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2015:
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2341:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{time of flight}}&=\left(\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\arcsin {\sqrt {\frac {2\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\cos \theta {\sqrt {\sin \theta }}\right)2{\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}\\&=\left(\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\arccos {\frac {\cos \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}+{\frac {1}{2}}\cos \theta {\sqrt {\sin \theta }}\right)2{\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}\\\end{aligned}}}
5014:
5025:
3567:
618:
1042:. The minimum-delta-v trajectory corresponds to an ellipse with one focus at the centre of the Earth and the other at the point halfway between the launch point and the destination point (somewhere inside the Earth). (This is the orbit that minimizes the semi-major axis, which is equal to the sum of the distances from a point on the orbit to the two foci. Minimizing the semi-major axis minimizes the
31:
1428:
2485:
1883:
2009:
1665:
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1760:
1700:
The initial direction of a minimum-delta-v trajectory points halfway between straight up and straight toward the destination point (which is below the horizon). Again, this is the case if the Earth's rotation is ignored. It is not exactly true for a rotating planet unless the launch takes place at a
1692:
is defined as a missile that can hit a target at least 5500 km away, and according to the above formula this requires an initial speed of 6.1 km/s. Increasing the speed to 7.9 km/s to attain any point on Earth requires a considerably larger missile because the amount of fuel needed
978:
Compare this with orbital spaceflights: a low Earth orbit (LEO), with an altitude of about 300 km, needs a speed around 7.7 km/s, requiring a delta-v of about 9.2 km/s. (If there were no atmospheric drag the theoretical minimum delta-v would be 8.1 km/s to put a craft into a
982:
For sub-orbital spaceflights covering a horizontal distance the maximum speed and required delta-v are in between those of a vertical flight and a LEO. The maximum speed at the lower ends of the trajectory are now composed of a horizontal and a vertical component. The higher the horizontal
1203:
34:
37:
36:
32:
38:
1896:
2681:
However, the size of rocket, relative to the payload, necessary to achieve this, is similar to an ICBM. ICBMs have delta-v's somewhat less than orbital; and therefore would be somewhat cheaper than the costs for reaching orbit, but the difference is not large.
2543:
well before reaching maximum altitude, and then coast up to its highest point. During a few minutes, from the point when the engines are shut off to the point where the atmosphere begins to slow down the downward acceleration, the passengers will experience
3803:"85. U.S. Statement, Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space And The Character And Utilization Of The Geostationary Orbit, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at its 40th Session in Vienna from April"
1539:
604:
A flight that does not reach space is still sometimes called sub-orbital, but cannot officially be classified as a "sub-orbital spaceflight". Usually a rocket is used, but some experimental sub-orbital spaceflights have also been achieved via the use of
1445:
1272:
1685:(halfway around the world). The minimum-delta-v trajectory for going halfway around the world corresponds to a circular orbit just above the surface (of course in reality it would have to be above the atmosphere). See lower for the time of flight.
35:
2661:
which helped lay the foundation for modern sounding rockets. Today there are dozens of different sounding rockets on the market, from a variety of suppliers in various countries. Typically, researchers wish to conduct experiments in
1724:
takes 3 to 5 minutes, the free-fall (midcourse phase) about 25 minutes. For an ICBM the atmospheric reentry phase takes about 2 minutes; this will be longer for any soft landing, such as for a possible future commercial flight.
2520:
concurrently developed missiles all of which were based on the V-2 Rocket, and then much longer range
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). There are now many countries who possess ICBMs and even more with shorter range
1105:
1423:{\displaystyle {\text{altitude of apogee above surface}}=\left({\frac {\sin \theta }{2}}-\sin ^{2}{\frac {\theta }{2}}\right)R=\left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\sin \left(\theta +{\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)R}
1878:{\displaystyle {\text{period}}=\left({\frac {\text{semi-major axis}}{R}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\times {\text{period of low Earth orbit}}=\left({\frac {1+\sin \theta }{2}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {R}{g}}}}
998:
For larger ranges, due to the elliptic orbit the maximum altitude can be much more than for a LEO. On a 10,000-kilometer intercontinental flight, such as that of an intercontinental ballistic missile or possible future
2617:
motor has been fired multiple times in ground-based test stands, and was fired in a powered flight for the second time on 5 September 2013. Four additional SpaceShipTwos have been ordered and will operate from the new
798:
2720:
in 60 minutes. The main challenge lies in increasing the reliability of the different components, particularly the engines, in order to make their use for passenger transportation on a daily basis possible.
2561:
In late 1945, a group led by M. Tikhonravov K. and N. G. Chernysheva at the Soviet NII-4 academy (dedicated to rocket artillery science and technology), began work on a stratospheric rocket project,
2536:
will initially focus on attaining the altitude required to qualify as reaching space. The flight path will be either vertical or very steep, with the spacecraft landing back at its take-off site.
1099:
2020:
1209:
3491:
Timeline of SpaceShipOne, SpaceShipTwo, CSXT and New
Shepard sub-orbital flights. Where booster and capsule achieved different altitudes, the higher is plotted. In
33:
2004:{\displaystyle {\text{area fraction}}={\frac {1}{\pi }}\arcsin {\sqrt {\frac {2\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}+{\frac {2\cos \theta \sin \theta }{\pi {\text{(major axis)(minor axis)}}}}}
987:
covered, the greater the horizontal speed will be. (The vertical velocity will increase with distance for short distances but will decrease with distance at longer distances.) For the
979:
300-kilometer high orbit starting from a stationary point like the South Pole. The theoretical minimum can be up to 0.46 km/s less if launching eastward from near the equator.)
894:
930:
2387:
995:
which is under development will have a similar free-fall orbit but the announced maximum speed is 1.1 km/s (perhaps because of engine shut-off at a higher altitude).
