Road - Knowledge

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support exists. Visual inspection is the simplest manner to find voids. Signs that repair is needed are transverse joint faulting, corner breaks and shoulder drop off and lines at or near joints and cracks. Deflection testing is another common procedure used to locate voids. It is recommended to do this testing at night as during cooler temperatures, joints open, aggregate interlock diminishes and load deflections are at their highest.

7219: 7207: 7243: 2420: 7154: 2127:-cement grout and polyurethane. The requirements for slab stabilization are strength and the ability to flow into or expand to fill small voids. Colloidal mixing equipment is necessary to use the pozzolan-cement grouts. The contractor must place the grout using a positive-displacement injection pump or a non-pulsing progressive cavity pump. A drill is also necessary but it must produce a clean hole with no surface 7267: 7183: 7106: 7007: 2263:. It has been reported that "roblems of transportation participants and road conditions are the main factors that lead to road traffic accidents". It has further been specifically noted that "weather conditions and road conditions are interlinked as weather conditions affect the road conditions". Specific aspects of road conditions can be of particular importance for particular purposes. For example, for 1910: 1148: 7255: 7055: 1818:(AASHTO) and TRIP – a national transportation research organization – driving on rough roads costs the average American motorist approximately $ 400 a year in extra vehicle operating costs. Drivers living in urban areas with populations more than 250,000 are paying upwards of $ 750 more annually because of accelerated vehicle deterioration, increased maintenance, additional 959:(OECD) defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels", which includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths". 3257:

The land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. There may be a highway over a footpath, while

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Various government agencies and private entities, including local news services, track and report on road conditions to the public so that drivers going through a particular area can be aware of hazards that may exist in that area. News agencies, in turn, rely on tips from area residents with respect

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is not frequently used to excavate the roadbed as the intact rock structure forms an ideal road base. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. The fill is made by the "compacted layer method" where a layer of fill is

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are designed to collapse on impact. Light poles are designed to break at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Highway authorities may also remove larger trees from the immediate vicinity of the road. During heavy rains, if the elevation of the road surface is not higher than the

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and put aside for use during reinstatement. The topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. Final rehabilitation after road construction is

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The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway; there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said "the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of

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The United States has the largest network of roads of any country with 4,050,717 miles (6,518,997 km) as of 2009. The Republic of India has the second-largest road system globally with 4,689,842 kilometres (2,914,133 miles) of road (2013). The People's Republic of China is third with 3,583,715

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and concrete pavement. Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and 30-year milestones. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt,

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In New Zealand, the definition of a road is broad in common law where the statutory definition includes areas the public has access to, by right or not. Beaches, publicly accessible car parks and yards (even if privately owned), river beds, road shoulders (verges), wharves and bridges are included.

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or breakouts. The injection devices must include a grout packer capable of sealing the hole. The injection device must also have a return hose or a fast-control reverse switch, in case workers detect slab movement on the uplift gauge. The uplift beam helps to monitor the slab deflection and has to

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Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society. A 2009 report released by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials estimated that about 50% of the roads in the US are in bad condition, with urban areas worse. The report estimates that urban

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Slab stabilization does not correct depressions, increase the design structural capacity, stop erosion or eliminate faulting. It does, however, restore the slab support, therefore, decreasing deflections under the load. Stabilization should only be performed at joints and cracks where the loss of

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Historically, a highway comprehended any path in which members of the public had the right to pass and re-pass without let or hindrance. The term embraced footpaths, bridleways, driftways and so forth. The advent of the motor vehicle and its peculiar requirements has seen increasing distinctions

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or traces of old sealant should remain. Thus, it is recommended to water wash, sand-blast and then air blow to remove any sand, dirt or dust. The backer rod installation requires a double-wheeled, steel roller to insert the rod to the desired depth. After inserting the backer rod, the sealant is

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mixture through holes drilled through the slab. The grout can fill small voids beneath the slab and/or sub-base. The grout also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. The three steps for this

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Also called joint and crack repair, this method's purpose is to minimize infiltration of surface water and incompressible material into the joint system. Joint sealants are also used to reduce dowel bar corrosion in concrete pavement restoration techniques. Successful resealing consists of old

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Old road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention. These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the tree's drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of

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defines a road as a "Line of communication (traveled way) open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles, using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips. Included are paved roads and other roads with a stabilized base, e.g. gravel roads. Roads also cover streets,

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are frequently used in the various pavement layers to improve road quality. These materials and methods are used in low-traffic private roadways as well as public roads and highways. Geosynthetics perform four main functions in roads: separation, reinforcement, filtration, and drainage; which

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Many asphalt pavements built over 35 years ago, despite not being specifically designed as a perpetual pavement, have remained in good condition long past their design life. Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives. Some roads like

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Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. If rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to meet the design requirements

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and travel restrictions. For example, travel from other parts of Asia to South Korea would require passage through the hostile country of North Korea. Moving between most countries in Africa and Eurasia would require passing through Egypt and Israel, which is a politically sensitive area.

