998:
1194:, and were rather brief. The account for 1 November 1707 read: "an Account, that Sir Cloudsly Shovel with about 20 Sail of Men of War coming from the Streights, having made an Observation the 21st, lay the 22d from 12 to about 6 in the Afternoon; but the Weather being very hazy and rainy and Night coming on dark, the Wind being S.S.W, they Stearing E by N, supposing they had the Channel open, were some of them upon the Rocks to the Westward of Scilly before they were aware, about 8 a Clock at Night. Of the Association not a Man was sav’d ... The Captain and 24 Men of the Firebrand Fire-Shop were saved, as were also all the Crew of the Phoenix. 'Tis said the Rumney and Eagle, with their Crews, were lost with the Association." Cited in:
743:. At that time, the Scillies had a wild and lawless reputation. According to a letter written in 1709 by Edmund Herbert, who was sent to Scilly by Shovell's family to help locate and recover items belonging to the admiral, Sir Cloudesley's body was first found by two women "stript of his shirt" and "his ring was also lost off his hand, which however left ye impression on his finger." Shovell's widow, Elizabeth, had offered a large reward for the recovery of any family property. It is claimed that the murder only came to light some thirty years later when the woman, on her deathbed, produced the stolen ring and confessed to a clergyman that she had killed the admiral. The clergyman supposedly sent it back to the
186:
795:
26:
623:
379:
717:
Porthellick Cove because of his tyrannical act against an islander. The myth was embellished in the 19th century when the punishment became instant execution and the sailor's knowledge of the fleet's position was attributed to superior navigational skills instead of local knowledge. While it is possible that a sailor may have debated the vessel's location and feared for its fate, such debates were common upon entering the
English Channel, as noted by
1081:
942:, Graham and his men finally managed to locate the remains of Admiral Shovell's flagship on the Gilstone Ledge. Parts of the wreck are in 10 m (30 ft) while others can be found at between 30 m (90 ft) and 40 m (120 ft) as the sea floor falls away from the reef. The divers first discovered a cannon, and on the third dive silver and gold coins were spotted underneath that cannon. The
638:
833:
observations of latitude. The approximate course of the fleet is shown at right, with positions shown for the last two days from the logs of ships that survived the disaster. The chart also shows Halley's recommended northern limit. The fleet was clearly too far north to continue heading east-by-north, which again suggests an error in latitude.
866:
investigation required after the sinking or wrecking of any Royal Navy ship) and all were acquitted, but no officers survived from the other lost ships, so no other courts-martial took place. The Navy also conducted a survey of compasses from the surviving ships and of those at
Chatham and Portsmouth
848:
and her logs did not, so there is no way of knowing exactly what information
Shovell had available to him. The account of a council of the ships' masters that discussed their position is almost certainly one of the myths of the disaster, as suggested above. But if Shovell headed east-by-north towards
759:
published an "advertisement" (warning) concerning the dangers of ships mistakenly passing north of Scilly, rather than to the south, as intended, which he described as "not without great danger, and the loss of many of them". He identified two factors responsible for the mistakes: the failure to take
832:
of the surviving ships. It has sometimes been assumed that the bad weather on the voyage entirely prevented the determination of latitude, but the weather in fact cleared enough for at least a few observations to be made. Thus the positions calculated were a mixture of dead reckoning, soundings, and
708:
in 1883, based on an account by Edmund
Herbert, who was on the Isles of Scilly in 1709. Although such a council having occurred is not in itself improbable, it would have been a significant operation, involving the launching of the ships' boats in heavy weather, and it would be expected to have been
716:
for inciting mutiny. The story first appeared in the Scilly Isles in 1780, with the common sailor being a Scilly native who recognised the waters as being close to home but was punished for warning the
Admiral. It was claimed that grass will never grow on the grave where Shovell was first buried at
857:
While Dava Sobel's assertion that the disaster was mainly due to an error in longitude cannot be sustained, the disastrous wrecking of a Royal Navy fleet in home waters nonetheless caused great consternation to the nation, and made plainly evident the inadequacy of existing maritime navigational
648:
The exact number of officers, sailors and marines who were killed in the sinking of the four ships is unknown. Statements vary from 1,400 to over 2,000, making it one of the greatest maritime disasters in
British history. For days afterwards, bodies continued to wash onto the shores of the isles
469:
and again took soundings. The wind continued to be favourable, though visibility was poor and night was approaching. Presumably believing that the channel was open, Shovell gave the order to sail on, at about 6 PM. The fleet headed east-by-north until at about 8 PM the flagship and several other
878:
