:
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2224:
2222:
2218:
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2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
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2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Understatement
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
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2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Indoctrination
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Disinformation
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:Smear campaign
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:Sensationalism
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Agenda-setting
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
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1755:
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1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:False document
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1594:Catch and kill
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1559:
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1555:
1553:
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1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:Demonstrations
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:Cancel culture
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
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1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1248:
1235:
1192:
1189:on 2019-02-17.
1172:10.1086/518526
1166:(2): 162–173.
1128:
1115:(6): 657–671.
1077:
1061:
1048:
994:
991:. p. 290.
978:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
898:
895:
875:United Kingdom
866:
863:
857:
856:Outside forces
854:
849:Framing effect
844:
843:Framing effect
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
817:
816:Impulse buying
814:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
775:
772:
761:
758:
753:
752:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
707:
704:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
654:
651:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
630:
629:
622:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
583:brand strategy
578:
575:
571:advertisements
459:
458:
456:
455:
448:
441:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Drip marketing
322:
317:
312:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
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209:
204:
198:
195:
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186:
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176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
99:Communications
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2308:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Media ecology
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:United States
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2212:Telemarketing
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Fearmongering
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:False balance
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1797:Word of mouth
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1756:
1750:
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1737:
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1727:
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1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
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1700:
1697:
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1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Broadcast law
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:Deplatforming
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:False balance
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1263:
1262:The Economist
1259:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
990:
983:
979:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
894:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:United States
862:
853:
850:
840:
831:
822:
813:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
771:
768:
757:
750:
747:
742:
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
708:
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
659:
650:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
633:
627:
623:
620:
616:
615:
614:
607:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
586:
584:
574:
572:
566:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
434:
432:
431:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
399:
398:
391:
390:Word-of-mouth
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Point of sale
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
119:Effectiveness
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
44:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
18:Special offer
2260:Media ethics
2194:
2180:Door-to-door
2175:Cold calling
2152:Weasel words
2059:Fifth column
1953:Push polling
1903:Astroturfing
1865:Pseudo-event
1845:Infotainment
1820:Broadcasting
1739:Urban legend
1662:April Fools'
1535:Testimonials
1505:Infomercials
1332:Dumbing down
1261:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1184:the original
1163:
1159:
1112:
1108:
1072:
1056:
1051:
1034:
1030:
988:
982:
913:Demand chain
883:
868:
859:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
763:
754:
656:
648:
631:
625:
618:
612:
580:
567:
563:
559:
554:
546:
535:distribution
528:
504:loss leaders
463:
462:
281:
134:Segmentation
59:Distribution
53:Key concepts
2132:Sound bites
2112:Doublespeak
1963:Wedge issue
1923:Dog whistle
1898:Advertising
1724:Lying press
1709:Gaslighting
1487:Advertising
1462:Occupations
1352:Obfuscation
1342:Half-truths
679:Loss leader
553:are called
545:are called
472:advertising
227:Franchising
202:Advertising
169:Attribution
94:Co-creation
2233:Media bias
2089:Subversion
2054:False flag
2031:Techniques
1973:Propaganda
1933:Lawn signs
1913:Canvassing
1807:News media
1563:Censorship
1495:Billboards
1447:Hacktivism
1437:Grassroots
1362:Persuasion
1075:pp.345-359
974:References
865:Regulation
738:fact sheet
577:Definition
510:displays,
385:Web banner
272:Propaganda
79:Activation
43:Management
2195:Promotion
2074:Political
1981:Bandwagon
1908:Attack ad
1787:Publicity
1759:Marketing
1672:Fake news
1634:Religious
1629:Political
1609:Euphemism
1604:Cover-ups
1599:Corporate
1467:Petitions
1357:Orwellian
1327:Deception
928:Marketing
551:wholesale
539:retailers
484:publicity
345:New media
277:Publicity
129:Promotion
114:Dominance
34:Marketing
2290:Category
2142:Transfer
2084:Sedition
1948:Negative
1860:Newspeak
1850:Managing
1792:Research
1767:Branding
1719:Literary
1684:Fakelore
1677:websites
1667:Deepfake
1624:Internet
1515:Modeling
1472:Protests
1452:Internet
1385:Advocacy
1377:Activism
1180:43734022
897:See also
543:consumer
531:customer
512:premiums
500:freebies
492:contests
402:Research
257:Premiums
212:Branding
139:Strategy
2221:Related
2200:Spaving
2185:Pricing
2127:Slogans
2069:Lawfare
2006:Framing
1986:Big lie
1777:Product
1772:Loyalty
1704:Forgery
1649:Hoaxing
1530:Slogans
1510:Mobiles
1402:Boycott
1310:Context
938:Pricing
890:Germany
701:barcode
697:Rebates
524:rebates
496:coupons
74:Service
64:Pricing
1825:Circus
1734:Racial
1178:
522:, and
516:prizes
262:Prizes
124:Ethics
69:Retail
2167:Sales
1870:Scrum
1830:Cycle
1744:Virus
1614:Films
1579:Books
1520:Radio
1500:False
1477:Youth
1457:Media
1390:group
1347:Media
1214:(PDF)
1187:(PDF)
1176:S2CID
1156:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
653:Types
232:Label
2137:Spin
1714:List
1639:Self
1317:Bias
847:The
482:and
1525:Sex
1226:doi
1168:doi
1117:doi
1039:doi
624:2.
617:1.
2292::
1540:TV
1260:.
1222:46
1220:.
1216:.
1195:^
1174:.
1164:34
1162:.
1158:.
1131:^
1113:52
1111:.
1107:.
1080:^
1064:^
1035:42
1033:.
997:^
888:.
557:.
526:.
518:,
514:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
478:,
474:,
1295:e
1288:t
1281:v
1264:.
1232:.
1228::
1170::
1125:.
1119::
1045:.
1041::
740:.
486:/
452:e
445:t
438:v
20:)
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