1478:, intended it to be an application of SGML. The design of HTML was therefore inspired by SGML tagging, but, since no clear expansion and parsing guidelines were established, most actual HTML documents are not valid SGML documents. Later, HTML was reformulated (version 2.0) to be more of an SGML application; however, the HTML markup language has many legacy- and exception-handling features that differ from SGML's requirements. HTML 4 is an SGML application that fully conforms to ISO 8879 – SGML.
4581:
38:
1404:
subdocuments) XML adds a number of additional restrictions on the kinds of SGML syntax. For example, despite enabling SGML shortened tag forms, XML does not allow unclosed start or end tags. It also relied on many of the additions made by the WebSGML Annex. XML currently is more widely used than full SGML. XML has lightweight
1333:
missing structures and tags that the DTD has declared optional. End- and start- tags can be omitted, because they can be inferred. Loosely, a series of tags can be omitted only if there is a single, possible path in the grammar to imply them. It was this active use of grammars that made concrete SGML
667:
SGML has features for reducing the number of characters required to mark up a document, which must be enabled in the SGML Declaration. SGML processors need not support every available feature, thus allowing applications to tolerate many types of inadvertent markup omissions; however, SGML systems
1403:
XML (Extensible Markup
Language) is a profile (subset) of SGML designed to ease the implementation of the parser compared to a full SGML parser, primarily for use on the World Wide Web. In addition to disabling many SGML options present in the reference syntax (such as omitting tags and nested
498:
Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, the document is composed of units called entities. An entity may refer to other entities to cause their inclusion in the document. A document begins in a "root" or document entity. Logically, the document is composed of
1604:(Electronic Data-Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) system effects automated collection, validation, indexing, acceptance, and forwarding of submissions, by companies and others, who are legally required to file data and information forms with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
1572:
Document markup languages defined using SGML are called "applications" by the standard; many pre-XML SGML applications were proprietary property of the organizations which developed them, and thus unavailable in the World Wide Web. The following list is of pre-XML SGML applications.
332:, Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie developed in the 1960s. Goldfarb, editor of the international standard, coined the "GML" term using their surname initials. Goldfarb also wrote the definitive work on SGML syntax in "The SGML Handbook". The syntax of SGML is closer to the
1281:
The results of parsing can also be understood as a data tree in different notations; where the document is the root node, and entities in other notations (text, graphics) are child nodes. SGML provides apparatus for linking to and annotating external non-SGML entities.
360:
A conforming SGML document must be either a type-valid SGML document, a tag-valid SGML document, or both. Note: A user may wish to enforce additional constraints on a document, such as whether a document instance is integrally-stored or free of entity references.
1022:
The third feature is 'text on the same line', allowing a markup item to be ended with a line-end; especially useful for headings and such, requiring using either SHORTREF or DATATAG minimization. For example, if the DTD includes the following declarations:
1324:
Parsing involves traversing the dynamically-retrieved entity graph, finding/implying tags and the element structure, and validating those tags against the grammar. An unusual aspect of SGML is that the grammar (DTD) is used both passively — to
483:(discrete pieces of text). In SGML, the entities and element types used in the document may be specified with a DTD, the different character sets, features, delimiter sets, and keywords are specified in the SGML Declaration to create the
1548:
Other document markup languages are partly related to SGML and XML, but—because they cannot be parsed or validated or other-wise processed using standard SGML and XML tools—they are not considered either SGML or XML languages; the
1181:
theory, because automata theory provides a theoretical foundation for some aspects of the notion of conformance to a content model. No assumption should be made about the general applicability of automata to content
1500:
abandons any attempt to define HTML as an SGML application, explicitly defining its own parsing rules, which more closely match existing implementations and documents. It does, however, define an alternative
437:
requirement that entity references are for special characters and do not contain markup. SGML validity commentary, especially commentary that was made before 1997 or that is unaware of SGML (ENR+WWW), covers
160:
Declarative: Markup should describe a document's structure and other attributes rather than specify the processing that needs to be performed, because it is less likely to conflict with future developments.
