251:, was touring the West Indies at the time. He was unable to give a speech at the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies in Port of Spain, the capital of Trinidad and Tobago, as various radical students accused Canada of being a racist country. Public opinion in Canada was overwhelmingly against the students, who were denounced as "rampaging criminals," "thugs" and "anarchists." The man considered the leader of the protest, Kennedy Frederick of Grenada, was denied bail and brought to court in a cage as if he were an animal. The media blamed lax immigration laws that allowed "trouble-making" students from the West Indies to attend Canadian universities.
186:
borrows
Terrence’s lab and copies it word for word. The guy gets the lab back and guess what? He gets a higher mark and doesn’t get any marks deducted for being late. Just imagine you have 13 students each with their own stories. This was a pattern." Additionally, it was charged that in the classroom Anderson would address black students as "mister" while he addressed White students by their first names, which was widely seen as evidence that he was prejudiced against his black students. In September 1968, the complaints against Anderson of racial bias were denied by the university administration.
190:
about themselves. When John asked to see the report clearing
Anderson, he recalled: "When we asked to see a copy of the report, nobody had a copy. Eventually it was stated the report had been sent to the principal. So we went to his office. He didn’t have a copy of the report either. What was told to us was it got lost in the internal mail." All through fall 1968, there was a mounting mood of frustration and rage by the black students against a university administration that was indifferent to their concerns. On January 28, 1969,
1737:
221:. John stated: "We’re talking about an era of social change and development of a social consciousness. Many students were prepared to join the cause on that basis. At the height of the occupation you had anywhere from three to five hundred bodies involved. A great majority at that time were White students. But you also had black students who identified with the struggle. Racism was rampant in the community and the university was not insulated from that racism. And so you had a tremendous rippling effect."
26:
238:
were divided by race, with the 38 black students separated from the White students. The computer lab was destroyed, resulting in over $ 2 million in damage. The entire incident was recorded live by television crews, and the most memorable image associated with the riot was smoke raising from the Hall
Building while the streets were swamped with punch cards. Windows were broken and
224:
Most of the occupation was quite peaceful: the police were not involved, and negotiations continued. On
February 10, 1969, an agreement was reached under which the students would leave the Hall Building in exchange for a new committee to examine the allegations of prejudice against Anderson. However,
189:
In general, the university administration had a patronizing and dismissive attitude towards the black students, taking the viewpoint that it was self-evident that
Anderson was not a racist and the students complaining about him were just "whiners" unhappy with the failing grades that they had brought
177:
allegations against assistant professor of biology Perry
Anderson, who was accused of being biased in his grading of black students. In spring 1968, six black students from the West Indies accused Anderson of racism, charging that he had given them lower grades than what their work merited. One black
185:
Rodney John, one of the six students who made the complaint against
Anderson, recalled in a 2019 interview: "What made it even more farcical was the experience of Terrence (Ballantyne, another student). He had a White lab partner. Terrence handed in his lab. His lab gets 7 out of 10. His lab partner
340:
Assistant professor Perry
Anderson was suspended for the duration of the crisis. He was reinstated on February 12, 1969, and, on June 30, the Hearing Committee appointed to the case found that "there was nothing in the evidence (before them) to substantiate a general charge of racism." He was found
237:
As the building burned, the crowds watching the scene from below chanted, "Let the niggers burn!" and "Burn, niggers, burn!" As the students tried to escape from the burning building, they were arrested, subjected to racist insults and beaten savagely by the police. Once in custody, the 87 students
136:
In
October 1968, a few months before the riot, Montreal had hosted two conferences on the position of black people in society. The first, at Sir George Williams, was organized by black alumni, several professors, and other members of the university. It engaged black organizations across Canada, who
324:
and extensive fire damage. The damage was listed in millions of dollars. It is unknown who caused the fire. The police accused the occupiers of the damages, while the occupiers accused the police of setting the fire as an easy way to get all the students out of the room without physically entering
128:
accused biology professor Perry
Anderson of discrimination because of alleged unfair grading. No meetings were held to discuss the incident and to find a solution. Eight months later, students took matters into their own hands by organizing meetings, sit-ins and peaceful protests. Other events, at
169:
was the first choice of university for many students but, since they had a strict admission policy, they could not be easily accepted. Sir George Williams University had a more lenient admissions policy and accepted students from various backgrounds. Classes were offered during the day and night,