3902:
1660:{\displaystyle \Delta v={\text{speed at launch}}={\sqrt {2{\frac {\mu }{R}}{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}}={\sqrt {2gR{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}}}
857:
735:
822:
1528:{\displaystyle {\text{specific kinetic energy at launch}}={\frac {\mu }{R}}-{\frac {\mu }{\text{major axis}}}={\frac {\mu }{R}}{\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\sin \theta }}}
2602:. It has since been completed with eight seats (one pilot, one co-pilot and six passengers) and has taken part in captive-carry tests and with the first mother-ship
2477:
cover of
November 1931, showing a proposed sub-orbital spaceship that would reach an altitude 700 miles (1,100 km) on its one hour trip from Berlin to New York.
2473:
2350:
This gives about 32 minutes for going a quarter of the way around the Earth, and 42 minutes for going halfway around. For short distances, this expression is
742:
4730:
1709:
In a vertical flight of not too high altitudes, the time of the free-fall is both for the upward and for the downward part the maximum speed divided by the
1015:
caused will vary accordingly: it is much less for a flight with a maximum speed of only 1 km/s than for one with a maximum speed of 7 or 8 km/s.
2758:. On 24 February 1949 the upper stage reached an altitude of 248 miles (399 km) and a speed of 7,553 feet per second (2,302 m/s; Mach 6.8).
4271:
2464:
Profile for the first crewed
American sub-orbital flight, 1961. Launch rocket lifts the spacecraft for the first 2:22 minutes. Dashed line: zero gravity.
3635:
2685:
Due to the high cost of spaceflight, suborbital flights are likely to be initially limited to high value, very high urgency cargo deliveries such as
3780:
2626:. Branson stated, "e are going to learn from what went wrong, discover how we can improve safety and performance and then move forwards together."
1030:
and neglecting the Earth's rotation and atmosphere. Let θ be half the angle that the projectile is to go around the Earth, so in degrees it is 45°×
3983:
562:), and then falls back to Earth, is considered a sub-orbital spaceflight. Some sub-orbital flights have been undertaken to test spacecraft and
3746:
637:
52:
3528:
1198:{\displaystyle {\text{minor axis}}=R{\sqrt {2\left(\sin \theta +\sin ^{2}\theta \right)}}={\sqrt {R\sin(\theta ){\text{semi-major axis}}}}}
1055:
4183:
2791:
1748:. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a sub-orbital trajectory, reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
1726:
3932:
4708:
4298:
1729:
performed such a flight with a lift off from Texas and a simulated soft touchdown in the Indian Ocean 66 minutes after liftoff.
3894:
1891:, we multiply this by the portion of the area of the ellipse swept by the line from the centre of the Earth to the projectile:
4156:
971:, horizontal motion is not needed. In this case the lowest required delta-v, to reach 100 km altitude, is about 1.4
4288:
4223:
2481:
While there are a great many possible sub-orbital flight profiles, it is expected that some will be more common than others.
598:
1432:
The altitude of apogee is maximized (at about 1320 km) for a trajectory going one quarter of the way around the Earth (
4021:
2613:. It has also completed solitary glides, with the movable tail sections in both fixed and "feathered" configurations. The
4049:
2678:
project suggests that a semi-ballistic sub-orbital flight could travel from Europe to North
America in less than an hour.
3724:
4308:
3742:
3686:
1689:
579:
570:. Other vehicles are specifically designed only for sub-orbital flight; examples include crewed vehicles, such as the
4328:
4143:
3963:
964:
in a flight is attained at the lowest altitude of this free-fall trajectory, both at the start and at the end of it.
2572:
In 2004, a number of companies worked on vehicles in this class as entrants to the Ansari X Prize competition. The
825:
597:
before completing their first full orbit, are not considered sub-orbital. Examples of this include flights of the
5054:
4483:
4858:
4720:
4303:
2573:
2555:
992:
703:
intersects the Earth, and hence the spacecraft will fail to complete an orbit. The major axis is vertical, the
898:
Thus the net extra specific energy needed compared to just raising the spacecraft into space is between 0 and
5049:
3958:. Translated by V. Sherbakov; N. Novichkov; A. Nechaev. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–2.
3827:
Blanco, Philip (September 2020). "Modeling ICBM Trajectories Around a
Rotating Globe with Systems Tool Kit".
2565:, aimed at vertical flight by a crew of two pilots, to an altitude of 200 km (65,000 ft) using captured
3750:
3712:
2516:, on October 3, 1942, which reached an altitude of 53 miles (85 km). Then in the late 1940s the US and
1267:{\displaystyle {\text{distance of apogee from centre of Earth}}={\frac {R}{2}}(1+\sin \theta +\cos \theta )}
1046:
and thus the delta-v, which is the speed of launch.) Geometrical arguments lead then to the following (with
862:
4424:
3492:
2798:
4836:
4672:
4419:
4266:
4114:
3870:
2755:
901:
346:
329:
316:
303:
299:
295:
291:
274:
17:
4908:
4677:
4350:
3772:
3657:
2580:
to have won the competition on
October 4, 2004, after completing two flights within a two-week period.
2489:
1003:, the maximum speed is about 7 km/s, and the maximum altitude may be more than 1300 km. Any
4831:
4713:
4451:
4216:
3979:
3487:
2984:
956:
off (this is technically called free-fall even for the upward part of the trajectory). (Compare with
392:
159:
3527:
are taking an interest in sub-orbital spaceflight, due in part to ventures like the Ansari X Prize.
2357:
4946:
4446:
4434:
4406:
4003:"Branson on Virgin Galactic crash: 'Space is hard – but worth it'". CNET. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
3621:
3221:
446:
424:
991:, just reaching space but with a range of about 330 km, the maximum speed was 1.6 km/s.