899:
SGML markup languages whose concrete syntax enables the SHORTTAG VALUE feature, do not require attribute values containing only alphanumeric characters to be enclosed within quotation marks—either double
2222:
and other standards influential in the development of current XML tools; documents include early drafts of SGML administrative materials, documentation, working group papers, and standards for computer
557:
was to minimize optional features. However, XML's well-formedness rules cannot support Wiki-like languages, leaving them unstandardized and difficult to integrate with non-text information systems.
3907:
535:
augmented with a large number of optional features that could be enabled in the SGML Declaration. Not every SGML parser can necessarily process every SGML document. Because each processor's
1592:(Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support) is a US Department of Defense (DoD) initiative for electronically capturing military documents and for linking related data and information.
1514:
190:
standard: "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", of which there are three versions:
1232:, validator) for valid XML. The SGML productions in the ISO standard are reported to be LL(3) or LL(4). XML-class subsets are reported to be expressible using a
875:
Elements defined like this have no end tag, and specifying one in the document instance would result in invalid markup. This is syntactically different from
891:, e.g. wherein two equals-signs (==), at the start of a line, are the "heading start-tag", and two equals signs (==) after that are the "heading end-tag".
344:
field. SGML also was extensively applied by the military, and the aerospace, technical reference, and industrial publishing industries. The advent of the
163:
Rigorous: In order to allow markup to take advantage of the techniques available for processing, markup should rigorously define objects like programs and
413:
which allows documents with no DOCTYPE declaration but which can be parsed without a grammar, or documents which have a DOCTYPE declaration that makes no
3419:
1586:
is a markup language originally created as an SGML application, designed for authoring technical documentation; DocBook currently is an XML application.
628:
3414:
1301:, which determines the kinds of references and tags which will be recognized in that entity and element. Also, each element can have an associated
1699:. The original HTML parser class, in Sun System's implementation of Java, is a limited-features SGML parser, using SGML terminology and concepts.
1341:
for both recognition and generation. XML does not use the grammar (DTD) to change delimiter maps or to inform the parse modes, and does not allow
697:
For example, if OMITTAG YES is specified in the SGML Declaration (enabling the OMITTAG feature), and the DTD includes the following declarations:
3636:
1814:
1580:(TEI) is an academic consortium that designs, maintains, and develops technical standards for digital-format textual representation applications.
3424:
2919:
2297:
2262:
ISO/IEC 9070:1991 – Information technology – SGML support facilities – Registration procedures for public text owner identifiers
1850:
983:
Additionally, the SHORTTAG NETENABL IMMEDNET feature allows shortening tags surrounding an empty text value, but forbids shortening full tags:
187:
145:
82:
1372:. In the SGML usage, a concrete syntax is a set of specific delimiters, while the abstract syntax is the set of names for the delimiters. The
668:
usually are intolerant of invalid structures. XML is intolerant of syntax omissions, and does not require a DTD for checking well-formedness.
340:
large-project documents in government, law, and industry. Many such documents must remain readable for several decades—a long time in the
3141:
1550:
4111:
4216:
4136:
3927:
3922:
3768:
887:
Tags can be replaced with delimiter strings, for a terser markup, via the SHORTREF feature. This markup style is now associated with
3934:
1737:
1598:
defines a set of hypertext-oriented element types that allow SGML document authors to build hypertext and multimedia presentations.
356:
SGML (ENR+WWW) defines two kinds of validity. According to the revised Terms and
Definitions of ISO 8879 (from the public draft):
2288:
4467:
2657:
2829:
647:. According to the reference syntax, letter case (upper- or lower-case) is not distinguished in tag names, so the three tags
4536:
4337:
3860:
2834:
2804:
1270:", which is parsed into a RDAG of structural units known as "elements". The physical graph is loosely characterized as an
4181:
3511:
3308:
2257:
ISO 9069:1988 – Information processing – SGML support facilities – SGML Document
Interchange Format (SDIF)
2240:
1876:
1364:
SGML has an abstract syntax implemented by many possible concrete syntaxes; however, this is not the same usage as in an
1357:. SGML with an SGML declaration is, perhaps, a meta-metalanguage, since it is a metalanguage whose declaration mechanism
2261:
2256:
1309:), which determines which characters are treated as delimiters in context. The SGML standard characterizes parsing as a
2632:
1625:
1377:
1474:
While HTML (Hyper Text Markup
Language) was developed partially independently and in parallel with SGML, its creator,
3708:
2732:
1916:
1666:
1661:
1634:, a successor to AAP DTP, is an international SGML standard for document interchange between authors and publishers.
