31:
51:
233:
to as far as 60° north latitude in the North
Pacific Ocean off Alaska. A 2006 study found individual tagged sooty shearwaters from New Zealand migrating 64,000 km (40,000 mi) a year, which gave them the then longest known animal migration ever recorded electronically (though subsequently
199:
fly with stiff wings and use a "shearing" flight technique (flying very close to the water and seemingly cutting or "shearing" the tips of waves) to move across wave fronts with the minimum of active flight. This technique gives the group its
English name. Some small species, like the
285:
and often give eerie contact calls on their night-time visits. They lay a single white egg. The chicks of some species, notably short-tailed and sooty shearwaters, are subject to harvesting from their nest burrows for food, a practice known as
258:). Manx shearwaters migrate over 10,000 km (6,200 mi) to South America in winter, using waters off southern Brazil and Argentina, so this bird had covered a minimum of 1,000,000 km (620,000 mi) on migration alone.
265:
has revealed that this species never flies overland, even if it means flying an extra 1,000 km. For instance, during their seasonal migration towards the Black Sea they would circumvent the entire
281:
Shearwaters come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed. They are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites, preferring moonless nights to minimize predation. They nest in
1684:"Substitution rate variation in a robust procellariiform seabird phylogeny is not solely explained by body mass, flight efficiency, population size or life history traits"
298:
They feed on fish, squid, and similar oceanic food. Some will follow fishing boats to take scraps, commonly the sooty shearwater; these species also commonly follow
692:
Phylogeny of the shearwaters based on a study by Joan Ferrer Obiol and collaborators published in 2022. Only 14 of the 21 recognised species in the genus
302:
to feed on fish disturbed by them. Their primary feeding technique is diving, with some species diving to depths of 70 m (230 ft).
1810:
254:
as an adult (when at least 5 years old) in July 1953, it was retrapped in July 2003, at least 55 years old (also now exceeded, by a
1899:
Ferrer Obiol, J.; James, H.F.; Chesser, R.T.; Bretagnolle, V.; González-SolĂs, J.; Rozas, J.; Welch, A.J.; Riutort, M. (2022).
1682:
Estandia, A; Chesser, RT; James, HF; Levy, MA; Ferrer Obiol, J; Bretagnolle, V; Gonzales-Solis, J; Welch, AJ (July 2021).
1683:
246:
to as far north as the Arctic Ocean off northwest Alaska. They are also long-lived: a Manx shearwater breeding on
1721:
1670:
50:
229:(52°S 60°W) to as far as 70° north latitude in the North Atlantic Ocean off northern Norway, and around
225:, which cover distances in excess of 14,000 km (8,700 mi) from their breeding colonies on the
1979:
1865:
1577:
501:
1901:"Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds"
183:. They have a global marine distribution, but are most common in temperate and cold waters, and are
1953:
509:
423:
1609:"Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer"
1582:
1458:
1383:
1349:
1267:
1090:
1031:
825:
643:
627:
603:
569:
525:
415:
239:
492:
1476:
1331:
1108:
777:
635:
611:
457:
431:
350:. This arrangement contrasts with earlier conceptions based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing.
1590:
1224:
759:
586:
449:
406:
1969:
1912:
1249:
868:
727:
578:
543:
369:
1796:
1775:
8:
1199:
1065:
954:
936:
561:
483:
465:
393:
385:
262:
127:
1916:
1756:
1702:
1633:
1608:
1571:
474:
270:
45:
1648:
1974:
1847:
1801:
1706:
1013:
850:
534:
517:
196:
102:
30:
1930:
1920:
1869:
1839:
1791:
1748:
1694:
1628:
1620:
1433:
1408:
651:
619:
255:
250:, Northern Ireland, was (as of 2003/2004) the oldest known wild bird in the world;
226:
222:
38:
242:
perform an even longer "figure of eight" loop migration in the
Pacific Ocean from
1607:
Shaffer, Scott A.; Tremblay, Yann; Weimerskirch, Henri; Costa, Daniel P. (2006).