4950:
4665:
4567:
4478:
4382:
4355:
4256:
3082:
3047:
3013:
2769:
1043:
715:
148:
144:
140:
2622:. Commercial flights carrying passengers were expected in 2014, but became cancelled due to the
1713:, so with a maximum speed of 1 km/s together 3 minutes and 20 seconds. The duration of the
1018:
The minimum delta-v and the corresponding maximum altitude for a given range can be calculated,
4998:
4960:
4394:
4313:
4251:
3605:
3600:
3548:
1888:
1000:
842:
720:
621:
3539:
aircraft which may well be used with flight profiles that qualify as sub-orbital spaceflight.
805:
4848:
4655:
4293:
2705:
1752:
661:
645:
5017:
4918:
4901:
4538:
4473:
4466:
4323:
4209:
4087:
3836:
3665:
3595:
3524:
2623:
540:
4175:
4043:"The Space Review: Point-to-point suborbital transportation: sounds good on paper, but..."
3953:
1011:. The speed at the start of the reentry is basically the maximum speed of the flight. The
640:
because it is roughly the point where a vehicle flying fast enough to support itself with
8:
4913:
4891:
4826:
4545:
4389:
3661:
3653:
3512:
2784:
2773:
2658:
2577:
1012:
1008:
693:
571:
567:
532:
370:
333:
133:
4091:
3840:
2392:
From the form involving arccosine, the derivative of the time of flight with respect to
5028:
4811:
4737:
4592:
4488:
4340:
3924:
3852:
3572:
3369:
2875:
2841:
2761:
2505:
2468:
82:
78:
5024:
4983:
4623:
4518:
4493:
4439:
4429:
4246:
4139:
3959:
3856:
3504:
3450:
3404:
3356:
3313:
3306:
3258:
3208:
3162:
3116:
2642:
2619:
503:
481:
439:
416:
218:
214:
200:
196:
192:
174:
170:
166:
4099:
3365:
4896:
4725:
4682:
4648:
4613:
4550:
4503:
4345:
4160:
4095:
3844:
3610:
2914:
2780:
1710:
641:
555:
4941:
4841:
4794:
4692:
4633:
4618:
4572:
4555:
4461:
4456:
3508:
3323:
3217:
3179:
3171:
2795:
2751:
2728:
2638:
2592:
2584:
1755:, the period for the entire orbit (if it did not go through the Earth) would be:
1694:
704:
657:
590:
583:
544:
399:
377:
3954:
Anatoli I. Kiselev; Alexander A. Medvedev; Valery A. Menshikov (December 2012).
2768:, became the first mammal in space on 14 June 1949 in a sub-orbital flight from
4988:
4975:
4868:
4799:
4789:
4774:
4752:
4742:
4638:
4628:
4577:
4498:
4042:
3630:
3580:
3327:
3317:
3069:
2980:
2943:
2909:
2880:
2765:
2675:
2603:
2596:
2562:
2545:
1751:
To calculate the time of flight for a minimum-delta-v trajectory, according to
968:
685:
681:
563:
278:
256:
104:
100:
93:
43:
5043:
4936:
4853:
4784:
4747:
4587:
4508:
4372:
4367:
3728:
3616:
3590:
3585:
3476:
3434:
3388:
3340:
3290:
3242:
3192:
3175:
3167:
3146:
3133:
3100:
3063:
3031:
2959:
2927:
2893:
2859:
2694:
2614:
2533:
2460:
957:
945:
649:
3802:
2745:
2513:
1677:
increases with range, leveling off at 7.9 km/s as the range approaches
4993:
4928:
4597:
4582:
4283:
4278:
4013:
3417:
3087:
3018:
2997:
2846:
2663:
2588:
967:
If one's goal is simply to "reach space", for example in competing for the
575:
234:
56:
4115:"SpaceX CEO Elon Musk wants to use Starships as Earth-to-Earth transports"
1440:). Longer ranges will have lower apogees in the minimal-delta-v solution.
4821:
4687:
4377:
4360:
4232:
4072:
3713:
https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=jalc
3520:
3361:
3271:
3002:
Failed orbital launch. Aborted after malfunction during stage separation
2646:
2492:
1741:
1721:
1004:
665:
524:
516:
492:
488:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
359:
267:
115:
2432:, but it will take only a few seconds less time than the trajectory for
793:{\displaystyle \varepsilon =-{\mu \over {2a}}>-{\mu \over {R}}\,\!}
4955:
4863:
4806:
4766:
4560:
4261:
3848:
3540:
3536:
3129:
3125:
3121:
2717:
2701:
2654:
2635:
2566:
2509:
2495:, lifted itself to approximately 100 km, and then glided to the ground.
2351:
988:
528:
520:
185:
1007:
that returns to the surface, including sub-orbital ones, will undergo
4965:
4816:
4533:
4414:
4335:
4318:
3691:
3640:
3544:
3413:
3227:
2975:
2801:, most massive object launched into a sub-orbital trajectory to date.
2772:
in New Mexico to an altitude of 83 miles (134 km) aboard a U.S.
2709:
1733:
633:
606:
559:
122:
3532:
3277:
2741:
2690:
984:
677:
629:
594:
975:. Moving slower, with less free-fall, would require more delta-v.
2686:
2607:
2551:
2488:
The X-15 (1958–1968) was launched to an altitude of 13.7 km by a
941:
700:
689:
664:
does not show a distinct boundary between atmospheric flight and
2898:
Second crewed sub-orbital spaceflight, second
American in space
617:
4779:
4643:
3687:"Blue Origin launches Bezos on first crewed New Shepard flight"
3552:
3516:
2724:
2713:
2540:
1714:
953:
4201:
2864:
First crewed sub-orbital spaceflight, first
American in space
3613:
NASA program to continue developing ALHAT and Q landers
2740:
The first sub-orbital space flight was on 20 June 1944, when
2650:
2424:, the length of the minimum-delta-v trajectory will be about
1673:
is the acceleration of gravity at the Earth's surface). The Δ
961:
636:. This altitude, known as the Kármán line, was chosen by the
551:
536:
2734:
2508:. The first ballistic missile to reach space was the German
660:
to those flying above 50 mi (80 km), although the
535:
from which it was launched. Hence, it will not complete one
3625:
3499:
2964:
First person and spacecraft to make two flights into space
2522:
2517:
1745:
1737:
972:
949:
653:
3980:"Scaled Composites: Projects - Test Logs for SpaceShipTwo"
4660:
2641:. Scientific sub-orbital flights began in the 1920s when
952:), the high-altitude part of the flight is made with the
2504:
The first sub-orbital vehicles which reached space were
1732:
Sub-orbital flights can last from just seconds to days.
