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597:. In the former case, the root can occur on its own freely. In the latter, it requires modification via affixation to be used as a free form. English has minimal use of morphological strategies such as affixation and features a tendency to have words that are identical to their roots. However, such forms as in Spanish exist in English such as
628:) which are related but distinct to the concept developed here are formed prototypically by three (as few as two and as many as five) consonants. Speakers may derive and develop new words (morphosyntactically distinct, i.e. with different parts of speech) by using non-concatenative morphological strategies: inserting different
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Decompositional generative frameworks suggest that roots hold little grammatical information and can be considered "category-neutral". Category-neutral roots are roots without any inherent lexical category but with some conceptual content that becomes evident depending on the syntactic environment.
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Furthermore, Arad states that there are two types of languages in terms of root interpretation. In languages like
English, the root is assigned one interpretation whereas in languages like Hebrew, the root can form multiple interpretations depending on its environment. This occurrence suggests a
1190:, the majority of roots consist of segmental consonants √CCC. Arad (2003) describes that the consonantal root is turned into a word due to pattern morphology. Thereby, the root is turned into a verb when put into a verbal environment where the head bears the "v" feature (the pattern).
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Theories adopting a category-neutral approach have not, as of 2020, reached a consensus about whether these roots contain a semantic type but no argument structure, neither semantic type nor argument structure, or both semantic type and argument structure.
816:, and several others). There is no rule in these languages on how many secondary roots can be derived from a single root; some roots have few, but other roots have many, not all of which are necessarily in current use.
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In etymological reconstruction at the level of proto-languages, it is customary to reconstruct roots, which are assigned glosses, reflecting what is taken to be the common meaning shown by the words derived from this
358:
with very high levels of inflectional morphology, the term "root" is generally synonymous with "free morpheme". Many such languages have a very restricted number of morphemes that can stand alone as a word:
854:مسخر , تمسخر meaning ‘mocked, made fun (masculine, singular)', from مسخرة meaning ‘mockery’, from سخر ‘mocked (masculine, singular)’ (derived from س-خ-ر)." Similar cases may be found in other
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between these two languages. English speakers would need to learn two roots in order to understand two different words whereas Hebrew speakers would learn one root for two or more words.
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Alexiadou and
Lohndal (2017) advance the claim that languages have a typological scale when it comes to roots and their meanings and state that Greek lies in between Hebrew and English.
632:. Unlike 'root' here, these cannot occur on their own without modification; as such these are never actually observed in speech and may be termed 'abstract'. For example, in
772:, in which families of secondary roots are fundamental to the language, secondary roots are created by changes in the roots' vowels, by adding or removing the long vowels
827:مركز or meaning ‘centralized (masculine, singular)’, from ‘centre’, from ‘plant into the earth, stick up (a lance)’ ( ر-ك-ز | r-k-z). This in turn has derived words
196:
752:
Secondary roots are roots with changes in them, producing a new word with a slightly different meaning. In
English, a rough equivalent would be to see
848:أرجح or meaning ‘oscillated (masculine, singular)’, from ‘swing (n)’, from ‘weighed down, preponderated (masculine, singular)’ ( ر-ج-ح | r-j-ħ).
207:
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851:محور or meaning ‘centred, focused (masculine, singular)’, from meaning ‘axis’, from ‘turned (masculine, singular)’ (ح-و-ر | h-w-r).
148:
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977: √t-r-m ‘donate, contribute’ (Mishnah: T’rumoth 1:2: ‘separate priestly dues’), which derives from Biblical Hebrew
454:
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Alexiadou, Artemis; Lohndal, Terje (18 May 2017). "On the division of labor between roots and functional structure".
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Although all words vary semantically, the general meaning of a greasy, fatty material can be attributed to the root.
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Arad, Maya (2003). "Locality
Constraints on the Interpretation of Roots: The Case of Hebrew Denominal Verbs".
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indicates that the same underlying root appears as a noun and a verb - with or without overt morphology.
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The root is conventionally indicated using the mathematical symbol √; for instance, the
Sanskrit root "
958:‘to boast of, keep bringing up, harass, disturb, throw, cast, fling away’, which in turn derives from
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1445:(2nd ed.). Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 42.
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1761:(1 February 2019). "Building verbs in Chuj: Consequences for the nature of roots".
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308:. However, sometimes the term "root" is also used to describe the word without its
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1739:(10). University of York. Department of Language and Linguistic Science.