Clearly, improvements were urgently needed before ships could be expected to safely find their way through dangerous waters. As transoceanic travel grew in significance, so did the importance of reliable navigation. While no contemporary discussions are known that appear to relate the disaster
778:
wrote: "I cannot but have a lively idea of the danger fleets are exposed to upon entering the
British Channel, when coming from foreign parts, but more especially when their officers have not the advantage of knowing their latitude by a good observation". Thus both these writers identified the
450:
continental shelf. At noon that day the weather cleared and good readings of latitude were obtained, at 48° 50–57' N. Taken together these observations suggested a location about 200 miles west-southwest of Scilly. This was the last observation of latitude, and the rest of the voyage relied on
449:
on their way to
England, the weather worsened, and on most days it was impossible to take the observations needed to determine their latitude. On 21 October they came into the soundings, with depths of 93–130 fathoms (about 170–240 metres), indicating that they were coming onto the edge of the
938:. He recalled some years later: "The weather was so bad, all we achieved was the sight of a blur of seaweed, seals and white water as we were swept through the Gilstone Reef and fortunately out the other side." On their second attempt in summer 1967, using the minesweeper and supported by the
703:
A number of myths and legends have arisen concerning the disaster. A story claiming that
Shovell summoned the sailing masters to the flagship on 22 October for a council regarding the fleet's position seems to have first appeared in a paper by James Herbert Cooke presented at a meeting of the
164:
in severe weather on 22 October 1707. Between 1,400 and 2,000 sailors lost their lives aboard the wrecked vessels, making the incident one of the worst maritime disasters in
British naval history. The disaster has been attributed to a combination of factors, including the
875:, that errors in the compasses had caused the navigational errors. The survey showed what a poor state many of the compasses were in; at Portsmouth, for example, only four of the 112 wooden-cased compasses from nine of the returning vessels were found to be serviceable.
760:
account of magnetic variation, then about 7° west, and errors in the pilot books, which placed the islands up to 15 miles north of their true position. He recommended a course not more northerly than 49° 40' to stay safely to the south of both the Scillies and the
230:. The ships sailed to the Mediterranean, attacked Toulon and managed to inflict damage on the French fleet caught in the siege. However, the overall campaign was unsuccessful, and the British fleet was ordered to return home, setting sail from
853:
wrote in his journal: "We were much to ye Northward of what was expected, and likewise more to the Eastward". May considers the error to have been one of latitude, but due more to the inaccuracy of the charts than to the ships' observations.
790:
extends to about the 100-fathom (180-m) line and then drops very sharply to thousands of metres. A ship coming "into the soundings", where the depth could be measured with a 100–150-fathom sounding line thus knew its approximate longitude.
887:
in 1714. The Act established the Board of Longitude and offered large financial rewards to anyone who could devise a method for accurately determining longitude at sea. After many years, the consequence of the Act was that accurate
669:
was wrecked. A small memorial was later erected at this site. The circumstances under which the admiral's remains were found gave rise to stories (see below). Shovell was temporarily buried on the beach on St Mary's. By order of
464:
Early on the 21st, the wind had backed from north to southwest, giving the fleet a favourable wind, sailing east-northeast. At 11 AM, three ships were detached to head to Falmouth on convoy duty. At 4 PM on 22 October, the fleet
721:
in 1684. Naval historians have repeatedly discredited the story, noting the lack of any evidence in contemporary documents, its fanciful stock conventions and dubious origins. However, the myth was revived in 1997 when author
1430:
James Herbert Cooke, The Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell on the Scilly Islands in 1707, From Original and Contemporary Documents Hitherto Unpublished, Read at a Meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, London, 1 February
1034:
with "1692" engraved on it, and many more artefacts. In 2007, the three-hundredth anniversary of the disaster and its consequences were commemorated on the Isles of Scilly with a series of special events, organised by the
457:
Due to the known difficulties of long-distance navigation, it was common practice at the time to send out a frigate to look for a returning fleet, in order to help guide the fleet safely to port. HMS
1026:
Today photographs of the original diving expedition are on display at the Old Wesleyan Chapel in St. Mary's, of the team leader Lt Graham and a naval doctor examining human bones from the wreck of
1197:
735:
Another story that is often told is that Shovell was alive, at least barely, when he reached the shore of Scilly at Porthellick Cove, but was murdered by a woman for the sake of his priceless
771:, that could run at 15 miles in 24 hours, quite sufficient to put a ship into danger. The current builds up with strong westerly or southwesterly winds, as was the case in October 1707.
