Susa - Knowledge

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or beaker, a serving dish, and a small jar—implies the consumption of three types of food, apparently thought to be as necessary for life in the afterworld as it is in this one. Ceramics of these shapes, which were painted, constitute a large proportion of the vessels from the cemetery. Others are coarse cooking-type jars and bowls with simple bands painted on them and were probably the grave goods of the sites of humbler citizens as well as adolescents and, perhaps, children. The pottery is carefully made by hand. Although a slow wheel may have been employed, the asymmetry of the vessels and the irregularity of the drawing of encircling lines and bands indicate that most of the work was done freehand.

1755: 1195: 7797: 1210: 1917: 11289: 2396: 7506: 2273:. Abu Musa agreed to Siyah's plan. Soon after as the sun came up one morning, the sentries on the walls saw a man in a Persian officer's uniform covered in blood lying on the ground before the main gate. Thinking it he had been left out overnight after a conflict the previous day, they opened the gate and some came out to collect him. As they approached, Siyah jumped up and killed them. Before the other sentries had time to react, Siyah and a small group of Muslim soldiers hidden nearby charged through the open gate. They held the gate open long enough for Muslim reinforcements to arrive and passing through the gate to take the city. 10919: 1802: 124: 2432: 1222: 9455: 1246: 1483: 2578: 7469: 6894: 2447: 2482: 8048: 1474: 11641: 1690: 2625: 1929: 9682: 978: 2420: 131: 98: 1104: 1902: 8376: 2543: 1119: 7244: 2494: 11631: 1814: 91: 6869: 8647: 2528: 7454: 1234: 10503: 830: 10394: 7077: 8716: 2514: 2613: 1164:. Potts also stresses the fact that the writing and numerical systems of Uruk were not simply borrowed in Susa wholesale. Rather, only partial and selective borrowing took place, that was adapted to Susa's needs. Despite the fact that Uruk was far larger than Susa at the time, Susa was not its colony, but still maintained some independence for a long time, according to Potts. An architectural link has also been suggested between Susa, Tal-i Malyan, and 5419: 9710: 1666: 6655: 2601: 2647: 875:, after visiting the site in 1891, conducted major excavations from 1897 until 1911. The excavations that were conducted in Susa brought many artistic and historical artifacts back to France. These artifacts filled multiple halls in the Museum of the Louvre throughout the late 1890s and early 1900s. De Morgan's most important work was the excavation of the Grande Tranchée in the Acropole mound, where he found the stele of 10736: 7728: 2313:, nor is he regarded as a prophet in Judaism, the initial reaction of the Muslim was to destroy the cult by confiscating the treasure that had stored at the tomb since the time of the Achaemenids. They then broke open the silver coffin and carried off the mummified corpse, removing from the corpse a signet ring, which carried an image of a man between two lions. However, upon hearing what had happened, the caliph 695: 8824: 7641: 7464: 1176:

regional variation of that on the Mesopotamian plain". Gilbert Stein, director of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, says that "An expansion once thought to have lasted less than 200 years now apparently went on for 700 years. It is hard to think of any colonial system lasting that long. The spread of Uruk material is not evidence of Uruk domination; it could be local choice".

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Christians during his war campaign against the Romans. Following a rebellion of Christians living in Susa, the king destroyed the city in 339 using 300 elephants. He later had the city rebuilt and resettled with prisoners of war and weavers, which is believed to have been after his victory over the Romans in Amida in 359. The weaver produced silk brocade. He renamed it

1442: 1650: 1622: 1738: 1182: 2461: 1994:"This palace which I built at Susa, from afar its ornamentation was brought. Downward the earth was dug, until I reached rock in the earth. When the excavation had been made, then rubble was packed down, some 40 cubits in depth, another part 20 cubits in depth. On that rubble the palace was constructed." 2328:

Susa recovered following its capture and remained a regional center of more than 400 hectares in size. A mosque was built, but also Nestorian bishops are still testifie. In addition, there was a Jewish community with its own synagogue. The city continued to be a manufacturing center of luxury fabrics

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Shortly after Susa was first settled over 6000 years ago, its inhabitants erected a monumental platform that rose over the flat surrounding landscape. The exceptional nature of the site is still recognizable today in the artistry of the ceramic vessels that were placed as offerings in a thousand

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of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces

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ceramic tradition that spread across the Near East during the fifth millennium BC. Susa I style was very much a product of the past and of influences from contemporary ceramic industries in the mountains of western Iran. The recurrence in close association of vessels of three types—a drinking goblet

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could capture the city, and since there were none in the besieging army then they may as well give up and go home. One of the Muslim commanders was so angry and frustrated at this taunt that he went up to one of the city gates and kicked it. Instantly the chains snapped, the locks broke and it fell

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Susa slowly lost its importance. Archaeologically, the Sassanid city is less dense compared to the Parthian period, but there were still significant buildings, with the settlement extending over 400 hectares. Susa was also still very significant economically and a trading center, especially in gold

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began the first French excavations, discovering glazed bricks, column bases, and capitals from the palace of the Achaemenid kings. However, they failed to identify mudbrick walls, which were then destroyed in the course of excavation. Almost all of the excavations at Susa, post-1885, were organized

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During the reign of Shapur II after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in 312, and the identification of Christians as possible collaborators with the enemy Christians living in the Sasanian Empire were persecuted from 339 onwards. Shapur II also imposed a double tax on the

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It is probable that Cyrus negotiated with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore avoid an armed confrontation. Nabonidus was staying in the city at the time and soon fled to the capital, Babylon, which he had not visited in years. Cyrus' conquest of Susa and the

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Around 1500 BC, the Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While, previously, the Akkadian language was frequently used in inscriptions, the succeeding

1042:. The vessels found are eloquent testimony to the artistic and technical achievements of their makers, and they hold clues about the organization of the society that commissioned them. Painted ceramic vessels from Susa in the earliest first style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian 1175:

Some scholars believe that Susa was part of the greater Uruk culture. Holly Pittman, an art historian at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia says, "they Susanians are participating entirely in an Uruk way of life. They are not culturally distinct; the material culture of Susa is a

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The use of the Elamite language as an administrative language was first attested in texts of ancient Ansan, Tall-e Mal-yan, dated 1000 BC. Previous to the era of Elamites, the Akkadian language was responsible for most or all of the text used in ancient documents. Susiana was incorporated by

3202:

Hole, Frank. "A Monumental Failure: The Collapse of Susa". In Robin A. Carter and Graham Philip, eds., Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration of Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East, pp. 221–226, Studies in Oriental Civilization, no. 63, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the

1960:(Susiana), of which Susa was the capital. The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle(s), Nabonidus had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict over Susa had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BC. 3267:

Rosenstock, E., Scharl, S., Schier, W., 2016. Ex oriente lux? Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Stellung der frühen Kupfermetallurgie Südosteuropas, in: Bartelheim, M., Horejs, B., Krauß, R. (Eds.), Von Baden bis Troia, Oriental and European Archaeology. Leidorf, Rahden/Westf., pp. 59–122. p.

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Moghaddam, A., Miri, N., 2021. Tol-e Chega Sofla Cemetery: A Phenomenon in the Context of Late 5th Millennium Southwest Iran, in: Abar, A., D’Anna, M.B., Cyrus, G., Egbers, V., Huber, B., Kainert, C., Köhler, J., Öğüt, B., Rol, N., Russo, G., Schönicke, J., Tourtet, F. (Eds.),

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trading. Coins also continued to be minted in the city. The city had a Christian community in a separate district with a Nestorian bishop, whose last representative is attested to in 1265. Archaeologically a stucco panel with the image of a Christian saint has been found.

2395: 2860:, William K. Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: With an Account of Excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849–52, Robert Carter & Brothers, 1857 920:, he continued there until 1967. The Ghirshmans concentrated on excavating a single part of the site, the hectare sized Ville Royale, taking it all the way down to bare earth. The pottery found at the various levels enabled a stratigraphy to be developed for Susa. 1328: 951:, the foundation of a settlement there occurred as early as 4395 BC. In the region around Susa were a number of towns (with their own platforms) and villages that maintained a trading relationship with the city, especially those along the Zagro frontier. 2317:

ordered the ring to be returned and the body reburied under the riverbed. In time, Daniel became a Muslim cult figure and they as well as Christians began making pilgrimages to the site, despite several other places claiming to be the site of Daniel's grave.

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During the Elamite monarchy, many riches and materials were brought to Susa from the plundering of other cities. This was mainly due to the fact of Susa's location on Iran's South Eastern region, closer to the city of Babylon and cities in Mesopotamia.

1066:"Metal finds from the burials in Susa are the major metal assemblage from the end of the 5th millennium BCE. Strata 27 to 25 contained the earliest burials with a large number of axes, made from unalloyed copper and copper with elevated As levels." 2166:

coined coins in the city, indicating that it was firmly in the hands of the Parthians at least during this period. The city however retained a considerable amount of independence and retained its Greek city-state organization well into the ensuing

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minted coins there in substantial quantities. Susa is rich in Greek inscriptions, perhaps indicating a significant number of Greeks living in the city. Especially in the royal city large, well-equipped peristyle houses have been excavated.

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in Christianity. In everyday use, it also means "deceiver" or "imposter". Siyah, a Persian general who had defected to Muslim side, claimed that by converting to Islam he had turned his back on Zoroastrianism and was thus a

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Pierre Amiet, "Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967", Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran, Paris

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Although numerous excavation reports have been published so far, many excavations are not or only partially published. Above all, the found architecture was often presented only in short preliminary reports and plans.

1880:"Susa, the great holy city, abode of their gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed. . . .I destroyed the 3076:

Hermann Gasche, "Ville Royale de Suse: vol I : La poterie elamite du deuxieme millenaire A.C.", Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires 47, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1973 ISBN 978-9004038264

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Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran: Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967

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The founding of Susa corresponded with the abandonment of nearby villages. Potts suggests that the settlement may have been founded to try to reestablish the previously destroyed settlement at

4086:(Seventeenth year) show that Nabonidus had been in Babylon before 10 October 539, because he had already returned from Harran and had participated in the Akitu of Nissanu 1 , 539 BC. 4104:

Unvala, J. M., "The Palace of Darius the Great and the Apadāna of Artaxerxes II in Susa", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, vol.5, no.2, pp.229–32, 1929

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Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927

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Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927

3172:. University of Chicago Oriental Institute publications. Chicago, Ill: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in Association with the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization. 4069:, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." 1726: 4332: 2542: 5022: 1766:

This was also the period when the Elamite pantheon was being imposed in Susiana. This policy reached its height with the construction of the political and religious complex at

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in 1940. To supplement the original publications of De Mecquenem the archives of his excavation have now been put online thanks to a grant from the Shelby White Levy Program.

2527: 1271:' period. At this time, Banesh period pottery is predominant. This is also when the Proto-Elamite tablets first appear in the record. Subsequently, Susa became the centre of 6576: 6583: 3340:

F. Desset, An Architectural Pattern in Late Fourth-Millennium BC Western Iran: A New Link Between Susa, Tal-I Malyan, and Godin Tepe, Iran, vol. 52, iss. 1, pp. 1–18, 2014

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area in Susa was more significant at the early period, and also continued later on. Thus, Susa combined the influence of two cultures, from the highland area and from the

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Mikołajczak, Tytus K. (2011). "Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011. pp. xviii + 493. $ 89.50 (cloth)".

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M. Steve and Hermann H. Gasche, "L'Acropole de Suse: Nouvelles fouilles (rapport preliminaire)", Memoires de la Delegation archeologique en Iran, vol. 46, Geuthner, 1971

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Marie-Joseph Steve, Hermann Gasche, "L'Acropole de Suse. Nouvelles fouilles (rapport préliminaire)", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse vol. 46, Leiden 1971.

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of Susa and Uruk at this time, as well as about the extent of Uruk influence in Susa. Recent research indicates that Early Uruk period corresponds to Susa II period.

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Robert J. Wenke, Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 303–315, 1981

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Poebel, Arno, "The Acropolis of Susa in the Elamite Inscriptions", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 125–40, 1933

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de MECQUENEM, R., "FOUILLES DE SUSE: CAMPAGNES DES ANNÉES 1914-1921-1922", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 109–40, 1922

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An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC.

4627: 11865: 8157: 6231: 4753:, "Suse sous les Séleucides et les Parthes: les trouvailles monétaires et l'histoire de la ville", Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran, Paris 1965. 2878:

Vaux, W. S. W., "ON COINS DISCOVERED, BY W. K. LOFTUS, Esq., AT SUSA", The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, vol. 20, pp. 25–32, 1857

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FOSTER, BENJAMIN R, "'International' Trade at Sargonic Susa (Susa in the Sargonic Period III)", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 1993

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King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.

1074:, from the same timeframe, provides a lot of similar material, with many sophisticated metal objects. Chega Sofla is located in the same geographical area. 1062:

As many as 40 copper axes have been found at the Susa cemetery, as well as 10 round discs probably used as mirrors. Many awls and spatulas were also found.

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Vincent Scheil, "Inscriptions of Achéménides à Suse. Actes juridiques susiens", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse, vol. 21–24, Paris 1929–1933.

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beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis.

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reveals Ashurbanipal as an "avenger", seeking retribution for the humiliations that the Elamites had inflicted on the Mesopotamians over the centuries:

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imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473. This type of bracelet was manufactured in

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Elizabeth Carter, "The Susa Sequence – 3000–2000 B. C. Susa, Ville Royale I", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 451–454, 1979

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Ghirshman, Roman, "The Elamite Levels at Susa and Their Chronological Significance", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 223–25, 1970

6515: 3863:"Louvre Museum - cachet -2340 / -2200 (Akkad) - Lieu de création : Vallée de l'Indus - Lieu de découverte : Suse - SB 5614 ; AS 15374" 2481: 2330: 2171:

period. From second half of the first century it was probably partly governed by rulers of Elymais again, but it became Parthian once again in 215.

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of Susiana. Nevertheless, Susa retained its economic importance to the empire with its vast assortment of merchants conducting trade in Susa, using

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Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis.