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Lohndal, Terje (28 February 2020). "Syntactic
Categorization of Roots".
993: √t-r-' ‘sound the trumpet, blow the horn’, from Biblical Hebrew
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Levinson, Lisa (27 November 2014). "The ontology of roots and verbs".
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The ways in which these roots gain lexical category are discussed in
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292:(this root is then called the base word), which carries aspects of
1517:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2011). p. xciv.
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867:
27:"Root word" redirects here. For root words in Indo-European, see
1564:(3rd ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Language Services. p.
939:, "this process is morphologically similar to the production of
34:
Core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements
1376:
883:
859:
277:
273:
508: with: examples and additional citations. You can help by
800:.) In addition, secondary roots can be created by prefixing (
761:
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605:, which only appears in other related prefixd forms (such as
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endings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example,
908: √q-w-m ‘stand’. A recent example introduced by the
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197:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1608:
Language
Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
296:
content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.
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In support of the category-neutral approach, data from
671:(masculine and feminine forms of the adjective "big"),
1001:‘shout, cry, loud sound, trumpet-call’, in turn from
338:
The traditional definition allows roots to be either
1300:(adapted from "Syntactic Categorization of Roots")
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
708:"magnifier", along with many other words such as
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1835:
1729:"Roots and Lexicality in Distributed Morphology"
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839:, meaning 'centralism' or 'centralization', and
792:. (Notice that Arabic does not have the vowels
363:, for instance, has no more than two thousand.
1005: √r-w-`." and it describes the suffix.
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367:
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1511:Durkin, Philip (2009). "8: Semantic change".
346:. Root morphemes are the building blocks for
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989: √r-w-m ‘raise’; cf. Rabbinic Hebrew
893: √m-q-m ‘locate’, which derives from
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1696:The Syntax of Roots and the Roots of Syntax
1653:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
962:‘to throw, cast’ (from its past participle
461:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
420:Learn how and when to remove these messages
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
764:languages, the most familiar of which are
1857:
1726:
1704:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665266.003.0010
1668:
1589:
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756:as a secondary root formed from the root
569:Learn how and when to remove this message
481:Learn how and when to remove this message
280:can attach. The root word is the primary
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1789:
1693:
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304:contain, and may consist only of, root
14:
1896:
1803:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
1661:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.257
1510:
636:, the forms derived from the abstract
601:, which may arguably contain the root
327:. Inflectional roots are often called
1882:Espindle – Greek and Latin Root Words
1877:Virtual Salt Root words and prefixes
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589:. The Spanish superlative adjective
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459:adding citations to reliable sources
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106:adding citations to reliable sources
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1558:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
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1850:10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0004
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1193:Consider the root √š-m-n (ש-מ-נ).
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25:
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646:) related to ideas of largeness:
401:This section has multiple issues.
52:This article has multiple issues.
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1197:Root √š-m-n (ש-מ-נ) in Hebrew
985:‘contribution’, whose root is
910:Academy of the Hebrew Language
740:roots can become the tools of
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1:
1727:Acquaviva, Paolo (May 2009).
1514:The Oxford Guide to Etymology
1486:"Words in English: Structure"
1427:
954:‘to toss about’ derives from
316:has the inflectional root or
29:Proto-Indo-European root word
1471:Glossary of Linguistic Terms
7:
1407:Radical (Chinese character)
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1733:York Papers in Linguistics
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1775:10.1017/S0022226718000087
1441:Katamba, Francis (2006).
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932: √d-r-g ‘grade’."
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621:cannot occur on its own.
1402:Proto-Indo-European root
1387:Morphology (linguistics)
1292:Root comparison between
1914:Linguistics terminology
1815:10.1023/A:1025533719905
1392:Phono-semantic matching
904:‘place’, whose root is
882:Similar cases occur in
874:and to a lesser extent
356:polysynthetic languages
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117:"Root" linguistics
1763:Journal of Linguistics
1382:Morphological typology
1016:Distributed Morphology
1009:Category-neutral roots
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206:by rewriting it in an
943:(iterative) verbs in
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833:, meaning 'central',
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455:improve this section
102:improve this article
1603:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
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696:"he magnified" and
1909:Root (linguistics)
1887:2008-09-13 at the
1620:Palgrave Macmillan
1614:2014-02-01 at the
1473:. 3 December 2015.