233:
As the police and the students fought in the halls, other students threw computer punch cards out of the windows, littering the streets above with thousands of punch cards. A fire broke out in the computer lab, forcing the occupiers out of the building; 97 of them were arrested. John accused the
156:
Other contributing factors included a series of miscommunications between the students and the university administration, and the nature of the university itself, which encouraged a non-traditional educational philosophy, openness, and accessible higher education to a wide range of students from
344:
The computer centre incident forced a number of changes at Sir George Williams University: Student representation on university decision-making bodies was established and university procedures and policies were revamped and modernized. In April 1971, Sir George Williams adopted the University
229:
were called in to storm the Hall Building. After they learned that the university was planning to renege on the agreement, the remaining students began to barricade themselves in. The faculty of Sir George Williams University, siding with Anderson, vetoed the agreement to have a new committee
348:
The Sir George Williams affair also raised the question of racism in Canada. When the fire broke out during the destruction of the computer lab and many protesters were still in the building, white passersby yelled ″Let The Niggers Burn.″ This incident sparked interest and raised questions
333:
The riot was covered extensively by the Canadian media: all of the television networks filmed the event live from outside the university. The occupation became a key event illustrating the widespread disaffection and rebelliousness among the nation's youth during the 1960s.
1178:
What came to be known as the Computer Riot — a violent protest and sit-in against racism at a Montreal university — is the subject of a new National Film Board documentary that premiered this week at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film is called
246:
tossed onto the street below. The charges against most of the rioters were eventually dismissed. A total of 1,044 charges were brought by the Crown, of which only 50 were heard in court, nine were not held and 22 were dropped. The governor-general of Canada,
153:." These conferences, held weeks apart and at the two different venues, reflected formal agreements to disagree on priorities and span of action: domestic versus international. Both conferences contributed to the tensions at Sir George Williams University.
141:, a quarterly publication of the Negro Citizenship Association Inc. (Conference Issue, Winter 1968), its purpose was to examine the "problems in the Canadian society with reference to black people." The second, The Black Writers Conference, was hosted at
182:, it read: "They designate institutions, we disintegrate in infernos, They consummate animals that abort us, Nursing grounds for dysgenic beasts, Developing ghettoes/employing social workers to create Negroes. Man-trap, I know your name, your face."
379:, on September 12. The film focuses on individuals who were connected to the incident, and how it shaped their lives. The film shows the events at the time, and follows up on the lives of those involved decades later.
944:
866:
794:
722:
696:
670:
629:
603:
577:
234:
police of starting the fire: "The violence was perpetuated — I have no hesitation saying this — by the police and the administration. Are students going to start a fire when they’re locked in?"
325:
it. Other students also claim that they saw police locking doors and exits that were normally open, and police confiscating fire axes from students the day before the fire was set.
230:
appointed to examine the allegations of racial bias against black students. Instead, the administration asked the Montreal police to evict the students from the Hall Building.
1134:
1091:
David Austen,All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean, and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada,The Journal of African American History, Vol.92,2007,521
2039:
1294:
1726:
1611:
1753:
1701:
2034:
1586:
1229:
209:
on the part of the administration, black and White students left a meeting and occupied the university computer lab on the ninth floor of the
375:, about the Sir George Williams Affair. Filming coincided with the 45th anniversary of the incident. The film had its world premiere at the
194:, the student newspaper, ran a special edition accusing Anderson of racism, and the university administration of a cover-up. The issue of
1758:
1466:
1259:
1671:
1101:
295:
1366:
376:
1166:
337:
One protestor, Coralee Hutchison, suffered head trauma during the confrontation with police. She was hospitalized and later died.
1989:
1706:
1144:
497:
2019:
945:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
867:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
795:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
723:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
697:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
671:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
630:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
604:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
578:"50 years later: How racism allegations against a Montreal professor turned into the greatest student riot in Canadian history"
1501:
291:
2054:
2044:
2029:
1963:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1556:
1433:
2004:
1711:
1330:
1254:
1222:
170:
which was convenient for many students. Sir George Williams University was very popular among international students.