2731:
as a sub-orbital point-to-point transportation system.
2595:
and his plans for a 9-seat capacity SpaceShipTwo named
2484:
27:
Spaceflight where the spacecraft does not go into orbit
2360:
2018:
1899:
1763:
1542:
1448:
1281:
1212:
1108:
1094:{\displaystyle {\text{major axis}}=(1+\sin \theta )R}
1058:
905:
865:
845:
808:
745:
723:
233:
Sub-orbital human spaceflight (United States-defined
3895:"How a Nazi rocket could have put a Briton in space"
3562:
2554:
had been planned for sub-orbital spaceflight by the
1050:
being the radius of the Earth, about 6370 km):
628:
By definition, a sub-orbital spaceflight reaches an
589:
Flights which attain sufficient velocity to go into
4073:"Promising roadmap alternatives for the SpaceLiner"
3558:
2805:
2381:
2340:
2003:
1877:
1659:
1527:
1422:
1266:
1197:
1093:
924:
888:
851:
816:
792:
729:
558:(about 83 km – 100 km above
3636:SpaceX reusable launch system development program
920:
885:
813:
789:
550:For example, the path of an object launched from
5041:
2708:concept that could transport 50 passengers from
2634:A major use of sub-orbital vehicles today is as
1717:phases before and after the free-fall can vary.
624:. Paths A and B depict a sub-orbital trajectory.
3773:"X-15 Space Pioneers Now Honored as Astronauts"
2810:Above 100 km (62.14 mi) in altitude.
2748:in Germany and reached 176 kilometres altitude.
2716:in 90 minutes or 100 passengers from Europe to
2408:(halfway around the world). The derivative of Δ
948:measure which strongly determines the required
1022:, assuming a spherical Earth of circumference
4217:
4106:
2669:
2653:altitude. In the late 1940s, captured German
935:
859:than the minimum for a full orbit, which is
4159:. White Sands Missile Range. Archived from
3743:"100 km Altitude Boundary for Astronautics"
632:higher than 100 km (62 mi) above
4224:
4210:
4070:
3883:Germany's V-2 Rocket, Kennedy, Gregory P.
3678:
2735:Notable uncrewed sub-orbital spaceflights
2629:
919:
884:
812:
788:
4138:Walter Dornberger, Moewig, Berlin 1984.
3500:Future of crewed sub-orbital spaceflight
3486:
2754:5, a two-stage rocket launched from the
2483:
2467:
2459:
1693:goes up exponentially with delta-v (see
616:
29:
4709:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
3105:Second X-Prize flight, clinching award
2727:is potentially considering using their
1215:distance of apogee from centre of Earth
612:
14:
5042:
4731:Psychological and sociological effects
3892:
3826:
3820:
3770:
3747:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
1727:Test flight 4 of the SpaceX 'Starship'
889:{\displaystyle -{\mu \over {2R}}\,\!}
638:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4205:
4112:
3905:from the original on 14 November 2016
3684:
2523:Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles
2499:
599:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
4173:
3935:from the original on 30 October 2016
2674:Research, such as that done for the
2649:rockets, however they did not reach
42:Video of sub-orbital spaceflight of
3956:Astronautics: Summary and Prospects
3652:Levels of spaceflight: Suborbital,
3495:hover over a point to show details.
2787:payload which failed to reach orbit
1720:For an intercontinental flight the
925:{\displaystyle \mu \over {2R}\,\!}
24:
4440:Weather and environment monitoring
4052:from the original on 1 August 2017
3531:and others are experimenting with
3439:Seventh crewed Blue Origin flight
2794:, 14 March 2024, first successful
2528:
2455:
1704:
1690:intercontinental ballistic missile
1543:
25:
5066:
3871:"Pioneer 1 - NSSDC ID: 1958-007A"
3783:from the original on 11 June 2017
3481:Eighth crewed Blue Origin flight
3295:Fourth crewed Blue Origin flight
3197:Second crewed Blue Origin flight
2539:The spacecraft will shut off its
1451:specific kinetic energy at launch
5023:
5013:
5012:
4176:"Airbus drops model 'space jet'"
3565:
3515:(reinvented as Exos Aerospace),
3469:
3427:
3393:Sixth crewed Blue Origin flight
3381:
3345:Fifth crewed Blue Origin flight
3333:
3283:
3247:Third crewed Blue Origin flight
3235:
3185:
3151:First crewed Blue Origin flight
3139:
3093:
3056:
3024:
2990:
2952:
2920:
2886:
2852:
2512:, the work of the scientists at
1284:altitude of apogee above surface
826:standard gravitational parameter
699:including atmosphere, hence the
4484:Space launch market competition
4231:
4186:from the original on 4 May 2018
4167:
4149:
4132:
4100:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.01.020
4064:
4035:
4024:from the original on 2015-11-29
4006:
3997:
3986:from the original on 2013-08-16
3972:
3947:
3917:
3886:
3559:Suborbital spaceflight projects
2806:Crewed sub-orbital spaceflights
2624:disaster during SS2 PF04 flight
539:revolution, will not become an
51:Sub-orbital human spaceflight (
4721:Health threat from cosmic rays
4174:Amos, Jonathan (3 June 2014).