1372:Lemma (morphology)
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1122:Examples - Covert
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937:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
617:, etc.). The form
593:contains the root
585:contains the root
581:English verb form
543:. You can help by
372:" means the root "
208:encyclopedic style
195:is written like a
1838:The Verbal Domain
1680:978-0-19-938465-5
1484:Kemmer, Suzanne.
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1412:Semitic root
1356:
1345:√š-m-n ש-מ-נ
1328:√š-m-n ש-מ-נ
1308:English Word
1305:English Root
1282:
1279:
1224:CaCCeCet (n)
1219:oil, grease
1192:
1185:
1177:to wardrobe
1108:
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1079:to character
1063:
1062:an advertise
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1859:10037/19837
1698:: 208–229.
1630:. pp 65–66.
1495:26 December
1417:Word family
1314:Hebrew Word
1311:Hebrew Root
1246:CaCeC (adj)
1107:to alphabet
1104:an alphabet
1076:a character
722:"size" and
685:"he grew",
290:word family
288:, and of a
158:August 2012
1898:Categories
1745:10197/4148
1549:Wehr, Hans
1530:2017-11-10
1443:Morphology
1428:References
1268:CiCCeC (n)
1257:hiCCiC (v)
1174:a wardrobe
1096:to employ
758:to conduct
736:Roots and
406:improve it
348:affixation
284:unit of a
270:morphology
216:April 2011
128:newspapers
57:improve it
1783:149423392
1509:Compare:
1422:Word stem
1367:Etymology
1235:CuCaC (n)
1213:CeCeC (n)
1166:to chair
1144:to dance
1090:an employ
1073:character
1059:advertise
754:conductor
742:etymology
733:"tower".
599:interrupt
591:amplísimo
552:June 2024
517:June 2024
471:June 2024
442:does not
412:talk page
352:compounds
306:morphemes
302:languages
262:root word
63:talk page
18:Root word
1885:Archived
1823:35715020
1612:Archived
1581:12 March
1551:(1976).
1361:See also
1334:'cream'
1171:wardrobe
1155:to walk
1101:alphabet
1018:and the
997:
981:
924:
916:
900:
858:such as
842:لامركزية
382:Examples
314:chatters
294:semantic
1555:(ed.).
1331:šamenet
1294:English
1274:grease
1227:šamenet
1202:Pattern
1163:a chair
1141:a dance
1120:English
1041:English
1031:English
952:iactito
876:Amharic
868:Aramaic
640:ג-ד-ל (
615:rupture
611:corrupt
607:disrupt
583:running
463:removed
448:sources
321:chatter
282:lexical
266:radical
202:Please
142:scholar
1821:
1781:
1710:
1677:
1626:
1605:2003,
1572:
1521:
1467:"Root"
1449:
1377:Lexeme
1351:'fat'
1322:√CREAM
1317:Gloss
1298:Hebrew
1260:hišmin
1230:cream
1208:Gloss
1188:Hebrew
1152:a walk
1087:employ
999:t'rū`å
983:t'rūmå
964:iactum
926:midrág
918:midrúg
884:Hebrew
864:Syriac
860:Hebrew
836:مركزية
770:Hebrew
766:Arabic
634:Hebrew
630:vowels
595:ampli-
361:Yup'ik
278:suffix
274:prefix
144:
137:
130:
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115:
1819:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1562:(PDF)
1536:root.
1348:šuman
1325:cream
1271:šimen
1249:šamen
1238:šuman
1216:šemen
1160:chair
1138:dance
1133:Verb
1054:Verb
1003:ר-ו-ע
995:תרועה
991:ת-ר-ע
987:ר-ו-מ
979:תרומה
975:ת-ר-מ
960:iacio
956:iacto
945:Latin
930:ד-ר-ג
914:מדרוג
906:ק-ו-מ
902:måqom
891:מ-ק-מ
830:مركزي
762:abjad
760:. In
643:g-d-l
619:-rupt
603:-rupt
369:√bhū-
329:stems
318:lemma
276:or a
149:JSTOR
135:books
1708:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1583:2020
1570:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1497:2018
1447:ISBN
1339:√FAT
1296:and
1252:fat
1241:fat
1149:walk
1130:Noun
1127:Root
1092:ment
1064:ment
1051:Noun
1048:Root
922:מדרג
898:מקום
796:and
788:and
768:and
660:and
446:any
444:cite
375:bhū-
350:and
325:chat
286:word
260:(or
258:root
121:news
1854:hdl
1846:doi
1811:doi
1771:doi
1741:hdl
1700:doi
1665:hdl
1657:doi
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1342:fat
1186:In
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