578:
and went down with all save one of her 290 crew being lost. The sole survivor from the three largest ships was George Lawrence, who had worked as a butcher before joining the crew of
904:
The ships of Sir Cloudesley Shovell's fleet lay undisturbed on the seabed for over 250 years, despite several salvage attempts in pursuit of the flagship's cargo of valuable coins,
712:
Another myth associated with the disaster alleges that a common sailor on the flagship tried to warn Shovell that the fleet was off course but the Admiral had him hanged at the
820:
when it hove to on 22 October, with the rest of the fleet, before they set off on the fatal last stage of the voyage. The red horizontal line shows the latitude recommended by
837:
notes that while the latitudes recorded in the log-books were more accurate than the longitudes, there was still a spread of over 40 nautical miles in the recorded latitudes.
747:, although several historians doubt the murder legend as there is no record of the ring's return and the story stems from a romantic and unverifiable "deathbed confession".
1094:
1367:
This paper combines data from original records, including data from the surviving ships' logs, some Admiralty sources not cited elsewhere, and more recent commentaries
2360:
782:
Longitude was also important for a ship approaching the channel. Before astronomical methods of determining longitude became available, navigators relied upon
767:
Another possible factor, suspected by some mariners at the time but not documented for nearly another 100 years, was the existence of a north-setting current,
2155:
267:
1376:
Marcus (1957, p543) states SSW, but this is presumably an error, as plotting these observations on a modern chart gives a position close to WSW of Scilly
74:
1201:
755:
There was much discussion of the difficulties facing mariners approaching the channel in the years both before and after the Scilly disaster. In 1700,
611:, but she foundered in Smith Sound, sinking close to Menglow Rock and losing 28 of her crew of 40. (It is also reported the survivors numbered 23).
2431:
997:
1772:"Observations on a current that often prevails to the westward of Scilly; endangering the safety of ships that approach the British Channel"
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recorded in the ships' logs. The surviving logs do indeed record previous such events, but no mention is made of a council on the 22nd.
2411:
2416:
1099:
599:, but unlike the flagship she was lifted off by a wave. Percy managed to steer his badly damaged ship along the southern side of the
2009:
1984:
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by naval divers and the finding of so many historical artefacts in her wreck also led to more government legislation, notably the
619:
was saved from foundering by her crew quickly setting her topsails, and weathering the rocks when within a ship's length of them.
2396:
2183:
1420:
sustained so much damage that her captain and crew only saved the ship and themselves by running her ashore on the sands between
950:, but word was soon out and excited huge national interest. As the Isles of Scilly are traditionally administered as part of the
658:
642:
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along with the wreckage of the warships and personal effects. Many dead sailors from the wrecks were buried on the island of
2107:
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744:
740:
416:
2376:
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1040:
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for £270. A battered dining plate, which had been discovered during a dive in 1968, brought £2,100. The rediscovery of
883:, the scale of the disaster may have contributed to concern about the problem in general, which ultimately led to the
2426:
1968:
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223:
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927:
600:
546:
496:
383:
1478:
991:
919:
662:
200:
2126:
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the Channel at nighttime, he presumably believed he was safely to the south of the Scillies. The captain of
1816:"The Cinderella Navigation Aid The use of the Lead and Line in British ships from the 16th to 20th Century"
939:
923:
671:
575:
558:
391:
922:
Roy Graham, sailed to the Isles of Scilly and dropped anchor off Gilstone Ledge, just to the southeast of
499:
at 8 PM and sank, drowning her entire crew of about 800 men and Admiral Shovell himself. Following behind
2421:
893:
461:
was sent out from Plymouth on 21 October, but returned on the 24th without encountering Shovell's fleet.
1743:
Halley, Edmond (1700). "An Advertisement Necessary for All Navigators Bound up the Channel of England".
806:
in October 1707. The filled circle shows the estimated position on 21 October, based on observations of
2406:
1570:
604:
1715:
650:
471:
2386:
1429:
1307:
1771:
1268:
1036:
994:, passed in an attempt to preserve British historic wreck sites as part of the maritime heritage.
1691:
Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of his Time
1421:
521:
215:
2078:
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1020:
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was discovered in 1982, and several items were recovered, including guns and anchors, a wooden
1002:
967:
608:
478:
399:
243:
212:
189:
31:
1800:
1416:, soon found themselves among the rocks of the Scillies and narrowly escaped disaster, though
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585:
427:
413:
406:
335:
319:
249:
768:
8:
2200:
1441:
For more detail on the wreck and its salvage in the 20th century, see McBride, Peter and
313:
285:
1262:
2230:
1929:
1901:
1874:
Sölver, C.V.; Marcus, G.J. (1958). "Dead reckoning and the ocean voyages of the past".