3877:
3863:
3795:
3764:
3735:
3717:
3706:
2574:Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne
2556:British Interplanetary Society
2412:also goes to zero here. So if
2382:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2d/g}}}
1261:
1231:
1185:
1179:
1085:
1067:
993:Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo
531:intersects the surface of the
13:
1:
3671:
3036:First commercial spaceflight
2444:(for which the trajectory is
680:the trajectory is part of an
578:, and uncrewed ones, such as
3771:Whelan, Mary (5 June 2013).
3685:Foust, Jeff (20 July 2021).
3068:First of two flights to win
2932:First winged craft in space
2693:fast-response operations or
648:would be flying faster than
7:
4837:Self-replicating spacecraft
4673:International Space Station
4113:Ralph, Eric (30 May 2019).
3646:
2756:White Sands Proving Grounds
2742:MW 18014, a V-2 test rocket
2576:was officially declared by
2534:Sub-orbital tourist flights
839:, corresponding to a lower
10:
5071:
4351:Space Liability Convention
2670:Sub-orbital transportation
2591:announced the creation of
936:Speed, range, and altitude
692:distance is less than the
5007:
4974:
4927:
4879:
4765:
4714:Space adaptation syndrome
4701:
4606:
4526:
4517:
4405:
4239:
2666:or above the atmosphere.
1807:period of low Earth orbit
940:To minimize the required
852:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
730:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
622:Isaac Newton's Cannonball
393:Mojave Air and Space Port
391:
266:
237:; excluding those above)
184:
160:Mojave Air and Space Port
4447:Communications satellite
3622:Reusable Vehicle Testing
1995:(major axis)(minor axis)
1744:, intended to reach the
817:{\displaystyle \mu \,\!}
671:
4951:reusable launch systems
4568:Extravehicular activity
4479:Commercial use of space
4383:Militarisation of space
4356:Registration Convention
4272:Accidents and incidents
3214:Laura Shepard Churchley
3083:SpaceShipOne flight 17P
3048:SpaceShipOne flight 16P
3014:SpaceShipOne flight 15P
2770:Holloman Air Force Base
2396:(or θ) goes to zero as
1711:acceleration of gravity
1044:specific orbital energy
716:specific orbital energy
513:sub-orbital spaceflight
149:SpaceShipOne Flight 17P
145:SpaceShipOne Flight 16P
141:SpaceShipOne Flight 15P
5055:Suborbital spaceflight
4999:Mission control center
4961:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4395:Billionaire space race
4046:www.thespacereview.com
3606:McDonnell Douglas DC-X
3601:Lunar Lander Challenge
3549:Copenhagen Suborbitals
3496:
3321:Victor Correa Hespanha
2655:V-2 ballistic missiles
2630:Scientific experiments
2496:
2478:
2465:
2383:
2342:
2005:
1879:
1661:
1529:
1424:
1268:
1199:
1095:
1001:commercial spaceflight
926:
890:
853:
818:
794:
731:
652:. The US military and
625:
47:
4849:Spacecraft propulsion
4299:European Space Agency
3893:Hollingham, Richard.
3490:
2706:suborbital spaceplane
2487:
2474:Science and Mechanics
2471:
2463:
2384:
2343:
2006:
1880:
1662:
1530:
1425:
1269:
1200:
1096:
927:
891:
854:
819:
795:
732:
662:U.S. State Department
620:
41:
5050:Spaceflight concepts
4474:Satellite navigation
4086:(11–12): 1652–1658.
3596:Interorbital Systems
3525:Masten Space Systems
3423:Gopichand Thotakura
2659:V-2 sounding rockets
2657:were converted into
2358:
2016:
1897:
1761:
1540:
1446:
1279:
1210:
1106:
1056:
902:
863:
843:
806:
743:
721:
613:Altitude requirement
541:artificial satellite
4859:Electric propulsion
4546:Life-support system
4430:Imagery and mapping
4390:Private spaceflight
4092:2010AcAau..66.1652S
4071:Sippel, M. (2010).
3841:2020PhTea..58..494B
3829:The Physics Teacher
3513:Armadillo Aerospace
2774:V-2 sounding rocket
2645:launched the first
2585:Sir Richard Branson
1889:Kepler's second law
1013:aerodynamic heating
1009:atmospheric reentry
694:radius of the Earth
568:orbital spaceflight
566:later intended for
371:Baikonur Cosmodrome
238:
134:Baikonur Cosmodrome
60:
4812:Robotic spacecraft
4738:Space and survival
4593:Space colonization
4489:Space architecture
4341:Outer Space Treaty
3849:10.1119/10.0002070
3573:Spaceflight portal
3497:
2876:Mercury-Redstone 4
2842:Mercury-Redstone 3
2506:ballistic missiles
2500:Ballistic missiles
2497:
2479:
2466:
2379:
2338:
2336:
2001:
1875:
1753:Kepler's third law
1657:
1525:
1420:
1264:
1195:
1091:
909:
886:
849:
814:
790:
727:
646:Earth's atmosphere
626:
543:nor will it reach
232:
83:Mercury-Redstone 4
79:Mercury-Redstone 3
50:
48:
5037:
5036:
4984:Flight controller
4761:
4760:
4519:Human spaceflight
4494:Space exploration
4420:Earth observation
4080:Acta Astronautica
3929:www.bis-space.com
3555:-based launches.
