474:
to be a
Category 3 storm. Likewise, an intensity of 135 kn (~155 mph, and thus Category 4) is 250.02 km/h, which, according to the definition used before the change would be Category 5. To resolve these issues, the NHC had been obliged to incorrectly report storms with wind speeds of 115 kn as 135 mph, and 135 kn as 245 km/h. The change in definition allows storms of 115 kn to be correctly rounded down to 130 mph, and storms of 135 kn to be correctly reported as 250 km/h, and still qualify as Category 4. Since the NHC had previously rounded incorrectly to keep storms in Category 4 in each unit of measure, the change does not affect the classification of storms from previous years. The new scale became operational on May 15, 2012.
1589:
1295:
those with no interior supports, is common. Very heavy and irreparable damage to many wood-frame structures and total destruction to mobile/manufactured homes is prevalent. Only a few types of structures are capable of surviving intact, and only if located at least 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) inland. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of solid concrete or steel frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either reinforced brick or
757:
1093:
586:
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921:
971:-end roofs are peeled off. Manufactured homes usually sustain severe and irreparable damage. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, while larger structures are struck by floating debris. A large number of trees are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. Additionally, terrain may be flooded well inland. Near-total to total power loss is likely for up to several weeks and water will likely also be lost or contaminated.
1561:, and suggested that Category 6 would begin at 195 mph (85 m/s; 170 kn; 315 km/h), with a further hypothetical Category 7 beginning at 230 mph (105 m/s; 200 kn; 370 km/h). In 2024 another proposal to add "Category 6" was made, with a minimum wind speed of 192 mph (309 km/h), with risk factors such as the
1459:, a few newspaper columnists and scientists brought up the suggestion of introducing Category 6, and they have suggested pegging Category 6 to storms with winds greater than 174 or 180 mph (78 or 80 m/s; 151 or 156 kn; 280 or 290 km/h). Fresh calls were made for consideration of the issue after
386:, and other important factors, but SSHWS defenders say that part of the goal of SSHWS is to be straightforward and simple to understand. There have also been proposals for the addition of higher categories to the scale (which would then set a maximum cutoff for Category 5), but none have been adopted as of July 2024.
1463:
in 2017, which was the subject of a number of seemingly credible false news reports as a "Category 6" storm, partly in consequence of so many local politicians using the term. Only a few storms of this intensity have been recorded. Of the 41 hurricanes currently considered to have attained
473:
assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5 knot increments, and then convert to mph and km/h with a similar rounding for other reports. So an intensity of 115 kn is rated
Category 4, but the conversion to miles per hour (132.3 mph) would round down to 130 mph, making it appear
1294:
Category 5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. The collapse of many wide-span roofs and walls, especially
1130:
on small residences. Heavy, irreparable damage and near-complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are common. Mobile and manufactured homes are often flattened. Most trees, except for the hardiest, are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. These
790:
Storms of
Category 2 intensity often damage roofing material (sometimes exposing the roof) and inflict damage upon poorly constructed doors and windows. Poorly constructed signs and piers can receive considerable damage and many trees are uprooted or snapped. Mobile homes, whether anchored or
1568:
According to Robert
Simpson, co-creator of the scale, there are no reasons for a Category 6 on the Saffir–Simpson scale because it is designed to measure the potential damage of a hurricane to human-made structures. Simpson explained that "... when you get up into winds in excess of
327:
assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5-knot (kn) increments (e.g., 100, 105, 110, 115 kn, etc.) because of the inherent uncertainty in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones. Wind speeds in knots are then converted to other units and rounded to the nearest 5 mph or 5 km/h.
444:
estimations, rainfall, and location, which means a
Category 2 hurricane that hits a major city will likely do far more cumulative damage than a Category 5 hurricane that hits a rural area. The agency cited examples of hurricanes as reasons for removing "scientifically inaccurate"
468:
In 2012, the NHC expanded the windspeed range for
Category 4 by 1 mph in both directions, to 130–156 mph, with corresponding changes in the other units (113–136 kn, 209–251 km/h), instead of 131–155 mph (114–135 kn, 210–249 km/h). The NHC and the
1307:
with slopes of no less than 35 degrees from horizontal and no overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shutters. Unless most of these requirements are met, the catastrophic destruction of a structure may occur.