911:
677:
667:
440:
377:
247:
201:
346:
180:
112:
1873:
1698:
1963:
287:
1624:
1843:
251:
119:
1851:
1805:
1671:
https://ciesm.org/marine/programs/seabirds/track-seabirds-migrating-live/
1185:
555:
334:
316:
282:
266:
235:
230:
143:
221:
Many shearwaters are long-distance migrants, perhaps most spectacularly
1935:
1760:
1925:
1900:
208:
in flight, with their long wings held directly out from their bodies.
662:
There are two extinct species that have been described from fossils.
205:
62:
1752:
1898:
713:
694:
363:
340:
328:
243:
150:
82:
1310:
597:
332:. Recent genomic studies show that Shearwaters form a clade with
322:
311:
184:
172:
157:
1826:
Shearwaters: Preliminary
Evidence from Mitochondrial Cytochrome
1606:
176:
72:
1649:"Arctic tern in record-breaking migration from Farne Islands"
299:
1720:
Bretagnolle, Vincent; Attié, Carole; Pasquet, Eric (1998).
92:
1726:
evidence for validity and phylogenetic relationships of
1681:
1719:
1822:
1569:
1864:
1675:
1570:
468:(formerly Audubon's shearwater, before splitting)
1961:
358:The group contains 3 genera with 32 species.
238:migrating 96,000 km (60,000 mi)).
1776:"Body Size Effects and Rates of Cytochrome
1773:
1713:
29:
1934:
1924:
1795:
1774:Nunn, Gary B.; Stanley, Scott E. (1998).
1632:
1602:
1600:
1962:
1821:
1597:
261:Following the tracks of the migratory
1880:. International Ornithologists' Union
1832:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1815:
1797:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025864
1591:participating institution membership
1767:
13:
1858:
1641:
1563:
437:(split from Townsend's shearwater)
353:
314:: a few larger ones in the genera
269:instead of crossing over the 6 km
14:
1991:
1947:
1780:Evolution in Tube-Nosed Seabirds"
498:(split from Audubon's shearwater)
489:(split from Audubon's shearwater)
480:(split from Audubon's shearwater)
1878:IOC World Bird List Version 14.2
446:(split from Newell's shearwater)
290:, in Australia and New Zealand.
49:
1956:on the Internet Bird Collection
1892:
1784:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1663:
575:(split from Cory's shearwater)
549:(split from Barolo shearwater)
531:(split from little shearwater)
190:
1:
1669:CIESM Seabird Project. 2021.
1556:
234:greatly exceeded by a tagged
187:outside the breeding season.
171:are medium-sized long-winged
687:
216:
211:
7:
305:
276:
10:
1996:
537:or Macronesian shearwater
293:
128:3 genera and c. 30 species
1699:10.1101/2021.07.27.453752
1578:Oxford English Dictionary
1474:
1456:
1449:
1431:
1424:
1406:
1399:
1381:
1374:
1347:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1265:
1247:
1240:
1222:
1215:
1197:
1190:
1178:
1106:
1088:
1081:
1063:
1056:
1029:
1011:
1004:
997:
952:
934:
927:
909:
902:
866:
848:
841:
823:
816:
809:
802:
775:
757:
750:
743:
725:
718:
706:
412:– first described in 2011
326:and many smaller ones in
139:
134:
125:
118:
46:Scientific classification
44:
37:
28:
23:
240:Short-tailed shearwaters
1905:Journal of Biogeography
1625:10.1073/pnas.0603715103
1583:Oxford University Press
1459:Flesh-footed shearwater
1384:Short-tailed shearwater
1350:Wedge-tailed shearwater
1091:Black-vented shearwater
1032:Subantarctic shearwater
644:Flesh-footed shearwater
628:Short-tailed shearwater
604:Wedge-tailed shearwater
526:Subantarctic shearwater
416:Black-vented shearwater
1874:"Petrels, albatrosses"
1872:, eds. (August 2024).