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Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099 ; N 601.

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Elizabeth Carter, "Excavations in Ville-Royale-I at Susa: The third Millennium B.C.", Cahiers de la DAFI, vol. 11, pp. 11–139, 1980

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Woolley, C. Leonard, "The Painted Pottery of Susa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1, pp. 35–50, 1928

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and was never able to regain its previous importance. The city further degraded in the 15th century when the majority of its population moved to

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kings, such as the Igihalkid dynasty of c. 1400 BC, tried to use Elamite. Thus, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana.

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Robert H. Dyson, Early Work on the Acropolis at Susa. The Beginning of Prehistory in Iraq and Iran, Expedition, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 21–34, 1968

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Pelzel, Suzanne M., "Dating the Early Dynastic Votive Plaques from Susa", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 1977

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The site currently consists of three archaeological mounds, covering an area of around 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi). The city of

11880: 8957: 8678: 8589: 8278: 7993: 7935: 7931: 6703: 6494: 1209: 1071: 123: 4843: 4710:

Ghirshman, Roman, and M. J. STEVE, "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1964-1965: Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 13, pp. 3–32, 1966

8235: 8231: 7939: 6529: 5384: 5303: 2690: 2493: 11644: 8682: 8489: 8060: 8023: 7989: 7564: 7560: 6893: 6303: 2995:

V. Scheil , "Excavations Made by the French in Susa and Babylonia, 1902-1903", The Biblical World, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 146-152, Aug 1904

2250:. Two stories are given in the Muslim sources of how the city fell. In the first, a Persian priest proclaimed from the walls that only a 4747:

Perrot, Jean, et al., "Recherches Archéologiques a Suse et En Susiane En 1969 et En 1970", Syria, vol. 48, no. 1/2, pp. 21–51, 1971

11288: 7847: 7691: 7556: 7552: 6833: 6224: 4707:

Roman Ghirshman, "Cinq campagnes de fouilles a Suse (1946–1951)", In: Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale 46, pp 1–18, 1952

2905: 1975:, Susa became a center of political power as one of four capitals of the Achaemenid Persian empire, while reducing the significance of 2085:

here, who explored the Persian Gulf as he returned from the Indus River by sea. In that same year Alexander celebrated in Susa with a

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Jacques de Morgan, "Histoire et travaux de la Délégation en Perse du Ministère de l'instruction publique, 1897-1905", E. Leroux, 1905

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with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture is found at Susa. According to some scholars, Susa may have been a colony of Uruk.

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In 2019 the Susa salvage project was launched to counter the construction of a transportation underpass in the vicinity of the site.

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Copper metallurgy is also attested during this period, which was contemporary with metalwork at some highland Iranian sites such as

986: 856:, who identified it as Susa. Among his finds was a jar containing a around 110 coins, the earliest of which was dated to 697-98 AD. 8686: 7943: 6696: 4645:

Jean Perrot, "Le Palais de Darius à Suse. Une résidence royale sur la route de Persépolis à Babylone", SORBONNE PUPS, Paris, 2010

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Kent, Roland G., "The Record of Darius's Palace at Susa", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 1933

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Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard

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sacked Ctesiphon five different times between 116 and 297 AD. Susa was briefly captured in 116 AD by the Roman emperor

784:. However, a large portion of the current structure is actually a much later construction dated to the late nineteenth century, 8089: 7843: 7823: 4733:

de Mecquenem, R., "LES DERNIERS RÉSULTATS DES FOUILLES DE SUSE", Revue Des Arts Asiatiques, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 73–88, 1929

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UNVALA, J. M., "Three Panels from Susa", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 179–85, 1928

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SORAGHI, S., & ZEYNIVAND, M., "The Susa salvage project in 2019, southwestern Iran", Historia I Świat, 11, pp. 71–79, 2022

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Wright, Henry T., "The Zagros Frontiers of Susa during the Late 5th Millennium", Paléorient, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 11–21, 2010

2986:"M. J. DE MORGAN'S EXCAVATIONS IN THE AKROPOLIS AND PALACES OF SUSA", Scientific American, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 169–70, 1900 2869:

John Curtis, "William Kennett Loftus and his Excavations at Susa", Iranica Antiqua; Leiden, vol. 28, pp. 1-55, (Jan 1, 1993)

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Hole, Frank, "The Organization of Ceramic Production during the Susa I Period", Paléorient, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 23–36, 2010

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stated that Cyrus made Susa an imperial capital though there was no new construction in that period so this is in dispute.

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van Oppen de Rutter, Branko F., "THE SUSA MARRIAGES — A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL NOTE", Ancient Society, vol. 44, pp. 25–41, 2014

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period, Susa was the capital of a state called Susiana (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory of modern

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leveled the city during a war in which the people of Susa participated on the other side. A tablet unearthed in 1854 by

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GHIRSHMAN, R., "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1965-1966 Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 15, pp. 3–27, 1967

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In two treaties in 1894 and 1899, the French gained a monopoly on all archaeological excavations in Iran indefinitely.

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Jane Dieulafoy, "Perzi?, Chaldea en Susiane : De Aarde en haar Volken, 1885-1887", at Project Gutenbrg (in Dutch)

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in 642 before proceeding to besiege Susa. A place of military importance, it also held the tomb of the Jewish prophet

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is said to have spent his twilight years in the city, although this tradition is uncertain and perhaps refers more to

2202:, but rebuilt immediately thereafter, and perhaps even temporarily a royal residence. According to a later tradition, 1537:. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and 1200:

Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa.

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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE

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in ca. 2004 BC. At this time, Susa was ruled by Elam again and became its capital under the Shimashki dynasty.

718:, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records: for example, it is described as one of the places obedient to 5377: 3067:

Roman Ghirshman, Suse au tournant du III au II millenaire avant notre ere, Arts Asiatiques, vol. 17, pp. 3–44, 1968

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Jean Perrot, Les fouilles de Suš en 1975, Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran 4, pp. 224–231, 1975

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Today the ancient center of Susa is unoccupied, with the population living in the adjacent modern Iranian town of

1118: 10709: 6677: 4937: 4807: 3826: 3754: 1720:. The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization. 728: 3681: 10782: 10329: 10253: 6639: 4698:

Elizabeth Carter, "Suse, Ville Royale", Paléorient, vol. 4, pp. 197–211, 1979 DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1978.4222

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Le Breton, L., "The Early Periods at Susa, Mesopotamian Relations", Iraq, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 79–124, 1957

4597:

Charvát, Petr, "Archaeology and social history: the Susa sealings, ca. 4000-2340 BC.", Paléorient, 57-63, 1988

4312:

Neusner, Jacob (1972). "Babylonian Jewry And Shapur Ii's Persecution of Christianity From 339 to 379 CE".

3531: 3328: 3305: 3018:, Jacques de Morgan, Fouilles à Suse en 1897–1898 et 1898–1899, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires I, 1990 1754: 1295: 849: 4157:

Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (1 January 1991), "On the Western Edge of the Iranian Plateau: Susa and Elymais",

4025: 2794: 11634: 11614: 10896: 10803: 10788: 10626: 10496: 10297: 9996: 9681: 7065: 6105: 4857: 4817: 2405:

to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the

2187: 4719:, "Les inscriptions royales de Suse: briques de l'époque paléo-élamite à l 'empire néo-élamite", Paris 1995. 302: 11870: 11435: 11244: 11220: 10620: 9600: 4189:

Marest-Caffey, Laure (2016). "Seleukos I's Victory Coinage of Susa Revisited: A Die Study and Commentary".

4070: 3946: 2695: 90: 10857: 9896: 9695: 9242: 9236: 7483: 6839: 6612: 5370: 5341: 4095:

Waters, Matt, "CYRUS AND SUSA", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol.102, pp.115–18, 2008

3922:

Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)

3169:

Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran: seasons 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1996

1964:

rest of Babylonia commenced a fundamental shift, bringing Susa under Persian control for the first time.

1916: 1613: 1233: 4595: 2767: 2744: 11890: 11840: 11484: 11340: 11103: 10794: 10604: 9950: 9612: 9580: 9574: 7781: 4046: 3027: 3016: 2329:

during this period. Archaeologically, the Islamic period is characterized mainly by its rich ceramics.

3007:

R. de Mecquenem, "Excavations at Susa (Persia), 1930–1931", Antiquity, vol. 5, iss. 19, September 1931

1521:. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of 962:

was a very large settlement, and it featured a similar massive platform that was later built at Susa.

11910: 11621: 11229: 11115: 11097: 10947: 10609: 10473: 10174: 9989: 8886: 6487: 6181: 4932: 4800: 2700: 2235: 2151: 2104:

for approximately one century after Alexander, however Susa lost its position of imperial capital to

1921: 1605: 1334:

Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379

3029:, Jacques de Morgan, Fouilles à Suse en 1899–1902, Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires VII, 1905 916:

took over direction of the French efforts in 1946, after the end of the war. Together with his wife

11885: 11875: 11607: 11252: 11249: 11172: 11142: 11085: 11071: 10477: 9461: 9199: 8616: 8400: 7243: 6644: 6282: 5329: 5032: 4454: 2453: 2247: 1988: 1680:, reference Sb 17751. These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of 1534: 860: 698:

Map showing the area of the Elamite kingdom (in orange) and the neighboring areas. The approximate

326: 76: 31: 9454: 4844:

Archaeological findings may push back Susa's history by millennia - Tehran Times - August 21, 2022

2154:

minting coins there. The city may again have briefly returned to Seleucid rule, but starting with

1573:, rebelled and made it an independent state and a literary center. Also, he was the last from the 11860: 11850: 11267: 11195: 11169: 11145: 11139: 11124: 11036: 10972: 10937: 10881: 10830: 10403: 8880: 8661: 8406: 7714: 7172: 6347: 5620: 5346: 4901: 2665: 2402: 1910: 1450: 1407: 514: 17: 4251:

Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran XXXVIII: Suse sous les Séleucides et les Parthes

1505:

The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by

11430: 11420: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11160: 11151: 11094: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11059: 11050: 10978: 10975: 10966: 10866: 10845: 10459: 10233: 10165: 10075: 9819: 9813: 9294: 8749: 8608: 8173: 7954: 7494: 7468: 7428: 7071: 6844: 6342: 6275: 6037: 5883: 5868: 5432: 5277: 4744:

Jacques de Morgan, G. Jéquier, G. Lampre, "Fouilles à Suse, 1897–1898 et 1898–1899", Paris 1900

4716: 4458: 2299: 2239: 2159: 1609: 1577:

according to the Susa kinglist. He unified the neighbouring territories and became the king of

11741: 8047: 7076: 3965: 3877: 3800: 3773: 3521: 3495: 3441: 3360: 2915: 2536:

with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa.

891:, and thousands of inscribed bricks. His finds showed Susa to be the most important center of 11895: 11790:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

11711: 11674: 11596: 11473: 11133: 11109: 11065: 11053: 11047: 11044: 10999: 10993: 10969: 10934: 10890: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10860: 10854: 10842: 10836: 10655: 10565: 10562: 10553: 10116: 8193: 6634: 5531: 4911: 4813:

Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre - Metropolitan Museum - 1992

3468: 3414: 3387: 3318: 3295: 2779:

Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Susa — ܫܘܫ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014,

2333:

had a significant Christian population during the first millennium, and was a diocese of the

1698: 38: 11788: 11640: 7453: 4828: 4722:

Laurianne Martinez-Sève, "Les figurines de Suse", Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris 2002,

3993:

Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

3905:

Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

2612: 1928: 1473: 813:; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam. 11905: 11041: 10990: 10899: 10893: 10863: 10465: 10418: 10406: 10230: 10171: 9795: 9689: 9512: 9039: 8187: 7708: 7125: 6352: 6319: 5298: 4942: 4927: 4880: 3349:

Lawler, Andrew. 2003. Uruk: Spreading Fashion or Empire. Science. Volume 302, pp. 977–978

3049:

Roland de Mecquenem: Archives de Suse (1912–1939) - Unpublished excavation archive (French)

2887: 2513: 1482: 1359: 765: 538: 10502: 2600: 8: 11546: 11401: 11106: 11056: 10981: 10931: 10884: 10869: 10848: 10547: 10533: 10421: 10354: 10177: 10068: 10010: 9774: 9447: 9287: 9006: 8811: 8628: 8441: 7757: 6968: 6240: 5809: 5666: 5610: 5541: 4083: 4043:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV — Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean

2568:

Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left.

2377: 2094: 2078: 2058: 1869: 1589: 977: 842: 286: 6468: 5272: 4629:

The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph

4600:

Clawson, H. Phelps, "Pottery of Susa I", Parnassus, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 26–27, 1939

4579:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods

3389:

Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context: Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by her Students

2337:

between the 5th and 13th centuries, in the metropolitan province of Beth Huzaye (Elam).

