557:, to apply his cybernetic theories in government. The project's ultimate goal was to create a network of computers and communications equipment that would support the management of the state-run sector of Chile's economy; at its core would be an operations room where government managers could view important information about economic processes in real time, formulate plans of action, and transmit advice and directives to managers at plants and enterprises in the field. However, consistent with cybernetic principles and the ideals of the Allende government, its designers aimed to preserve worker and lower-management autonomy instead of implementing a top-down system of centralised control. The system used a network of about 500
446:
1468:
260:
2626:
492:
245:
2638:
33:
353:
2650:
539:
611:. A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic description that is applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy.
619:
Syntegrity is a formal model presented by Beer in the 1990s and now is a registered trademark. It is a form of non-hierarchical problem solving that can be used in a small team of 10 to 42 people. It is a business consultation product that is licensed out to consulting firms. The term comes from the
651:
the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment or sheer ignorance of circumstances." This principle
199:
Beer did not use his given first name "Anthony", instead preferring his middle name of âStafford.â His younger brother Ian also shared this middle name. When Ian was sixteen, Beer persuaded his brother to sign a document promising not to use âStaffordâ as part of his name because Beer âwanted the
569:
that would receive information on production operations, feed that information into economic modelling software, and report on variables (such as raw material supplies) that were outside normal parameters and might require attention. The project, implemented by a multidisciplinary group of both
583:
471:. The sessions covered art, science and philosophy as well as the practical application of cybernetics in society, government, community, management and business. Transcripts were made of the discussions and are also available from the same repository.
642:
Stafford Beer coined and frequently used the term POSIWID (the purpose of a system is what it does) to refer to the commonly observed phenomenon that the de facto purpose of a system is often at odds with its official purpose. In an address to the
794:
The 1973 Massey
Lectures RADIO CANADA INTERNATIONAL TRANSCRIPTION: E1121 "The Real Threat to all We Most Dear", E1122 "The Disregarded Tools of Modern Man", E1123, "A Liberty Machine in Prototype" E1124, "Science in The Service of Man" 1h
755:; Poems, Second edition (much extended). With audio cassettes: Transit â Selected Readings, and one Person Metagame; Mitchell Communications, Publisher, 2693 Route 845, Carters Point, NB, Canada, E5S 1S2.
2950:
2688:
212:
and persuaded the management to fund an operational research group, the
Department of Operations Research and Cybernetics, which he headed. This was based in Cybor House, and they installed a
2859:
2681:
524:, which "held out the promise that the behavior of whole systems could be represented and understood through modeling the dynamical feedback process going on within them".
313:. According to another senior member of the Cybersyn team, Herman Schwember, Beer's political background and readings completely derived from works written by Trotsky and
2915:
2674:
417:
where he lived in an almost austere style, developing strong interests in poetry and art. In the 1980s he established a second home on the west side of downtown
652:
has been used to describe Social
Machines as intelligent, for example in the case of "games with a purpose", and it provides a link between AI and cybernetics.
421:
and lived part of the year in both residences. He was a visiting professor at almost 30 universities and received an earned higher doctorate (DSc) from the
1481:
879:
1141:
1489:
2925:
2940:
1377:
661:
2890:
302:-based communication network to allow the government to maximise production while preserving the autonomy of workers and lower management.
2905:
479:
He was married twice, in 1947 to
Cynthia Hannaway, and in 1968 to Sallie Steadman. His partner for the last twenty years of his life was
463:. Nine sessions were recorded as a video learning resource, and are collectively known as the Falcondale collection. They are available
2039:
1281:
1438:
2910:
637:
1756:
2606:
673:
2945:
1574:
1353:
1205:
1178:
988:
713:, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, Herder and Herder, USA.Translated into German, Italian, Swedish, French and Russian.
1538:
Systems & Cybernetics in
Organisations (SCiO) â "focus on practice and members support activities." accessed 3 July 2009
2817:
2697:
2081:
1195:
1168:
1498:
791:
2590:
1065:
720:, CBC Learning Systems, Toronto, 1974; and John Wiley, London and New York, 1975. Translated into Spanish and Japanese.
