215:
207:
199:
68:
258:
25:
354:
carry the recessive allele. All female children of an affected father will be carriers (assuming the mother is not affected or a carrier), as daughters possess their father's X chromosome. If the mother is not a carrier, no male children of an affected father will be affected, as males only inherit their father's Y chromosome.
155:
preferably targets a certain parent's X chromosome (the father's in this case). If the father is affected, the son will not be affected, as he does not inherit the father's X chromosome, but the daughter will always be a carrier (and may occasionally present with symptoms due to aforementioned skewed
353:
and some will express the other. All males possessing an X-linked recessive mutation will be affected, since males have only a single X chromosome and therefore have only one copy of X-linked genes. All offspring of a carrier female have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation if the father does not
159:
In X-linked dominant inheritance, a son or daughter born to an affected mother and an unaffected father both have a 50% chance of being affected (though a few X-linked dominant conditions are embryonic lethal for the son, making them appear to only occur in females). If the father is affected, the
146:
In X-linked recessive inheritance, a son born to a carrier mother and an unaffected father has a 50% chance of being affected, while a daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier, however a fraction of carriers may display a milder (or even full) form of the condition due to a phenomenon known as
265:
Each child of a mother affected with an X-linked dominant trait has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation and thus being affected with the disorder. If only the father is affected, 100% of the daughters will be affected, since they inherit their father's X chromosome, and 0% of the sons will be
238:
with one copy of the X-linked dominant allele: both daughters and sons will have 50% probability to be affected. (C) the heterozygous mother is called "carrier" because she has one copy of the recessive allele: sons will have 50% probability to be affected, 50% of unaffected daughters will become
143:. Only females are able to be carriers for X-linked conditions; males will always be affected by any X-linked condition, since they have no second X chromosome with a healthy copy of the gene. As such, X-linked recessive conditions affect males much more commonly than females.
269:
There are fewer X-linked dominant conditions than X-linked recessive, because dominance in X-linkage requires the condition to present in females with only a fraction of the reduction in gene expression of autosomal dominance, since roughly half (or
558:
Sex-influenced or sex-conditioned traits are phenotypes affected by whether they appear in a male or female body. Even in a homozygous dominant or recessive female the condition may not be expressed fully. Example:
160:
son will always be unaffected, but the daughter will always be affected. A Y-linked condition will only be inherited from father to son and will always affect every generation.
128:. The inheritance and presentation of all three differ depending on the sex of both the parent and the child. This makes them characteristically different from autosomal
345:
Females possessing one X-linked recessive mutation are considered carriers and will generally not manifest clinical symptoms of the disorder, although differences in
1074:
571:
These are characters only expressed in one sex. They may be caused by genes on either autosomal or sex chromosomes. Examples: female sterility in
357:
The incidence of X-linked recessive conditions in females is the square of that in males: for example, if 1 in 20 males in a human population are
1130:
994:
1030:
841:
425:
550:
It is important to distinguish between sex-linked characters, which are controlled by genes on sex chromosomes, and two other categories.
890:
459:
399:
1185:
1337:
1219:
729:; Joron M. (1999). "The evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry: polymorphisms, shifting balance, and speciation".