2276:

In the other story, once again the Muslims were taunted from the city wall that only an

1569:

Susa was the capital of an Akkadian province until ca. 2100 BC, when its governor,

11772: 11586: 11463: 11024: 10963: 10957: 10485: 10449: 10362: 10343: 10239: 10236: 10189: 10155: 10152: 10107: 9798: 9783: 9768: 9444: 9441: 9432: 9191: 8366: 8094: 7367: 7220: 7137: 6940: 6597: 6480: 6448: 6289: 5393: 5324: 4505:

Epigraphy of Later Parthia, «Voprosy Epigrafiki: Sbornik statei», 7, 2013, pp. 276-284

4258: 3862: 3720: 3602: 3563: 3544: 3103:

D. Canal, La haute terrase de l'Acropole de Suse, Paléorient, vol. 4, pp. 169–176, 1978

2969: 2961: 2334: 2278: 2260: 2130: 2019: 1633: 1157: 876: 163: 10242: 11794: 11747: 11717: 11010: 10984: 10960: 10942: 10742: 10663: 10571: 10440: 10412: 10227: 10195: 10186: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10110: 10098: 10013: 9934: 9786: 9780: 9747: 9741: 9312: 9185: 9049: 8871: 8597: 8196: 8190: 7998: 7966: 7511: 6720: 6569: 5863: 5222: 5167: 4782: 4723: 4667: 4646: 4612: 4582: 4556: 4522: 4464: 4418: 4386: 4283: 4213: 4170: 4137: 4050: 4007: 3971: 3926: 3883: 3806: 3779: 3712: 3637: 3594: 3527: 3501: 3474: 3447: 3420: 3393: 3366: 3324: 3301: 3183: 3173: 2973: 2953: 2843: 2806: 2588: 1783: 1570: 1530: 1492: 1392: 1109: 884: 872: 810: 711: 683: 667: 575: 567: 435: 415: 9174: 6654: 3526:

Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012

2360:

to the west and north of the historic ruins. Shush is the administrative capital of

11670: 11582: 11528: 11459: 11446: 11425: 11390: 11239: 11027: 10996: 10851: 10827: 10595: 10592: 10586: 10541: 10434: 10415: 10409: 10365: 10348: 10192: 10183: 10180: 10104: 10101: 9939: 9824: 9411: 8501: 8435: 8423: 8116: 7663: 6953: 6626: 6463: 6296: 6077: 5924: 5799: 5518: 5508: 5427: 4750: 4246: 4162: 3629: 3586: 2945: 2911: 2504: 2286:

Following their entry into the city, the Muslims killed all of the Persian nobles.

2175: 2004: 1980: 1824: 1788: 1774: 1704: 1554: 1431: 948: 906:. French work at Susa resumed after the war, led by De Mecquenem, continuing until 853: 801: 757: 663: 623: 551: 468: 455: 438: 418: 411: 394: 377: 345: 177: 6688: 4362: 3320:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.

3297:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.

2858: 11591: 11577: 11552: 11505: 11468: 11454: 11278: 11127: 11080: 10987: 10952: 10824: 10819: 10747: 10721: 10577: 10452: 10446: 10431: 10424: 10378: 10368: 10201: 10146: 10140: 10137: 10083: 10031: 9867: 9801: 9789: 9777: 9765: 9750: 9729: 9648: 9552: 9549: 9523: 9438: 9417: 9405: 9372: 9366: 9336: 9258: 9068: 8420: 8375: 8329: 8323: 8313: 8103: 7203: 7181: 6948: 6438: 6423: 6368: 6337: 6332: 6006: 5960: 5901: 5891: 5855: 5745: 5722: 5597: 5464: 5082: 4778: 4774: 4552:

The archaeology of Elam: Formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state

4550: 3283: 2680: 2468: 2406: 2290: 2163: 2147: 1953: 1901: 1435: 1419: 1395: 1303: 1169: 1161: 947:, Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of the region. Based on calibrated 917: 913: 583: 579: 501: 473: 11630: 6868: 3557: 1932:

The 24 countries subject to the Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius, on the

1256: 11489: 11033: 10926: 10815: 10768: 10729: 10672: 10574: 10510: 10428: 10387: 10381: 10371: 10359: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10039: 9928: 9882: 9792: 9762: 9726: 9590: 9435: 9414: 9408: 9399: 9351: 9321: 9303: 9278: 9266: 9178: 9035: 8906: 8757: 8619: 8613: 8516: 8508: 8444: 8417: 8381: 8214: 7981: 7978: 7879: 7287: 7052: 6958: 6935: 6827: 6402: 6209: 5942: 5704: 5681: 4906: 4604: 2675: 2549: 2519: 2113: 2011: 1855: 1582: 864: 761: 749: 715: 486: 261: 4415:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

4166: 2949: 2720: 1449:, Iran, with a linear-Elamite inscription from the time of Kutik-Inshushinak. 833:

Assyria. Ruins of Susa, Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection

11855: 11835: 11829: 11784: 11707: 11692: 11564: 11496: 11376: 11021: 11018: 10771: 10765: 10725: 10681: 10589: 10550: 10384: 10323: 10224: 10221: 10149: 10134: 10095: 10092: 10035: 9974: 9856: 9562: 9555: 9532: 9426: 9420: 9384: 9306: 9262: 9219: 9011: 8909: 8903: 8861: 8760: 8563: 8525: 8298: 8184: 8098: 7908: 7859: 7614: 7598: 7291: 7217: 7178: 7152: 7146: 7107: 7048: 7019: 6744: 6474: 6381: 6324: 6149: 6116: 6064: 6058: 5873: 5643: 5582: 5500: 5441: 3716: 3641: 3598: 3167: 2957: 2592: 2569: 2472: 2410: 2086: 2026: 1945: 1820: 1767: 1677: 1657: 1637: 1496: 1363: 1319: 1268: 1262: 1150: 1143: 1139: 944: 608: 559: 204: 191: 8646: 3187: 2803:

The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia

2150:. The city was at least temporarily ruled by the rulers of the Elymais with 545: 11737: 11534: 11412: 11346: 11264: 11255: 11186: 11112: 11015: 10759: 10660: 10583: 10437: 10393: 10273: 10198: 10158: 10089: 10086: 10080: 10019: 9971: 9959: 9873: 9850: 9843: 9759: 9753: 9723: 9535: 9507: 9489: 9480: 9429: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9115: 9085: 8891: 8803: 8700: 8637: 8585: 8414: 8139: 8074: 8064: 7975: 7926: 7811: 7791: 7787: 7572: 7436: 7296: 7276: 7229: 7188: 6975: 6930: 6779: 6764: 6672: 6162: 5978: 5817: 5791: 5694: 5671: 5633: 5549: 5482: 5449: 5362: 4981: 4159:

A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule

2670: 2361: 2179: 1999: 1865: 1861: 1709: 1641: 1629: 1574: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1299: 1043: 1020: 994: 982: 966: 907: 829: 753: 745: 703: 6311: 4533:

Antiochus III was born in 242 BC, the son of Seleucus II, near Susa, Iran.

3113: 1398:(Governor) of Susa", in the "Table au Lion", dated 2100 BC, Louvre Museum. 764:(Daniel 8:2). According to these texts, Nehemiah lived in Susa during the 11549: 11540: 11395: 11349: 11334: 11325: 11319: 11261: 11163: 11121: 11091: 11088: 11030: 10887: 10839: 10750: 10669: 10666: 10649: 10559: 10374: 10317: 10314: 10311: 10286: 10276: 10264: 10113: 10054: 10007: 9983: 9977: 9968: 9962: 9907: 9870: 9853: 9837: 9771: 9756: 9744: 9732: 9703: 9670: 9667: 9529: 9504: 9501: 9495: 9402: 9363: 9360: 9348: 9333: 9330: 9318: 9225: 9213: 9204: 9153: 9147: 9097: 9094: 9082: 9079: 9015: 8992: 8975: 8961: 8952: 8722: 8651: 8641: 8493: 8478: 8472: 8456: 8453: 8356: 8335: 8245: 8208: 8131: 7972: 7762: 7687: 7682: 7675: 7645: 7631: 7594: 7444: 7353: 7268: 7238: 7224: 6993: 6979: 6924: 6859: 6789: 6759: 6619: 6395: 6110: 6099: 5991: 5986: 5837: 5768: 5569: 5454: 5207: 5111: 4947: 2798: 2652: 2438: 2357: 2322: 2214: 2155: 2070: 2054: 2033:

are said to have occurred in Susa during the Achaemenid period. The King

1972: 1558: 1518: 1135: 959: 955: 924: 903: 590: 159: 8715: 5116: 3724: 2174:

Susa was a frequent place of refuge for Parthian and later, the Persian

1346:

Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166

1168:

at this time, in support of the idea of the parallel development of the

780:. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as 768:

of the 6th century BC (Daniel mentions it in a prophetic vision), while

11558: 11555: 11537: 11514: 11499: 11493: 11373: 11370: 11328: 11316: 11310: 11295: 11166: 11157: 11154: 11148: 11130: 11100: 10908: 10833: 10774: 10640: 10580: 10443: 10337: 10308: 10305: 10302: 10290: 10282: 10270: 10258: 10004: 9980: 9965: 9901: 9863: 9840: 9834: 9738: 9477: 9309: 9207: 9166: 9156: 9150: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9073: 9043: 8989: 8986: 8799: 8778: 8754: 8730: 8559: 8450: 8447: 8438: 8429: 8348: 8239: 8125: 8080: 8068: 7912: 7750: 7746: 7695: 7516: 7424: 7350: 7346: 7090: 6963: 6913: 6907: 6388: 6362: 6357: 5996: 5845: 5758: 5554: 5252: 5232: 5172: 4849: 3606: 3577:

Aruz, Joan; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (2001). "Ancient near Eastern Art".

2996: 2965: 2265: 2199: 1984: 1976: 1949: 1592:

and held until Ur finally collapsed at the hands of the Elamites under

1201: 1165: 1056: 1028: 699: 9709: 5351: 4484: 1608:

origin have been found in Susa from this period, especially seals and

1491:

Dynastic list of twelve kings of Awan dynasty and twelve kings of the

1007:

period (c. 4200–3900 BC). Two settlements named by archaeologists the

315: 11567: 11510: 11367: 11337: 11331: 11322: 11307: 11301: 11283: 11258: 11136: 11118: 10905: 10902: 10762: 10689: 10675: 10646: 10634: 10556: 10527: 10267: 10261: 10026: 9956: 9913: 9910: 9859: 9642: 9559: 9545: 9542: 9498: 9492: 9474: 9396: 9387: 9357: 9354: 9345: 9327: 9324: 9162: 9159: 9023: 9019: 8995: 8943: 8930: 8900: 8795: 8791: 8669: 8529: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8226: 8143: 8120: 8084: 7969: 7892: 7815: 7807: 7774: 7671: 7655: 7627: 7590: 7459: 7417: 7234: 7113: 6999: 6085: 5932: 5827: 5822: 5628: 5577: 5526: 5247: 5157: 5147: 5101: 5057: 2533: 2365: 2310: 2242:. After taking most of the smaller fortified towns the army captured 2207: 2034: 2015: 1941: 1792: 1681: 1673: 1446: 1279: 1156:

Daniel T. Potts, argues that the influence from the highland Iranian

888: 773: 611: 563: 495: 5418: 4808:"Early Works on the Acropolis at Susa" Expedition Magazine 10.4 1968 4334:

The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre

3920: 3590: 3242:

The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre

3227:

The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre

2933: 11517: 11343: 11304: 11298: 11175: 10756: 10753: 10698: 10695: 10637: 10568: 10518: 10481: 10334: 9876: 9735: 9717: 9700: 9638: 9565: 9539: 9486: 9468: 9378: 9253: 9144: 9135: 9123: 9091: 9055: 9031: 8981: 8949: 8925: 8897: 8867: 8855: 8848: 8834: 8828: 8763: 8673: 8655: 8567: 8545: 8541: 8426: 8352: 8181: 8135: 8112: 8107: 8038: 8033: 8002: 7819: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7610: 7531: 7376: 7208: 7198: 7193: 7184: 7120: 7103: 6874: 6821: 6605: 6014: 5968: 5909: 5753: 5730: 5605: 5472: 5227: 5077: 5017: 5012: 4452: 3749: 3747: 3633: 2660: 2243: 2203: 2105: 2101: 2090: 2082: 2066: 2038: 1991:. During this time he describes his new capital in an inscription: 1906: 1881: 1593: 1546: 777: 11746:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 10735: 5067: 3848:

The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan

895:, which was effectively discovered by the French mission at Susa. 11570: 11398: 11379: 11364: 11358: 11352: 10686: 10631: 10524: 10521: 10469: 10320: 10062: 10001: 9922: 9916: 9657: 9651: 9423: 9393: 9248: 9138: 9103: 8894: 8837: 8738: 8707: 8411: 7960: 7903: 7832: 7727: 7719: 7584: 7519: 7326: 7323: 7308: 7304: 7116: 7110: 7094: 6972: 6167: 6072: 5950: 5914: 5712: 5689: 5661: 5212: 5197: 5187: 5162: 5152: 5137: 4986: 4796: 4383:

The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam

2341: 2198:

Suzan was conquered and destroyed in 224 AD by the Sassanid

2190:. Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east. 2168: 2143: 2109: 2062: 2007: 1873: 1717: 1533:(c. 2100–1970 BC), are known from a list from Susa dating to the 1024: 880: 741: 8823: 3744: 2073:

at Susa in 324 BC, as depicted in a late-19th-century engraving.

1038:

style were recovered from the cemetery, most of them now in the

805:(8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of 11361: 11355: 11313: 11224: 10692: 10643: 10218:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

10016: 9919: 9904: 9888: 9633: 9618: 9483: 9390: 9381: 9315: 9272: 9141: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9027: 8999: 8940: 8831: 8726: 8553: 8432: 8344: 8332: 7963: 7920: 7885: 7866: 7838: 7735: 7667: 7605: 7548: 7500: 7409: 7380: 7336: 7333: 7283: 7213: 7131: 7084: 7034: 7009: 7004: 6983: 6800: 6774: 6749: 5781: 5735: 5651: 5559: 5267: 5257: 5237: 5192: 5072: 5047: 5042: 4996: 4991: 4976: 4836: 4792: 3047: 2780: 2500: 2381: 2345: 2321:

Following the capture of Susa, the Muslims moved on to besiege

2183: 2030: 1965: 1713: 1550: 1538: 1457: 1039: 769: 719: 555: 45: 8818: 8370: 8042: 7640: 7635: 7463: 7448: 3323:

Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015

3300:

Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2015

694: 11561: 11543: 10058: 9664: 9645: 8711: 8622: 8593: 8520: 8252: 7916: 7803: 7722: 7650: 7527: 7523: 7405: 7343: 7339: 7300: 7087: 7029: 7024: 7014: 6987: 6769: 6123: 5656: 5490: 5408: 5202: 5182: 5177: 5106: 5091: 5027: 2630: 1890: 1778: 1542: 1510: 1411: 1403: 1291: 1015:(6.3 ha), would later merge to form Susa proper (18 ha). The 887:, an ornamented bronze table of snakes, the bronze statue of 617: 490: 354: 8935: 7897: 4961: 3703:

SCHEIL, V. (1931). "Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš".