1752:
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1230:
1133:
909:
889:
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514:
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345:
297:
261:
227:
828:
The information available to the fleet has been analysed using data from the numerous
2337:
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2288:
2082:
1964:
1909:
1794:
1695:
1458:
1450:
1405:
975:
951:
896:
was developed, both of which were quickly adopted worldwide for maritime navigation.
880:
815:
787:
675:
674:, his body was later exhumed, embalmed and taken to London, where he was interred in
627:
564:
420:
325:
303:
291:
255:
204:
1465:(paperback). This includes much detailed information, such as a Shovell family tree.
185:
2244:
2226:
1941:
1887:
1883:
1856:
1827:
1689:
1664:
1660:
1634:
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1598:
1358:
1242:
1044:
955:
947:
794:
728:
679:
631:
531:
488:
279:
273:
239:
908:
from several battles, weapons, and personal effects. In June 1967, the Royal Navy
1621:
Pickwell, J. G. (1973). "Improbable Legends surrounding Sir Clowdisley Shovell".
1528:
1129:
1086:
1052:
803:
775:
654:
174:
161:
67:
2285:
Island Treasure: The Search for Sir Cloudesley Shovell's Flagship 'Association'
513:
also struck rocks and suffered damage but eventually managed to get off, as did
1264:
History of the reign of Queen Anne, digested into annals. Year the sixth (1707)
979:
959:
868:
811:
783:
687:
451:
208:
1945:
1832:
1815:
1362:
1246:
2370:
2068:
1190:
1171:
1009:
912:
884:
821:
756:
492:
446:
89:
76:
622:
2299:
1503:
1442:
974:
in July 1969. A further sale at Sotheby's in January 1970, by order of the
971:
905:
799:
718:
355:
193:
1651:
Damer Powell, J. W. (1957). "Notes: The Wreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell".
983:
963:
798:
The dashed blue line shows the approximate route of Shovell's fleet from
571:
485:
474:
in the Isles of Scilly. Four ships were lost when they struck the rocks:
398:
Shovell's fleet of twenty-one ships left Gibraltar on 29 September, with
25:
1860:
858:
techniques. The Royal Navy conducted a court-martial of the officers of
595:
commanded by Captain Francis Percy, struck the Outer Gilstone Rock like
222:. Great Britain dispatched a fleet to provide naval support, led by the
1685:
1308:"The Shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell on the Scilly Islands in 1707"
761:
723:
542:
538:
387:
378:
238:
in late September. The force under Shovell's command comprised fifteen
235:
170:
157:
119:
109:
1756:
1847:
Carter, William E. (2012). "The British longitude act reconsidered".
1048:
678:. His large marble monument in the south choir aisle was sculpted by
637:
231:
166:
1063:
The disaster is featured at the start of the 2000 television drama
807:
592:
442:
331:
946:
initially suppressed news of the discovery for fear of attracting
557:; there were no survivors. Sinking a few hundred metres away from
736:
713:
466:
1023:(for determining the time at night), a bell and carved cherubs.
509:, whose crew saw the flagship go down in three or four minutes.
2304:
Admiral Shovell's Treasure and Shipwreck in the Isles of Scilly
434:
433:. The passage was marked by extremely bad weather and constant
219:
16:
Loss of four Royal Navy vessels off the Isles of Scilly in 1707
665:
the following day, almost seven miles (11 km) from where
541:
ship of the line commanded by Captain Robert Hancock, hit the
1349:
Marcus, G.J. (1957). "Sir Clowdisley Shovel's last passage".
1259:
The list of ships, together with their captains, is given in
1001:
Section of Admiralty Chart No 34 showing the location of the
739:
ring, which had been given to him by a close friend, Captain
470:
vessels found themselves among the rocks to the southwest of
363:
1095:
List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
970:
were finally recovered from the wreck site and auctioned by
2136:. Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Maritime Archaeology Society
1796:
Complete History of the Most Remarkable Transactions at Sea
844:, and Lieutenant Lochard's log, survived the disaster. HMS
657:
stepsons and his flag-captain, Edmund Loades, washed up on
438:
1776:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
930:. The year before, Graham and other specialists from the
574:
ship of the line commanded by Captain William Coney, hit
545:
and was lost with all hands on Tearing Ledge amongst the
2245:"1707-2007 : 300th Anniversary - HMS ASSOCIATION"
1128:
The date of 22nd October is reckoned according to the
653:. Admiral Shovell's body, along with those of his two
1233:(1960). "The last voyage of Sir Clowdisley Shovell".