1442:
2935:
2930:
2900:
483:, a fellow cybernetician. Beer had five sons and two daughters, one of whom is Vanilla Beer, an artist and essayist.
400:
236:(IPC). He left IPC in 1970 to work as an independent consultant, focusing on his growing interest in social systems.
1300:
382:
2419:
669:
468:
2654:
1653:
748:; Second Edition (much extended), John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted 1986, 1988. Translated into Russian.
504:
According to
Jackson (2000) "Beer was the first to apply cybernetics to management, defining cybernetics as the
2580:
550:
378:
374:
890:; (Selected writings of Stafford Beer with life chronology), Foreword by Brian Eno, Wavestone Press, Charlbury
571:
2585:
2032:
2920:
1623:
1552:
1130:
2955:
1486:
1030:
229:
1851:
188:, staying there until 1947, when he returned to England and was assigned to the Human factors Branch of
2434:
2286:
1633:
1509:
823:
124:
445:
1567:
161:
156:, who shared a birthday with his mother, Doris Ethel Beer. At age 17 Stafford Beer was expelled from
762:; John Wiley, London and New York. Translated into Italian and Japanese. Reprinted 1988, 1990, 1991.
2630:
2025:
2001:
1693:
644:
434:
430:
422:
363:
2666:
287:, for advice on applying his cybernetic theories to the management of the state-run sector of the
2895:
1668:
1598:
1542:
367:
2314:
968:
842:
How Many Grapes Went into the Wine: Stafford Beer on the Art and
Science of Holisitic Management
508:". In the 1960s and early 1970s "Beer was a prolific writer and an influential practitioner" in
2642:
2334:
2137:
1991:
1881:
1736:
1683:
1608:
1473:
1165:"Beer also read Trotsky and found inspiration in Trotsky's critique of the Soviet bureaucracy".
509:
209:
132:
108:
224:
In 1961 he left United Steel to start an operational research consultancy in partnership with
2763:
2751:
2715:
2611:
2324:
2194:
1981:
1786:
926:
867:
169:
2885:
2880:
2474:
2449:
2404:
2252:
2247:
2209:
2184:
1861:
1560:
1108:
517:
324:
128:
104:
8:
2757:
2709:
2349:
2242:
2006:
1946:
1906:
1708:
1688:
1648:
1278:
803:
665:
595:
587:
513:
426:
280:
232:(Science in General Management). Beer left SIGMA in 1966 to work for a SIGMA client, the
189:
153:
865:
2004, "Ten pints of Beer: The rationale of
Stafford Beer's cybernetic books (1959â94)",
2805:
2793:
2775:
2479:
2414:
2394:
2384:
2344:
2329:
2304:
2262:
2257:
2111:
2101:
2096:
1911:
1886:
1826:
1751:
1678:
1628:
1371:
877:
2006, Jonathan
Rosenhead, "IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame Stafford Beer", in
566:
2847:
2637:
2544:
2459:
2399:
2369:
2294:
2152:
2147:
2071:
1936:
1831:
1791:
1390:
1359:
1349:
1201:
1174:
1061:
984:
570:
Chileans and foreigners, reached an advanced prototype stage, but was interrupted by
252:
177:
561:
machines located at enterprises throughout the country and in government offices in
2829:
2799:
2539:
2409:
2271:
2222:
2204:
1976:
1926:
1871:
1806:
1796:
1726:
1703:
1514:
1434:
1326:
976:
601:
533:
521:
456:
449:
327:
in 1973, Beer continued to work in the
Americas, consulting for the governments of
321:
288:
284:
248:
213:
1533:
The Metaphorum Group â Developing Stafford Beer's Legacy in Management Cybernetics
2841:
2811:
2787:
2727:
2509:
2494:
2469:
2444:
2364:
2359:
2319:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2142:
2091:
2048:
1966:
1956:
1856:
1841:
1821:
1816:
1801:
1781:
1741:
1731:
1658:
1527:
1493:
1304:
1285:
1131:"Fanfare for Effective Freedom: Cybernetic Praxis in Government by Stafford Beer"
837:
562:
480:
272:
181:
173:
165:
157:
1487:
Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile
980:
275:, then a high-ranking member of the Chilean Production Development Corporation (
2835:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2524:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2454:
2379:
2374:
2339:
2299:
2267:
2189:
2174:
2106:
2076:
1961:
1921:
1916:
1891:
1866:
1836:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1746:
1698:
1643:
1603:
267:
influenced Beerâs shifting political views and the design of the Cybersyn model
1503:
1363:
1330:
1082:
817:
2874:
2769:
2721:
2549:
2464:
2424:
2309:
2132:
2116:
1986:
1971:
1941:
1896:
1876:
1846:
1718:
1638:
1408:
921:
852:
648:
516:, to diagnose the faults in any existing organizational system. In that time
225:
1444:
The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems
872:
2745:
2529:
2429:
2354:
1996:
1901:
1776:
1618:
1582:
946:
310:
306:
264:
553:, in the early 1970s, Beer was closely involved with a visionary project,
152:, London in 1927. His father was William John Beer, chief statistician at
2823:
2781:
2739:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2439:
2179:
2066:
1931:
1811:
1673:
1613:
1584:
1297:
1112:
621:
437:. He was president of the World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics.