1758:

Middle-Elamite basrelief of warrior gods, Susa, 1600–1100 BC

1732:

Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa.

1441: 1129: 532: 521: 10515: 10279: 10206: 10050: 9806: 8917: 8772: 8694: 8535: 8463: 8292: 8178: 8009: 7984: 7872: 7853: 7622: 7580: 7535: 7475: 7413: 7360: 7329: 7258: 7100: 7097: 7044: 6880: 6810: 6794: 6784: 6754: 6558: 6244: 5776: 5587: 5282: 5217: 5142: 5132: 5096: 5062: 5052: 4067:

Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus

3882:(in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. pp. 354–355. 2633:

pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.

2584: 2314: 1957: 1952:

empire between 540 and 539 BC when it was captured by

1640:, reference Sb 2425. Indus script numbering convention per 1578: 1415: 1272: 892: 821: 806: 723: 571: 360: 167: 4510: 3957: 1979:

as the capital of Persis. Following Cambyses' brief rule,

1749: 8512: 5242: 4136:. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. p. 252. 1896: 1839:

Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC

11681:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 6199:

List of cities, towns and villages in Khuzestan Province

4385:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 183–184. 4337:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 162. 4331:

Harper, Prudence; Aruz, Joan; Tallon, Frangoise (1993).

3523:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.

2487:

Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries

2425:

Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries

1588:

The city was subsequently conquered by the neo-Sumerian

981:

Goblet and cup, Iran, Susa I style, 4th millennium BC –

566:

Rivers in Iran. One of the most important cities of the

8149: 6805: 4417:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 128–129. 2840:

A Memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson

2077:

Susa lost much of its importance after the invasion of

1463: 11660:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

3970:(in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. 3967:

Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan

3879:

Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan

2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 1889:

Assyrian rule of Susa began in 647 BC and lasted till

1844: 1599: 1138:. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, 923:

From 1969 until 1979 excavations were conducted under

9181:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

1787:

and took it to Susa. Archeologists found it in 1901.

1318:

Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC.

1134:

Susa came within the Uruk cultural sphere during the

1000:

or more graves near the base of the temple platform.

671: 651: 639: 627: 602: 462: 449: 429: 405: 388: 369: 357: 351: 8249:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

4823:

Digital Images of Cuneiform Tablets from Susa – CDLI

4041:

Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in

3555:

Translation of the Akkadian portion into French, in

2927: 2925: 2642: 2304: 2238:

an Arab army invaded Khuzistan under the command of

527: 508: 480: 6718: 4759:

Agnes Spycket, "Les figurines de Suse", Paris 1992.

4661: 3256:

Emergence of copper pyrotechnology in Western Asia.

1267:

Susa III (3100–2700 BC) is also known as the '

1257:

Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC)