3505:Private companies
3485:
3484:
3451:Blue Origin NS-26
3405:Blue Origin NS-25
3357:Blue Origin NS-22
3314:Katya Echazarreta
3307:Blue Origin NS-21
3259:Blue Origin NS-20
3209:Blue Origin NS-19
3163:Blue Origin NS-18
3117:Blue Origin NS-16
2948:Joseph A. Walker
2783:, 15 May 1987, a
2643:Robert H. Goddard
2620:Spaceport America
2377:
2332:
2331:
2312:
2290:
2277:
2238:
2224:
2180:
2179:
2160:
2138:
2125:
2124:
2081:
2067:
2026:
1999:
1996:
1959:
1958:
1916:
1903:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1840:
1808:
1799:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1655:
1653:
1607:
1605:
1573:
1555:
1523:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1452:
1410:
1392:
1365:
1364:
1337:
1311:
1285:
1229:
1216:
1193:
1191:
1163:
1112:
1062:
922:
882:
786:
768:
554:that reaches the
509:
508:
504:Spaceport America
482:Spaceport America
440:Spaceport America
230:
229:
219:Blue Origin NS-26
215:Blue Origin NS-25
201:Blue Origin NS-22
197:Blue Origin NS-21
193:Blue Origin NS-20
175:Blue Origin NS-19
171:Blue Origin NS-18
167:Blue Origin NS-16
39:
16:(Redirected from
5062:
5027:
5016:
5015:
4726:Space psychology
4551:Animals in space
4524:
4523:
4504:Space technology
4346:Rescue Agreement
4226:
4219:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4157:"Bumper Project"
4153:
4147:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4077:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4018:history.nasa.gov
4010:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3749:. Archived from
3739:
3733:
3732:
3727:. Archived from
3721:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3682:
3611:Project Morpheus
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3265:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3215:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3030:
3028:
3027:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2915:Joseph A. Walker
2892:
2890:
2889:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2813:
2812:
2744:, launched from
2704:is a hypersonic
2639:sounding rockets
2451:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2407:
2405:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2203:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2106:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2046:
2027:
2024:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1940:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1819:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1765:
1684:
1682:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1635:
1624:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1587:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1307:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1063:
1060:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1027:
931:
929:
928:
923:
921:
918:
904:
895:
893:
892:
887:
883:
881:
870:
858:
856:
855:
850:
823:
821:
820:
815:
799:
797:
796:
791:
787:
785:
777:
769:
767:
756:
736:
734:
733:
728:
684:as given by the
642:aerodynamic lift
584:sounding rockets
533:gravitating body
239:
231:
61:
49:
40:
21:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5003:
4970:
4942:Escape velocity
4923:
4875:
4842:Space telescope
4795:Reentry capsule
4757:
4697:
4602:
4573:Overview effect
4556:Bioastronautics
4513:
4401:
4235:
4230:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4172:
4168:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4111:
4107:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3989:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3649:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3509:Virgin Galactic
3502:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3455:Nicolina Elrick
3428:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:Clint Kelly III
3372:
3370:Vanessa O'Brien
3368:
3364:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3324:Jaison Robinson
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3218:Michael Strahan
3216:
3213:
3186:
3184:
3180:William Shatner
3178:
3174:
3172:Chris Boshuizen
3170:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3094:
3092:
3057:
3055:
3025:
3023:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2953:
2951:
2921:
2919:
2887:
2885:
2853:
2851:
2808:
2737:
2672:
2632:
2593:Virgin Galactic
2531:
2529:Tourist flights
2502:
2458:
2456:Flight profiles
2447:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2403:
2401:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2301:
2282:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2230:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2149:
2130:
2107:
2093:
2090:
2073:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
1993:
1989:
1966:
1964:
1941:
1927:
1924:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1863:
1846:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1791:
1780:semi-major axis
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1707:
1705:Flight duration
1695:Rocket equation
1680:
1678:
1636:
1625:
1623:
1612:
1588:
1577:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1554:speed at launch
1552:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1506:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1402:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1190:semi-major axis
1188:
1168:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1023:
960:.) The maximum
938:
911:
910:
903:
900:
899:
874:
869:
864:
861:
860:
844:
841:
840:
807:
804:
803:
781:
776:
760:
755:
744:
741:
740:
722:
719:
718:
705:semi-major axis
674:
658:astronaut wings
615:
591:low Earth orbit
564:launch vehicles
545:escape velocity
491:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
423:
347:X-15 Flight 197
334:X-15 Flight 191
332:
330:X-15 Flight 190
317:X-15 Flight 174
304:X-15 Flight 153
302:
300:X-15 Flight 150
298:
296:X-15 Flight 143
294:
292:X-15 Flight 138
277:
217:
195:
173:
169:
147:
143:
103:
81:
46:sounding rocket
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5068:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5020:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Ground station
4986:
4980:
4978:
4976:Ground segment
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Interplanetary
4906:
4905:
4904:
4902:Geosynchronous
4899:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4869:Gravity assist
4866:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4800:Service module
4797:
4792:
4790:Orbital module
4782:
4777:
4775:Launch vehicle
4771:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4753:Space sexology
4750:
4745:
4743:Space medicine
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:Weightlessness
4575:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Space research
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4435:Reconnaissance
4432:
4427:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:European Union
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4197:
4166:
4163:on 2008-01-10.
4148:
4131:
4105:
4063:
4034:
4005:
3996:
3971:
3964:
3946:
3916:
3885:
3876:
3862:
3835:(7): 494–496.
3819:
3794:
3763:
3734:
3731:on 2010-09-26.
3716:
3705:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:interplanetary
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Rocketplane XP
3628:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Canadian Arrow
3577:
3576:
3560:
3557:
3543:entities like
3501:
3498:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3466:
3465:Ephraim Rabin
3463:Karsen Kitchen
3461:Eiman Jahangir
3453:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3424:
3421:Carol Schaller
3411:Sylvain Chiron
3407:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3378:
3366:Mário Ferreira
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3330:
3328:Victor Vescovo
3318:Hamish Harding
3309:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3280:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3232:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3182:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3136:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:Ansari X-Prize
3066:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2987:
2981:Vasili Lazarev
2978:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2949:
2946:
2944:X-15 Flight 91
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2917:
2912:
2910:X-15 Flight 90
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2883:
2881:Virgil Grissom
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2788:
2777:
2766:rhesus macaque
2759:
2749:
2736:
2733:
2676:X-20 Dyna-Soar
2671:
2668:
2631:
2628:
2604:WhiteKnightTwo
2558:in the 1940s.