1188:
The earliest reports of the disaster appeared in the
491:
commanded by Captain Edmund Loades, struck the Outer
1593:
1591:
1076:
2127:"Isles of Scilly: Designated Wrecks Interpretation"
1069:, which is based on Sobel's book of the same name.
934:had dived in this area on a first attempt to find
824:as a safe northern limit for entering the channel.
2108:"The Wreck of the Association – The Inside Story"
1588:
918:, manned with twelve divers under the command of
726:presented it as an unqualified truth in her book
2368:
2361:El Desastre Naval de las Islas Sorlingas de 1707
2336:, Cromer, Norfolk: Poppyland 2008, pages 25–30 (
2165:. No. 3. Autumn–Winter 2007. Archived from
1708:
1390:. Vol. 3. London: Harrap. pp. 336–337.
30:An 18th-century engraving of the disaster, with
1351:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
682:. There is a memorial depicting the sinking of
2184:"HMS Association Treasure Wreck, Scilly Isles"
2156:"Wreck of the fleet and treasures of the deep"
1473:
1471:
2219:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
2010:"The 1707 Isles of Scilly Disaster – Part 2"
1985:"The 1707 Isles of Scilly Disaster – Part 1"
1873:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1650:
1172:"Sir Clowdisley Shovell and The Association"
1958:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1468:
1182:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1136:, the date would be reckoned as 2 November.
982:10,175. Among the goods sold was Shovell's
786:of the ocean depth with lead and line. The
774:Writing about the Scilly disaster in 1720,
199:From 29 July to 21 August 1707, during the
177:and pilot books, and inadequate compasses.
2063:
2061:
2059:
1124:
1122:
1120:
899:
698:
686:in the church at the Narboroughs' home of
169:' inability to accurately calculate their
24:
2102:
2100:
2098:
1831:
1738:
1736:
1671:
1646:
1644:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1385:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1100:List of shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly
810:and soundings. The open circle shows the
2321:, Council of the Isles of Scilly, 2007 (
1792:
1620:
1609:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1306:Cooke, James Herbert (1 February 1883).
1169:
1150:
996:
793:
636:
621:
561:, her wreck lies at a depth of 130 feet.
394:all are in the lower left of this image.
377:
224:Commander-in-Chief of the British Fleets
184:
2067:
2056:
1769:
1325:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 332.
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1117:
2432:18th-century history of the Royal Navy
2369:
2118:
2095:
1959:McBride, Peter; Larn, Richard (1999).
1846:
1742:
1733:
1641:
1599:"HMS Association Tricentenary Leaflet"
1568:
1539:
1348:
1320:
1216:
750:
1684:
1514:
1329:
1323:Sir Cloudesley Shovell Stuart Admiral
1314:
1305:
1260:
1058:
615:Of the other ships in the fleet, HMS
2269:Council of the Scilly Isles website.
2148:
2074:An Island Parish. A Summer on Scilly
1813:
1552:"The legacy of Sir Cloudsley Shovel"
1282:
1267:. London: Margaret Coggan. pp.
373:
70:, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
2334:Norfolk Maritime Heroes and Legends
2124:
1932:(1953). "Naval Compasses in 1707".
1928:
1900:
1229:
1198:"Isles of Scilly Disaster – Part 2"
962:on all ships wrecked on the Scilly
867:dockyards, following comments from
156:was the loss of four warships of a
13:
2277:
2231:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1982.tb00088.x
966:. More than 2,000 coins and other
779:importance of errors in latitude.
14:
2443:
2412:Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly
2348:
2319:Poor England has Lost so Many Men
2207:p. 5) on Friday, 29 January 2010.
553:had at least as many crew as HMS
441:. As the fleet sailed out on the
2417:Transport in the Isles of Scilly
1195:
1079:
1047:, the Isles of Scilly Museum in
2306:, Shipwreck & Marine 1999 (
2262:
2237:
2210:
2194:
2176:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1952:
1922:
1894:
1867:
1840:
1807:
1786:
1763:
1716:"Biography: Cloudesley Shovell"
1562:
1496:
1435:
1394:
1379:
1170:Mitchell, Peter (4 July 2007).
1132:, still in use in 1707; in the
1030:, alongside the ship's bell of
976:Isles of Scilly Wrecks Receiver
932:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club
2397:History of the Isles of Scilly
1906:A history of marine navigation
1888:10.1080/00253359.1958.10658373
1799:. London: J. Walthoe. p.