314:
259:
1403:
538:
2733:
2534:
2389:
1439:"The Science of the Unknowable: Stafford Beer's Cybernetic Informatics"
770:
625:
605:
193:
1517:
from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
1197:
Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile
1170:
Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile
826:
Stafford Beer at Monterrey Tec, March 1990 illustrated by Javier Livas
244:
216:
computer, the first in the world dedicated to management cybernetics.
2199:
2086:
1663:
491:
336:
233:
32:
352:
2696:
1116:
862:; (Includes an interview with Brian Eno) Wavestone Press, Charlbury
741:, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1988.
727:, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1978.
554:
542:
460:
317:. Although, Schwember himself disapproved of Trotsky's approach.
295:
196:. In 1949, he was demobilised, having reached the rank of captain.
120:
2017:
888:
Think Before you Think: Social Complexity and Knowledge of Knowing
895:
734:; Poems, CWRW Press, Wales. Limited Edition, Private Circulation.
418:
332:
320:
Although Cybersyn was abandoned after Allende's death during the
2951:
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences
1543:
Introduction to the Viable Systems Model and use in Cooperatives
1224:
464:
2056:
969:"Beer: Functional Design Principles for Viable Infrastructures"
799:
608:
328:
149:
64:
60:
1532:
1482:
Stafford Beer papers held at Liverpool John Moores University
558:
414:
299:
276:
185:
1346:
The shortcut: why intelligent machines do not think like us
704:
Management Science: The business use of operations research
305:
Beer also was reported to have read and been influenced by
1547:
1537:
2861:
International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents
1011:
Rosenhead, Jonathan (2003). "Stafford Beer, 1926-2002".
565:, some of which were connected to a government-operated
1060:(Pbk. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
664:
in 1958, from the United Kingdom Systems Society, the
582:
294:
This led to Beer's involvement in the never-completed
1404:"Stafford Beer: the man who could have run the world"
849:"Stafford Beer: the man who could have run the world"
1463:
647:, Spain in October 2001, he said "According to the
614:
164:before leaving to join the army as a Gunner in the
119:(25 September 1926 â 23 August 2002) was a British
2916:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
1441:, in Rayward, W. Boyd; Bowden, Mary Ellen (eds.),
1004:
880:International Transactions in Operational Research
512:. It was during that period that he developed the
455:In July 1994 Beer ran a residential course at the
1433:
1231:. Liverpool John Moores University. December 1994
806:in London, January 1990 (audio file: 1hr 27mins).
604:of the organisational structure of any viable or
127:. He is best known for his work in the fields of
2872:
1058:The cybernetic brain: sketches of another future
966:
778:Beyond Dispute: The Invention of Team Syntegrity
684:Stafford Beer wrote several books and articles:
1317:Beer, Stafford (2002). "What is cybernetics?".
