239:. By the following April, he had helped secure the participation of eighteen American Protestant churches, and plans had been made to start formal communications with the Roman Catholic Church, the Old Catholic Churches and Orthodox Churches. However, it took another ten years before the American Episcopalians, who had funded the idea of the Faith and Order Conference, could transfer that role to an organization representative of Anglicans, Lutheran, Orthodox, Reformed and other European and American churches. In May 1913, Gardiner reported that 22 commissions had been appointed in the United States, Canada and England, and 7,580 persons of many churches were on their mailing list, which included all European countries, Arabia and Palestine, Ceylon, China, India, Japan and Korea, as well as Persia, Syria and Turkey. In the summer of 1914, Gardiner wrote to Cardinal Gasparri, and received a favorable reply from the Holy See. However, as delegates gathered in Constance, Switzerland in August, 1914, World War I broke out, dashing their hopes (and forcing Gardiner and other delegates to flee before German railroads closed, although German authorities accorded them special protection as they traveled to Cologne and then London).
301:(the House of Bishops rejecting such participation in 1919). Still, however, he persisted in bringing together for dialogue many people who had no intention of conversing with each other, and he received good news just before Easter, 1923—reports from group conferences of the Y.M.C.A. and Anglican, Baptist, Congregational, Churches of Christ, Disciples of Christ, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Mar Thoma Syrian, Methodist, Old Catholics, Polish Marianite, Presbyterian, Society of Friends, South India United and even Roman Catholic churches. The following March he wrote "Difficulties are a joy, for they give one the chance to put out his full strength in the effort to try to overcome them, as long as the Lord gives me health and strength I am going to stick to my job."
222:, and the Sunday School Council. In the General Convention of 1919, Gardiner proposed an amendment to the church's constitution to allow women as well as men to serve as delegates, particularly in light of their contributions as deaconesses and lay women and women just having received the right to vote in U.S. elections. While he succeeded in raising the matter, his proposal was defeated, and the church's constitution instead amended to segregate women, so that they were not seated for an additional fifty years.
154:, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1880. He established a law office in Boston, which he maintained for decades, even after he moved his legal residence to Maine in 1900. He helped to found the Republican Club of Massachusetts and served as president of the local Brotherhood Council of Boston and vice president of the Massachusetts branch of the
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his decades of military service. Here Anne
Gardiner bore another daughter (who died the following year), then three sons (two of them twins). Tudor Gardiner formally retired from the army in 1861, only to become general superintendent of recruiting for the Union Army in Maine, earning assistant adjutant general rank by the war's end.
74:. Numerous Native Americans lived in the area: the Chumash at Santa Barbara, as well as Shoshone, Kitanemuks and Yokuts. Commanding officer Col. Edward F. Beale wanted to protect these indigenous peoples as well as displaced Amerindians from a developing slave trade in Native American children. The elder Gardiners also worried that
170:
Robert
Gardiner served on the Standing Committee of the Diocese of Massachusetts for many years, and as junior or senior warden of Christ Church from 1901-1924, as well as treasurer of the Episcopal City Mission and Diocesan Board of Missions for Massachusetts and later Maine. He became known for his
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Gardiner died at his home, Oaklands, on June 15, 1924, after a week's bout with pneumonia. His wife was convinced that he did not know he was dying, for he kept talking in a dream about letters he had wanted to write, even as she gathered their children around his bed. Zabriskie in the United States
162:. Gardiner created and represented many trusts, including the Boston Real Estate Trust and the Hotel Touraine Trust, and traveled extensively for both his wealthy legal clients and Christian activities, until he retired from his thriving legal practice in 1918 to concentrate on Christian activities.