4620:
4605:
4272:
3444:
3288:
550:(CONCUR), to linking processing attributes (LINK), and to embedding SGML documents within SGML documents (SUBDOC).
230:(ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages) :
1695:
project, and are common parts of Linux distributions. A general archive of SGML software and materials resides at
1672:
519:
SGML generalizes and supports a wide range of markup languages as found in the mid 1980s. These ranged from terse
325:
321:
102:
1678:
631:. For example, an SGML interpreter might be programmed to parse GML, wherein the tags are delimited with a left
511:. The following material concentrates on features not in XML and is not a comprehensive summary of SGML syntax.
4367:
4362:
4121:
4069:
1727:
1274:, but entities might appear multiple times. Moreover, the structure graph is also loosely characterized as an
301:
ISO/IEC TR 9573 – Information processing – SGML support facilities – Techniques for using SGML
4161:
3491:
3004:
2652:
1827:
1457:
254:
1969:
1696:
1190:
the DTD-grammar in SGML must conform to a notion of unambiguity which closely resembles the LL(1) conditions
1561:
1345:; consequently, XML validation of elements is not active in the sense that SGML validation is active. SGML
627:), it is possible to use other characters—provided a suitable concrete syntax is defined in the document's
4506:
3984:
2281:
1723:
1254:
forms an LL(1) language. ... The SGML document grammars by themselves are, however, not LL(1) grammars.
4166:
4074:
4024:
3783:
3116:
3111:
2510:
1556:
Several modern programming languages support tags as primitive token types, or now support
Unicode and
333:
1003:( / ) stands for the NET-enabling "start-tag close" (NESTC), and the second slash stands for the NET.
939:
One feature of SGML markup languages is the "presumptuous empty tagging", such that the empty end tag
4615:
4432:
4377:
4156:
4141:
3399:
2819:
2315:
2215:
1529:
1519:
1482:
394:
390:
374:
4480:
4387:
4176:
4151:
3363:
3358:
1772:
1617:
1577:
1437:
469:
2206:
1932:
1186:
A report on an early implementation of a parser for basic SGML, the
Amsterdam SGML Parser, notes
215:
4034:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3136:
3121:
3061:
2495:
2490:
2450:
1843:
1485:
HTML Working Group says, "the Group will not assume that an SGML parser is used for 'classic HTML
1313:
switching between recognition modes. During parsing, there is a stack of maps that configure the
951:(in other words, it closes the most recently opened item). The expression is thus equivalent to
659:
are equivalent. (A concrete syntax might change this rule via the NAMECASE NAMING declarations.)
69:
348:
profile has made SGML suitable for widespread application for small-scale, general-purpose use.
4610:
4584:
4352:
4342:
3471:
2889:
2470:
2274:
1202:
500:
341:
123:
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3283:
2505:
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2368:
2358:
2319:
2311:
2029:
337:
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format. As a document markup language, SGML was originally designed to enable the sharing of
242:
128:
846:
Note: The OMITTAG feature is unrelated to the tagging of elements whose declared content is
307:
In 2007, the W3C MathML working group agreed to assume the maintenance of these entity sets.
4531:
4437:
4171:
4146:
3989:
3830:
3581:
3268:
3071:
2944:
2727:
1709:
1654:
1405:
1365:
17:
2134:
1987:
947:"inherits" its value from the nearest previous full start tag, which, in this example, is
8:
4372:
2045:"Compiler-Construction Tools and Techniques for SGML parsers: Difficulties and Solutions"
1902:
1872:
1238:
1000:
632:
543:
it is always possible to know whether a document is supported by a particular processor.
227:
223:
1111:(and "&#RE;&#RS;" is a short-reference delimiter in the concrete syntax), then:
389:
An SGML document, all of whose document instances are fully tagged. There need not be a
4317:
4252:
2592:
2231:
2078:
1557:
1534:
1197:
There appears to be no definitive classification of full SGML against a known class of
1174:
45:
1610:. Documentation for Linux packages has used the LinuxDoc SGML DTD and Docbook XML DTD.