348: 8052:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 2827:Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization 2587:with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by 4516: 4463:. Vol. IX. Leiden: Brill. pp. 898–899. 3851:. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 32–36. 2922: 2368:province. It had a population of 64,960 in 2005. 2331:Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) 1227:Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre. 710:Susa was one of the most important cities of the 11827: 6564:Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region 6239: 4662:Westenholtz, J. G.; Guthartz, L. Taylor (1996). 4330: 1795:empire plundered Susa around fifty years later. 1306:is said to have "made the land of Elam submit". 622:), which is ultimately derived from an original 4609:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire 3705:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 3220: 3218: 2829:, St. Martin's Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1250054166 2213:Under the Sassanids, following the founding of 1561:, are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam. 972: 5309:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity 4818:Aerial views of Susa at the Oriental Institute 3284:https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.837.c10734 3145: 3143: 2907:The History of Archaeological Research in Iran 2376:In July 2015, it was inscribed on the list of 1948:transition when it became part of the Persian 1770:, 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Susa. 1283: 30:"Shushan" redirects here. For other uses, see 11866:Former populated places in Khuzestan province 6704: 6225: 5378: 4865: 4188: 1384: 1294:records. Susa enters recorded history in the 677: 657: 645: 633: 578:, and remained a strategic centre during the 60: 11695:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 11669: 9173:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 7766:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 5392: 5304:Traditional Persian residential architecture 3385: 3215: 2691:List of oldest continuously inhabited cities 1885:of Elam and, on their lands, I sowed salt." 1149:There is some dispute about the comparative 965:Another important settlement in the area is 958:, about 25 km to the west. Previously, 848:In 1851, some modest excavation was done by 554:about 250 km (160 mi) east of the 11705: 10922:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 4840:), in Persian, Jadid Online, 10 March 2009. 4376: 4374: 4156: 3805:. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. 3778:. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. 3619: 3493: 3466: 3439: 3412: 3358: 3140: 2792: 2100:The city retained its importance under the 1983:began a major building program in Susa and 1302:and Susa is recorded in 2700 BC, when 1003:Susa's earliest settlement is known as the 6711: 6697: 6232: 6218: 5385: 5371: 4872: 4858: 4625: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3918: 2162:(about 40–51 AD) almost all rulers of the 70: 11622:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 8218:"King of the four quarters of the world" 4581:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4555:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4277: 4131: 4026:"Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology" 3844: 2371: 2142:Around 147 BC Susa and the adjacent 2018:that is the oldest surviving play in the 1130:Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC) 883:(boundary stones), the stele bearing the 868:and authorized by the French government. 11793:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 4879: 4773: 4576: 4380: 4371: 4245: 3919:Nandagopal, Prabhakar (13 August 2018). 3798: 3771: 3576: 3165: 2763: 2740: 2340:In 1218, the city was razed by invading 2048: 1927: 1915: 1900: 1773:In ca. 1175 BC, the Elamites under 1753: 1696:Indus bracelet, front and back, made of 1541:; and likewise, several of the stronger 1460:, who had a significant temple in Susa. 1440: 1375: 1366:, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC 976: 828: 820: 794: 693: 593:is located on the site of ancient Susa. 11767: 11765: 11763: 11638: 4603: 4412: 4399: 4360: 4311: 3579:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 3114:https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2022.11.04 2916:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0003 2903: 2686:List of cities of the ancient Near East 1924:. Detail of the beginning of the frieze 1750:Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC) 1215:Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre. 1019:was enclosed by 6 metre thick walls of 14: 11828: 11503: 10733: 10531: 8311: 8302:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 8206: 7130: 4477: 3963: 3875: 3702: 2931: 2108:to become the regional capital of the 2081:in 331 BC. In 324 BC he met 1897:Susa after Achaemenid Persian conquest 689: 650:) in its Middle and Neo-Elamite forms, 11783: 11628: 11595: 11590: 11581: 11533: 11472: 11467: 11458: 11453: 11444: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11410: 11276: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11228: 11219: 11209: 11204: 11193: 11184: 11078: 10813: 10720: 10618: 10608: 10494: 10342: 10251: 10073: 10066: 10024: 9948: 9926: 9894: 9880: 9849: 9833: 9707: 9679: 9655: 9610: 9571: 9516: 9452: 9285: 9270: 9247: 9234: 9197: 9047: 9004: 8878: 8854: 8846: 8809: 8747: 8736: 8706: 8690: 8659: 8626: 8606: 8584: 8551: 8460: 8392: 8380: 8339: 8251: 8243: 8171: 7952: 7706: 7699: 7661: 7588: 7570: 7539: 7492: 7458: 7443: 7435: 7422: 7403: 7391: 7374: 7358: 7321: 7274: 7248: 7170: 7135: 7063: 6887: 6856: 6849: 6838: 6819: 6692: 6213: 5366: 4853: 4684: 4548: 4437: 4361:Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "SHAPUR II". 4320:. Hebrew Union College Press: 77–102. 4023: 3562:. Paris: P. Geuthner. 1899. pp. 3386:Cheng, Jack; Feldman, Marian (2007). 3161: 3159: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2475:who was born near Susa around 242 BC. 2401:Letter in Greek of the Parthian king 2264:, a false messiah, compatible to the 1414:. Control of Susiana shifted between 1078:GALLERY - ceramic objects from Susa I 816: 752:, but also once each in the books of 467: 11881:Populated places along the Silk Road 11760: 11736: 6454:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System 6255:List of World Heritage Sites in Iran 6150:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System 4207: 3843:Also, for another numbering scheme: 3239: 3224: 2289:Once the city was taken, as Daniel ( 2037:mentioned in that book may refer to 1564: 1464:Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC) 528: 518: 505: 2294: 1845:Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC) 1600:Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC) 1585:script, that remains undeciphered. 938: 898:Excavation efforts continued under 748:by the name Shushan, mainly in the 550:) was an ancient city in the lower 477: 459: 61: 24: 11716:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 11635:Chronology of the Neolithic period 11287: 10917: 10734: 10716:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 10501: 10392: 9708: 9680: 9623: 9453: 9060: 8714: 7075: 6653: 4664:Royal Cities of the Biblical World 4570: 4082:The Harran Stelae H2 – A, and the 3755:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 3156: 2892: 2193: 2137: 2044: 1987:, which included building a large 1251:Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre. 25: 11922: 11292:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 9628:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 7439:("made the land of Elam submit") 4766: 4282:. New York: Cosimo. p. 310. 4045:, pp.112–138. Ed. John Boardman. 2254:was fated to capture the city. A 2229: 1456:The main goddess of the city was 837:The site was examined in 1836 by 799:Susa is further mentioned in the 735: 146:Show map of West and Central Asia 11777: 11730: 11713:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 11699: 11685: 11663: 11639: 11629: 8934: 8822: 8817: 8645: 8374: 8369: 8200: 8046: 8041: 7896: 7795: 7726: 7639: 7634: 7504: 7467: 7462: 7452: 7447: 7242: 6892: 6879: 6867: 6832: 6304:Church of the Holy Mother of God 5417: 4960: 4791:] (in German). Vol. 2. 3947:"Louvre Museum Official Website" 3280:Pearls, politics and pistachios. 2645: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2576: 2561: 2541: 2526: 2512: 2492: 2480: 2460: 2452:Lion on a decorative panel from 2445: 2430: 2418: 2394: 1849: 1832: 1812: 1800: 1737: 1725: 1689: 1665: 1649: 1621: 1481: 1472: 1351: 1339: 1327: 1311: 1290:) appear also in this period in 1244: 1232: 1220: 1208: 1193: 1181: 1117: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1027:because it also contains a late 1023:(this particular place is named 969:, which was discovered in 1976. 902:until 1914, at the beginning of 570:, Susa served as the capital of 344: 129: 122: 96: 89: 11654: 10710:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 6270:The Armenian Monastic Ensembles 6069:Dav o Dokhtar castle, Ramhormoz 4499: 4460:Encyclopaedia of Islam, San-Sze 4446: 4431: 4354: 4341: 4324: 4305: 4296: 4271: 4239: 4226: 4201: 4191:American Journal of Numismatics 4182: 4150: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4076: 4059: 4035: 4017: 4000: 3984: 3939: 3925:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. 3912: 3896: 3869: 3855: 3837: 3819: 3792: 3765: 3731: 3696: 3670: 3657: 3648: 3622:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3613: 3570: 3549: 3537: 3514: 3497:The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC 3487: 3470:The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC 3460: 3443:The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC 3433: 3416:The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC 3406: 3379: 3362:The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC 3352: 3343: 3334: 3311: 3288: 3282:Ex oriente, Berlin, pp. 47–60. 3271: 3261: 3248: 3244:. New York: Abrams. p. 29. 3233: 3229:. New York: Abrams. p. 26. 3206: 3194: 3131: 3118: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3041: 3032: 3021: 3010: 3001: 2989: 2980: 2881: 2872: 1581:. He encouraged the use of the 1438:in approximately 2330 BC. 1381:Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki 1124:Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre 985:; goblet height c. 12 cm; 772:became queen there, married to 729:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 11645:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 10783:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 10330:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 10254:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 8816:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 6640:Cultural Landscape of Uramanat 6096:Imamzadeh Sabz-e-ghaba, Dezful 4006:"Persians: Masters of Empire" 2938:The Harvard Theological Review 2863: 2852: 2832: 2819: 2786: 2773: 2713: 2079:Alexander the Great of Macedon 1997:The city forms the setting of 1296:Early Dynastic period of Sumer 638:) in its Middle Elamite form, 574:and the winter capital of the 13: 1: 11615:Muslim conquest of the Levant 10861:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 10804:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 10789:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 10627:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 10497:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 10298:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 9997:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 4542: 3845:Mahadevan, Iravatham (1987). 3258:PhD thesis, Beer-Sheva. 342pp 2904:Mousavi, Ali (21 June 2013). 1278:Ambiguous reference to Elam ( 1050: 987:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique 879:, a collection of Babylonian 785: 11901:World Heritage Sites in Iran 11846:Archaeological sites in Iran 10164:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 6898:(Uruk influence or control) 4521:. Xulon Press. p. 566. 3494:Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). 3467:Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). 3440:Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). 3413:Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). 3359:Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). 2781:http://syriaca.org/place/415 2696:Muslim conquest of Khuzestan 1034:Nearly two thousand pots of 973:Susa I period (4200–3800 BC) 672: 652: 640: 628: 612: 546: 533: 522: 509: 496: 450: 430: 406: 389: 143:Susa (West and Central Asia) 130: 97: 77:The Palace of Darius in Susa 7: 10858:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 9897:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9696:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9243:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9237:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8497:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 7484:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 6885:(Anonymous "King-priests") 6840:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 6613:Colossal Statue of Shapur I 6577:Ardashir Investiture Relief 6051:Asak ancient city, Hendijan 5342:List of ab anbars of Qazvin 4830:Shush at the foot of Louvre 4565:. World Archaeology Series. 4314:Hebrew Union College Annual 4132:Capdetrey, Laurent (2007). 3203:University of Chicago, 2010 2910:. Oxford University Press. 2805:. I.B.Tauris. p. xvi. 2638: 2454:Darius I the Great's palace 2309:) was not mentioned in the 2305: 1893:capture of Susa in 617 BC. 1614:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 1371: 1239:Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre. 1172:and proto-elamite scripts. 626:name, which was written as 603: 481: 463: 10: 11927: 11650: 11485:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 10912: 10795:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 10679: 10653: 10605:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 9951:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 9716:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 9613:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9575:Second Intermediate Period 8385:(vassal of the Akkadians) 7773: 6918:Early or legendary kings: 6584:Victory Relief of Ardashir 6315:and its cultural landscape 6093:Imamzadeh Roudband, Dezful 6054:Chagadom tappe fire temple 4626:Jalalipour, Saeid (2014). 4517:Jonsson, David J. (2005). 4278:Rawlinson, George (2007). 4253:. Paris. pp. 349–430. 4047:Cambridge University Press 3500:. Routledge. p. 110. 3446:. Routledge. p. 101. 3365:. Routledge. p. 101. 2548:19th-century engraving of 2387: 2258:is an Islamic term for an 2226:("Iran's glory Shapur"). 1853: 1823:was built by Elamite king 1385: 1284: 1260: 992: 933: 776:, and saved the Jews from 678: 658: 646: 634: 618: 542: 491: 442: 422: 398: 381: 287:UNESCO World Heritage Site 43: 36: 29: 11619: 11612: 11605: 11576: 11526: 11523: 11482: 11441: 11407: 11388: 11230:Parthamaspates of Parthia 11216: 11181: 11040: 11008: 10801: 10780: 10707: 10704: 10610:Assyrian conquest of Elam 10603: 10491: 10457: 10391: 10352: 10216: 10205: 10162: 9990:Third Intermediate Period 9805: 9676: 9520:Second Babylonian dynasty 9465:("Old Babylonian Period") 9231: 9183: 8947: 8915: 8887:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 8859: 8843: 8790: 8787: 8770: 8692: 8677: 8636: 8603: 8549: 8533: 8507: 8499: 8470: 8395:First Intermediate Period 8389: 8365: 8321: 8306: 8290: 8265: 8256: 8230: 8225: 8037: 8016: 7997: 7988: 7949: 7924: 7907: 7883: 7870: 7865: 7851: 7836: 7827: 7779: 7755: 7680: 7620: 7603: 7568: 7547: 7541:Early Dynastic Period III 7489: 7473: 7401: 7399: 7388: 7315: 7266: 7256: 7167: 7144: 7060: 6991: 6922: 6905: 6902: 6843: 6816: 6743: 6727: 6665: 6651: 6262: 6251: 6191: 6027: 6005: 5977: 5959: 5941: 5923: 5900: 5882: 5854: 5836: 5808: 5790: 5767: 5744: 5721: 5703: 5680: 5642: 5619: 5596: 5568: 5540: 5517: 5499: 5481: 5463: 5440: 5426: 5415: 5401: 5317: 5291: 5125: 5005: 4969: 4958: 4920: 4894: 4887: 4666:. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass. 4549:Potts, Daniel T. (1999). 4212:. Charleston: BookSurge. 4167:10.1163/9789004293915_004 4161:, Brill, pp. 35–48, 3473:. Routledge. p. 97. 3419:. Routledge. p. 93. 2950:10.1017/S0017816000008336 2701:Short chronology timeline 2467:Marble head representing 2236:Muslim conquest of Persia 2186:during the course of his 2152:Kamnaskires II Nikephoros 1606:Indus Valley civilization 1112:, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246. 1031:structure of this type). 740:Susa is mentioned in the 333: 321: 311: 301: 293: 284: 280: 272: 267: 257: 249: 241: 236: 228: 220: 183: 173: 155: 83: 69: 58: 11608:Muslim conquest of Egypt 11072:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 10903:Cleopatra VII Philopator 10400:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 9462:First Babylonian dynasty 9200:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 8704:(vassal of the Gutians) 8401:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 7393:Early Dynastic Period II 6645:The Persian Caravanserai 6137:Salasel castle, Shushtar 4577:Bosworth, C. E. (1975). 4455:Clifford Edmund Bosworth 4381:Crawford, Peter (2013). 3827:"Corpus by Asko Parpola" 3166:Alizadeh, Abbas (2003). 