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In 1859, the young family (which by then included
Eleanor Harriet Gardiner, who later became an Anglican nun and Sister Superior of Trinity Hospital in New York City) moved back to Maine for Tudor Gardiner to recover from rheumatism, gout and other conditions complicated by the harsh conditions of
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in August 1927. Gardiner had fallen seriously ill from overwork on April 22, 1922. By that
November, he had recovered enough to report to the Continuation Committee that he had spent $ 7800 out of his own pocket (that would increase to $ 12,074.24 by year's end). However, his own Church's finance
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issued its "Appeal to all
Christian People". Moreover, in November, 1919 a conference in New York City with Episcopalians , Baptists, Congregationalists, Disciples of Christ, Lutherns and other Protestant denominations, as well as Orthodox Armenians , Greeks and Bulgarians called upon Gardiner to
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Upon retiring from the
Brotherhood of St. Andrew for health reasons, Gardiner took some time to recuperate, then plunged himself into ecumenical work, especially with his friend Bishop Brent. After Brent's speech in Cincinnati in October 1910, the General Convention elected a Joint Commission on
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Gardiner, stunned, at first returned to his law practice, but soon recovered his ecumenical focus and managed to help organize a congress of 304 Protestant missionaries in Panama City in
February 1916, including leaders from the Caribbean, Central and South America who had been omitted from the
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Although the
Continuation Committee met several times, and secured participation of Orthodox Churches, Gardiner did not leave to see his dream's fulfillment, for he died before the committee's second formal meeting in 1925, which set the date for the World Conference on Faith and Order for
214:(future Senator and the prominent in the University of Pennsylvania law faculty and Philadelphia bar). Gardiner became the GBRE's vice-president in 1913. Under his influence, the GBRE cooperated with the Federal Council of Churches, the Council of Church Boards of Education, the College
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committee failed to make any appropriation for the World
Conference in the budget for 1923, 1924 nor 1925. A.C.A. Hall and Frederick C. Morehouse of his own Episcopal Church opposed church unity and their denomination's participation in the
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Robert married Alice Bangs, of a distinguished Boston family which included many lawyers, on June 23, 1881. They ultimately had five children: Robert
Hallowell IV (b. 1882), Alice (b. 1885), Sylvester (1888-1889), Anna Lowell (b. 1890) and
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He continued his efforts at war's end, despite Vatican upset about Protestant missionaries distributing their bibles in Italy, and other issues that torpedoed overtures made by midwestern bishops Anderson and
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in 1843, and she had also previously lost a baby. Although Elizabeth Hays' family was nominally Presbyterian, she married Tudor Gardiner in 1854 at a historic Episcopal church in near Washington, D.C (
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elected Chairman of the Continuation Committee, George Zabriskie Treasurer and Gardiner as secretary. During that same month and city, the Life and Work conference was organized by Swedish Archbishop
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bring together another preliminary meeting of the Faith and Order assembly. Thus, Gardiner helped organize another world conference that gathered in Geneva in August 1920, with Bishop
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also continued through Stalin's persecutions, and with the Catholic church (often with the help of fellow attorney George Zabriskie and his Catholic contacts in New York City).
89:. Although he was a good student, the family uprooted again in 1869 to move to Canada and live with Tudor's brother, Robert Hallowell Gardiner II, who had married a prominent
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Ruth Rouse and Stephen Charles Neill, History of the Ecumenical Movement, 1517-1948, second edition (Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 1967) pp. 407-9
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John F. Woolverton, Robert H. Gardiner and the Reunification of Worldwide Christianity in the Progressive Era (Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 2005) pp. 37-41
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93:, belle before the American Civil War (but ended up ostracised by both sides for his divided loyalties), and had moved to Canada to organize canals and railroads.
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51:, the son of a military officer, Captain John William Tudor Gardiner and his wife Anne Elizabeth Hays Gardiner. His mother was the daughter of a prominent
179:(of boys and young men) from 1904 until ___. He was appointed to the Joint Commission on Sunday School Instruction in 1904, and became a trustee of the
31:. A prominent lawyer in Maine and Boston until his retirement for health reasons, he was the great-grandson of Dr. Silvester Gardiner, the founder of
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Mary Sudman Donovan, A Different Call: Women's Ministries in the Episcopal Church 1850-1920, pp. 162-165 (Wilton, Connecticut: Morehouse-Harlow 1986
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had recently reversed over a century of colonial paternalism, with negative consequences toward longtime inhabitants of Spanish or Mexican descent.
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with the participation of many central European churches, many of them deeply disturbed by the anti-German terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty.
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Other related Gardiners were prominent in the Anglican Church, including Rev. Frederick Gardiner, who became professor of biblical literature at
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and Canon Bate in England continued his work, using their scholarly, linguistic and administrative talents to the full, as had Gardiner.
130:. However, his father's death forced him to drop out and support his widowed mother, as well as sister and teenaged twin brothers.