3146:
2244:
2235:
1912:
1808:
1441:
1376:
corresponds more to the programming language notion of abstract syntax introduced by
1213:
547:
553:
The notion of customizable features was not appropriate for Web use, so one goal of
3880:
3621:
2949:
2266:
2226:
2179:
2044:
1433:
1318:
1314:
1225:
1206:
524:
445:
The SGML emphasis on validity supports the requirement for generalized markup that
329:
268:
which use an XML syntax. Nowadays, DSSSL is rarely used in new projects apart from
1157:
SGML has many features that defied convenient description with the popular formal
152:
for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 states that generalized markup is "based on two
4490:
4211:
4116:
3870:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3273:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
2243:, in SGML and HTML Explained, Martin Bryan (1997) (the original URL is broken at
2107:
2082:
1994:
1906:
1492:
1475:
1445:
1158:
149:
92:
2058:
676:
Both start tags and end tags may be omitted from a document instance, provided:
198:, which was accepted in October 1986, followed by a minor Technical Corrigendum.
3778:
3526:
3338:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
2525:
2515:
2163:
2015:
1263:
1198:
608:
1880:
373:
An SGML document in which, for each document instance, there is an associated
4625:
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4566:
4541:
4526:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4287:
4232:
4201:
4191:
4054:
4044:
4014:
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3855:
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3758:
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3541:
3521:
3394:
2934:
2373:
2343:
1310:
1217:
818:
Omitting tags is optional – the same excerpt could be tagged like this:
2086:
1710:
Organization for the
Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS)
1258:
The SGML standard does not define SGML with formal data structures, such as
490:
Although full SGML allows implicit markup and some other kinds of tags, the
4427:
4397:
4257:
3601:
3596:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3368:
3313:
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3151:
3126:
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3041:
3036:
2994:
2959:
2869:
2864:
2692:
2500:
1747:
1714:
1354:
1342:
546:
Many SGML features relate to markup minimization. Other features relate to
531:-like matching-tag languages. SGML did this by a relatively simple default
1681:, by Yuan-ze Institute of Technology, Taiwan, with Charles Goldfarb, 1994.
1640:
was an early SGML document type definition created, developed and used at
1533:(OED) is entirely marked up with an SGML-based markup language using the
4402:
4099:
4094:
4089:
3673:
3590:
2562:
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requirement that elements end in the same entity in which they started.
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4004:
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3743:
3698:
3434:
3091:
2904:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2747:
2722:
2597:
2353:
2250:
1947:
1589:
1489:". Although HTML syntax closely resembles SGML syntax with the default
1369:
1259:
1243:
1221:
57:
1165:
technology of the 1980s and the 1990s. The standard warns in Annex H:
475:
the instance itself, containing one top-most element and its contents.
4561:
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4551:
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3014:
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2545:
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2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
1631:
1505:
serialization, which conforms to XML and therefore to SGML as well.
1233:
1015:(angled bracket)—hence the corresponding construct in XML appears as
636:
620:
281:
153:
1691:
SP and Jade, the associated DSSSL processors, are maintained by the
253:(ISO/IEC 10179) – Document processing and styling language based on
4196:
3974:
3678:
3506:
3343:
3333:
3318:
3293:
3278:
3253:
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3131:
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2383:
1692:
1637:
1607:
1513:
1429:
1178:
175:
164:
1669:, by Standard Generalized Markup Language Users', 1991, C language
4485:
4277:
4262:
4059:
4049:
4039:
3815:
3631:
3476:
3464:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2587:
2582:
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2572:
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2530:
2485:
2480:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2200:
1621:
1613:
1583:
1553:
markup language for typesetting and documentation is an example.
1453:
1449:
1409:
1251:
1162:
616:
507:
For introductory information on a basic, modern SGML syntax, see
171:
1293:(s9.6.1). Each entity, and each element, can have an associated
503:, all of which are indicated in the document by explicit markup.
464:
the
Prologue, containing a DOCTYPE declaration with the various
4347:
4332:
4327:
4322:
3994:
3969:
3897:
3753:
3738:
3718:
3713:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3536:
3501:
3348:
2999:
2814:
2378:
1595:
1425:
1417:
1229:
277:
265:
397:, the instance can be parsed with or without reference to it.