2059:
1516:
480:
225:
most of the students refused to leave. The occupation continued until February 11, when negotiations broke down and
1656:
1636:
115:
1078:
1063:
495:
David Austen, "All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean, and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada",
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1404:
1274:
95:
1691:
1264:
1028:
1005:
970:
921:
843:
820:
771:
748:
542:
519:
2024:
1459:
1315:
1269:
314:
125:
83:
1994:
1383:
1325:
1215:
366:
178:
student, Rawl Frederick, wrote a poem describing the atmosphere at Sir George Williams University. Entitled
165:
In Montreal, the estimated population of black people was 7,000 in 1961, which increased to 50,000 by 1968.
1999:
1745:
1721:
1289:
1279:
1511:
1361:
1601:
1581:
1551:
1284:
259:
239:
2009:
1561:
1452:
1417:
1310:
1050:
206:
1661:
1546:
1106:
1716:
1531:
1423:
2014:
210:
70:
1666:
1536:
82:(also referred to as "The Sir George Williams Computer Centre Incident") was a 1969 event at
1681:
1676:
1521:
1506:
1410:
1238:
198:
galvanized the student community, most of whom had been previously unaware of the matter.
99:
8:
2049:
1984:
1626:
1491:
1483:
1475:
321:
1606:
1591:
1566:
1356:
1335:
1111:
502:
309:
Some claim that the computer lab was not damaged, except for several million computer
1783:
1351:
476:
255:
166:
150:
142:
58:
1646:
1571:
1496:
1373:
1139:
283:
271:
103:
1736:
473:
Let The Niggers Burn: The Sir George Williams Affair and It's Caribbean Aftermath
1428:
1378:
413:
The Empire Within: Postcolonial Thought and Political Activitsm in 1960s Montreal
248:
1651:
299:
345:
Regulations on Rights and Responsibilities and established the Ombuds office.
1978:
1596:
1576:
279:
214:
1621:
1616:
1526:
362:
310:
287:
243:
202:
201:
Beginning on January 29, 1969, over 400 students occupied the university's
137:
were represented by black leaders from Halifax to Vancouver. According to
25:
371:
317:
303:
226:
146:
121:
506:
1696:
1207:
275:
267:
218:
1444:
133:, contributed to the simmering crisis and its destructive conclusion.
1541:
458:
The Georgian Spirit in Crisis: The Causes of the Computer Centre Riot
358:
1686:
1056:
263:
130:
87:
39:
1167:"Ninth Floor documentary looks back at Montreal's 'Computer Riot'"
1631:
174:
91:
173:
The occupation was sparked by the university's mishandling of
1399:
1201:
Canada's 1960s: The Ironies of Identity in a Rebellious Era
460:. Concordia University Department of History. pp. 3–4.
557:
1295:
Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
652:
650:
1102:"Documentary to explore 1969 Montreal student protest"
985:
884:
647:
313:
that were sent fluttering to the street below; but a
1260:
Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science
1076:
341:not guilty of racism towards the six complainants.
157:different backgrounds and different social strata.
106:, and resulted in $ 2 million of property damage.
262:, and who was a son of one of the richest men in
2040:Racially motivated violence against black people
1976:
1053:; episode: "Sir George Williams Computer Riot"
1027:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
1004:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
969:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
920:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
842:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
819:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
770:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
747:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
541:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
518:Lambeth, Maude-Emmanuelle (16 December 2016).
1460:
1223:
464:
449:
1467:
1453:
1230:
1216:
1126:
290:, an American-educated dentist and former
213:. Two of the leaders of the students were
24:
1672:1972 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts robbery
205:. Fed up with what they considered to be
2035:Building and structure fires in Montreal
1237:
470:
440:
425:
395:
377:2015 Toronto International Film Festival
254:Among those arrested and convicted were
1707:2011 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts theft
1474:
1203:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1026:
1003:
968:
919:
841:
818:
769:
746:
540:
517:
498:The Journal of African American History
1977:
1198:
1132:
991:
907:
656:
563:
455:
1448:
1211:
410:
1434:Troitsky Bridge Building Competition
1159:
942:
864:
792:
720:
694:
668:
627:
601:
575:
475:. Black Rose Books. pp. 58–61.
1727:National Historic Sites in Montreal
1712:Concordia University Netanyahu riot
1331:Concordia University Netanyahu riot
445:. Black Rose Books. pp. 78–81.