1665:10.1080/00253359.1957.10658366
1635:10.1080/00253359.1973.10657899
1388:Marlborough his life and times
1370:
1253:
1039:in partnership with the local
1037:Council of the Isles of Scilly
1:
2382:Maritime incidents in England
2077:. London: Headline. pp.
1143:
992:Protection of Wrecks Act 1973
405:serving as his own flagship,
201:War of the Spanish Succession
192:(1650–1707). Oil painting by
180:
154:Scilly naval disaster of 1707
940:Royal Navy Auxiliary Service
528:but could be kept seaworthy.
7:
1072:
549:. It is estimated that HMS
520:, which ran ashore between
211:force under the command of
10:
2448:
2377:Maritime incidents in 1707
1961:Admiral Shovell's Treasure
1745:Philosophical Transactions
1447:Admiral Shovell's treasure
2392:Archaeology of shipwrecks
1946:10.1017/S0373463300027879
1833:10.1017/S0373463316000862
1793:Burchett, Josiah (1720).
1694:. London: Fourth Estate.
1529:"HMS Association (+1707)"
1363:10.1080/03071845709423446
1247:10.1017/S0373463300033646
693:
382:The Isles of Scilly. The
142:
134:
126:
115:
105:
63:
55:
47:
42:
23:
2427:18th century in Cornwall
1571:"Sir Cloudesley Shovell"
1479:"Sir Clowdisley Shovell"
1386:Churchill, W.S. (1936).
1110:
428:Rear-Admiral of the Blue
414:Vice-Admiral of the Blue
2014:Royal Museums Greenwich
1989:Royal Museums Greenwich
1770:Rennell, James (1793).
1321:Harris, Stuart (2001).
900:Discovery of the wrecks
699:Legends of the disaster
1908:. Norton. p. 28.
1012:
892:were produced and the
825:
706:Society of Antiquaries
645:
641:Shovell's memorial at
634:
626:Shovell's monument in
395:
228:Sir Cloudesley Shovell
213:Prince Eugene of Savoy
203:, a combined British,
196:
190:Sir Cloudesley Shovell
2402:Disasters in Cornwall
2249:www.shipwrecks.uk.com
1934:Journal of Navigation
1820:Journal of Navigation
1569:Abbott, Bill (2005).
1235:Journal of Navigation
1000:
894:lunar distance method
797:
640:
625:
381:
188:
2317:Richard Larn (ed.),
2225:(3): 254–257. 1982.
1876:The Mariner's Mirror
1653:The Mariner's Mirror
1623:The Mariner's Mirror
1504:"HMS Romney (+1707)"
1261:Boyer, Abel (1708).
1105:Honda Point disaster
879:specifically to the
745:3rd Earl of Berkeley
90:49.86556°N 6.39722°W
2287:, Hutchinson 1969 (
2201:Eastern Daily Press
1861:10.1511/2012.95.102
1814:Kemp, John (2017).
944:Ministry of Defence
920:Engineer-Lieutenant
890:marine chronometers
751:Maritime navigation
218:the French port of
86: /
59:Navigation accident
2422:Cornish shipwrecks
2188:Metal Detecting UK
2114:. 2 December 2005.
1963:. pp. 50–52.
1849:American Scientist
1720:Royal Naval Museum
1556:Kent History Forum
1134:Gregorian calendar
1059:In popular culture
1013:
869:Sir William Jumper
826:
741:James Lord Dursley
646:
635:
396:
330:) as well as four
197:
95:49.86556; -6.39722
2407:Naval meteorology
2357:– HMS Association
2342:978-0-946148-85-1
2088:978-0-7553-1764-6
1603:shipwrecks.uk.com
1483:Westminster Abbey
1400:The three ships,
952:Duchy of Cornwall
926:and close to the
881:longitude problem
788:continental shelf
769:Rennell's Current
676:Westminster Abbey
628:Westminster Abbey
582:as quartermaster.
374:Loss of the ships
240:ships of the line
150:
149:
2439:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2125:Camidge, Kevin.
2122:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1475:
1466:
1439:
1433:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1357:(608): 540–548.
1346:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1204:on 4 August 2017
1200:. Archived from
1186:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1137:
1126:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1045:English Heritage
956:Duke of Cornwall
948:treasure hunters
680:Grinling Gibbons
659:Porthellick Cove
643:Porthellick Cove
632:Grinling Gibbons
489:ship of the line
175:available charts
173:, errors in the
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
28:
21:
20:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2387:1707 in England
2367:
2366:
2351:
2332:Mark Nicholls,
2298:Peter McBride,
2283:Roland Morris,
2280:
2278:Further reading
2275:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2172:on 5 July 2008.