370:
averaged winds to determine the maximum sustained wind speed, creating an important difference which frustrates direct comparison between maximum wind speeds of storms measured using the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (usually 14% more intense) and those measured using a
634:
damage are often associated with
Category 1 storms. Power outages are typically widespread to extensive, sometimes lasting several days. Even though it is the least intense type of hurricane, they can still produce widespread damage and can be life-threatening storms.
439:
In 2009, the NHC eliminated pressure and storm surge ranges from the categories, transforming it into a pure wind scale, called the Saffir–Simpson
Hurricane Wind Scale (Experimental) . The updated scale became operational on May 15, 2010. The scale excludes flood ranges,
1569:
155 mph (249 km/h) you have enough damage if that extreme wind sustains itself for as much as six seconds on a building it's going to cause rupturing damages that are serious no matter how well it's engineered." Nonetheless, the counties of
1142:, the deadliest natural disaster to hit the United States, peaked at an intensity that corresponds to a modern-day Category 4 storm. Other examples of storms that peaked at Category 4 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
1552:
in 2013, 2016, 2020 and 2021 respectively, each with sustained winds of 195 mph (315 km/h). Occasionally, suggestions of using even higher wind speeds as the cutoff have been made. In a newspaper article published in
November 2018,
2423:
1464:
Category 5 status in the
Atlantic, 18 had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater and only 8 had wind speeds at 180 mph (80.5 m/s; 156 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (the
1311:
The storm's flooding causes major damage to the lower floors of all structures near the shoreline, and many coastal structures can be completely flattened or washed away by the storm surge. Virtually all trees are
1760:
1496:). Of the 20 hurricanes currently considered to have attained Category 5 status in the eastern Pacific, only 5 had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater (
457:(2004), which had weaker than estimated storm surge. Since being removed from the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, storm surge prediction and modeling is handled by computer numerical models such as
424:
to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas. While conducting the study, Saffir realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane. Mirroring the utility of the
1320:
of residential areas may be required if the hurricane threatens populated areas. Total and extremely long-lived power outages and water losses are to be expected, possibly for up to several months.
1718:
For US Navy interests, the factor 0.88 is used in going from a 1-minute system to a 10-minute system such that TEN-MINUTE MEAN = 0.88 * ONE-MINUTE MEAN or ONE-MINUTE MEAN = 1.14 * TEN-MINUTE MEAN.
2433:
1611: – For tornado intensity with damage correlated to wind speeds. The system was also intended for applicability in hurricanes, and is utilized by engineers in hurricane damage assessment.
545:
The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity. Intensity of example hurricanes is from both the time of landfall and the maximum intensity.
1516:), and only 3 had wind speeds at 180 mph (80.5 m/s; 156 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (Linda, Rick, and Patricia). Most storms which would be eligible for this category were
1565:
and warming ocean temperatures part of that research. In the NHC area of responsibility, only Patricia had winds greater than 190 mph (85 m/s; 165 kn; 305 km/h).
1764:
304:, consists of storms with sustained winds of at least 157 mph (137 kn, 252 km/h). The classifications can provide some indication of the potential damage and
1823:
542:
define sustained winds as average winds over a period of one minute, measured at the same 33 ft (10.1 m) height, and that is the definition used for this scale.
1415:
and Lakshmi Kantha, have criticized the scale as being too simplistic, namely that the scale takes into account neither the physical size of a storm nor the amount of
518:
The scale separates hurricanes into five different categories based on wind. The U.S. National Hurricane Center classifies hurricanes of Category 3 and above as
963:. These storms can cause some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, particularly those of wood frame or manufactured materials with minor
2268:"Category 6 Hurricanes? They've Happened: Global Warming Winds Up Hurricane Scientists as NOAA Issues Its Atlantic Hurricane Predictions for Summer 2006"
17:
530:(WMO), which specifies measuring winds at a height of 33 ft (10.1 m) for 10 minutes, and then taking the average. By contrast, the U.S.
522:, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classifies typhoons of 150 mph (240 km/h) or greater (strong Category 4 and Category 5) as
2232:
2186:
1970:
1889:
1881:
1554:
2362:
300:
at 10 m above the surface of at least 74 mph (64 kn, 119 km/h; Category 1). The highest classification in the scale,
462:
1135:, while terrain may be flooded far inland. Total and long-lived electrical and water losses are to be expected, possibly for many weeks.
319:
averaged over a one-minute interval 10 m above the surface. Although the scale shows wind speeds in continuous speed ranges, the US
1443:
velocity. Both of these scales are continuous, akin to the Richter scale; however, neither of these scales have been used by officials.
2294:
1431:
into a small number of categories. Proposed replacement classifications include the Hurricane Intensity Index, which is based on the
2312:
2013:
1935:
1577:
in Florida have building codes which require that critical infrastructure buildings be able to withstand Category 5 winds.
1278:
1110:
939:
774:
602:
991:
2531:
1701:
1497:
1282:
1114:
943:
778:
606:
2467:
1790:
1055:
925:
2491:
2044:
2009:
1336:
527:
799:. Extensive to near-total power outages and scattered loss of potable water are likely, possibly lasting many days.
1536:
in 1979, 2019, 2023 and 2023 respectively, each with sustained winds of 190 mph (305 km/h), and typhoons
1428:
535:
470:
324:
2556:
1452:
402:
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that showed expected damage to structures. Saffir gave the scale to the NHC, and Simpson added the effects of
2244:
2541:
2091:
1827:
1630:
539:
359:
2551:
2546:
964:
803:
2184:
Kantha, Lakshmi (February 2008). "Tropical Cyclone Destructive Potential by Integrated Kinetic Energy".
1557:
research scientist Jim Kossin said that the potential for more intense hurricanes was increasing as the
2069:
1574:
1878:
1435:
caused by a storm's winds, and the Hurricane Hazard Index, which is based on surface wind speeds, the
2240:
1908:
1562:
1328:
1175:
883:
859:
815:
761:
655:
406:
320:
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1340:
1139:
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Category 4 hurricanes tend to produce more extensive curtainwall failures, with some complete
967:
failures. Buildings that lack a solid foundation, such as mobile homes, are usually destroyed, and
531:
1570:
1007:
974:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 3 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
960:
802:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 2 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
715:
683:
671:
638:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 1 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
425:
344:
340:
2390:"The growing inadequacy of an open-ended Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in a warming world"
2267:
2526:
2415:
2203:
1533:
1505:
1440:
1436:
1420:
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it produces. Additionally, they and others point out that the Saffir–Simpson scale, unlike the
1356:
1332:
1223:
1096:
983:
839:
719:
707:
695:
687:
679:
659:
647:
589:
417:
297:
37:
1620:
1608:
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1509:
1501:
1035:
995:
975:
875:
871:
847:
835:
831:
827:
807:
711:
667:
639:
626:, as well as uproot or snap weak trees. Poorly attached roof shingles or tiles can blow off.
1984:
409:(NHC). The scale was introduced to the general public in 1973, and saw widespread use after
2195:
2156:
1614:
1317:
796:
792:
8:
2428:
2114:
1732:
1673:"Minor Modification to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale For the 2012 Hurricane Season"
1324:
270:
62:
2389:
2313:"Hurricane Irma: Will Irma become world's first CATEGORY 6 hurricane with 200mph winds?"
2199:
2160:
1942:
1696:
1513:
1456:
1179:
1127:
999:
699:
332:
262:
2017:
1966:
1473:
1392:
1368:
1352:
1191:
1027:
1019:
851:
795:
also suffer structural damage. Small craft in unprotected anchorages may break their
454:
446:
395:
336:
1323:
Historical examples of storms that made landfall at Category 5 status include:
2397:
2213:
2164:
2031:
1493:
1432:
1403:(2023) (the only Pacific hurricane to make landfall at Category 5 intensity).