302:at the time, and his American wife
274:. Deeply involved also was student
13:
1143:. 20 February 2014. Archived from
415:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
30:The Henry F. Hall building in 1970
14:
2071:
943:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
865:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
793:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
721:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
695:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
669:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
628:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
602:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
576:Quan, Douglas (29 January 2019).
145:. Its focus was "the ideology of
1735:
1657:Montreal Metropolitan Commission
1637:Black Power movement in Montreal
365:began shooting in Montreal on a
116:Black Power movement in Montreal
1275:Mel Hoppenheim School of Cinema
1135:"The view from The Ninth Floor"
1094:
1085:
1070:
1043:
1020:
997:
962:
936:
913:
858:
835:
812:
786:
763:
740:
714:
688:
662:
621:
595:
569:
1990:Sir George Williams University
1316:Sir George Williams University
1270:John Molson School of Business
534:
511:
489:
434:
430:. Black Rose Books. p. 7.
419:
404:
400:. Black Rose Books. p. 3.
389:
315:Canadian Broadcast Corporation
126:Sir George Williams University
84:Sir George Williams University
1:
2020:January 1969 events in Canada
1384:Sir George Williams Georgians
1326:Concordia University massacre
382:
369:feature documentary entitled
367:National Film Board of Canada
109:
98:. It was the largest student
2055:20th-century fires in Canada
2045:1960s fires in North America
1692:École Polytechnique massacre
1290:District 3 Innovation Centre
1280:Concordia University Library
1029:"Sir George Williams Affair"
1006:"Sir George Williams Affair"
971:"Sir George Williams Affair"
922:"Sir George Williams Affair"
844:"Sir George Williams Affair"
821:"Sir George Williams Affair"
772:"Sir George Williams Affair"
749:"Sir George Williams Affair"
543:"Sir George Williams Affair"
520:"Sir George Williams Affair"
328:
7:
2030:Anti-black racism in Canada
1255:Faculty of Arts and Science
1031:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
1008:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
973:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
924:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
846:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
823:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
774:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
751:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
545:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
522:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
357:In February 2014, director
160:
10:
2076:
2005:Student protests in Canada
1642:Sir George Williams affair
1321:Sir George Williams affair
1285:Concordia University Press
1192:
1079:"Computer Centre Incident"
1077:Computer Centre Incident.
1064:"Computer Centre Incident"
260:Prime Minister of Dominica
113:
80:Sir George Williams affair
49:January 29, 1969
19:Sir George Williams affair
1744:
1733:
1587:Burning of the Parliament
1482:
1392:
1344:
1303:
1247:
1051:Turning Points in History
471:Forsythe, Dennis (1971).
441:Forsythe, Dennis (1971).
426:Forsythe, Dennis (1971).
396:Forsythe, Dennis (1971).
215:Roosevelt "Rosie" Douglas
65:
45:
35:
23:
18:
2060:1969 disasters in Canada
1662:Montreal Urban Community
1557:Capitulation of Montreal
1107:Halifax Chronicle-Herald
286:descent, and the son of
94:, Canada, now a part of
1717:Dawson College shooting
1532:Great Peace of Montreal
1424:Concordia Student Union
352:
276:Cheddi "Joey" Jagan Jr.
1517:Saint-Sulpice Seminary
1502:Notre-Dame de Montréal
1248:Academics and research
1199:Palmer, Bryan (2009).
1169:. CBC News. 2015-09-18
501:, Vol.92, 2007, p.517
456:Pruden, Keith (2004).
211:Henry F. Hall Building
129:the university and in
71:Henry F. Hall Building
2025:Occupations (protest)
1722:2012 student movement
270:, who later became a
1995:Race riots in Canada
1682:1976 Summer Olympics
1677:Gargantua bar attack
1522:Battle of Long Sault
1507:Governor of Montreal
1265:Faculty of Fine Arts
1240:Concordia University
443:Let The Niggers Burn
428:Let The Niggers Burn
411:Mills, Sean (2010).
398:Let The Niggers Burn
322:computer tape drives
266:. Also arrested was
96:Concordia University
2000:History of Montreal
1754:Pre-European period
1667:Blue Bird Café fire
1627:St. Lawrence Seaway
1562:American occupation
1476:History of Montreal
1147:on 26 February 2014
258:, who later became
1697:Sex Garage protest
1607:Golden Square Mile
1592:Great Fire of 1852
1567:North West Company
1367:Women's ice hockey
1357:Concordia Stingers
1336:Quartier Concordia
1133:Brownstein, Bill.