16:British management consultant and cyberneticist
2682:
2033:
1568:
1447:, Medford, New Jersey: Information Today, Inc
1396:
662:Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
1583:Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in
298:project, which aimed to use computers and a
160:. He enrolled for a degree in philosophy at
1343:
1013:Journal of the Operational Research Society
706:, Aldus Books, London, Doubleday, New York.
551:administration of Salvador Allende in Chile
381:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2689:
2675:
2040:
2026:
1575:
1561:
1376:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1307:, syntegrity.com; accessed 22 August 2015.
1225:"Stafford Beer: The Falcondale Collection"
871:, Vol. 33 No. 3/4, pp. 828â842.
31:
1499:Stafford Beer Biography from Vanilla Beer
1288:, metaphorum.org; retrieved October 2007.
1256:
1055:
1010:
873:https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410523724
847:2002, Rosemary Bechler and Rob Passmore,
499:
401:Learn how and when to remove this message
1107:Third Richard Goodman Memorial Lecture,
1049:
581:
537:
490:
444:
440:
258:
243:
1219:
1217:
893:
760:Diagnosing the System for Organizations
638:The purpose of a system is what it does
2926:British Army personnel of World War II
2873:
1505:"What is Cybernetics?" by Javier Livas
1193:
1166:
1074:
967:Achterberg, Jan; Vriens, Dirk (2010).
802:, Gordon Hyde Memorial Lecture at the
674:Operations Research Society of America
577:
2941:Indian Army personnel of World War II
2670:
2021:
1556:
1273:
1271:
1253:, English Universities Press, p. 150.
975:. Springer Berlin. pp. 181â225.
495:Sketch for a cybernetic factory, 1959
2698:Society for General Systems Research
2649:
1316:
1214:
1128:
773:), Oxford University Press, Toronto.
413:In the mid-1970s, Beer moved to mid-
379:adding citations to reliable sources
346:
271:In mid-1971, Beer was approached by
234:International Publishing Corporation
2891:Alumni of University College London
2591:Systems theory in political science
2047:
1393:, Cwarel Isaf Institute, Juli 2000.
1129:Beer, Stafford (14 February 1973).
1080:
947:"Manchester Business School Alumni"
600:The Viable System Model (VSM) is a
251:was an early form of computational
13:
2906:People educated at Whitgift School
1515:Biography of Anthony Stafford Beer
1427:
1268:
1023:
939:
123:, consultant and professor at the
96:Theorist, consultant and professor
14:
2967:
1459:
1298:Syntegration: The Science webpage
506:science of effective organization
425:and honorary doctorates from the
342:
2648:
2636:
2625:
2624:
1548:Web site of the cybersyn project
1466:
1264:Systems Approaches to Management
1194:Medina, Eden (10 January 2014).
1167:Medina, Eden (10 January 2014).
860:Stafford Beer: A Personal Memoir
670:American Society for Cybernetics
615:Syntegration and Team Syntegrity
469:Liverpool John Moores University
351:
200:âcopyrightâ of Stafford Beer.â
1654:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
1384:
1337:
1310:
1291:
1243:
1187:
1147:from the original on 3 May 2018
883:Vol 13, nr.6, pp. 577â581.
263:Leon Trotskyâs critique of the
203:
2911:British operations researchers
2581:Systems theory in anthropology
1159:
1122:
1101:
960:
886:2009, Whittaker, David, (Ed.)
660:Beer received awards from the
474:
1:
2586:Systems theory in archaeology
1083:"Stafford's Curriculum Vitae"
932:
894:Morozov, Evgeny (July 2023).
692:, English Universities Press.
679:
527:
143:
2946:Royal Gurkha Rifles officers
1528:Cybernetics Society Memorial
819:The Intelligent Organization
800:"Forty Years of Cybernetics"
154:Lloyd's Register of Shipping
138:
7:
1344:Cristianini, Nello (2023).
1262:Michael C. Jackson (2000),
1031:"Obituaries: Stafford Beer"
981:10.1007/978-3-642-14316-8_6
915:
586:Principal functions of the
239:
10:
2972:
1634:Computational neuroscience
1391:Bibliography Stafford Beer
1325:(2). MCB UP Ltd: 209â219.
1200:. MIT Press. p. 292.