2546:weightlessness
2530:
2527:
2501:
2498:
2457:
2454:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:time of flight
2022:
2021:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1706:
1703:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
969:Ansari X Prize
946:astrodynamical
937:
934:
917:
914:
908:
880:
877:
873:
868:
848:
831:Almost always
811:
784:
780:
775:
772:
766:
763:
759:
754:
751:
748:
726:
686:orbit equation
682:elliptic orbit
673:
670:
614:
611:
507:
506:
501:
498:
495:
485:
484:
479:
476:
473:
443:
442:
437:
434:
431:
413:
412:
409:
406:
396:
395:
390:
387:
384:
374:
373:
368:
365:
362:
356:
355:
352:
349:
343:
342:
339:
336:
326:
325:
322:
319:
313:
312:
309:
306:
288:
287:
284:
281:
279:X-15 Flight 87
275:X-15 Flight 77
271:
270:
265:
262:
259:
257:X-15 Flight 62
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
228:
227:
224:
221:
211:
210:
207:
204:
189:
188:
183:
180:
177:
163:
162:
157:
154:
151:
137:
136:
131:
128:
125:
119:
118:
113:
110:
107:
105:X-15 Flight 91
101:X-15 Flight 90
97:
96:
94:Cape Canaveral
91:
88:
85:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
44:Black Brant IX
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5067:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Direct ascent
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4919:Intergalactic
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Rocket engine
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:Space capsule
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Space nursing
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:Health issues
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Space Shuttle
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Space tourism
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4509:Space weather
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Space command
4371:
4370:
4369:
4368:Space warfare
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4329:United States
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Astrodynamics
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4144:3-8118-4341-9
4141:
4135:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4000:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3967:
3965:9783709106488
3961:
3957:
3950:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3880:
3873:. NASA NSSDC.
3872:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3753:on 2011-08-09
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Quad (rocket)
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:DH-1 (rocket)
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3551:also attempt
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3494:
3493:the SVG file,
3489:
3480:
3478:
3477:United States
3467:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:United States
3425:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:United States
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:United States
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:United States
3281:
3279:
3273:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:United States
3233:
3231:Cameron Bess
3229:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:United States
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:Glen de Vries
3173:
3169:
3168:Audrey Powers
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:United States
3137:
3135:
3134:Oliver Daemen
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:United States
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:United States
3054:
3052:Mike Melvill
3051:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:United States
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:United States
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:United States
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:United States
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:United States
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2695:space tourism
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:liquid fueled
2644:
2640:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2615:hybrid rocket
2612:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2578:Rick Searfoss
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2435:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2011:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1902:area fraction
1892:
1890:
1885:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1535:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1441:
1430:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1287:
1274:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
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958:Oberth effect
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737:is given by:
724:
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710:is more than
709:
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669:
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659:
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651:
650:orbital speed
647:
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518:
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19:
4929:Space launch
4914:Interstellar
4886:
4880:Destinations
4649:Apollo–Soyuz
4598:Space diving
4583:Space toilet
4407:Applications
4324:Soviet Union
4284:Space policy
4279:Space launch
4188:. Retrieved
4179:
4169:
4161:the original
4151:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4118:
4108:
4083:
4079:
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4045:
4037:
4026:. Retrieved
4017:
4008:
3999:
3988:. Retrieved
3974:
3955:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3928:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3898:
3888:
3879:
3865:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3806:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3776:
3766:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:the original
3737:
3729:the original
3719:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3690:
3680:
3666:intergalatic
3662:interstellar
3503:
3418:Kenneth Hess
3377:Steve Young
3275:George Nield
3267:Sharon Hagle
3222:Dylan Taylor
3088:Brian Binnie
3019:Mike Melvill
2998:Soviet Union
2985:Oleg Makarov
2847:Alan Shepard
2809:
2723:
2699:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2664:microgravity
2633:
2609:
2598:
2589:Virgin Group
2582:
2571:
2560:
2550:
2538:
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2503:
2480:
2472:
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2012:
1893:
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1275:
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1052:
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1031:
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1017:
997:
981:
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966:
939:
897:
836:
832:
830:
801:
739:
711:
707:
696:
675:
627:
603:
588:
576:SpaceShipTwo
549:
512:
510:
448:
426:
418:
401:
379:
235:space border
199:
57:space border
4887:Sub-orbital
4822:Space probe
4688:New Shepard
4666:Shuttle–Mir
4425:Archaeology
4378:Space force
4361:Moon Treaty
4233:Spaceflight
3624:program by
3521:Blue Origin
3459:Eugene Grin
3447:2024-08-29
3409:Mason Angel
3401:2024-05-19
3362:Coby Cotton
3353:2022-08-04
3303:2022-06-04
3272:Jim Kitchen
3264:Marty Allen
3255:2022-03-31
3205:2021-12-11
3159:2021-10-13
3113:2021-07-20
3079:2004-10-04
3044:2004-09-29
3010:2004-06-21
2972:1975-04-05
2940:1963-08-22
2906:1963-07-19
2872:1961-07-21
2838:1961-05-05
2818:Date (GMT)
2799:flight test
2400:approaches
1742:space probe
1722:boost phase
1005:spaceflight
666:spaceflight
593:, and then
556:Kármán line
525:outer space
517:spaceflight
493:Galactic 07
489:Galactic 06
471:Galactic 05
467:Galactic 04
463:Galactic 03
459:Galactic 02
455:Galactic 01
360:Soyuz MS-10
268:Edwards AFB
116:Edwards AFB
18:Sub-orbital
5044:Categories
4956:Launch pad
4947:Expendable
4897:Geocentric
4864:Solar sail
4807:Spaceplane
4767:Spacecraft
4561:Space suit
4539:commercial
4467:Television
4262:Space Race
4028:2015-11-28
3990:2013-08-14
3757:2017-09-14
3672:References
3541:Non-profit
3537:hypersonic
3375:Sara Sabry
3269:Marc Hagle
3130:Wally Funk
3126:Mark Bezos
3122:Jeff Bezos
2746:PeenemĂĽnde
2718:California
2702:SpaceLiner
2636:scientific
2599:Enterprise
2514:PeenemĂĽnde
2493:mothership
2352:asymptotic
1476:major axis
1111:minor axis
1061:major axis
989:V-2 rocket
607:space guns
529:trajectory
527:, but its
521:spacecraft
186:Corn Ranch
4966:Spaceport
4817:Satellite
4534:Astronaut
4462:Telephone
4415:Astronomy
4336:Space law
4289:Australia
4119:Teslarati
3925:"Megaroc"
3857:225017449
3807:state.gov
3725:"Martlet"
3692:SpaceNews
3641:XCOR Lynx
3545:ARCASPACE
3414:Ed Dwight
3311:Evan Dick
3228:Lane Bess
3225:Evan Dick
2976:Soyuz 18a
2764:, a male
2762:Albert II
2710:Australia
2689:flights,
2583:In 2005,
2525:(IRBMs).