1256:
999:
975:
1332:
910:
691:
Studies in the history of science and learning offered in homage to George Sarton on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday
1175:
965:
135:
There are many more X-linked conditions than Y-linked conditions, since humans have several times as many genes on the
1209:
1035:
714:
1251:
58:
This article is about sex-linked inheritance. For hybrid chickens with sexually differentiated hatchling color, see
1180:
1115:
834:
961:
1342:
1284:
864:
601:
448:
389:
340:
175:
used by birds, the mammalian pattern is reversed, since the male is the homogametic sex (ZZ) and the female is
1145:
1366:
880:
596:
303:
252:
885:
641:
464:
689:(1946). The discovery of sex-influenced, sex limited and sex-linked heredity. In Ashley Montagu M.F. (ed)
349:
can lead to varying degrees of clinical expression in carrier females since some cells will express one X
1422:
1347:
1241:
895:
827:
415:
172:
168:
129:
1417:
1004:
378:
1377:
1237:
1120:
900:
358:
346:
327:
292:
164:
1412:
1079:
34:
1382:
1306:
1096:
1025:
501:
1397:
1246:
1204:
1154:
1106:
1048:
576:
308:
1229:
1061:
533:
271:
148:
234:
for the recessive allele: only daughters (all) will be affected. (B) the affected mother is
1017:
943:
915:
383:
8:
1214:
925:
774:"A conserved supergene locus controls colour pattern diversity in Heliconius butterflies"
405:
1387:
1087:
985:
800:
773:
620:
528:
298:
183:
117:
72:
1447:
1279:
970:
953:
805:
742:
710:
538:
521:
121:
39:
1392:
1266:
795:
785:
738:
496:
187:
76:
43:
1327:
1274:
1150:
1066:
872:
790:
442:
394:
287:
235:
1407:
1322:
1195:
1160:
1092:
453:
275:
152:
109:
231:
1441:
1402:
1165:
1125:
1053:
1040:
938:
933:
905:
686:
637:
437:
433:
420:
409:
313:
214:
206:
198:
176:
669:
Doncaster L. & Raynor G.H. 1906. Breeding experiments with
Lepidoptera.
1012:
809:
726:
361:, then 1 in 400 females in the population are expected to be color-blind (/
140:
136:
430:
257:
67:
524:, with both black (or gray) and orange pigment, is nearly always female.
230:(A) the affected father has one X-linked dominant allele, the mother is
755:
517:
80:
819:
584:
516:: the gene that causes orange pigment is on the X chromosome; thus a
476:
319:
261:
An example pedigree chart of the inheritance of a sex-linked disorder
94:
560:
125:
113:
101:
90:
59:
580:
323:
527:
The first sex-linked gene ever discovered was the "lacticolor"
350:
105:
1298:
1294:
1135:
506:
163:
The inheritance patterns are different in animals that use
98:
266:
affected, since they inherit their father's Y chromosome.
653:
Morgan T.H. 1910. Sex-limited inheritance in
Drosophila.
513:
483:
190:
is performed to test if an animal's trait is sex-linked.
490:
705:
King R.C; Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006.
153:
inactivating half of the female body's X chromosomes
725:
579:characters in insects, especially in relation to
334:
1439:
772:Joron M, Papa R, Beltrán M, et al. (2006).
771:
246:
1041:Danon disease/glycogen storage disease Type IIb
671:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
228:Illustration of some X-linked heredity outcomes
89:describes the sex-specific reading patterns of
1146:Color blindness (red and green, but not blue)
1131:Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome
835:
274:) of a particular parent's X chromosomes are
112:(allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome (
1031:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
583:. Closely linked genes on autosomes called "
426:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
75:, illustrating the X-linked inheritance of
842:
828:
891:X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
799:
789:
505:flies was one of the earliest sex-linked
460:Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency
731:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
627:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.
587:" are often responsible for the latter.
553:
400:Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
256:
66:
1285:X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
1210:Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)
1440:
1220:X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
863:
849:
701:
699:
1365:
1364:
1176:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3)
1000:Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
976:X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita
862:
823:
566:
911:X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
881:Chronic granulomatous disease (CYBB)
18:
16:Sex-specific patterns of inheritance
1257:Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1
709:. 7th ed, Oxford University Press.
696:
13:
966:Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
491:Sex-linked traits in other animals
14:
1459:
1036:Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
151:, in which the normal process of
1116:X-linked intellectual disability
743:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.201
638:genetic conditions illustrations
636:Genetics home reference (2006),
545:
213:
205:
197:
71:Experimental cross performed by
23:
962:Androgen insensitivity syndrome
222:
192:
186:, a mating experiment called a
116:). In humans, these are termed
1338:Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
765:
749:
719:
693:. New York: Schuman, p167–194.
680:
663:
647:
630:
625:The physical basis of heredity
614:
602:X-linked recessive inheritance
449:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
341:X-linked recessive inheritance
335:X-linked recessive inheritance
1:
1307:AMELX Amelogenesis imperfecta
1247:Centronuclear myopathy (MTM1)
944:X-linked sideroblastic anemia
607:
597:X-linked dominant inheritance
372:
304:Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
253:X-linked dominant inheritance
247:X-linked dominant inheritance
1333:Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome
1181:Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease
1075:Purine–pyrimidine metabolism
791:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040303
642:National Library of Medicine
272:as many as 90% in some cases
7:
1423:Craniofrontonasal dysplasia
1348:Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome
896:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
590:
470:
416:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
390:Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
281:
239:carriers like their mother.