1173:. MIT Press. p. 292.
1056:Pickering, Andrew (2011).
690:Cybernetics and Management
635:
631:
593:
531:
467:at the Data Repository of
168:in 1944. He soon received
125:Manchester Business School
2857:
2705:
2620:
2599:
2573:
2285:
2218:
2170:
2161:
2125:
2082:Coupled humanâenvironment
2055:
1717:
1591:
1331:10.1108/03684920210417283
1251:Cybernetic and Management
844:; John Wiley, Chichester.
780:; John Wiley, Chichester.
655:
162:University College London
100:
92:
84:
72:
42:
30:
23:
2936:Royal Fusiliers officers
2931:Royal Artillery soldiers
2901:Organizational theorists
1807:Charles Geoffrey Vickers
1694:Second-order cybernetics
1284:27 February 2008 at the
1089:. Universidad del BioBio
1087:Guido Cabezas Fuentealba
858:2003, Whittaker, David,
645:University of Valladolid
435:University of Valladolid
431:University of St. Gallen
423:University of Sunderland
219:
2415:Charles A. S. Hall
1669:Engineering cybernetics
1599:Artificial intelligence
1303:15 October 2008 at the
739:The Heart of Enterprise
486:
279:) in the newly elected
2335:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1992:Walter Bradford Cannon
1882:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
1737:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
1684:Management cybernetics
1609:Biomedical cybernetics
1604:Biological cybernetics
1474:Systems science portal
591:
546:
510:management cybernetics
500:Management cybernetics
496:
452:
268:
256:
133:management cybernetics
109:management cybernetics
2612:Principia Cybernetica
2325:Anthony Stafford Beer
2195:Sociotechnical system
1952:Anthony Stafford Beer
1787:Ernst von Glasersfeld
927:Variety (cybernetics)
836:1994, Harnden, R and
816:1990, Stafford Beer,
798:1990, Stafford Beer,
790:1973, Stafford Beer.
585:
545:operations room, 1972
541:
494:
448:
441:Falcondale Collection
262:
247:
117:Anthony Stafford Beer
47:Anthony Stafford Beer
2475:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2450:Edward Norton Lorenz
2405:Jay Wright Forrester
2210:World-systems theory
2185:Earth system science
1982:Valentin Braitenberg
1862:Jay Wright Forrester
1492:27 June 2017 at the
1109:Brighton Polytechnic
769:: The Thread; (with
697:Decision and Control
572:the 1973 coup d'Ă©tat
375:improve this section
281:socialist government
129:operational research
105:Operational research
37:Stafford Beer (1990)
2921:British consultants
2350:Kenneth E. Boulding
2007:William Grey Walter
1947:Sergei P. Kurdyumov
1907:N. Katherine Hayles
1689:Medical cybernetics
1649:Conversation theory
1229:opendata.ljmu.ac.uk
896:"The Santiago Boys"
831:About Stafford Beer
804:Cybernetics Society
792:"Designing Freedom"
767:Pebbles to Computer
725:Platform for Change
666:Cybernetics Society
596:Viable system model
588:Viable System Model
578:Viable System Model
514:viable system model
427:University of Leeds
309:'s critique of the
190:Operations research
2956:People from Putney
2794:Heinz von Foerster
2776:James Grier Miller
2752:Lawrence Slobodkin
2716:Charles McClelland
2480:James Grier Miller
2435:Faina M. Kirillova
2395:Heinz von Foerster
2385:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2345:Alexander Bogdanov
2330:Richard E. Bellman
2305:William Ross Ashby
1987:William Ross Ashby
1912:Natalia Bekhtereva
1887:Maleyka Abbaszadeh
1827:Heinz von Foerster
1752:Buckminster Fuller
1679:Information theory
1629:Catastrophe theory
592:
567:mainframe computer
547:
497:
453:
311:Soviet bureaucracy
269:
257:
208:In 1956 he joined
2868:
2867:
2848:Russell L. Ackoff
2664:
2663:
2545:Manuela M. Veloso
2460:Humberto Maturana
2400:Stephanie Forrest
2370:C. West Churchman
2295:Russell L. Ackoff
2281:
2280:
2153:Positive feedback
2148:Negative feedback
2015:
2014:
1937:Ranulph Glanville
1852:Jakob von UexkĂŒll
1832:Humberto Maturana
1792:Francis Heylighen
1435:Pickering, Andrew
1355:978-1-003-33581-8
1207:978-0-262-52596-1
1180:978-0-262-52596-1
1119:14 February 1973.