2169:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2089:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1957:
1953:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1899:
1895:
1872:
1868:
1845:
1841:
1812:
1808:
1791:
1787:
1768:
1764:
1741:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1683:
1672:
1649:
1642:
1619:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1440:
1436:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1347:
1330:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1258:
1254:
1228:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1196:Dunn, Richard.
1187:
1183:
1168:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1130:Julian calendar
1127:
1118:
1113:
1087:Cornwall portal
1085:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1061:
1053:Natural England
902:
804:Isles of Scilly
776:Josiah Burchett
753:
701:
696:
472:St Agnes Island
431:Sir John Norris
426:as flagship of
417:Sir George Byng
412:as flagship of
376:
183:
162:Isles of Scilly
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
71:
68:Isles of Scilly
51:22 October 1707
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2355:Scilly History
2350:
2349:External links
2347:
2346:
2345:
2330:
2315:
2296:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2236:
2209:
2193:
2175:
2147:
2117:
2094:
2087:
2069:Farrell, Nigel
2055:
2043:ukdiving.co.uk
2026:
2001:
1976:
1969:
1951:
1940:(4): 405–409.
1921:
1914:
1893:
1866:
1855:(2): 102–105.
1839:
1826:(4): 671–685.
1806:
1785:
1762:
1732:
1707:
1700:
1670:
1659:(4): 333–336.
1640:
1629:(2): 221–223.
1608:
1587:
1561:
1538:
1513:
1495:
1467:
1434:
1393:
1378:
1369:
1328:
1313:
1281:
1252:
1241:(3): 324–332.
1215:
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1145:
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1112:
1109:
1108:
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1102:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1057:
960:right of wreck
901:
898:
812:dead reckoning
752:
749:
700:
697:
695:
692:
613:
612:
583:
562:
529:
452:dead reckoning
445:, passing the
375:
372:
182:
179:
160:fleet off the
148:
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2075:
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2044:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1970:0-9523971-3-7
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1915:0-85429-143-1
1911:
1907:
1903:
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1766:
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1717:
1711:
1703:
1701:1-85702-571-7
1697:
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1687:
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1675:
1666:
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1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1463:0-9523971-2-9
1460:
1456:
1455:0-9523971-3-7
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:Larn, Richard
1438:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1373:
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1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
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1337:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1317:
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1302:
1300:
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1292:
1290:
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1270:
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1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1191:Daily Courant
1185:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
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1116:
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1103:
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1092:
1088:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:The wreck of
1011:
1010:Gilstone Rock
1008:wreck on the
1007:
1006:
999:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Western Rocks
925:
921:
917:
916:
911:
907:
906:spoils of war
897:
895:
891:
886:
885:Longitude Act
882:
876:
874:
871:, captain of
870:
865:
861:
855:
852:
847:
843:
838:
836:
831:
823:
822:Edmond Halley
819:
818:
813:
809:
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796:
792:
789:
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772:
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757:Edmond Halley
748:
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664:
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629:
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620:
618:
610:
606:
602:
601:Western Rocks
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Western Rocks
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
497:Western Rocks
495:off Scilly's
494:
493:Gilstone Rock
490:
487:
483:
482:
477:
476:
475:
473:
468:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:Bay of Biscay
444:
440:
437:and westerly
436:
432:
429:
425:
424:
418:
415:
411:
410:
404:
403:
393:
389:
385:
384:Western Rocks
380:
371:
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365:
361:
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349:
348:
343:
339:
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333:
329:
328:
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118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
99:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:in the centre
36:
35:
27:
22:
19:
2333:
2318:
2303:
2300:Richard Larn
2284:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2205:EDP2 Feature
2204:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2167:the original
2163:The Islander
2162:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2133:
2120:
2111:
2073:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2036:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1960:
1954:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1905:
1896:
1882:(1): 18–34.
1879:
1875:
1869:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1748:
1744:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1690:
1656:
1652:
1626:
1622:
1602:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:
1564:
1555:
1533:wrecksite.eu
1532:
1508:wrecksite.eu
1507:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1446:
1437:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1354:
1350:
1322:
1316:
1272:. Retrieved
1263:
1255:
1238:
1234:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1189:
1184:
1175:
1064:
1062:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1004:
987:
935:
914:
903:
877:
872:
863:
859:
856:
850:
845:
841:
839:
827:
816:
814:position of
800:Cape Spartel
781:
773:
766:
754:
734:
727:
719:Samuel Pepys
711:
702:
690:near Dover.