1114:. 13 February 2014
1112:The Canadian Press
566:, p. 284-285.
1972:
1971:
1442:
1441:
1352:Concordia Stadium
949:The National Post
871:The National Post
799:The National Post
727:The National Post
701:The National Post
675:The National Post
634:The National Post
608:The National Post
582:The National Post
349:internationally.
306:who was a nurse.
256:Roosevelt Douglas
167:McGill University
151:Black Nationalism
143:McGill University
120:In May 1968, six
76:
75:
2067:
2010:1969 in Montreal
1739:
1647:Murray-Hill riot
1612:Oldest buildings
1572:Bank of Montreal
1497:Fort Ville-Marie
1469:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1374:Ed Meagher Arena
1241:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1140:Montreal Gazette
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
917:
911:
905:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
767:
761:
760:
758:
756:
744:
738:
737:
735:
733:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
666:
660:
654:
645:
644:
642:
640:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
573:
567:
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
538:
532:
531:
529:
527:
515:
509:
493:
487:
486:
468:
462:
461:
453:
447:
446:
438:
432:
431:
423:
417:
416:
408:
402:
401:
393:
284:Ashkenazi Jewish
272:Canadian Senator
104:Canadian history
56:
54:
28:
16:
15:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1740:
1731:
1702:Montreal merger
1602:Victoria Bridge
1552:1870 earthquake
1547:1732 earthquake
1478:
1473:
1443:
1438:
1429:Space Concordia
1388:
1379:Loyola Warriors
1340:
1299:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
976:
974:
967:
963:
953:
951:
941:
937:
927:
925:
918:
914:
906:
885:
875:
873:
863:
859:
849:
847:
840:
836:
826:
824:
817:
813:
803:
801:
791:
787:
777:
775:
768:
764:
754:
752:
745:
741:
731:
729:
719:
715:
705:
703:
693:
689:
679:
677:
667:
663:
655:
648:
638:
636:
626:
622:
612:
610:
600:
596:
586:
584:
574:
570:
562:
558:
548:
546:
539:
535:
525:
523:
516:
512:
494:
490:
483:
469:
465:
454:
450:
439:
435:
424:
420:
409:
405:
394:
390:
385:
355:
331:
249:Roland Michener
163:
118:
112:
52:
50:
31:
12:
11:
5:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:October Crisis
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:List of Mayors
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1418:The Concordian
1414:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:Loyola College
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1158:
1125:
1093:
1084:
1069:
1055:
1042:
1019:
996:
994:, p. 284.
984:
961:
935:
912:
910:, p. 286.
883:
857:
834:
811:
785:
762:
739:
713:
687:
661:
659:, p. 285.
646:
620:
594:
568:
556:
533:
510:
488:
481:
463:
448:
433:
418:
403:
387:
386:
384:
381:
354:
351:
330:
327:
320:shows smashed
300:British Guiana
296:Chief Minister
240:computer tapes
162:
159:
111:
108:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
29:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2072:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:1969 protests
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Gavazzi Riots
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Lachine Canal
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1000:
993:
988:
972:
965:
950:
946:
939:
923:
916:
909:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
872:
868:
861:
845:
838:
822:
815:
800:
796:
789:
773:
766:
750:
743:
728:
724:
717:
702:
698:
691:
676:
672:
665:
658:
653:
651:
635:
631:
624:
609:
605:
598:
583:
579:
572:
565:
560:
544:
537:
521:
514:
508:
504:
500:
499:
492:
484:
482:0-919618-17-0
478:
474:
467:
459:
452:
444:
437:
429:
422:
414:
407:
399:
392:
388:
380:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
361:and producer
360:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Indo-Guyanese