990:978-3-642-14315-1
900:The Santiago Boys
855:, 7 November 2002
746:Brain of the Firm
718:Designing Freedom
711:Brain Of The Firm
411:
410:
403:
253:economic planning
184:. Beer served in
182:9th Gurkha Rifles
178:company commander
148:Beer was born in
114:
113:
57:25 September 1926
2963:
2830:John N. Warfield
2800:Geoffrey Vickers
2710:Kenneth Boulding
2691:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2540:Francisco Varela
2272:Systems thinking
2205:Urban metabolism
2168:
2167:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2002:Warren McCulloch
1977:Valentin Turchin
1927:Pyotr Grigorenko
1872:John N. Warfield
1797:Francisco Varela
1757:Charles François
1727:Alexander Lerner
1704:Sociocybernetics
1624:Neurocybernetics
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1506:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1081:Cabezas, Guido.
1078:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1037:. 28 August 2002
1027:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
943:
911:
909:
907:
820:
699:, Wiley, London.
534:Project Cybersyn
522:systems dynamics
457:Falcondale Hotel
450:Falcondale House
406:
399:
395:
392:
386:
355:
347:
285:Salvador Allende
249:Project Cybersyn
214:Ferranti Pegasus
176:, and then as a
79:
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2853:
2842:Peter Checkland
2806:Richard Ericson
2788:Kjell Samuelson
2728:Anatol Rapaport
2701:
2695:
2665:
2660:
2616:
2595:
2569:
2510:Anatol Rapoport
2495:Talcott Parsons
2470:Donella Meadows
2445:Allenna Leonard
2365:Mary Cartwright
2360:Kathleen Carley
2320:Gregory Bateson
2315:BĂ©la H. BĂĄnĂĄthy
2277:
2214:
2163:
2157:
2143:Limiting factor
2138:Leverage points
2121:
2059:
2051:
2049:Systems science
2046:
2016:
2011:
1967:Talcott Parsons
1957:Stuart Kauffman
1857:Jason Jixuan Hu
1842:Igor Aleksander
1822:Gregory Bateson
1817:Gordon S. Brown
1802:Frederic Vester
1782:Erich von Holst
1742:Allenna Leonard
1732:Alexey Lyapunov
1713:
1659:Decision theory
1587:
1581:
1504:
1494:Wayback Machine
1472:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1448:
1430:
1428:Further reading
1425:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1342:
1338:
1315:
1311:
1305:Wayback Machine
1296:
1292:
1286:Wayback Machine
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:Stafford Beer,
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
991:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
944:
940:
935:
918:
905:
903:
818:
682:
658:
640:
634:
617:
598:
580:
536:
530:
502:
489:
481:Allenna Leonard
477:
443:
407:
396:
390:
387:
372:
356:
345:
289:Chilean economy
273:Fernando Flores
242:
222:
206:
174:Royal Fusiliers
172:, first in the
166:Royal Artillery
158:Whitgift School
146:
141:
77:
68:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Cyberneticists
2893:
2888:
2883:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2836:John A. Dillon
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2565:Anthony Wilden
2562:
2560:Jennifer Wilby
2557:
2555:Norbert Wiener
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Claude Shannon
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Ilya Prigogine
2497:
2492:
2490:Howard T. Odum
2487:
2485:Radhika Nagpal
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Niklas Luhmann
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:George Dantzig
2377:
2375:Manfred Clynes
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Margaret Boden
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Victor Aladjev
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:Living systems
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Control theory
2171:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Stuart Umpleby
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Norbert Wiener
1919:
1917:Niklas Luhmann
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Manfred Clynes
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Jennifer Wilby
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:I. A. Richards
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Claude Bernard
1769:
1767:Margaret Boden
1764:
1762:Genevieve Bell
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Anthony Wilden
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1719:Cyberneticians
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Cybersemiotics
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Control theory
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1501:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1461:
1460:External links
1458:
1457:
1456:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1395:
1383:
1354:
1348:. Boca Raton.