1396:
1372:
1203:
1195:
1171:
1147:
1031:
1011:
1003:
987:
879:
863:
703:
691:
663:
643:
627:
622:
to most well-constructed permanent structures; however, they can topple unanchored
570:
293:
266:
47:
1705:
526:. Most weather agencies use the definition for sustained winds recommended by the
2475:
1885:
1800:
1672:
1549:
1541:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1388:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1344:
1207:
1187:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1132:
1051:
1015:
979:
867:
855:
819:
811:
765:
619:
2499:
1605: – Relates wind speed to observable conditions at sea and on land
2147:
1602:
1558:
1537:
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1481:
1460:
1400:
1384:
1376:
1348:
1264:
1215:
1183:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1023:
843:
823:
675:
651:
421:
398:
274:
57:
2536:
2520:
2317:
1529:
1416:
1412:
1219:
1211:
1199:
450:
2401:
756:
331:
The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is used officially only to describe
2295:"Climate scientists mull Category 6 storm classification, report says"
1795:
1545:
2333:
2217:
2070:"Famous Hurricanes of the 20th and 21st Century in the United States"
1791:"The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale: An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson"
1650:
481:
277:—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained
2459:
2169:
2142:
2045:"Name That Hurricane: Famous Examples of the 5 Hurricane Categories"
1982:
1913:
1863:
1521:
1424:
1092:
623:
585:
575:
441:
433:
383:
52:
1260:
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and some may be debarked, isolating most affected communities. Massive
429:
410:
316:
258:
1737:
1625:
1313:
2363:"Category 6? Scientists warn hurricanes could keep getting stronger"
2008:
1304:
1296:
1268:
929:
309:
305:
1517:
1100:
955:
Tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher are described as
593:
453:(2008), which both had stronger than estimated storm surges, and
353:
315:
The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is based on the highest
2230:
1300:
618:
Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural
458:
2331:
2113:
John L. Beven II; Robbie Berg; Andrew Hagen (April 19, 2019).
2424:"Irma could test strength of Florida's strict building codes"
968:
791:
not, are typically damaged and sometimes destroyed, and many
496:
493:
508:
505:
428:
for describing earthquakes, he devised a 1–5 scale based on
631:
502:
278:
1983:
Tropical Cyclone Weather Services Program (June 1, 2006).
499:
1617:
for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency
1909:"Wilma's Rage Suggests New Hurricane Categories Needed"
1702:"Section 2. Intensity Observations and Forecast Errors"
1733:"Hurricane scale invented to communicate storm danger"
959:
in the Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Central Pacific
511:
2143:"Time to Replace the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale?"
785:
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
1584:
2094:(Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center
1784:
1782:
1936:"Experimental Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
1451:After the series of powerful storm systems of the
281:. This measuring system was formerly known as the
2343:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1941:. National Hurricane Center. 2009. Archived from
413:replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974.
2518:
1779:
2187:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
358:depending on the area. These areas (except the
2265:
2224:
2134:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1788:
1752:
1730:
1520:in the western Pacific, most notably typhoons
2388:Wehner, Michael F.; Kossin, James P. (2024).
2122:(Technical report). National Hurricane Center
2002:
613:Very dangerous winds will produce some damage
2421:
2387:
1821:
1758:
2468:"An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson"
2177:
2106:
1895:
416:The scale was created by Herbert Saffir, a
405:, who at the time was director of the U.S.
221:
2334:"Supertyphoon Tip: Shattering all records"
2140:
2116:Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1824:"Hurricanes shaped life of scale inventor"
1259:
1091:
382:of the SSHWS for not accounting for rain,
333:hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean
2207:
2168:
1976:
484:
2231:Benfield Hazard Research Centre (2006).