297:
SGML is supported by various technical reports, in particular
4382:
4357:
4079:
3964:
3835:
3616:
3481:
3353:
3328:
3323:
3303:
2677:
2647:
2642:
2363:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2030:"Re: Other whitespace problems was Re: Whitespace rules (v2)"
1795:"JTC 1/SC 34 – Document Description and Processing Languages"
1773:"JTC 1/SC 34 – Document description and processing languages"
1732:
1719:
1601:
1502:
1497:
1413:
1250:
The class of documents that conform to a given SGML document
908:(LITA)—so that the previous markup example could be written:
288:
269:
250:
2211:
683:
the DTD indicates that the tags are permitted to be omitted,
499:
declarations, elements, comments, character references, and
4029:
3892:
3885:
3551:
3496:
3096:
2707:
2207:
Introduction and
Examples of Software Documentation in SGML
1794:
1641:
1469:
1421:
570:
528:
520:
434:
261:
245:
of SGML. Full SGML is rarely found or used in new projects.
112:
1349:
a DTD (e.g. simple XML), is a grammar or a language; SGML
393:
associated with any of the instances. Note: If there is a
4516:
4206:
3258:
2175:
2142:
1831:
1684:
1400:
1394:
876:
686:(for start tags) the element has no associated required (
554:
508:
491:
426:
410:
345:
238:
116:
2059:"HTML 4–4 Conformance: requirements and recommendations"
1236:. According to one paper, and probably considered at an
304:
Part 13: Public entity sets for mathematics and science
204:, in 1996, resulted from a Technical Corrigendum to add
2051:
680:
the OMITTAG feature is enabled in the SGML Declaration,
417:
contributions to the document. The standard calls this
37:
222:
SGML is part of a trio of enabling ISO standards for
2296:
1212:
XML is described as being generally parsable like a
1173:notation was deliberately designed to resemble the
2245:http://www.is-thought.co.uk/book/sgml-4.htm#Fig4-2
2008:
1246:level rather than a character or delimiter level:
148:8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized
2166:(1987). "LEXX—A programmable structured editor".
2077:
1970:"The Implementation of the Amsterdam SGML Parser"
1278:, but the ID/IDREF markup allows arbitrary arcs.
693:the tag can be unambiguously inferred by context.
560:
4597:
1262:; however, an SGML document is constructed of a
2036:
208:allowing arbitrary-language and -script markup.
1648:
623:in an SGML document (per the standard-defined
234:SGML (ISO 8879) – Generalized markup language
2282:
2156:
1877:"The Roots of SGML – A Personal Recollection"
569:resembles this example, which is the default
2135:"HTML 5, one vocabulary, two serializations"
2100:
2042:
1334:parsing difficult to formally characterize.
409:was introduced in SGML (ENR+WWW) to support
385:SGML document is defined by the standard as
369:SGML document is defined by the standard as
1979:
1961:
1895:
1865:
1836:
1813:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1329:lexical structures, and actively — to
1285:The SGML standard describes it in terms of
1266:(RDAG) of physical storage units known as "
479:An SGML document may be composed from many
377:(DTD) to whose DTD that instance conforms.
218:to better support XML and WWW requirements.
2289:
2275:
2126:
2071:
1152:
2218: – Collection on the development of
2162:
1939:
1933:"Terms and Definitions of ISO 8879 draft"
1792:
1986:Carroll, Jeremy J. (November 26, 2001).
1901:
1871:
1738:List of general purpose markup languages
1512:
1481:The charter for the 2006 revival of the
843:and would still represent valid markup.
291:. HyTime is rarely used in new projects.
2227:SGML Syntax Summary by Charles Goldfarb
2168:IBM Journal of Research and Development
2022:
1985:
1657:implementations of SGML have included:
1540:The third edition is marked up as XML.
457:An SGML document may have three parts:
287:HyTime was partially reworked into W3C
14:
4598:
2132:
1967:
1945:
1726:-based processing language similar to
971:, which is structurally equivalent to
662:
2270:
2232:SGML document introducing you to SGML
1766:
1764:
2253:Wayne Wohler, IBM Corporation, 1994.