1336:
1309:
1290:
1267:
1255:
1242:
1213:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1158:
1121:
1100:
1073:
1067:978-0226667904
1066:
1048:
1022:
1003:
989:
959:
937:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
924:
917:
914:
913:
912:
891:
884:
875:
863:
856:
845:
833:
832:
828:
827:
813:
812:
808:
807:
796:
787:
786:
782:
781:
774:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
681:
678:
657:
654:
636:Main article:
633:
630:
616:
613:
594:Main article:
579:
576:
532:Main article:
529:
526:
501:
498:
488:
485:
476:
473:
442:
439:
409:
408:
359:
357:
350:
344:
343:Later activity
341:
241:
238:
221:
218:
205:
202:
145:
142:
140:
137:
112:
111:
102:
101:Known for
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
80:(aged 75)
76:23 August 2002
74:
70:
69:
59:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2968:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:Margaret Mead
2768:
2765:
2764:Stafford Beer
2762:
2759:
2758:Bertram Gross
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:Organizations
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Kevin Warwick
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Margaret Mead
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Lydia Kavraki
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Barbara Grosz
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Ruzena Bajcsy
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Doubling time
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Ulla Mitzdorf
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Robert Trappl
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Margaret Mead
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Kevin Warwick
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Jacque Fresco
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Connectionism
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:Organizations
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1410:
1409:openDemocracy
1405:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:Raul Espejo,
1274:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1143:
1139:
1138:evergreen.edu
1132:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1036:
1035:The Telegraph
1032:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1007:
992:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:Organizations
970:
963:
948:
942:
938:
928:
925:
923:
922:W. Ross Ashby
920:
919:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
882:
881:
876:
874:
870:
869:
864:
861:
857:
854:
853:openDemocracy
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
834:
830:
829:
825:
821:
815:
814:
810:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
784:
783:
779:
775:
772:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
686:
685:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
650:
649:cybernetician
646:
639:
629:
627:
623:
612:
610:
607:
603:
597:
589:
584:
575:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
540:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
493:
484:
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
405:
402:
394:
384:
380:
376:
370:
369:
365:
360:This section
358:
354:
349:
348:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
261:
254:
250:
246:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:Roger Eddison
217:
215:
211:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
93:Occupation(s)
91:
87:
83:
75:
71:
66:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Stafford Beer
22:
19:
2860:
2818:Robert Rosen
2812:Brian Gaines
2746:Milton Rubin
2722:Willam Ashby
2653:
2641:
2629:
2574:Applications
2530:Katia Sycara
2430:James J. Kay
2420:Mike Jackson
2355:Murray Bowen
2253:Pharmacology
2248:Neuroscience
1997:Walter Pitts
1951:
1902:Marian Mazur
1777:Cliff Joslyn
1619:Biosemiotics
1449:, retrieved
1443:
1413:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1386:
1345:
1339:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1293:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1228:
1196:
1189:
1169:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1137:
1124:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1057:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
972:
962:
950:. Retrieved
941:
904:. Retrieved
899:
887:
878:
866:
859:
848:
841:
777:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
683:
659:
641:
618:
599:
548:
505:
503:
478:
454:
412:
397:
388:
373:Please help
361:
319:
307:Leon Trotsky
304:
293:
270:
265:Soviet Union
223:
210:United Steel
207:
204:United Steel
198:
147:
116:
115:
78:(2002-08-23)
18:
2886:2002 deaths
2881:1926 births
2824:George Klir
2782:Gordon Pask
2740:John Milsum
2724:(1962â1964)
2718:(1959â1961)
2520:Peter Senge
2515:John Seddon
2505:Qian Xuesen
2440:George Klir
2243:Engineering
2180:Cybernetics
2162:Theoretical
2112:Recommender
2102:Multi-agent
2097:Information
1932:Qian Xuesen
1812:Gordon Pask
1709:Synergetics
1674:Homeostasis
1614:Biorobotics
1585:cybernetics
1235:26 November
1113:Moulsecoomb
996:30 December
838:Leonard, A.