1906:
1864:The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
1724:
347:to label these storms, which are called
2332:Debi Iacovelli and Tim Vasquez (1998).
2092:Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update
1842:
14:
2519:
2183:
1446:
1279:List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
1111:List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
940:List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
775:List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes
603:List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
420:, who in 1969 was commissioned by the
194:
2460:"Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
2237:Hazard & Risk Science Review 2006
2089:
1799:. Fort Lauderdale, FL. Archived from
1651:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
1283:List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
1115:List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
944:List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
779:List of Category 2 Pacific hurricanes
607:List of Category 1 Pacific hurricanes
375:interval (usually 12% less intense).
2083:
2010:Federal Emergency Management Agency
394:The scale was developed in 1971 by
292:To be classified as a hurricane, a
251:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
24:
18:Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
2090:Blake, Eric (September 20, 2017).
1879:National Hurricane Operations Plan
1763:. Associated Press. Archived from
25:
2568:
2462:. U.S. National Hurricane Center.
2452:
1815:
1678:. National Hurricane Center. 2012
1653:. National Hurricane Center. 2018
528:World Meteorological Organization
2432:. Washington, DC. Archived from
1822:Press Writer (August 23, 2001).
1587:
1267:in 2023 nearing its landfall in
919:
755:
584:
536:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
471:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
325:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
2422:Jennifer Kay (September 2017).
2381:
2355:
2325:
2305:
2287:
2266:Bill Blakemore (May 21, 2006).
2259:
2062:
2037:
1960:
1928:
1731:Williams, Jack (May 17, 2005).
301:
269:that exceed the intensities of
2496:The South Florida Sun-Sentinel
1985:"Tropical cyclone definitions"
1872:
1761:"'73, Hurricanes to be Graded"
1690:
1665:
1643:
1453:2005 Atlantic hurricane season
1289:Catastrophic damage will occur
1121:Catastrophic damage will occur
379:
283:Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale
13:
1:
2492:"Q&A with Herbert Saffir"
2396:. Vol. 121, no. 7.
2014:"Hurricane Glossary of Terms"
1907:Ker Than (October 20, 2005).
1636:
1229:
1061:
950:Devastating damage will occur
889:
725:
548:
477:
296:must have one-minute-average
2532:Tropical cyclone meteorology
2474:. April 1999. Archived from
1967:Public Information Statement
1789:Debi Iacovelli (July 2001).
1759:Staff writer (May 9, 1973).
1631:Outline of tropical cyclones
1427:, is not continuous, and is
1406:
540:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
308:a hurricane will cause upon
7:
2498:. June 2001. Archived from
2141:Kantha, L. (January 2006).
1580:
1411:Some scientists, including
10:
2573:
1990:. National Weather Service
1276:
1108:
1099:in 2023 just prior to its
937:
928:in 2024 just prior to its
772:
600:
389:
2241:University College London
1973:. Accessed March 9, 2012.
1866:National Hurricane Center
1563:effects of climate change
1236:
1068:
896:
764:in 2024 at landfall near
732:
555:
407:National Hurricane Center
321:National Hurricane Center
220:
193:
168:
143:
118:
93:
68:
61:
56:
51:
46:
43:
27:Hurricane intensity scale
2472:The Mariners Weather Log
1892:. Accessed July 3, 2010.
1721:Retrieved on 2018-10-07.
1595:Tropical cyclones portal
1466:1935 Labor Day hurricane
1140:1900 Galveston hurricane
532:National Weather Service
2402:10.1073/pnas.2308901121
1437:radius of maximum winds
1131:storms cause extensive
592:in 2024 at landfall in
445:information, including
426:Richter magnitude scale
341:International Date Line
298:maximum sustained winds
38:maximum sustained winds
1868:. Accessed 2009-05-15.