278:, who was of
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
245:
241:
235:
231:
228:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:intransigence
204:
199:
197:
193:
187:
183:
181:
176:
171:
168:
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
132:
127:
123:
117:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
72:
68:
64:
60:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
27:
22:
17:
1759:16th century
1641:
1622:Richard Riot
1617:Ouimetoscope
1527:Old Montreal
1416:
1409:
1393:Student life
1320:
1200:
1180:
1177:
1171:. Retrieved
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:the original
1138:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1087:
1072:
1058:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
999:
987:
975:. Retrieved
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:
938:
926:. Retrieved
915:
874:. Retrieved
870:
860:
848:. Retrieved
837:
825:. Retrieved
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:
788:
776:. Retrieved
765:
753:. Retrieved
742:
730:. Retrieved
726:
716:
704:. Retrieved
700:
690:
678:. Retrieved
674:
664:
637:. Retrieved
633:
623:
611:. Retrieved
607:
597:
585:. Retrieved
581:
571:
559:
547:. Retrieved
536:
524:. Retrieved
513:
496:
491:
472:
466:
457:
451:
442:
436:
427:
421:
412:
406:
397:
391:
370:
363:Selwyn Jacob
356:
347:
343:
339:
336:
332:
308:
288:Cheddi Jagan
253:
236:
232:
223:
203:computer lab
200:
196:The Georgian
195:
192:The Georgian
191:
188:
184:
179:
172:
164:
155:
138:
135:
124:students of
119:
79:
77:
1181:Ninth Floor
1151:21 February
1118:17 February
1035:25 December
1012:25 December
992:Palmer 2009
977:25 December
954:26 December
928:25 December
908:Palmer 2009
876:26 December
850:25 December
827:25 December
804:26 December
778:25 December
755:25 December
732:26 December
706:26 December
680:26 December
657:Palmer 2009
639:26 December
613:26 December
587:26 December
564:Palmer 2009
549:25 December
526:25 December
372:Ninth Floor
318:documentary
311:punch cards
304:Janet Jagan
244:punch cards
227:riot police
147:Black Power
122:West Indian
2050:1969 fires
1985:1969 riots
1979:Categories
1512:Hôtel-Dieu
1173:2015-10-20
383:References
268:Anne Cools
219:Anne Cools
139:Expression
114:See also:
110:Background
100:occupation
53:1969-01-29
1542:Grey Nuns
1492:Hochelaga
1345:Athletics
359:Mina Shum
329:Aftermath
1746:Timeline
1687:Overdale
1411:The Link
1362:Football
1049:series:
507:20064231
264:Dominica
180:Man Trap
161:Overview
131:Montreal
88:Montreal
40:Montreal
36:Location
1632:Expo 67
1537:Citadel
1304:History
1193:Sources
292:Premier
51: (
1484:Topics
505:
479:
175:racism
92:Quebec
66:Target
1964:2000s
1959:1990s
1954:1980s
1949:1970s
1944:1960s
1939:1950s
1934:1940s
1929:1930s
1924:1920s
1919:1910s
1914:1900s
1909:1890s
1904:1880s
1899:1870s
1894:1860s
1889:1850s
1884:1840s
1879:1830s
1874:1820s
1869:1810s
1864:1800s
1859:1790s
1854:1780s
1849:1770s
1844:1760s
1839:1750s
1834:1740s
1829:1730s
1824:1720s
1819:1710s
1814:1700s
1809:1690s
1804:1680s
1799:1670s
1794:1660s
1789:1650s
1784:1640s
1779:1630s
1774:1620s
1769:1610s
1764:1600s
503:JSTOR
1405:CUTV
1400:CJLO
1153:2014
1120:2014
1037:2019
1014:2019
979:2019
956:2019
930:2019
878:2019
852:2019
829:2019
806:2019
780:2019
757:2019
734:2019
708:2019
682:2019
641:2019
615:2019
589:2019
551:2019
528:2019
477:ISBN
353:Film
294:and
282:and
242:and
217:and
149:and
78:The
69:The
46:Date
298:of
102:in
86:in
59:EST
1981::
1176:.
1137:.
1110:.
1104:.
947:.
886:^
869:.
797:.
725:.
699:.
673:.
649:^
632:.
606:.
580:.
90:,
1468:e
1461:t
1454:v
1231:e
1224:t
1217:v
1183:.
1155:.
1122:.
1081:.
1066:.
1039:.
1016:.
981:.
958:.
932:.
880:.
854:.
831:.
808:.
782:.
759:.
736:.
710:.
684:.
643:.
617:.
591:.
553:.
530:.
485:.
61:)
57:(
55:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