2932:Peters, John P. (1915). 2706: 2556:e, by Flandin and Coste. 2351: 2025:Events mentioned in the 1387:𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠 861:Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy 307:Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv 44:Not to be confused with 32:Shushan (disambiguation) 11693:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 11436:Province of Mesopotamia 11245:Province of Mesopotamia 11221:Province of Mesopotamia 11196:Roman conquest of Egypt 11037:Antigonus II Mattathias 10831:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 10404:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 8881:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 8407:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 7715:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 7250:Early Dynastic Period I 7173:Second Dynasty of Egypt 6348:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan 6143:Shevi waterfall, Dezful 6082:Gargar bridge, Shushtar 5621:Dasht-e Azadegan County 4519:The Clash of Ideologies 3799:Marshall, John (1996). 3772:Marshall, John (1996). 2934:"Excavations in Persia" 2666:Achaemenid architecture 2121:Seleucia on the Eulaeus 1956:during his conquest of 1940:Susa underwent a major 1911:National Museum of Iran 1777:plundered the original 1636:of the Susa acropolis. 1529:; c. 2400–2100 BC) and 1451:National Museum of Iran 596: 11293: 11075:Philip II Philoromaeus 11069:Antiochus XII Dionysus 11063:Demetrius III Eucaerus 11060:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 11051:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 10923: 10891:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 10846:Arsinoe III Philopator 10739: 10507: 10397: 10234:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 10166:Second Dynasty of Isin 9713: 9686: 9629: 9458: 9341:(Non-dynastic usurpers 9065: 8750:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 8719: 8609:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 8174:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 7955:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 7782:Second kingdom of Mari 7495:Third Dynasty of Egypt 7429:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 7081: 7072:First Dynasty of Egypt 6659: 6283:St. Stepanos Monastery 6276:St. Thaddeus Monastery 6172:Tobiron valley, Dezful 6106:Battle of Khorramshahr 6048:Arjan castle, Behbahan 5884:Masjed Soleyman County 5869:Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni 4801:Dietrich Reimer Verlag 4717:Florence Malbran-Labat 4438:Amiet, Pierre (1972). 4413:Kennedy, Hugh (2007). 4208:Hill, John E. (2009). 3964:Guimet, Musée (2016). 3876:Guimet, Musée (2016). 2554:Voyage en Perse Modern 2372:World Heritage listing 2158:(about 138–127 BC) to 2106:Seleucia on the Tigris 2074: 1937: 1925: 1922:Darius' palace at Susa 1913: 1887: 1759: 1610:etched carnelian beads 1604:Numerous artifacts of 1495:, 1800–1600 BC, Susa, 1453: 1399: 990: 834: 826: 707: 276:Abandoned and in ruins 11679:The Ancient Near East 11597:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11511:Province of Asoristan 11474:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11291: 11284:Province of Asoristan 11066:Philip I Philadelphus 11054:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 11048:Antiochus VIII Grypus 11045:Seleucus V Philometor 11000:Antiochus VII Sidetes 10994:Antiochus VI Dionysus 10921: 10894:Berenice IV Epiphanea 10855:Ptolemy VI Philometor 10843:Ptolemy IV Philopator 10840:Berenice II Euergetis 10837:Ptolemy III Euergetes 10738: 10656:Neo-Babylonian Empire 10566:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10563:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 10554:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10505: 10460:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 10396: 10117:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 9807:Middle Elamite period 9712: 9684: 9627: 9457: 9064: 8718: 8473:Third kingdom of Mari 8194:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 7269:First kingdom of Mari 7079: 7066:Early Dynastic Period 6908:Proto-Dynastic period 6657: 6635:Trans-Iranian Railway 6559:Historic city of Yazd 6330:Cultural landscape of 6175:Tomb of Daniel, Shush 6104:Khorramshahr mosque, 4827:Hamid-Reza Hosseini, 4784:Elamisches Wörterbuch 4442:. Paris: P. Geuthner. 4364:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3392:. BRILL. p. 48. 2591:, 1901, found in the 2052: 1931: 1919: 1904: 1878: 1757: 1699:Pleuroploca trapezium 1535:Old Babylonian period 1444: 1379: 1358:Economical tablet in 980: 832: 824: 795:Other religious texts 697: 205:32.19056°N 48.25778°E 39:Susa (disambiguation) 11042:Alexander II Zabinas 10906:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 10882:Ptolemy XI Alexander 10864:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 10419:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 10407:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 10231:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 10172:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 9796:Marduk-apla-iddina I 9690:New Kingdom of Egypt 9513:Early Kassite rulers 8807:(Vassals of Ur III) 8788:(Vassals of UR III) 8188:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 8158:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 7709:Old Kingdom of Egypt 6353:Naqsh-e Jahan Square 6241:World Heritage Sites 5352:List of ziyarat-gahs 5299:Islamic architecture 4881:Iranian architecture 4134:Le Pouvoir Séleucide 2842:, Nabu Press, 2010, 2793:John Curtis (2013). 2764:Hinz & Koch 1987 2741:Hinz & Koch 1987 2378:World Heritage Sites 2224:Eran-Khwarrah-Shapur 2146:broke free from the 1920:Archers frieze from 1616:during this period. 1360:Proto-Elamite script 893:Elamite civilization 766:Babylonian captivity 37:For other uses, see 27:Ancient city in Iran 11871:Hebrew Bible cities 11547:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 11057:Antiochus X Eusebes 10885:Ptolemy XII Auletes 10876:Ptolemy X Alexander 10870:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 10849:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 10534:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10422:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 10355:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10178:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 10069:Syro-Hittite states 9775:Shagarakti-Shuriash 9448:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 8442:Neferkare Pepiseneb 8341:Akkadian Governors: 6845:Pre-Dynastic period 6178:White bridge, Ahvaz 6154:Shushtar Watermills 6090:Hoor-al-azim lagoon 5810:Khorramshahr County 5542:Bagh-e Malek County 5292:Theory and analysis 4084:Nabonidus Chronicle 3240:Aruz, Joan (1992). 3225:Aruz, Joan (1992). 2503:from the palace of 2240:Abu Musa al-Ash'ari 2125:Seleucia ad Eulaeum 2119:The city was named 2059:Alexander the Great 2041:(486-465 BC). 1870:Austen Henry Layard 1660:, reference Sb 5614 1590:Third Dynasty of Ur 1322:, reference Sb 1484 1298:. A battle between 900:Roland De Mecquenem 809:and his eldest son 760:(Nehemiah 1:1) and 716:historic literature 690:Literary references 201: / 55: 11773:Sumerian King List 11587:Palaestina Secunda 11464:Palaestina Secunda 11294: 11025:Alexander Jannaeus 10924: 10914:Hellenistic Period 10740: 10508: 10486:Humban-haltash III 10450:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 10398: 10363:Tukulti-Ninurta II 10344:Kingdom of Samaria 10240:Mar-biti-apla-usur 10237:Shirikti-shuqamuna 10207:Neo-Elamite period 10190:Marduk-shapik-zeri 10175:Itti-Marduk-balatu 10156:Tiglath-Pileser II 10153:Ashur-resh-ishi II 10108:Enlil-kudurri-usur 9799:Zababa-shuma-iddin 9784:Kadashman-Harbe II 9769:Kadashman-Enlil II 9714: 9687: 9630: 9459: 9445:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 9442:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 9433:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 9192:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 9066: 8720: 8095:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 7476:Old Elamite period 7368:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 7221:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 7138:Jemdet Nasr period 7082: 6660: 6598:Palace of Ardashir 6502:Hassan Abad Moshir 6449:Dome of Soltaniyeh 6444:Sheikh Safi's Tomb 6290:Chapel of Dzordzor 5394:Khuzestan Province 5325:Architects of Iran 5126:Traditional cities 4835:Shush dar dāman-e 4685:Excavation reports 4065:Tolini, Gauthier, 3951:cartelen.louvre.fr 3759:cartelfr.louvre.fr 3545:Sumerian King List 3254:Thomas Rose 2022, 2838:George Rawlinson, 2606:Shush Castle, 2011 2335:Church of the East 2279:Al-Masih ad-Dajjal 2261:Al-Masih ad-Dajjal 2131:Seleucus I Nicator 2075: 2020:history of theatre 2003:(472 BC), an 1938: 1934:Statue of Darius I 1926: 1914: 1760: 1454: 1408:Khūzestān Province 1400: 991: 835: 827: 817:Excavation history 722:, patron deity of 708: 294:Official name 210:32.19056; 48.25778 164:Khuzestan Province 53: 11891:Seleucid colonies 11841:Achaemenid cities 11823: 11822: 11817: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11800:978-1-62564-606-4 11785:Unger, Merrill F. 11753:978-0-14-193825-7 11723:978-1-60606-649-2 11490:Province of Egypt 11421:Province of Egypt 11201:Province of Egypt 10943:Antigonid dynasty 10743:Achaemenid Empire 10664:Nebuchadnezzar II 10572:Ashur-nadin-shumi 10441:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 10413:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 10228:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 10196:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 10187:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 10129:Asharid-apal-Ekur 10126:Tiglath-Pileser I 10123:Ashur-resh-ishi I 10111:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 10099:Tukulti-Ninurta I 10046:Kingdom of Israel 10014:Osorkon the Elder 9935:Shutrukid dynasty 9820:Igehalkid dynasty 9787:Adad-shuma-iddina 9781:Enlil-nadin-shumi 9748:Kadashman-Enlil I 9742:Kadashman-harbe I 9186:Sukkalmah dynasty 9050:Isin-Larsa period 8872:Shimashki Dynasty 8598:Puzur-Inshushinak 8197:Netjerkare Siptah 7967:Neferirkare Kakai 7512:Egyptian pyramids 6721:Ancient Near East 6686: 6685: 6678:Hyrcanian Forests 6207: 6206: 6134:Rangooni's mosque 6131:Meyangaran lagoon 6042:Acropole of Shush 6023: 6022: 5864:Bandar-e Mahshahr 5360: 5359: 4956: 4955: 4588:978-0-521-20093-6 4562:978-0-521-56496-0 4528:978-1-59781-039-5 4424:978-0-297-84657-4 4392:978-1-84884-612-8 4289:978-1-60206-136-1 4247:Le Rider, Georges 4219:978-1-4392-2134-1 4143:978-2-753505-24-7 3932:978-1-78491-917-7 3507:978-1-000-03485-1 3480:978-1-000-03485-1 3453:978-1-000-03485-1 3426:978-1-000-03485-1 3399:978-90-474-2085-9 3372:978-1-000-03485-1 3317:Daniel T. Potts, 3179:978-1-885923-23-3 2825:Kriwaczek, Paul, 2589:Jacques de Morgan 2303: 2188:Parthian campaign 2053:The marriages of 1971:Under Cyrus' son 1784:Code of Hammurabi 1571:Kutik-Inshushinak 1565:Kutik-Inshushinak 1493:Shimashki Dynasty 1393:Puzur-Inshushinak 1110:Master of animals 885:Code of Hammurabi 873:Jacques de Morgan 859:In 1885 and 1886 852:, accompanied by 712:Ancient Near East 702:extension of the 601:The English name 576:Achaemenid Empire 568:Ancient Near East 448: 428: 404: 393:; Middle and Neo- 387: 337: 336: 110:Shown within Iran 16:(Redirected from 11918: 11911:Book of Jubilees 11805: 11804: 11781: 11775: 11769: 11758: 11757: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11706:Thomas, Ariane; 11703: 11697: 11696: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11667: 11661: 11658: 11643: 11633: 11583:Palaestina Prima 11529:Byzantine Empire 11460:Palaestina Prima 11447:Byzantine Empire 11426:Syria Palaestina 11391:Palmyrene Empire 11377:Bahram VI Chobin 11240:Syria Palaestina 11028:Salome Alexandra 11011:Kingdom of Judea 10997:Diodotus Tryphon 10852:Cleopatra I Syra 10828:Ptolemy Keraunos 10596:Ashur-uballit II 10593:Sin-shumu-lishir 10587:Ashur-etil-ilani 10542:Sargonid dynasty 10435:Marduk-apla-usur 10416:Nabu-apla-iddina 10410:Shamash-mudammiq 10366:Ashurnasirpal II 10349:Kingdom of Judah 10193:Adad-apla-iddina 10184:Enlil-nadin-apli 10181:Nebuchadnezzar I 10105:Ashur-nirari III 10102:Ashur-nadin-apli 9940:Shutruk-Nakhunte 9825:Untash-Napirisha 9814:Kidinuid dynasty 9412:Shamshi-Adad III 9120:Dynasty of Larsa 8938: 8826: 8821: 8649: 8502:Shar-Kali-Sharri 8436:Neferkare Tereru 8424:Neferkare Khendu 8378: 8373: 8204: 8163:Kiku-siwe-tempti 8050: 8045: 7900: 7829:Kish III dynasty 7799: 7730: 7643: 7638: 7543:(2600–2340 BCE) 7508: 7471: 7466: 7456: 7451: 7395:(2700–2600 BCE) 7252:(2900–2700 BCE) 7246: 7163:(3100–2700 BCE) 7142:(3100–2900 BCE) 6896: 6883: 6871: 6847:(4000–2900 BCE) 6836: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6690: 6689: 6629: 6627:Sarvestan Palace 6622: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6593: 6591:Ardashir Khurreh 6586: 6579: 6572: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6469:Takht-e Soleymān 6464:Bazaar of Tabriz 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6377: 6331: 6316: 6306: 6299: 6297:Chapel of Chupan 6292: 6285: 6278: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6192:Populated places 6078:Eshkaft-e Salman 5925:Ramhormoz County 5519:Andimeshk County 5509:Qaleh-ye Khvajeh 5438: 5437: 5421: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5333:s, castles, and 5273:Takht-e Soleymān 5083:Persian Garden ( 4964: 4892: 4891: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4804: 4789:Elamite Wordbook 4779:Koch, Heidemarie 4751:Georges Le Rider 4677: 4636: 4634: 4622: 4592: 4566: 4536: 4535: 4514: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4410: 4397: 4396: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4243: 4237: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4063: 4057: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4024:Tavernier, Jan. 4021: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3751: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3684:on 3 August 2021 3680:. Archived from 3678:"Awan King List" 3674: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3315: 3309: 3292: 3286: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3163: 3154: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2901: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2836: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2761: 2748: 2738: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2627: 2618:Children in Susa 2615: 2603: 2580: 2565: 2545: 2530: 2516: 2505:Darius the Great 2496: 2484: 2464: 2449: 2434: 2422: 2398: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2065:and her sister, 1981:Darius the Great 1907:Darius the Great 1860:In 647 BC, 1836: 1825:Untash-Napirisha 1819:The Ziggurat at 1816: 1804: 1789:Nebuchadnezzar I 1775:Shutruk-Nahhunte 1741: 1729: 1705:Turbinella pyrum 1693: 1669: 1653: 1625: 1555:Lugal-anne-mundu 1545:rulers, such as 1485: 1476: 1445:Silver cup from 1432:Sargon the Great 1410:centered on the 1390: 1389: 1388: 1355: 1343: 1331: 1315: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1248: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1197: 1185: 1121: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1070:The cemetery of 949:carbon-14 dating 939:Early settlement 854:Fenwick Williams 802:Book of Jubilees 790: 787: 681: 680: 675: 661: 660: 655: 649: 648: 643: 637: 636: 631: 621: 620: 615: 607:is derived from 606: 552:Zagros Mountains 549: 544: 536: 531: 530: 525: 520: 512: 507: 499: 494: 493: 484: 479: 471: 466: 461: 453: 447:romanized: 446: 444: 433: 427:romanized: 426: 424: 409: 403:romanized: 402: 400: 392: 386:romanized: 385: 383: 372: 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 216: 215: 213: 212: 211: 206: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 178:Zagros Mountains 147: 133: 132: 126: 114: 113:Show map of Iran 100: 99: 93: 74: 64: 63: 56: 52: 21: 11926: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11886:Sasanian cities 11876:Parthian cities 11826: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11818: 11809: 11808: 11801: 11782: 11778: 11770: 11761: 11754: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11704: 11700: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11668: 11664: 11659: 11655: 11592:Byzantine Syria 11578:Byzantine Egypt 11553:Farrukh Hormizd 11513: 11509: 11506:Sasanian Empire 11492: 11488: 11469:Byzantine Syria 11455:Byzantine Egypt 11394: 11286: 11282: 11279:Sasanian Empire 11199: 11104:Mithridates III 11084: 11081:Parthian Empire 11014: 10953:Seleucid Empire 10950: 10940: 10916: 10825:Ptolemy I Soter 10823: 10820:Ptolemaic Egypt 10792: 10786: 10746: 10728: 10724: 10722:Kings of Byblos 10713: 10685: 10659: 10630: 10624: 10598: 10578:Mushezib-Marduk 10548:Tiglath-Pileser 10546: 10537: 10514: 10500: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10463: 10455: 10453:Nabu-mukin-zeri 10447:Nabu-nadin-zeri 10432:Marduk-bel-zeri 10425:Baba-aha-iddina 10402: 10379:Adad-nirari III 10369:Shalmaneser III 10358: 10347: 10346: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324:Menkheperre Ini 10301: 10294: 10293: 10257: 10243:Nabû-mukin-apli 10220: 10209:(1100–540 BCE) 10202:Nabu-shum-libur 10170: 10147:Ashur-nirari IV 10141:Ashurnasirpal I 10138:Shamshi-Adad IV 10084:Ashur-uballit I 