1786:
1560:pattern-matching. An example is the
815:tags, would represent valid markup.
615:. Although the markup norm is using
514:
351:
181:
178:are examples which used SGML tools.
138:Standard Generalized Markup Language
31:Standard Generalized Markup Language
1770:
1194:and specifies various differences.
973:<ITALICS>this</ITALICS>
953:<ITALICS>this</ITALICS>
24:
2236:Some reasons why SGML is important
1761:
1675:, by James Clark, 1993, C language
1626:Association of American Publishers
1321:relates to the recognition modes.
539:can be compared to the document's
70:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
25:
4637:
2194:
2133:Dubost, Karl (January 15, 2008).
978:
4580:
4579:
2108:"HTML5 — Parsing HTML documents"
1201:. Plausible classes may include
36:
1946:Wohler, Wayne (July 21, 1998).
1567:
879:empty elements in this regard.
494:specification (s4.3.1) states:
237:SGML was reworked in 1998 into
1925:
1821:
1412:. Applications of XML include
1383:
1088:"&#RE;&#RS;"
561:Concrete and abstract syntaxes
401:
13:
1:
1754:
1264:rooted directed acyclic graph
967:(Null End Tag) construction:
527:-like bracketed languages to
2139:Questions & Answers blog
2087:"HTML Working Group Charter"
1988:"CoParsing of RDF & XML"
1687:by James Clark, C++ language
1216:for non-validated XML and a
945:<ITALICS>this</>
830:<section><title>
823:<chapter><title>
548:concurrent (parallel) markup
260:DSSSL was reworked into W3C
7:
2016:"SGML: Grammar Productions"
1702:
1649:Open-source implementations
1523:(1985), showing SGML markup
988:<QUOTE></QUOTE>
894:
882:
643:prefix denotes an end tag:
611:in many different types of
326:Generalized Markup Language
214:, in 1998, resulted from a
63:application/sgml, text/sgml
10:
4642:
2201:Overview of SGML Resources
1624:documents, defined by the
1562:Scala programming language
1527:The second edition of the
1467:
1392:
671:
447:markup should be rigorous.
315:
4575:
4499:
4225:
3377:
2326:
2308:
2216:Charles Babbage Institute
2112:World Wide Web Consortium
1543:
1530:Oxford English Dictionary
1520:Oxford English Dictionary
1483:World Wide Web Consortium
1076:"</line>"
1007:XML defines NESTC with a
625:reference concrete syntax
565:The usual (default) SGML
533:reference concrete syntax
452:
395:document type declaration
391:document type declaration
375:document type declaration
212:SGML (ENR+WWW or WebSGML)
122:
108:
98:
88:
78:
68:
56:
44:
35:
1968:Egmond (December 1989).
1618:document type definition
1578:Text Encoding Initiative
1127:
1113:
1025:
985:
910:
852:
820:
790:
699:
575:
470:Document Type Definition
58:Internet media type
4621:Technical communication
4606:Data modeling languages
1463:
1203:tree-adjoining grammars
1153:Formal characterization
963:Another feature is the
850:as defined in the DTD:
645::xmp.Hello, world:exmp.
501:processing instructions
2212:SC34 Committee Records
1524:
1508:
1388:
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1192:
1184:
958:
924:typicallysomethinglike
619:as start- and end-tag
589:typicallysomethinglike
505:
399:
379:
363:
342:information technology
1516:
1299:declared content type
1248:
1188:
1167:
1161:and the contemporary
1118:firstline secondline
496:
468:that together make a
461:the SGML Declaration,
387:
371:
358:
216:Technical Corrigendum
206:extended naming rules
2241:The SGML Declaration
2085:(February 6, 2009).
1903:Goldfarb, Charles F.
1883:on December 20, 2012
1873:Goldfarb, Charles F.
1771:ISO (5 March 2008).
1406:internationalization
1370:concrete syntax tree
1366:abstract syntax tree
320:SGML descended from
224:electronic documents
2184:10.1147/rd.311.0073
1948:"SGML Declarations"
1911:. Clarendon Press.