1439:of the storm, and its
1421:moment magnitude scale
766:Morgan City, Louisiana
337:northern Pacific Ocean
2557:Scales in meteorology
2436:on September 17, 2017
2233:"Atmospheric Hazards"
2218:10.1175/BAMS-89-2-219
2030:Accessed through the
1884:July 8, 2011, at the
1708:on September 16, 2007
1621:Hurricane engineering
1609:Enhanced Fujita scale
1245:Most recent landfall
1242:Sustained winds
1077:Most recent landfall
1074:Sustained winds
905:Most recent landfall
902:Sustained winds
741:Most recent landfall
738:Sustained winds
564:Most recent landfall
561:Sustained winds
2502:on February 28, 2010
2321:. September 5, 2017.
2301:. February 22, 2018.
2170:10.1029/2006eo010003
2077:www.weather.gov/crh/
2020:on December 14, 2005
1615:Rohn emergency scale
487:Saffir–Simpson scale
271:tropical depressions
34:Saffir–Simpson scale
2542:Atlantic hurricanes
2478:on October 23, 2009
2429:The Washington Post
2369:. November 30, 2018
2341:Monthly Weather Log
2200:2008BAMS...89..219K
2161:2006EOSTr..87....3K
1803:on October 23, 2009
1455:, as well as after
1447:Proposed extensions
1314:uprooted or snapped
418:structural engineer
40:
2552:1973 introductions
2547:Pacific hurricanes
1697:United States Navy
1457:Hurricane Patricia
1337:"Cuba–Brownsville"
1128:structural failure
793:manufactured homes
401:and meteorologist
343:. Other areas use
263:Western Hemisphere
32:
1948:on August 6, 2009
1830:on April 17, 2016
1275:
1274:
1107:
1106:
1088:130–156 mph
1086:209–251 km/h
936:
935:
916:111–129 mph
914:178–208 km/h
771:
770:
750:154–177 km/h
599:
598:
579:119–153 km/h
516:
515:
489:
455:Hurricane Charley
447:Hurricane Katrina
267:tropical cyclones
247:
246:
16:(Redirected from
2564:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2463:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2385:
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2374:
2359:
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2338:
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2322:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2247:on 7 August 2008
2243:. Archived from
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2110:
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2016:. Archived from
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1974:
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957:major hurricanes
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628:Coastal flooding
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1285:
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1255:
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1253:
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580:
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302:Category 5
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1461:Hurricane Irma
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436:and flooding.
422:United Nations
403:Robert Simpson
399:Herbert Saffir
396:civil engineer
391:
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378:There is some
261:—which in the
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2019:
2015:
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1413:Kerry Emanuel
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451:Hurricane Ike
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35:
30:
19:
2514:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:the original
2471:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2427:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2393:
2383:
2373:November 30,
2371:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2340:
2327:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2271:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:the original
2236:
2226:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2152:
2146:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2115:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2049:Live Science
2048:
2039:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2004:
1994:November 30,
1992:. Retrieved
1978:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1912:
1874:
1865:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:the original
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1796:Sun-Sentinel
1794:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1754:
1744:February 25,
1742:. Retrieved
1736:
1726:
1717:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1692:
1682:November 14,
1680:. Retrieved
1667:
1657:November 14,
1655:. Retrieved
1645:
1567:
1450:
1410:
1399:(2019), and
1329:"Okeechobee"
1322:
1310:
1305:hipped roofs
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1222:(2021), and
1137:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1054:(2021), and
973:
965:curtain wall
956:
954:
949:
948:
947:
882:(2022), and
801:
789:
784:
783:
782:
718:(2022), and
637:
624:mobile homes
617:
612:
611:
610:
544:
523:
519:
517:
486:
467:
438:
415:
393:
377:
372:
367:
364:three-minute
363:
352:
348:
339:east of the
330:
314:
291:
286:
282:
254:
250:
248:
33:
29:
2407:February 5,
2155:(1): 3, 6.