622:synergistic
549:During the
475:Family life
391:August 2015
315:Trotskyists
170:commissions
85:Nationality
2875:Categories
2734:Peter Caws
2700:Presidents
2535:Eric Trist
2390:Fred Emery
2287:Scientists
2263:Psychology
2258:Philosophy
2087:Ecological
2072:Biological
1364:1352480147
1319:Kybernetes
933:References
868:Kybernetes
771:Hans Blohm
680:Literature
672:, and the
626:tensegrity
606:autonomous
433:, and the
194:War Office
144:Early life
53:1926-09-25
2712:(1957â58)
2200:Systemics
1664:Emergence
1592:Subfields
1372:cite book
1093:18 August
1041:31 August
902:(Podcast)
520:invented
518:Forrester
362:does not
337:Venezuela
139:Biography
67:, England
2631:Category
2233:Dynamics
2223:Analysis
2126:Concepts
2092:Economic
1490:Archived
1451:19 March
1437:(2004),
1301:Archived
1282:Archived
1279:Cybersyn
1142:Archived
1117:Brighton
916:See also
906:10 April
840:(Eds.),
563:Santiago
555:Cybersyn
543:Cybersyn
528:Cybersyn
461:Lampeter
322:Pinochet
296:Cybersyn
240:Cybersyn
121:theorist
2655:Commons
2238:Ecology
2228:Biology
2107:Nervous
2077:Complex
1510:YouTube
1415:6 March
952:13 June
824:YouTube
753:Transit
732:Transit
632:POSIWID
624:" and "
620:words "
590:, 1975.
419:Toronto
383:removed
368:sources
333:Uruguay
228:called
192:at the
180:in the
88:British
2850:(1987)
2844:(1986)
2838:(1985)
2832:(1982)
2826:(1981)
2820:(1980)
2814:(1979)
2808:(1978)
2802:(1977)
2796:(1976)
2790:(1975)
2784:(1974)
2778:(1973)
2772:(1972)
2766:(1971)
2760:(1970)
2754:(1969)
2748:(1968)
2742:(1967)
2736:(1966)
2730:(1965)
2643:Portal
2268:Theory
2164:fields
2117:Social
2057:System
1362:
1352:
1204:
1177:
1151:2 July
1064:
987:
795:53:30.
776:1994,
765:1986,
758:1985,
751:1983,
744:1981,
737:1979,
730:1977,
723:1975,
716:1974,
709:1972,
702:1968,
695:1966,
688:1959,
668:, the
656:Awards
609:system
465:online
429:, the
329:Mexico
150:Putney
65:London
61:Putney
2060:types
1145:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
811:Video
785:Audio
602:model
559:telex
415:Wales
300:telex
277:CORFO
230:SIGMA
220:SIGMA
186:India
2607:List
1453:2013
1417:2021
1378:link
1360:OCLC
1350:ISBN
1237:2019
1202:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1153:2021
1095:2015
1062:ISBN
1043:2015
1019:(2).
998:2022
985:ISBN
954:2018
908:2024
487:Work
366:any
364:cite
335:and
325:coup
131:and
73:Died
43:Born
2067:Art
1508:on
1327:doi
977:doi
822:on
628:".
459:in
377:by
283:of
2877::
1406:.
1374:}}
1370:{{
1358:.
1323:31
1321:.
1270:^
1227:.
1216:^
1140:.
1136:.
1115:,
1111:,
1085:.
1033:.
1017:54
1015:.
983:.
971:.
898:.
851:,
676:.
574:.
339:.
331:,
291:.
135:.
107:,
63:,
2690:e
2683:t
2676:v
2274:)
2270:(
2041:e
2034:t
2027:v
1576:e
1569:t
1562:v
1419:.
1380:)
1366:.
1333:.
1329::
1239:.
1210:.
1183:.
1155:.
1097:.
1070:.
1045:.
1000:.
979::
956:.
910:.
404:)
398:(
393:)
389:(
385:.
371:.
255:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