1844:10.1006/mpev.1996.0060
1477:Pink-footed shearwater
1203:Calonectris leucomelas
670:or Olson's shearwater
636:Pink-footed shearwater
565:Calonectris leucomelas
502:Bannerman's shearwater
1228:Calonectris edwardsii
1225:Cape Verde shearwater
1094:Puffinus opisthomelas
940:Puffinus mauretanicus
760:Fluttering shearwater
680:or Hole's shearwater
590:Calonectris edwardsii
587:Cape Verde shearwater
510:Heinroth's shearwater
450:Fluttering shearwater
424:Townsend's shearwater
419:Puffinus opisthomelas
397:Puffinus mauretanicus
1387:Ardenna tenuirostris
1271:Calonectris diomedea
1268:Scopoli's shearwater
1253:Calonectris borealis
829:Puffinus lherminieri
826:Audubon's shearwater
731:Puffinus nativitatis
728:Christmas shearwater
631:Ardenna tenuirostris
582:Calonectris diomedea
573:Calonectris diomedea
570:Scopoli's shearwater
493:Galápagos shearwater
470:Puffinus lherminieri
427:Puffinus auricularis
399:(proposed lump with
373:Puffinus nativitatis
370:Christmas shearwater
1917:2022JBiog..49..171F
1619:(34): 12799–12802.
1581:(Online ed.).
1332:Buller's shearwater
1200:Streaked shearwater
1109:Newell's shearwater
1066:Tropical shearwater
955:Yelkouan shearwater
937:Balearic shearwater
778:Hutton's shearwater
612:Buller's shearwater
562:Streaked shearwater
505:Puffinus bannermani
484:Tropical shearwater
466:Sargasso shearwater
458:Hutton's shearwater
432:Newell's shearwater
394:Balearic shearwater
386:Yelkouan shearwater
310:There are about 30
263:Yelkouan shearwater
1868:; Donsker, David;
1651:. BBC. 7 June 2016
1017:Puffinus assimilis
521:Puffinus assimilis
513:Puffinus heinrothi
496:Puffinus subalaris
475:Persian shearwater
407:Bryan's shearwater
271:Isthmus of Corinth
1980:Bird common names
1954:Shearwater videos
1926:10.1111/jbi.14291
1870:Rasmussen, Pamela
1830:Gene Sequences".
1790:(10): 1360–1371.
1734:(Procellariidae)"
1589:(Subscription or
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1480:Ardenna creatopus
1462:Ardenna carneipes
1363:
1362:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1250:Cory's shearwater
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1069:Puffinus bailloni
1045:
1044:
1014:Little shearwater
986:
985:
977:
976:
968:
967:
958:Puffinus yelkouan
915:Puffinus puffinus
891:
890:
882:
881:
869:Boyd's shearwater
851:Barolo shearwater
791:
790:
647:Ardenna carneipes
639:Ardenna creatopus
579:Cory's shearwater
544:Boyd's shearwater
535:Barolo shearwater
518:Little shearwater
487:Puffinus bailloni
478:Puffinus persicus
435:Puffinus newelli
389:Puffinus yelkouan
381:Puffinus puffinus
223:sooty shearwaters
166:
165:
103:Procellariiformes
1987:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1928:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1862:
1856:
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1809:
1799:
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1586:
1574:
1567:
1452:
1451:
1434:Great shearwater
1427:
1426:
1409:Sooty shearwater
1402:
1401:
1377:
1376:
1353:Ardenna pacifica
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1243:
1242:
1218:
1217:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1180:
1112:Puffinus newelli
1084:
1083:
1059:
1058:
1035:Puffinus elegans
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
930:
929:
905:
904:
844:
843:
819:
818:
812:
811:
805:
804:
781:Puffinus huttoni
753:
752:
746:
745:
721:
720:
709:
708:
702:
701:
652:Great shearwater
620:Sooty shearwater
607:Ardenna pacifica
529:Puffinus elegans
461:Puffinus huttoni
256:Laysan albatross
227:Falkland Islands
54:
53:
39:Great shearwater
33:
21:
20:
1995:
1994:
1990:
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1960:
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1753:10.2307/4089123
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1564:
1559:
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1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1364:
1335:Ardenna bulleri
1300:
1291:
1282:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1046:
987:
978:
969:
912:Manx shearwater
892:
883:
854:Puffinus baroli
792:
698:were included.