1920:October 20,
1914:LiveScience
1771:December 8,
1425:earthquakes
1341:"Labor Day"
449:(2005) and
442:storm surge
434:storm surge
384:storm surge
36:, 1-minute
2521:Categories
2506:October 1,
2482:October 1,
2251:8 December
1952:August 17,
1637:References
1575:Miami-Dade
1318:evacuation
1277:See also:
1230:Category 5
1109:See also:
1084:113–136 kn
1062:Category 4
938:See also:
890:Category 3
773:See also:
726:Category 2
601:See also:
549:Category 1
478:Categories
430:wind speed
411:Neil Frank
373:ten-minute
368:ten-minute
317:wind speed
259:hurricanes
2204:CiteSeerX
2126:April 19,
2024:March 24,
1834:March 20,
1738:USA Today
1626:Hypercane
1429:quantized
1407:Criticism
1333:"Bahamas"
1271:, Mexico
1103:landfall
1050:(2020),
932:landfall
912:96–112 kn
380:criticism
44:Category
2299:ABC News
2273:ABC News
2012:(2004).
1882:Archived
1581:See also
1518:typhoons
1514:Patricia
1395:(2018),
1391:(2017),
1387:(2017),
1383:(2007),
1379:(2007),
1375:(1992),
1371:(1988),
1367:(1979),
1363:(1977),
1359:(1971),
1355:(1969),
1351:(1966),
1347:(1955),
1343:(1935),
1339:(1933),
1335:(1932),
1331:(1928),
1327:(1924),
1297:concrete
1269:Acapulco
1226:(2023).
1218:(2020),
1214:(2020),
1210:(2020),
1206:(2017),
1202:(2008),
1198:(2005),
1194:(2004),
1190:(1992),
1186:(1988),
1182:(1979),
1180:Frederic
1178:(1976),
1176:Madeline
1166:(1965),
1162:(1963),
1158:(1961),
1154:(1960),
1150:(1959),
1146:(1954),
1058:(2024).
1046:(2016),
1042:(2010),
1038:(2006),
1034:(2004),
1030:(2002),
1026:(1996),
1022:(1995),
1018:(1985),
1014:(1983),
1010:(1975),
1006:(1975),
1002:(1975),
1000:Caroline
998:(1970),
994:(1967),
990:(1957),
986:(1955),
982:(1954),
978:(1950),
930:Guerrero
886:(2024).
884:Francine
878:(2021),
874:(2021),
870:(2020),
866:(2014),
862:(2012),
860:Carlotta
858:(2010),
854:(2010),
850:(2010),
846:(2003),
842:(2003),
838:(1996),
834:(1995),
830:(1994),
826:(1993),
822:(1990),
818:(1974),
814:(1963),
810:(1958),
806:(1954),
797:moorings
762:Francine
748:83–95 kn
722:(2024).
714:(2022),
710:(2022),
706:(2021),
702:(2021),
700:Nicholas
698:(2020),
694:(2020),
690:(2020),
686:(2019),
682:(2019),
678:(2017),
674:(2016),
670:(2016),
666:(2013),
662:(2012),
658:(2007),
656:Humberto
654:(2005),
650:(1997),
646:(1995),
642:(1985),
538:and the
354:typhoons
349:cyclones
323:and the
310:landfall
306:flooding
2196:Bibcode
2157:Bibcode
1712:July 4,
1571:Broward
1550:Surigae
1542:Meranti
1534:Bolaven
1474:Gilbert
1393:Michael
1369:Gilbert
1353:Camille
1192:Charley
1174:(1974)
1170:(1970),
1101:Jalisco
1028:Isidore
1020:Roxanne
852:Richard
594:Florida
390:History
188:119–153
163:154–177
138:178–208
133:111–129
113:209–251
108:130–156
103:113–136
2206:
1548:, and
1538:Haiyan
1532:, and
1526:Halong
1512:, and
1494:Dorian