2310:θ
2307:
2299:θ
2296:
2274:θ
2271:
2257:θ
2254:
2245:
2218:θ
2215:
2158:θ
2155:
2147:θ
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2121:θ
2118:
2104:θ
2101:
2088:
2061:θ
2058:
1991:π
1986:θ
1983:
1977:θ
1974:
1955:θ
1952:
1938:θ
1935:
1922:
1914:π
1861:π
1834:θ
1831:
1803:×
1740:'s first
1734:Pioneer 1
1650:θ
1647:
1633:θ
1630:
1602:θ
1599:
1585:θ
1582:
1568:μ
1544:Δ
1520:θ
1517:
1503:θ
1500:
1486:μ
1473:μ
1468:−
1460:μ
1400:−
1387:π
1379:θ
1371:
1332:θ
1327:
1314:−
1305:θ
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1259:θ
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1247:θ
1244:
1183:θ
1177:
1156:θ
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1137:θ
1134:
1083:θ
1080:
907:μ
872:μ
867:−
847:ϵ
810:μ
779:μ
774:−
758:μ
753:−
747:ε
725:ϵ
644:from the
634:sea level
560:sea level
251:Location
123:Soyuz 18a
73:Location
55:-defined
5018:Category
4683:Tiangong
4678:Shenzhou
4607:Programs
4452:Internet
4257:Timeline
4184:Archived
4180:BBC News
4050:Archived
4022:Archived
3984:Archived
3933:Archived
3903:Archived
3781:Archived
3777:nasa.gov
3647:See also
3533:scramjet
3507:such as
3457:Rob Ferl
3278:Gary Lai
2830:Remarks
2827:Country
2821:Mission
2796:Starship
2729:Starship
2691:military
2450: km
2442: km
2430: km
2422: km
2406: km
1683: km
1438: km
1040: km
1028: km
985:distance
714:/2. The
678:freefall
630:altitude
595:de-orbit
523:reaches
4892:Orbital
4693:Artemis
4624:Voskhod
4619:Mercury
4527:General
4267:Records
4252:History
4240:General
4088:Bibcode
3899:bbc.com
3837:Bibcode
3654:orbital
3535:-based
2790:SpaceX
2781:Energia
2779:USSR –
2687:courier
2587:of the
2552:Megaroc
2541:engines
2452:long).
1669:(where
954:rockets
942:delta-v
824:is the
701:ellipse
690:perigee
676:During
537:orbital
451:Unity25
429:Unity22
421:Unity21
248:Flights
70:Flights
5029:Portal
5022:
5011:
4827:Lander
4780:Rocket
4644:Skylab
4639:Apollo
4629:Gemini
4614:Vostok
4319:Russia
4142:
4124:31 May
3962:
3855:
3698:20 Jul
3586:CORONA
3553:rocket
3517:Airbus
3474:
3432:
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3098:
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2785:Polyus
2752:Bumper
2725:SpaceX
2714:Europe
2563:VR-190
2242:arccos
2085:arcsin
1919:arcsin
1887:Using
1766:period
1715:flight
1701:pole.
802:where
688:. The
656:award
4832:Rover
4634:Soyuz
4457:Radio
4314:Japan
4309:India
4294:China
4190:4 May
4076:(PDF)
4056:4 May
4014:"ch2"
3939:4 May
3909:4 May
3853:S2CID
3812:4 May
3787:4 May
2824:Crew
2792:IFT-3
2651:space
2606:, or
962:speed
835:<
672:Orbit
580:ICBMs
552:Earth
515:is a
497:2024
475:2023
449:Unity
433:2021
427:Unity
419:Unity
404:VF-01
402:Unity
382:VP-03
380:Unity
223:2024
4994:Pass
4949:and
4192:2018
4140:ISBN
4126:2019
4058:2018
3960:ISBN
3941:2018
3911:2018
3814:2018
3789:2018
3700:2021
3664:and
3626:JAXA
3547:and
3529:NASA
3523:and
2700:The
2608:VMS
2597:VSS
2518:USSR
2490:B-52
1746:Moon
1738:NASA
1736:was
973:km/s
950:fuel
944:(an
771:>
654:NASA
582:and
574:and
572:X-15
447:VSS
425:VSS
417:VSS
408:2019
400:VSS
386:2018
378:VSS
364:2018
351:1968
338:1967
321:1966
308:1965
283:1963
261:1962
245:Year
242:Name
206:2022
179:2021
153:2004
127:1975
109:1963
87:1961
67:Year
64:Name
4661:Mir
4096:doi
3845:doi
3444:16
3398:15
3350:14
3300:13
3252:12
3202:11
3156:10
2712:to
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2567:V-2
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2428:500
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2404:000
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2304:sin
2293:cos
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2251:cos
2212:sin
2152:sin
2141:cos
2115:sin
2098:sin
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1980:sin
1971:cos
1949:sin
1932:sin
1828:sin
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