173:ZW sex-determination system
130:dominance and recessiveness
32:It has been suggested that
10:
1464:
1418:Orofaciodigital syndrome 1
1252:Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
1005:Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
474:
338:
250:
57:
1378:X-linked hypophosphatemia
1373:
1360:
1315:
1293:
1265:
1238:Becker muscular dystrophy
1228:
1194:
1105:
984:
952:
924:
901:Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1
871:
858:
762:. p17-25. MIT Press 1965.
347:X chromosome inactivation
328:X-linked hypophosphatemia
165:sex-determination systems
49:Proposed since July 2024.
1343:Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome
886:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
707:A dictionary of genetics
482:Various failures in the
465:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
35:X-linked genetic disease
1383:Focal dermal hypoplasia
1097:Occipital horn syndrome
1026:Carbohydrate metabolism
502:Drosophila melanogaster
1398:Incontinentia pigmenti
1205:Dyskeratosis congenita
1049:Lipid storage disorder
971:KAL1 Kallmann syndrome
512:Fur color in domestic
379:Aarskog–Scott syndrome
309:Incontinentia pigmenti
262:
83:
1121:Coffin–Lowry syndrome
1062:Mucopolysaccharidosis
554:Sex-influenced traits
534:Abraxas grossulariata
456:(kinky hair syndrome)
359:red–green color blind
293:Coffin–Lowry syndrome
260:
149:skewed X-inactivation
70:
1413:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1080:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
1018:Adrenoleukodystrophy
916:Properdin deficiency
760:Genetic polymorphism
384:Adrenoleukodystrophy
42:into this article. (
1215:X-linked ichthyosis
621:Morgan, Thomas Hunt
406:aqueductal stenosis
1388:Fragile X syndrome
1198:and related tissue
865:X-linked recessive
567:Sex-limited traits
529:X-linked recessive
299:Fragile X syndrome
263:
184:classical genetics
118:X-linked recessive
108:) is present on a
84:
73:Thomas Hunt Morgan
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1367:X-linked dominant
1356:
1355:
1316:No primary system
539:Leonard Doncaster
531:gene in the moth
522:tortoiseshell cat
244:
243:
240:
221:
220:
156:X-inactivation).
122:X-linked dominant
56:
55:
51:
1455:
1393:Aicardi syndrome
1362:
1361:
860:
859:
844:
837:
830:
821:
820:
814:
813:
803:
793:
769:
763:
753:
747:
746:
723:
717:
703:
694:
684:
678:
667:
661:
651:
645:
634:
628:
618:
226:
223:
217:
209:
201:
193:
188:reciprocal cross
47:
27:
26:
19:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1369:
1352:
1328:McLeod syndrome
1311:
1289:
1275:Alport syndrome
1261:
1224:
1190:
1151:Ocular albinism
1101:
1067:Hunter syndrome
980:
948:
920:
867:
854:
848:
818:
817:
770:
766:
754:
750:
724:
720:
704:
697:
685:
681:
668:
664:
652:
648:
635:
631:
619:
615:
610:
593:
569:
556:
548:
493:
479:
473:
443:Hunter syndrome
395:Color blindness
375:
368:
364:
343:
337:
288:Alport syndrome
284:
255:
249:
63:
52:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:CHILD syndrome
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Barth syndrome
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1280:Dent's disease
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1161:Norrie disease
1158:
1148:
1143:Eye disorders:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1111:
1109:
1107:Nervous system
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1093:Menkes disease
1083:
1082:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1002:
990:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
958:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
936:
930:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
869:
868:
856:
855:
847:
846:
839:
832:
824:
816:
815:
764:
748:
718:
695:
687:Zirkle, Conway
679:
662:
646:
629:
612:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
599:
592:
589:
568:
565:
555:
552:
547:
544:
543:
542:
525:
510:
492:
489:
488:
487:
475:Main article:
472:
469:
468:
467:
462:
457:
454:Menkes disease
451:
445:
440:
428:
423:
418:
413:
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
374:
371:
366:
362:
339:Main article:
336:
333:
332:
331:
317:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
283:
280:
251:Main article:
248:
245:
242:
241:
219:
218:
210:
202:
110:sex chromosome
54:
53:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1460:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Rett syndrome
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:Neuromuscular
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:Choroideremia
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:MASA syndrome
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:Fabry disease
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
991:
989:
987:
983:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
963:
960:
959:
957:
955:
951:
945:
942:
940:
939:Haemophilia B
937:
935:
934:Haemophilia A
932:
931:
929:
927:
923:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
825:
822:
811:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
761:
757:
752:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
722:
716:
715:0-19-530761-5
712:
708:
702:
700:
692:
688:
683:
676:
672:
666:
659:
656:
650:
643:
639:
633:
626:
622:
617:
613:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
564:
562:
551:
546:Related terms
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
503:
498:
495:
494:
485:
481:
480:
478:
466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
452:
450:
446:
444:
441:
439:
435:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Fabry disease
419:
417:
414:
411:
410:hydrocephalus
407:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
360:
355:
352:
348:
342:
329:
325:
321:
318:
315:
314:Rett syndrome
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
279:
277:
273:
267:
259:
254:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
216:
211:
208:
203:
200:
195:
194:
191:
189:
185:
180:
178:
177:heterogametic
174:
170:
166:
161:
157:
154:
150:
144:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
30:
21:
20:
1172:
1142:
1114:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1024:
1013:Dyslipidemia
1011:
993:
850:
784:(10): e303.
781:
777:
767:
759:
751:
734:
730:
721:
706:
690:
682:
674:
670:
665:
657:
654:
649:
632:
624:
616:
572:
570:
557:
549:
532:
500:
356:
344:
278:in females.
268:
264:
236:heterozygous
227:
181:
162:
158:
145:
141:Y chromosome
137:X chromosome
134:
95:presentation
86:
85:
79:mutation in
64:
48:
33:
926:Hematologic
737:: 201–233.
577:polymorphic
575:; and many
563:in humans.
509:discovered.
431:Haemophilia
404:Congenital
276:inactivated
167:other than
91:inheritance
81:fruit flies
995:Amino acid
756:Ford E. B.
608:References
585:supergenes
573:Drosophila
447:Inherited
322:resistant
232:homozygous
87:Sex linked
77:white-eyed
986:Metabolic
954:Endocrine
853:disorders
778:PLOS Biol
727:Mallet J.
677:: 125–133
660:: 120–122
477:Y linkage
320:Vitamin D
171:. In the
139:than the
1448:Genetics
1442:Category
1267:Urologic
1242:Duchenne
851:X-linked
810:17002517
591:See also
561:baldness
499:eyes in
471:Y-linked
373:Examples
282:Examples
126:Y-linked
114:autosome
102:mutation
60:Sex-link
1088:Mineral
801:1570757
758:(1965)
655:Science
581:mimicry
324:rickets
97:when a
44:Discuss
1173:Other:
873:Immune
808:
798:
713:
623:1919.
518:Calico
351:allele
179:(ZW).
106:allele
40:merged
1299:tooth
1186:SMAX2
507:genes
497:White
486:genes
386:(ALD)
295:(CLS)
1295:Bone
1196:Skin
1136:PHF8
906:IPEX
806:PMID
711:ISBN
514:cats
436:and
365:)*(/
316:(RS)
212:(C)
204:(B)
196:(A)
124:and
99:gene
93:and
796:PMC
786:doi
739:doi
537:by
520:or
484:SRY
369:).
182:In
38:be
1444::
1052::
804:.
794:.
780:.
776:.
735:30
733:.
698:^
673:.
658:32
640:,
367:20
363:20
169:XY
132:.
120:,
1297:/
1240:/
1157:)
1155:1
1153:(
1118::
1095:/
1090::
1077::
1064::
1028::
1015::
997::
964:/
843:e
836:t
829:v
812:.
788::
782:4
745:.
741::
675:1
644:.
541:.
438:B
434:A
412:)
408:(
330:)
326:(
104:(
62:.
46:)
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