1492:, and
1397:Dorian
1373:Andrew
1325:"Cuba"
1301:cement
1204:Harvey
1196:Dennis
1172:Carmen
1148:Gracie
1032:Jeanne
1012:Alicia
1008:Olivia
1004:Eloise
992:Olivia
988:Audrey
961:basins
880:Agatha
864:Arthur
716:Nicole
704:Pamela
692:Isaias
684:Lorena
672:Newton
664:Manuel
644:Ismael
620:damage
574:64–82
569:33–42
459:ADCIRC
362:) use
215:63–118
158:96–110
128:96–112
2337:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2073:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1530:Mawar
1506:Linda
1498:Patsy
1486:Wilma
1478:Mitch
1470:Allen
1389:Maria
1381:Felix
1365:David
1361:Anita
1357:Edith
1345:Janet
1224:Lidia
1208:Laura
1188:Iniki
1168:Celia
1164:Betsy
1160:Flora
1156:Carla
1152:Donna
1144:Hazel
1097:Lidia
1052:Grace
1016:Elena
984:Hilda
980:Carol
969:gable
868:Sally
856:Tomas
840:Marty
820:Diana
812:Ginny
804:Alice
720:Debby
708:Julia
696:Gamma
688:Hanna
680:Barry
660:Isaac
648:Danny
590:Debby
463:SLOSH
285:, or
279:winds
255:SSHWS
210:39–73
205:34–63
200:18–32
183:74–95
178:64–82
173:33–42
153:83–95
148:43–49
123:50–58
98:58–70
88:≥ 252
83:≥ 157
78:≥ 137
73:≥ 70
53:knots
2537:Wind
2508:2005
2484:2005
2442:2017
2409:2024
2394:PNAS
2375:2018
2349:2010
2281:2006
2253:2007
2128:2019
2100:2017
2056:2017
2026:2006
1996:2006
1971:NOAA
1954:2009
1922:2005
1890:NOAA
1836:2016
1809:2006
1773:2007
1746:2007
1714:2008
1684:2020
1659:2020
1573:and
1555:NOAA
1546:Goni
1510:Rick
1502:John
1490:Irma
1482:Rita
1401:Otis
1385:Irma
1377:Dean
1349:Inez
1281:and
1265:Otis
1216:Iota
1184:Joan
1138:The
1113:and
1056:John
1048:Zeta
1044:Otto
1040:Karl
1036:Lane
1024:Fran
996:Ella
976:Easy
942:and
926:John
876:Rick
872:Olaf
848:Alex
844:Juan
836:Alma
832:Erin
828:Rosa
824:Gert
816:Fifi
808:Ella
777:and
712:Lisa
676:Nate
668:Earl
652:Stan
640:Juan
632:pier
630:and
605:and
461:and
360:JTWC
335:and
287:SSHS
273:and
265:are
249:The
242:≤ 62
237:≤ 38
232:≤ 33
227:≤ 17
63:km/h
2398:doi
2214:doi
2165:doi
2148:Eos
1522:Tip
1220:Ida
1212:Eta
1200:Ike
571:m/s
512:C5
509:C4
506:C3
503:C2
500:C1
497:TS
494:TD
366:or
351:or
58:mph
48:m/s
2523::
2494:.
2470:.
2426:.
2392:.
2365:.
2339:.
2315:.
2297:.
2270:.
2239:.
2235:.
2212:.
2202:.
2192:89
2190:.
2163:.
2153:87
2151:.
2145:.
2075:.
2047:.
1969:,
1911:.
1897:^
1888:,
1844:^
1793:.
1781:^
1735:.
1716:.
1699::
1544:,
1540:,
1528:,
1524:,
1508:,
1504:,
1500:,
1488:,
1484:,
1480:,
1476:,
1472:,
1468:,
576:kn
534:,
465:.
312:.
289:.
222:TD
195:TS
169:1
144:2
119:3
94:4
69:5
2510:.
2486:.
2444:.
2411:.
2400::
2377:.
2351:.
2283:.
2255:.
2220:.
2216::
2198::
2173:.
2167::
2159::
2130:.
2102:.
2079:.
2058:.
2034:.
2028:.
1998:.
1956:.
1924:.
1838:.
1811:.
1775:.
1748:.
1686:.
1661:.
1299:/
356:,
253:(
20:)
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