10079: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10032:Kings of Byblos 10030: 10000: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9955: 9954: 9938: 9932: 9900: 9887: 9886: 9868:Neferneferuaten 9828: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9810:(1500–1100 BCE) 9802:Enlil-nadin-ahi 9790:Adad-shuma-usur 9778:Kashtiliashu IV 9766:Kadashman-Turgu 9751:Burnaburiash II 9730:Kashtiliash III 9722: 9699: 9693: 9663: 9662:(1600–1260 BCE) 9661: 9631: 9622: 9616: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9558: 9553:Peshgaldaramesh 9548: 9538: 9528: 9524:Sealand Dynasty 9521: 9518: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9473: 9466: 9464: 9439:Ashur-nirari II 9418:Puzur-Ashur III 9406:Shamshi-Adad II 9377: 9375: 9373:Adaside dynasty 9370: 9369: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9291: 9282: 9276: 9265: 9261: 9259:Kings of Byblos 9257: 9251: 9240: 9203: 9190: 9189: 9171:Uruk VI dynasty 9169: 9118: 9069:Dynasty of Isin 9059: 9053: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 8985: 8979: 8972: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8920: 8890: 8884: 8866: 8827: 8815: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8777: 8767: 8753: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8710: 8703: 8699: 8685: 8681: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8631:(2150–2000 BCE) 8612: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8544: 8540: 8528: 8524: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8476: 8466: 8421:Djedkare Shemai 8410: 8404: 8398: 8384: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8330:Sargon of Akkad 8328: 8327: 8324:Akkadian Empire 8316:(2340–2150 BCE) 8314:Akkadian Period 8301: 8297: 8285: 8281: 8260: 8248: 8238: 8234: 8217: 8213: 8199: 8177: 8156: 8154: 8142: 8138: 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6493: 6486: 6479: 6439:Shahr-e Sukhteh 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6369:Persian gardens 6338:Golestan Palace 6329: 6314: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6258: 6247: 6238: 6208: 6203: 6187: 6184:'s tomb, Dezful 6140:Shadegan lagoon 6045:Apadana in Susa 6034:Abadan's museum 6019: 6007:Shushtar County 6001: 5973: 5961:Shadegan County 5955: 5937: 5919: 5902:Omidiyeh County 5896: 5892:Masjed Soleyman 5878: 5856:Mahshahr County 5850: 5832: 5804: 5786: 5763: 5746:Hoveyzeh County 5740: 5723:Hendijan County 5717: 5699: 5676: 5638: 5615: 5598:Behbahan County 5592: 5564: 5536: 5513: 5495: 5477: 5465:Aghajari County 5459: 5430: 5422: 5413: 5397: 5391: 5361: 5356: 5347:List of mosques 5313: 5287: 5121: 5001: 4965: 4952: 4916: 4883: 4878: 4848: 4769: 4687: 4674: 4632: 4619: 4605:Daryaee, Touraj 4589: 4573: 4571:Further reading 4563: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4451: 4447: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4411: 4400: 4393: 4379: 4372: 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3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2930: 2923: 2902: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2762: 2751: 2739: 2728: 2721:"Susa timeline" 2719: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2681:History of Iran 2651: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2581: 2572: 2566: 2557: 2546: 2537: 2531: 2522: 2517: 2508: 2497: 2488: 2485: 2476: 2465: 2456: 2450: 2441: 2435: 2426: 2423: 2414: 2407:Seleucid empire 2399: 2390: 2374: 2354: 2232: 2196: 2194:Sassanid period 2164:Parthian Empire 2148:Seleucid Empire 2140: 2138:Parthian period 2114:Charax Spasinou 2047: 2045:Seleucid period 1954:Cyrus the Great 1899: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1828: 1817: 1808: 1805: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1733: 1730: 1721: 1694: 1685: 1670: 1661: 1654: 1645: 1626: 1602: 1567: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1466: 1436:Akkadian Empire 1386: 1374: 1367: 1356: 1347: 1344: 1335: 1332: 1323: 1316: 1304:En-me-barage-si 1285: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1240: 1237: 1228: 1225: 1216: 1213: 1204: 1198: 1189: 1186: 1170:Proto-Cuneiform 1162:alluvial plains 1132: 1125: 1122: 1113: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1053: 1011:(7 ha) and the 997: 975: 941: 936: 918:Tania Ghirshman 914:Roman Ghirshman 889:Queen Napir-Asu 839:Henry Rawlinson 819: 797: 788: 738: 692: 599: 370: 347: 343: 289: 209: 207: 203: 200: 195: 192: 190: 188: 187: 151: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139: 138: 134: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 101: 79: 65: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11924: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11861:Elamite cities 11858: 11853: 11851:Book of Esther 11848: 11843: 11838: 11821: 11820: 11815: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11799: 11776: 11759: 11752: 11729: 11722: 11708:Potts, Timothy 11698: 11684: 11662: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11637: 11626: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11532: 11525: 11521: 11520: 11502: 11481: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11443: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11409: 11405: 11404: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11191: 11190: 11183: 11182:30 BCE–116 CE 11179: 11178: 11116:Mithridates IV 11098:Mithridates II 11077: 11039: 11034:Aristobulus II 11007: 11003: 11002: 10927:Argead dynasty 10911: 10816:Argead dynasty 10812: 10808: 10807: 10799: 10798: 10778: 10777: 10769:Artaxerxes III 10732: 10730:Kings of Sidon 10719: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10678: 10673:Labashi-Marduk 10652: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10575:Nergal-ushezib 10530: 10511:Black Pharaohs 10493: 10489: 10488: 10456: 10429:Ninurta-apla-X 10390: 10388:Ashur-nirari V 10382:Shalmaneser IV 10372:Shamshi-Adad V 10360:Adad-nirari II 10351: 10341: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10204: 10161: 10144:Shalmaneser II 10132:Ashur-bel-kala 10120:Mutakkil-Nusku 10076:Middle Assyria 10072: 10065: 10040:Kings of Sidon 10023: 9947: 9946:1155–1025 BCE 9943: 9942: 9929:Elamite Empire 9925: 9892: 9891: 9883:Hittite Empire 9879: 9847: 9846: 9831: 9830: 9804: 9793:Meli-Shipak II 9763:Nazi-Maruttash 9727:Burnaburiash I 9706: 9678: 9677:1531–1155 BCE 9674: 9673: 9654: 9609: 9569: 9568: 9515: 9451: 9436:Enlil-Nasir II 9415:Ashur-nirari I 9409:Ishme-Dagan II 9400:Sharma-Adad II 9352:Ashur-apla-idi 9343:1735–1701 BCE) 9322:Ashur-apla-idi 9304:Shamshi-Adad I 9299:1808–1736 BCE) 9284: 9279:Yamhad dynasty 9269: 9267:Kings of Sidon 9246: 9233: 9232:1800–1595 BCE 9229: 9228: 9195: 9194: 9182: 9046: 9036:Puzur-Ashur II 9003: 8946: 8913: 8912: 8907:Mentuhotep III 8876: 8875: 8858: 8853: 8845: 8844:2025-1763 BCE 8841: 8840: 8812:Ur III dynasty 8808: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8769: 8758:Neferkare VIII 8746: 8742: 8741: 8734: 8733: 8705: 8691: 8689: 8676: 8662:Gutian dynasty 8658: 8634: 8633: 8625: 8620:Nebkaure Khety 8614:Meryibre Khety 8605: 8601: 8600: 8583: 8550: 8548: 8532: 8505: 8504: 8498: 8469: 8459: 8445:Neferkamin Anu 8418:Neferkare Neby 8391: 8387: 8386: 8382:Lugal-ushumgal 8379: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8338: 8319: 8318: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8289: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8255: 8250: 8242: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8215:Lugalannemundu 8205: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8146: 8129: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8087: 8071: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8015: 8006: 8005: 7996: 7987: 7982:Djedkare Isesi 7979:Menkauhor Kaiu 7951: 7947: 7946: 7923: 7906: 7882: 7880:Pabilgagaltuku 7869: 7864: 7850: 7839:Akshak dynasty 7835: 7826: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7754: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7679: 7664:Enun-dara-anna 7659: 7658: 7619: 7602: 7587: 7569: 7567: 7545: 7544: 7538: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7472: 7457: 7441: 7440: 7433: 7432: 7421: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7372: 7371: 7357: 7320: 7313: 7312: 7288:Kullassina-bel 7273: 7265: 7254: 7253: 7247: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7143: 7134: 7129: 7080:Narmer Palette 7062: 7061:3100–2900 BCE 7058: 7057: 6990: 6920: 6919: 6904: 6903:3200–3100 BCE 6900: 6899: 6886: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6837: 6818: 6817:4000–3200 BCE 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6719:Rulers of the 6716: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6570:Qal'eh Dokhtar 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6343:Gonbad-e Qabus 6340: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6237: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6182:Ya'qub-i Laith 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5943:Ramshir County 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5705:Haftkel County 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5682:Gotvand County 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5038:Dalan e Vorudi 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4907:Parthian style 4904: 4898: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4770: 4768: 4767:External links 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4673:978-9657027011 4672: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4651:978-2840506812 4643: 4640: 4637: 4623: 4618:978-0857716668 4617: 4611:. I.B.Tauris. 4601: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4527: 4509: 4498: 4487:. UNESCO. 2015 4476: 4469: 4445: 4430: 4423: 4398: 4391: 4370: 4353: 4340: 4323: 4304: 4295: 4288: 4270: 4238: 4236:, pp. 354-409. 4225: 4218: 4200: 4181: 4175: 4149: 4142: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4075: 4058: 4034: 4016: 3999: 3996:. p. 398. 3983: 3976: 3956: 3938: 3931: 3911: 3908:. p. 395. 3895: 3888: 3868: 3854: 3836: 3818: 3811: 3791: 3784: 3764: 3743: 3730: 3695: 3669: 3656: 3647: 3634:10.1086/671453 3628:(2): 284–289. 3612: 3569: 3548: 3536: 3513: 3506: 3486: 3479: 3459: 3452: 3432: 3425: 3405: 3398: 3378: 3371: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3310: 3287: 3270: 3260: 3247: 3232: 3214: 3205: 3193: 3178: 3155: 3139: 3130: 3117: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3040: 3031: 3020: 3009: 3000: 2988: 2979: 2921: 2891: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2851: 2831: 2818: 2811: 2795:"Introduction" 2785: 2772: 2749: 2726: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2552:in Susa, from 2547: 2540: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2520:Tomb of Daniel 2518: 2511: 2509: 2498: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2417: 2415: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2370: 2353: 2350: 2231: 2230:Islamic period 2228: 2195: 2192: 2178:kings, as the 2139: 2136: 2046: 2043: 1898: 1895: 1856:Battle of Susa 1854:Main article: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1827:circa 1300 BC. 1818: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1695: 1688: 1686: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1627: 1620: 1612:, pointing to 1601: 1598: 1583:Linear Elamite 1566: 1563: 1490: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1326: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1275:civilization. 1261:Main article: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1180: 1144:cylinder seals 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1068: 1067: 1052: 1049: 974: 971: 940: 937: 935: 932: 865:Jane Dieulafoy 850:William Loftus 818: 815: 796: 793: 774:King Ahasuerus 750:Book of Esther 737: 736:Biblical texts 734: 691: 688: 686:Elamite form. 598: 595: 558:, between the 515:Middle Persian 335: 334: 331: 330: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 308: 305: 299: 298: 295: 291: 290: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 270: 269: 265: 264: 262:Battle of Susa 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 157: 153: 152: 142: 136: 135: 128: 127: 121: 120: 119: 118: 109: 103: 102: 95: 94: 88: 87: 86: 85: 84: 81: 80: 75: 67: 66: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11923: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11802: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11755: 11749: 11745: 11744: 11739: 11738:Roux, Georges 11733: 11725: 11719: 11715: 11714: 11709: 11702: 11694: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11632: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11602: 11601: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11584: 11579: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11565:Yazdegerd III 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11531: 11530: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11501: 11498: 11497:Sahralanyozan 11495: 11491: 11486: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11461: 11456: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11440: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11385: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11348: 11345: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11333: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11290: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11253:Mithridates V 11251: 11250:Sinatruces II 11246: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11173:Artabanus III 11171: 11168: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11143:Tiridates III 11141: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11105: 11102: 11099: 11096: 11093: 11090: 11087: 11086:Mithridates I 11083: 11082: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11038: 11035: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11022:Aristobulus I 11020: 11019:John Hyrcanus 11017: 11013: 11012: 11005: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10988:Alexander III 10986: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10974: 10973:Antiochus III 10971: 10968: 10965: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10932:Alexander III 10929: 10928: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10880: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10867:Cleopatra III 10865: 10862: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10772:Artaxerxes IV 10770: 10767: 10766:Artaxerxes II 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10737: 10731: 10727: 10726:Kings of Tyre 10723: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10682:Median Empire 10677: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10590:Sinsharishkun 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10543: 10536: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10517: 10512: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10490: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10461: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10439: 10436: 10433: 10430: 10427:(five kings) 10426: 10423: 10420: 10417: 10414: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10386: 10385:Ashur-Dan III 10383: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10332: 10331: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10292: 10289: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10225:Ea-mukin-zeri 10223: 10222:Simbar-shipak 10219: 10214:1025–934 BCE 10213: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10167: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10150:Ashur-rabi II 10148: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10135:Eriba-Adad II 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10097: 10096:Shalmaneser I 10094: 10093:Adad-nirari I 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10036:Kings of Tyre 10033: 10029: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10012: 10009: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9976: 9975:Ramesses VIII 9973: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9915: 9912: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9890: 9885: 9884: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9857:Amenhotep III 9855: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9842: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9815: 9808: 9803: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9779: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9758: 9755: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9719: 9711: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9692: 9691: 9683: 9675: 9672: 9669: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9626: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9563:Melamkurkurra 9561: 9557: 9556:Ayadaragalama 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9533:Itti-ili-nibi 9531: 9527: 9525: 9514: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9427:Ashur-shaduni 9425: 9422: 9421:Enlil-nasir I 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9385:Sharma-Adad I 9383: 9380: 9376:1700–722 BCE) 9374: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9307:Ishme-Dagan I 9305: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9280: 9275: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9263:Kings of Tyre 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9238: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9220:Amenemhat III 9218: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9063: 9057: 9052: 9051: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9012:Puzur-Ashur