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Young Robert Hallowell Gardiner graduated from a Canadian high school at age 15, then after another year at Roxbury Latin, entered
259:, helped avoid an influx of Protestant missionaries into that country in upheaval at war's end. Communications with Archbishops
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He also served as General Convention delegate seven times, and on the General Board of Religious Education (GBRE) with bishops
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went to work. Gardiner also continued to keep open communications with the Russian Orthodox Church and with the assistance of
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businessman, and this was her second marriage, since her first husband (also a military officer) had fallen ill and died at
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as well as adult education and theological education) and youth development (serving as President of the
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123:. He ultimately graduated eighth in his class of 142, then taught languages for several years.
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275:. Ecumenical dialogue proved more fruitful in Adelaide, Australia, and in 1920 the
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104:, and his sons Rev. Frederic Gardiner Jr. (dean of the Episcopal cathedral in
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158:, as well as a director of Arlington Mills, Webster and Atlas Bank, and the
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as President and Gardiner as Secretary, and financed with $ 100,000 from
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Capt. Gardiner was then assigned to guard the Grapevine Pass through the
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In 1866, the family moved to Boston so young Robert could enroll in the
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nearly blocked formal Episcopal participation in the conference, until
70:, which gold prospectors crossed on their way to Placerita Canyon near
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Robert Hallowell Gardiner III was born in a primitive adobe house in
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and later headmaster at the Pomfret School and Trinity College in
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professor and author of 'The Bible as English Literature').
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243:Edinburgh conference in 1910. However, Bishop
126:In 1878, Robert Hallowell Gardiner entered
19:(September 9, 1855 – June 15, 1924) was an
112:), and John Hays Gardiner (who became a
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210:(president of Columbia University) and
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231:Faith and Order, with Chicago bishop
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39:school and the Roxbury Latin School.
335:. The City of Gardiner, Maine 1949.
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206:, as well as distinguished laymen
23:layman and ecumenist, head of the
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171:advocacy of Christian Education (
329:"The Gardiner Story 1849 - 1949"
327:Erskine, Sanborn & Colcord.
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53:Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
27:and one of the founders of the
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17:Robert Hallowell Gardiner III
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181:General Theological Seminary
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471:People from Gardiner, Maine
444:Rouse pp. 418-419, 428, 430
299:Federal Council of Churches
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476:Harvard Law School alumni
177:Brotherhood of St. Andrew
156:National Consumers League
106:Sioux Falls, South Dakota
29:World Council of Churches
25:Brotherhood of St. Andrew
98:Berkeley Divinity School
57:Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
35:, and a trustee for the
146:Gardiner read law with
102:Middletown, Connecticut
72:Los Angeles, California
426:Woolverton ppp. 216-20
417:Woolverton pp. 208-217
208:Nicholas Murray Butler
160:Tampa Electric Company
49:Fort Tejon, California
249:George Wharton Pepper
212:George Wharton Pepper
110:Hartford, Connecticut
43:Early and family life
87:Roxbury Latin School
253:Arthur Seldon Lloyd
233:Charles P. Anderson
68:Tehachapi Mountains
390:Rouse pp. 410-411.
277:Lambeth Conference
245:William T. Manning
237:J. Pierpont Morgan
166:Christian activist
128:Harvard Law School
114:Harvard University
435:Woolverton p. 240
408:Rouse pp. 514-515
204:Edward L. Parsons
192:Chauncey Brewster
91:Savannah, Georgia
61:St. Thomas Parish
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333:MEGenWeb Project
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305:Death and legacy
286:Nathan Soderblom
200:Thomas F. Gailor
188:Ethelbert Talbot
148:James J. Storrow
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273:Reginald Weller
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121:Harvard College
76:John C. Fremont
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37:Gardiner Lyceum
33:Gardiner, Maine
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196:David H. Greer
173:Sunday Schools
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282:Charles Brent
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136:William Tudor
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142:Legal career
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466:1924 deaths
461:1855 births
138:(b. 1892).
455:Categories
314:References
257:John Mott
251:and Rev.
226:Ecumenist
183:in 1907.
21:Episcopal
294:Lausanne
265:Tikhon
261:Platon
263:and
220:YWCA
218:and
216:YMCA
202:and
150:and
100:in
63:).
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331:.
198:,
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