683:
666:
647:
616:
614:
596:
587:
579:
566:
554:
550:
533:
516:
510:
505:
500:
480:
463:
458:
456:
422:
408:
401:
397:
367:
359:
351:
346:
341:
336:
326:
320:
314:
309:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
198:
194:Michael Dahl
153:
151:
33:
18:
2112:Scilly News
2048:21 February
2037:Association
1751:: 725–726.
1686:Sobel, Dava
1457:(hardback)
1426:St Martin's
1028:Association
1005:Association
988:Association
984:chamber pot
964:archipelago
936:Association
924:Bishop Rock
910:minesweeper
846:Association
684:Association
667:Association
597:Association
576:Bishop Rock
572:fourth-rate
570:, a 50-gun
559:Bishop Rock
555:Association
537:, a 70-gun
526:St Martin's
501:Association
486:second-rate
484:, a 90-gun
481:Association
402:Association
392:Bishop Rock
245:Association
130:1,400–2,000
116:Destination
93: /
34:Association
2371:Categories
2327:0952397161
2312:0952397129
2293:0090894006
2254:16 October
2140:20 January
2019:17 January
1994:17 January
1930:May, W. E.
1782:: 182–201.
1725:6 February
1488:29 January
1144:References
724:Dava Sobel
672:Queen Anne
655:Narborough
617:Royal Anne
543:Crim Rocks
539:third-rate
409:Royal Anne
388:Crim Rocks
251:Royal Anne
236:Portsmouth
181:Background
167:navigators
158:Royal Navy
127:Fatalities
120:Portsmouth
110:Royal Navy
78:49°51′56″N
43:Occurrence
2363:(Spanish)
1902:May, W.E.
1580:8 January
1575:Britannia
1310:. London.
1231:May, W.E.
1176:Submerged
1066:Longitude
1049:Hugh Town
1032:Firebrand
1017:Firebrand
1003:HMS
972:Sotheby's
968:artefacts
958:also has
915:Puttenham
913:HMS
864:pro forma
860:Firebrand
830:log books
784:soundings
729:Longitude
663:St Mary's
588:Firebrand
586:HMS
565:HMS
532:HMS
515:HMS
511:St George
506:St George
479:HMS
421:HMS
400:HMS
337:Firebrand
332:fireships
321:Swiftsure
263:St George
232:Gibraltar
171:positions
143:Survivors
122:, England
81:6°23′50″W
32:HMS
2217:"News".
2071:(2008).
1904:(1973).
1688:(1998).
1073:See also
1043:office,
1021:nocturne
808:latitude
688:Knowlton
651:St Agnes
605:St Agnes
603:between
593:fireship
443:Atlantic
368:Isabella
362:and the
315:Somerset
287:Monmouth
216:besieged
205:Austrian
135:Injuries
106:Operator
2079:205–207
1445:(1999)
1418:Phoenix
1413:Phoenix
1274:28 July
1269:241–245
1208:28 July
978:, made
835:W.E.May
802:to the
737:emerald
714:yardarm
517:Phoenix
467:hove-to
435:squalls
354:), the
347:Phoenix
342:Griffin
299:Panther
269:Cruizer
56:Summary
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1422:Tresco
1407:Valeur
1051:, and
954:, the
851:Torbay
842:Orford
817:Orford
762:Lizard
694:Legacy
580:Romney
567:Romney
522:Tresco
459:Tartar
423:Torbay
360:Weazel
352:Vulcan
350:, HMS
340:, HMS
327:Valeur
308:, HMS
305:Romney
293:Orford
257:Torbay
220:Toulon
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2130:(PDF)
2035:"HMS
1753:JSTOR
1402:Lenox
1111:Notes
873:Lenox
609:Annet
551:Eagle
534:Eagle
439:gales
364:yacht
356:sloop
281:Lenox
275:Eagle
209:Dutch
2338:ISBN
2323:ISBN
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2256:2021
2142:2020
2083:ISBN
2050:2010
2021:2020
1996:2020
1965:ISBN
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1727:2010
1696:ISBN
1582:2010
1490:2010
1459:ISBN
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1424:and
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1276:2017
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1041:AONB
840:HMS
607:and
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524:and
503:was
419:and
407:HMS
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366:HMS
358:HMS
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207:and
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64:Site
48:Date
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