I 9009: 9008: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8977: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8951: 8945: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8919: 8918:Third Eblaite 8914: 8911: 8910:Mentuhotep IV 8908: 8905: 8904:Mentuhotep II 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8852: 8850: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8761:Wahkare Khety 8759: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8698: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8629:Ur III period 8624: 8621: 8618: 8617:Neferkare VII 8615: 8611: 8610: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8564:Ur-Ningirsu I 8561: 8557: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8388: 8383: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8294: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8254: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8212: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:Lugal-kisalsi 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7887: 7881: 7876: 7874: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7488: 7485: 7478: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7319: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7293: 7292:Nangishlishma 7289: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7271: 7270: 7263: 7260: 7259:First Eblaite 7255: 7251: 7245: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7218:Seth-Peribsen 7216: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7179:Hotepsekhemwy 7175: 7174: 7166: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147:Proto-Elamite 7140: 7139: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7049:Double Falcon 7047: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6901: 6895: 6890: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6862: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6700: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6475:Persian Qanat 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382:Chehel Sotoun 6379: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6325:Chogha Zanbil 6323: 6321: 6318: 6313: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065:Chogha Zanbil 6063: 6060: 6059:Proto-Elamite 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5644:Dezful County 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5501:Andika County 5498: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5442:Abadan County 5439: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:Caravanserais 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928:Early Islamic 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4775:Hinz, Walther 4772: 4771: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4728:2-7118-4324-6 4725: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4502: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4470:9789004104228 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4176:9789004293915 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4055:0-521-22804-2 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4031:. p. 27. 4027: 4020: 4013: 4012:0-8094-9104-4 4009: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3977:9782402052467 3973: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3915: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3889:9782402052467 3885: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3814: 3812:9788120611795 3808: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3785:9788120611795 3781: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3520:D. T. Potts, 3517: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3294:D. T. Potts, 3291: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2848:1-178-20631-9 2845: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2812:9781848856219 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2593:Acropole Tomb 2590: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2570:Louvre Museum 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:Daniel's tomb 2544: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2473:Antiochus III 2470: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2411:Louvre Museum 2408: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2116:as its port. 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:Old Testament 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:ancient Greek 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:ethnocultural 1943: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1850:Neo-Assyrians 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:Chogha Zanbil 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1768:Chogha Zanbil 1764: 1756: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:Louvre Museum 1675: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1658:Louvre Museum 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Louvre Museum 1635: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1497:Louvre Museum 1494: 1484: 1475: 1461: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1418:, Sumer, and 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1394: 1382: 1378: 1365: 1364:Louvre Museum 1361: 1354: 1349: 1342: 1337: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1320:Louvre Museum 1314: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1269:Proto-Elamite 1264: 1263:Proto-Elamite 1247: 1242: 1235: 1230: 1223: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1196: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1151:periodization 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140:proto-writing 1137: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 996: 988: 984: 979: 970: 968: 963: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 945:urban history 931: 928: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 831: 823: 814: 812: 808: 804: 803: 792: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 731: 730: 725: 721: 717: 713: 705: 701: 696: 687: 685: 674: 669: 665: 662:) in its Neo- 654: 642: 630: 625: 614: 610: 609:Ancient Greek 605: 594: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 540: 535: 524: 516: 511: 503: 498: 488: 483: 475: 470: 469:[ʃuʃ] 465: 457: 452: 440: 437: 432: 420: 417: 413: 408: 396: 391: 379: 375: 374: 365: 341: 332: 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10654: 10625: 10619: 10616:626–539 BCE 10584:Ashurbanipal 10539: 10538: 10532: 10495: 10492:745–609 BCE 10458: 10438:Eriba-Marduk 10399: 10353: 10328: 10296: 10295: 10285: 10274:Shoshenq III 10252: 10249:911–745 BCE 10217: 10199:Marduk-zer-X 10163: 10159:Ashur-dan II 10090:Arik-den-ili 10087:Enlil-nirari 10081:Eriba-Adad I 10074: 10067: 10044: 10025: 10020:Psusennes II 9995: 9994: 9988: 9972:Ramesses VII 9960:Ramesses III 9949: 9933: 9927: 9895: 9881: 9862: 9851:Amenhotep II 9844:Thutmose III 9818: 9812: 9809: 9760:Kurigalzu II 9754:Kara-hardash 9724:Agum-Kakrime 9715: 9694: 9688: 9656: 9639:'Aper-'Anati 9637: 9632: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9536:Damqi-ilishu 9519: 9508:Samsu-Ditana 9490:Sin-muballit 9481:Sin-muballit 9460: 9430:Ashur-rabi I 9295:Shamshi-Adad 9292: 9286: 9271: 9241: 9235: 9223:Amenemhat IV 9217:Senusret III 9211:Amenemhat II 9198: 9184: 9170: 9119: 9116:Damiq-ilishu 9086:Lipit-Eshtar 9067: 9048: 9005: 8973: 8969: 8953:Shakkanakkus 8916: 8892:Mentuhotep I 8885: 8879: 8860: 8847: 8810: 8804:Puzur-Ishtar 8771: 8766: 8748: 8701:Lugalannatum 8693: 8660: 8627: 8607: 8586:Hishep-Ratep 8552: 8534: 8471: 8461: 8415:Neferkare II 8405: 8399: 8393: 8340: 8322: 8312: 8291: 8244:Invasion by 8207: 8172: 8148: 8140:Enannatum II 8104:E-iginimpa'e 8073: 8065:Igrish-Halam 7976:Nyuserre Ini 7953: 7927:Awan dynasty 7925: 7884: 7871: 7852: 7837: 7828: 7812:Ishtup-Ishar 7792:Iku-Shamagan 7788:Ikun-Shamash 7780: 7758:Ur I dynasty 7756: 7749: 7738: 7713: 7707: 7681: 7662: 7621: 7604: 7589: 7571: 7530: 7522: 7493: 7474: 7437:Enmebaragesi 7423: 7404: 7375: 7366: 7359: 7322: 7317: 7297:En-tarah-ana 7282: 7275: 7267: 7257: 7233: 7230:Neferkasokar 7228: 7223: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7171: 7158: 7151: 7145: 7136: 7124: 7119: 7070: 7064: 7051: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6978: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6931:Finger Snail 6929: 6923: 6906: 6888: 6875:Anu Ziggurat 6858: 6850: 6826: 6820: 6738:Territories/ 6658:Flag of Iran 6458: 6431:Pahlevanpour 6253: 6163:Shush Castle 6157: 6146:Shush-Daniel 6057:Chogha Mish 5979:Shush County 5818:Khorramshahr 5792:Karun County 5695:Jannat Makan 5550:Bagh-e Malek 5483:Ahvaz County 5334: 5330: 5262: 5112:Windcatchers 5084: 4834: 4829: 4788: 4783: 4688: 4663: 4628: 4608: 4578: 4551: 4532: 4518: 4512: 4501: 4489:. 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H. Layard 841:and then by 836: 825:Site of Susa 800: 798: 782:Shush-Daniel 781: 756:(Ezra 4:9), 746:Hebrew Bible 739: 727: 709: 704:Persian Gulf 600: 588: 339: 338: 229:Part of 50: 11906:Uruk period 11675:Simpson, W. 11603:639–651 CE 11550:Azarmidokht 11541:Khosrow III 11524:628–641 CE 11480:618–628 CE 11442:395–618 CE 11408:273–395 CE 11396:Vaballathus 11386:270–273 CE 11350:Hormizd III 11335:Yazdegerd I 11326:Ardashir II 11320:Adur Narseh 11274:224–270 CE 11262:Vologases V 11236:117–224 CE 11217:116–117 CE 11164:Vardanes II 11161:Vologases I 11152:Gotarzes II 11122:Phraates IV 11092:Hyspaosines 11031:Hyrcanus II 11006:141–30 BCE 10985:Demetrius I 10982:Antiochus V 10976:Seleucus IV 10967:Seleucus II 10961:Antiochus I 10948:Antigonus I 10900:Ptolemy XIV 10888:Cleopatra V 10670:Neriglissar 10667:Amel-Marduk 10650:Psamtik III 10621:Late Period 10560:Sennacherib 10551:Shalmaneser 10478:Tammaritu I 10375:Shammuramat 10318:Takelot III 10315:Osorkon III 10312:Shoshenq VI 10287:Pedubast II 10277:Shoshenq IV 10265:Shoshenq II 10114:Ashur-dan I 10055:Ish-bosheth 10008:Psusennes I 9984:Ramesses XI 9978:Ramesses IX 9969:Ramesses VI 9963:Ramesses IV 9908:Ramesses II 9871:Tutankhamun 9854:Thutmose IV 9838:Thutmose II 9772:Kudur-Enlil 9757:Nazi-Bugash 9745:Kurigalzu I 9733:Ulamburiash 9704:Amenhotep I 9685:Tutankhamun 9671:Parshatatar 9668:Shuttarna I 9601:Seventeenth 9530:Ilum-ma-ili 9505:Ammi-saduqa 9502:Ammi-ditana 9496:Samsu-iluna 9403:Erishum III 9364:Adad-salulu 9361:Ipqi-Ishtar 9349:Ashur-dugul 9334:Adad-salulu 9331:Ipqi-Ishtar 9319:Ashur-dugul 9288:Old Assyria 9283:(Amorites) 9226:Sobekneferu 9214:Senusret II 9205:Amenemhat I 9177:Sîn-iribam 9154:Sin-Iqisham 9148:Sin-Iddinam 9098:Erra-imitti 9095:Lipit-Enlil 9083:Ishme-Dagan 9080:Iddin-Dagan 9016:Shalim-ahum 9007:Old Assyria 8993:Yasmah-Adad 8970:Lim Dynasty 8962:Hanun-Dagan 8958:Hitial-Erra 8723:Ur-Ningirsu 8679:Kuda (Uruk) 8652:Ishgum-Addu 8642:Ishtup-Ilum 8494:Ishma-Dagan 8479:Shakkanakku 8457:Neferirkare 8454:Neferkauhor 8357:Ili-ishmani 8336:Manishtushu 8299:Lugalzagesi 8295:III dynasty 8279:Puzur-Nirah 7994:Ishar-Malik 7973:Shepseskare 7763:Mesannepada 7688:Nin-kisalsi 7676:Lugal-kitun 7646:Meskalamdug 7632:Ur-Pabilsag 7445:Aga of Kish 7354:Barsal-nuna 7239:Khasekhemwy 7225:Neferkara I 7204:Weneg-Nebty 7182:Nebra/Raneb 6994:Lower Egypt 6980:Scorpion II 6925:Upper Egypt 6877:, 4000 BCE) 6860:Uruk period 6620:Shapur cave 6551:Ebrahimabad 6128:Lali bridge 6111:Kul-e Farah 6100:Karkheh Dam 6038:Gundishapur 5838:Lali County 5769:Izeh County 5570:Bavi County 5455:Arvandkenar 5208:Khorramabad 4895:Pre-Islamic 4635:. Sasanika. 4453:M. Streck, 3831:Mohenjodaro 3711:(1): 1–46. 2653:Iran portal 2439:sarcophagus 2437:Anthropoid 2323:Gundeshapur 2234:During the 2215:Gundeshapur 2160:Gotarzes II 2156:Phraates II 2095:Macedonians 2071:Hephaestion 2055:Stateira II 2014:playwright 1973:Cambyses II 1519:Mesopotamia 1412:Karun River 1136:Uruk period 1072:Chega Sofla 960:Chogha Mish 956:Chogha Mish 925:Jean Perrot 904:World War I 789: 1871 670:forms, and 539:Old Persian 325:2015 (39th 322:Inscription 208: / 184:Coordinates 11830:Categories 11559:Khosrow IV 11556:Hormizd VI 11538:Shahrbaraz 11515:Khosrow II 11500:Shahrbaraz 11494:Shahrbaraz 11374:Khosrow II 11371:Hormizd IV 11329:Shapur III 11317:Hormizd II 11311:Bahram III 11296:Ardashir I 11167:Pacorus II 11158:Vonones II 11155:Meherdates 11149:Vardanes I 11134:Orodes III 11131:Phraates V 11110:Sinatruces 10958:Seleucus I 10935:Philip III 10909:Arsinoe IV 10834:Arsinoe II 10775:Darius III 10641:Psamtik II 10581:Esarhaddon 10474:Ummanigash 10444:Nabonassar 10338:Bakenranef 10309:Pedubast I 10306:Takelot II 10303:Harsiese A 10291:Osorkon IV 10283:Shoshenq V 10271:Osorkon II 10259:Shoshenq I 10005:Amenemnisu 9981:Ramesses X 9966:Ramesses V 9914:Amenmesses 9902:Ramesses I 9864:Smenkhkare 9841:Hatshepsut 9835:Thutmose I 9739:Karaindash 9478:Sumu-la-El 9310:Mut-Ashkur 9301:(Amorites) 9208:Senusret I 9167:Rim-Sin II 9157:Silli-Adad 9151:Sin-Eribam 9113:Suen-magir 9110:Ur-du-kuga 9107:Iter-pisha 9101:Enlil-bani 9089:Ur-Ninurta 9077:Shu-Ilishu 9074:Ishbi-Erra 9044:Erishum II 8990:Yahdun-Lim 8987:Yaggid-Lim 8800:Tura-Dagan 8779:Utu-hengal 8755:Meryhathor 8731:Nam-mahani 8697:II dynasty 8666:(21 kings) 8560:Puzer-Mama 8556:II dynasty 8538:IV dynasty 8451:Neferkaure 8448:Qakare Ibi 8439:Neferkahor 8430:Neferkamin 8349:Ilshu-rabi 8240:Ishqi-Mari 8236:Ikun-Ishar 8232:Enna-Dagan 8152:II dynasty 8126:Bara-irnun 8081:Puzur-Suen 8077:IV dynasty 8069:Irkab-Damu 8014:(3 kings) 7940:Ukkutahesh 7913:Meskiagnun 7909:A'annepada 7856:II dynasty 7751:Thamphthis 7747:Shepseskaf 7696:Lugal-dalu 7595:Udulkalama 7575:II dynasty 7517:Sekhemkhet 7425:Lugalbanda 7351:Melem-Kish 7347:En-me-nuna 7132:Canaanites 7126:Horus Bird 7091:Neithhotep 6964:Scorpion I 6914:Naqada III 6673:Lut Desert 6523:Ghasemabad 6375:Pasargadae 6363:Persepolis 6358:Pasargadae 5555:Qaleh Tall 5532:Hoseyniyeh 5253:Shahrisabz 5233:Persepolis 5223:Nakhchivan 5173:Gur-e-Amir 4902:Achaemenid 4543:References 4351:, pp. 429. 3741:, pp. 122. 3667:, pp. 364. 3532:1405189886 3329:1107094690 3306:1107094690 2766:, p. 2743:, p. 2364:in Iran's 2266:Antichrist 2200:Ardashir I 1985:Persepolis 1977:Pasargadae 1950:Achaemenid 1905:Statue of 1793:Babylonian 1202:The Louvre 1166:Godin Tepe 1057:Tepe Sialk 1051:Metallurgy 1029:Achaemenid 993:See also: 700:Bronze Age 684:Achaemenid 668:Achaemenid 436:Achaemenid 416:Achaemenid 268:Site notes 224:Settlement 196:48°15′28″E 193:32°11′26″N 11671:Hallo, W. 11568:Peroz III 11402:Antiochus 11368:Khosrow I 11338:Shapur IV 11332:Bahram IV 11323:Shapur II 11308:Bahram II 11302:Hormizd I 11259:Osroes II 11137:Vonones I 11119:Orodes II 11095:Artabanus 10763:Darius II 10690:Phraortes 10676:Nabonidus 10647:Ahmose II 10635:Psamtik I 10528:Tanutamun 10377:(regent) 10268:Takelot I 10262:Osorkon I 10027:Phoenicia 10011:Amenemope 9957:Setnakhte 9911:Merneptah 9860:Akhenaten 9643:Sakir-Har 9581:Sixteenth 9560:Akurduana 9546:Gulkishar 9543:Shushushi 9499:Abi-eshuh 9493:Hammurabi 9475:Sumu-abum 9397:Shu-Ninua 9388:Iptar-Sin 9358:Sin-namir 9355:Nasir-Sin 9346:Puzur-Sin 9328:Sin-namir 9325:Nasir-Sin 9179:Sîn-gāmil 9175:Sîn-kāšid 9163:Rim-Sin I 9160:Warad-Sin 9040:Naram-Sin 9024:Erishum I 9020:Ilu-shuma 8996:Zimri-Lim 8944:Indilimma 8931:Ibbit-Lim 8901:Intef III 8864:invasions 8851:invasions 8796:Ili-Ishar 8792:Iddi-ilum 8785:2100 BCE 8775:V dynasty 8745:2125 BCE 8683:Puzur-ili 8670:La-erabum 8604:2150 BCE 8530:Shu-turul 8523:(3 years) 8490:Shu-Dagan 8390:2200 BCE 8367:Naram-Sin 8363:2250 BCE 8307:2340 BCE 8273:2350 BCE 8267:Luh-ishan 8262:Urukagina 8258:Lugalanda 8227:Isar-Damu 8223:2370 BCE 8169:2380 BCE 8144:Enentarzi 8132:Enannatum 8121:Gishakidu 8085:Ur-Zababa 8061:Adub-Damu 8057:2400 BCE 8030:2425 BCE 8024:Napilhush 8012:invasions 7990:Enar-Damu 7970:Neferefre 7950:2450 BCE 7893:Ur-Nanshe 7888:I dynasty 7875:I dynasty 7816:Ikun-Mari 7775:Phoenicia 7771:2500 BCE 7704:2575 BCE 7672:Melamanna 7656:Akalamdug 7628:A-Imdugud 7591:Ur-Nungal 7578:(5 kings) 7565:Baba-Damu 7561:Ibbi-Damu 7490:2600 BCE 7460:Gilgamesh 7418:Iltasadum 7389:2700 BCE 7363:I dynasty 7316:2800 BCE 7279:I dynasty 7235:Hudjefa I 7168:2900 BCE 7114:Semerkhet 7106:(regent) 7093:(regent) 7000:Hedju Hor 6828:Naqada II 6516:Akbarabad 6417:Abbasabad 6410:Dolatabad 6086:Haft Tepe 5933:Ramhormoz 5828:Moqavemat 5823:Minushahr 5629:Susangerd 5578:Mollasani 5527:Andimeshk 5248:Samarkand 5158:Ctesiphon 5102:Shabestan 5058:Imamzadeh 5033:Chahartaq 4259:cite book 3717:0373-6032 3642:0022-2968 3599:0026-1521 3128:, pp. 46. 2974:163892909 2958:0017-8160 2534:Ninhursag 2366:Khuzestan 2300:romanized 2208:Shapur II 2102:Seleucids 2035:Ahasuerus 2016:Aeschylus 1942:political 1682:Dholavira 1674:carnelian 1499:Sb 17729. 1447:Marvdasht 1434:into his 1280:Cuneiform 1158:Khuzestan 1009:Acropolis 877:Naram-Sin 706:is shown. 682:) in its 586:periods. 376:; Middle 312:Reference 273:Condition 250:Abandoned 11787:(2014). 11740:(1992). 11710:(2020). 11677:(1971). 11518:Kavad II 11344:Bahram V 11305:Bahram I 11299:Shapur I 11176:Osroes I 11107:Orodes I 11101:Gotarzes 11089:Phraates 10754:Darius I 10751:Cambyses 10699:Astyages 10696:Cyaxares 10638:Necho II 10569:Bel-ibni 10519:Shebitku 10482:Indabibi 10335:Tefnakht 9877:Horemheb 9736:Agum III 9718:Kassites 9701:Ahmose I 9566:Ea-gamil 9550:DIŠ+U-EN 9540:Ishkibal 9487:Apil-Sin 9469:Amorites 9379:Bel-bani 9254:Biblical 9145:Nur-Adad 9136:Gungunum 9124:Naplanum 9092:Bur-Suen 9056:Amorites 9032:Sargon I 8982:Amorites 8926:Amorites 8898:Intef II 8868:Kindattu 8856:Ibbi-Sin 8835:Amar-Sin 8829:Ur-Nammu 8764:Merykare 8656:Apil-kin 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