690:
682:Puffinus holeae
678:Dune shearwater
672:Puffinus olsoni
668:Lava shearwater
615:Ardenna bulleri
539:Puffinus baroli
444:Puffinus myrtae
441:Rapa shearwater
410:Puffinus bryani
378:Manx shearwater
356:
354:List of species
308:
296:
279:
248:Copeland Island
219:
214:
202:Manx shearwater
193:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:External links
1946:
1943:
1942:
1911:(1): 171–188.
1891:
1857:
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1747:(1): 188–195.
1728:Pseudobulweria
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1440:
1437:Ardenna gravis
1430:
1425:
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1416:
1415:
1412:Ardenna grisea
1405:
1400:
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903:
901:
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872:Puffinus boydi
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
847:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
822:
817:
815:
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798:
797:
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793:
789:
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763:Puffinus gavia
756:
751:
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742:
739:
738:
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734:
724:
719:
717:
707:
705:
700:
689:
686:
685:
684:
674:
660:
659:
658:
657:
655:Ardenna gravis
649:
641:
633:
625:
623:Ardenna grisea
617:
609:
594:
593:
592:
584:
576:
567:
552:
551:
550:
547:Puffinus boydi
541:
532:
523:
515:
507:
499:
490:
481:
472:
463:
455:
453:Puffinus gavia
447:
438:
429:
421:
413:
404:
391:
383:
375:
355:
352:
347:Pseudobulweria
307:
304:
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218:
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197:tubenose birds
192:
189:
181:Procellariidae
164:
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137:
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113:Procellariidae
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1579:
1573:
1572:"Shearwaters"
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1884:10 September
1882:. Retrieved
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24:Shearwaters
18:
1970:Shearwaters
1936:2445/193747
1866:Gill, Frank
1811:Corrigendum
1186:Calonectris
556:Calonectris
401:P. yelkouan
335:Procellaria
317:Calonectris
267:Peloponnese
236:arctic tern
231:New Zealand
191:Description
169:Shearwaters
144:Calonectris
1964:Categories
1593:required.)
1557:References
1707:236502443
688:Phylogeny
217:Movements
212:Behaviour
206:cruciform
120:Diversity
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1975:Seabirds
1824:Puffinus
1732:Bulweria
714:Puffinus
695:Puffinus
364:Puffinus
341:Bulweria
329:Puffinus
306:Taxonomy
277:Breeding
244:Tasmania
173:seabirds
151:Puffinus
109:Family:
83:Chordata
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1913:Bibcode
1852:8812308
1806:9787440
1761:4089123
1741:The Auk
1691:bioRxiv
1634:1568927
1311:Ardenna
598:Ardenna
323:Ardenna
312:species
294:Feeding
283:burrows
185:pelagic
179:family
175:in the
158:Ardenna
135:Genera
99:Order:
89:Class:
16:Seabird
1850:
1804:
1759:
1705:
1631:
300:whales
252:ringed
195:These
177:petrel
1757:JSTOR
1737:(PDF)
1703:S2CID
1687:(PDF)
1587:
1886:2024
1848:PMID
1802:PMID
1730:and
1657:2024
1613:PNAS
344:and
320:and
204:are
93:Aves
1931:hdl
1921:doi
1840:doi
1792:doi
1749:doi
1745:115
1695:doi
1629:PMC
1621:doi
1617:103
1966::
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1724:B
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403:)
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