1337:SGML uses the term
1307:short reference map
1220:-style pipeline of
799:TheSGMLDeclaration
795:IntroductiontoSGML
788:then this excerpt:
663:Markup minimization
584:"example"
466:markup declarations
228:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34
32:
2302:by standard number
2114:. October 28, 2014
2043:Bruggemann-Klein.
1558:regular expression
1525:
1517:A fragment of the
1175:regular expression
1125:is equivalent to:
1011:, and NET with an
999:wherein the first
993:can be written as
837:<subsection>
832:TheSGMLDeclaration
825:IntroductiontoSGML
813:</title>
801:<subsection>
537:System Declaration
523:-like syntaxes to
99:Extended from
46:Filename extension
30:
4593:
4592:
2316:ISO romanizations
2251:SGML Declarations
2203:at W3C's website.
1908:The SGML Handbook
1844:"ISO/IEC TR 9573"
1291:recognition modes
1214:two-level grammar
1207:adaptive grammars
969:<ITALICS/this/
690:) attributes, and
603:SGML provides an
573:concrete syntax:
515:Optional features
487:of the document.
423:Integrally stored
352:Document validity
182:Standard versions
134:
133:
79:Developed by
16:(Redirected from
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4616:Markup languages
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2164:Cowlishaw, M. F.
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2083:Berners-Lee, Tim
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629:SGML declaration
599:
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595:</ITALICS>
592:
588:
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579:
541:SGML Declaration
338:machine-readable
330:Charles Goldfarb
284:and scheduling.
150:markup languages
109:Extended to
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1793:ISO JTC1/SC34.
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1159:automata theory
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591:<ITALICS>
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567:concrete syntax
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485:concrete syntax
455:
449:(ISO 8879 A.1)
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241:, a successful
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93:Markup language
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2195:External links
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1468:Main article:
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1390:
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1199:formal grammar
1154:
1151:
1147:</lines>
1128:
1120:</lines>
1114:
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1017:<QUOTE/>
995:
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979:Other features
977:
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934:</QUOTE>
911:
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827:</title>
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598:</QUOTE>
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4611:ISO standards
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4438:27000 series
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2148:February 25,
2146:. Retrieved
2138:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2111:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2053:
2038:
2024:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1981:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1941:
1927:
1907:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1838:
1823:
1798:. Retrieved
1788:
1777:. Retrieved
1748:Tag omission
1715:S-expression
1690:
1653:Significant
1652:
1571:
1568:Applications
1555:
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1539:
1528:
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1368:and as in a
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1355:metalanguage
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1317:, while the
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1276:element tree
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1177:notation of
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1046:<!ELEMENT
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732:<!ELEMENT
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635:and a right
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4226:20000–29999
3378:10000–19999
1743:SGML entity
1685:SP and Jade
1679:Project YAO
1655:open-source
1384:Derivatives
1374:XML Infoset
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1260:parse trees
1171:model group
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4600:Categories
4005:16949 (TS)
3602:11941 (TR)
2300:standards
2223:languages.
2064:2009-12-30
2000:October 9,
1953:August 17,
1857:5 December
1800:2009-12-25
1779:2009-12-25
1755:References
1722: – a
1622:scientific
1491:reference
1339:validation
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1222:coroutines
1142:secondline
777:subsection
621:delimiters
472:(DTD), and
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154:postulates
74:public.xml
3960:15926 WIP
3324:9592/9593
3249:9000/9001
3137:8805/8806
2092:April 19,
1632:ISO 12083
1408:based on
1327:recognize
1319:tokenizer
1234:W-grammar
1169:The SGML
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194:Original
174:SGML and
165:databases
4585:Category
2310:List of
2118:June 29,
1905:(1990).
1875:(1996).
1830: –
1809:cite web
1703:See also
1693:OpenJade
1667:ARC-SGML
1662:ASP-SGML
1638:SGMLguid
1608:LinuxDoc
1551:Z Format
1430:XPointer
1331:generate
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4358:23094-2
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4212:19794-5
4207:19775-1
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3632:12234-2
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1584:DocBook
1454:RDF/XML
1450:XML-RPC
1410:Unicode
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1252:grammar
1182:models.
1061:#PCDATA
919:example
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