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October to February, and many residents of coastal Alaska have bulk cargo shipped in only during the warmer months. Permanent darkness during the winter can also make long-distance travel more dangerous in polar areas. Continental road networks do reach into these areas, such as the

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Further, it defines a shoulder (typical an area of the road outside the edge line, or the curb) and a road-related area which includes green areas separating roads, areas designated for cyclists and areas generally accessible to the public for driving, riding or parking vehicles.

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or Botts dots. Botts dots are not used where it is icy in the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to the road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California.

2598:(NTHS) in China has a total length of 45,000 kilometres (28,000 mi) at the end of 2006, and 60,300 km at the end of 2008, second only to the United States with 90,000 kilometres (56,000 mi) in 2005. However, as of 2017, China has 130,000 km of Expressways. 4548:"Practical guidelines for CPR of Urban Roads: A compelling need for preserving city concrete streets led to the development of a methodology for scoping repairs and the undertaking of a comprehensive concrete pavement repair program in Grand Rapids, Michigan". June 2005. 2141:

sealant removal, shaping and cleaning the reservoir, installing the backer rod and installing the sealant. Sawing, manual removal, plowing and cutting are methods used to remove the old sealant. Saws are used to shape the reservoir. When cleaning the reservoir, no dust,

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between paths over which walkers and riders have a right of way and those ways that are predominantly used by motor vehicles. The former may be usefully termed "rights of way" (and are the subject of a separate entry in this web) and the latter may be termed "highways."

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Part 2, Division 1, clauses 11–13 of the National Transport Commission Regulations 2006 defines a road in Australia as 'an area that is open to or used by the public and is developed for, or has as one of its main uses, the driving or riding of motor vehicles.'

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is used to understand both the relationship between the transport system and the wider economy and the complex effects of the road network structure when there are multiple paths and competing modes for both personal and freight (road/rail/air/ferry) and where

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From the beginning of the 20th century, roads were increasingly built for tourism and also to create jobs. A typical example of the stimulation of tourism is the Great Dolomite Road, while the creation of the panoramic coastal road Strada Costiera between

1066:, road is "any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes". This includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. 4602:

CPR brings dying pavement back to life: Georgia continues to be the leader in concrete pavement restoration, but as the word spreads other states are beginning to use this system to restore deteriorating pavements. April 1997, Roads & Bridges

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drivers pay an average of $ 746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $ 335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $ 171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $ 0.285/gallon tax).

3206:"road" – (a) in England and Wales, means any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes, and (b) in Scotland, has the same meaning as in the Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 1729:. The lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to the growth of plants or other vegetable matter. The compacted fill also serves as lower-stratum drainage. Select second fill ( 1411: 4732: 1945:) with 8,000 pounds (3.629 t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.907 t) on each axle. 1356:

was established around 1706, to build good roads and collect tolls from passing vehicles. Eventually there were approximately 1,100 trusts in Britain and some 36,800 km (22,900 mi) of engineered roads. The

2060:, in which slots are cut in the pavement at each joint, and dowel bars are placed in the slots, which are then filled with concrete patching material. This can extend the life of the concrete pavement for 15 years. 2076:. The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually employed with other 2465:

can result in increased on decreased transport levels when road provision is increased by building new roads or decreased (for example California State Route 480). Roads are generally built and maintained by the

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About 33% of the world by population drive on the left, and 67% keep right. By road distances, about 28% drive on the left, and 72% on the right, even though originally most traffic drove on the left worldwide.

2053:. Thin surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended service life without increasing structural capacity. 4064: 2710:, and these can become impassible in wet conditions. As of 2014, only 43% of rural Africans have access to an all-season road. Due to steepness, mud, snow, or fords, roads can sometimes be passable only to 3237:

Reference listed says 1984, This description is used in several rules going back to at least 1975, The law of real property; Stevens, 1975; Authors – Robert Megarry, Sir Robert Edgar Megarry, Sir William

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methods including patching and diamond grinding. The technique restores support to concrete slabs by filing small voids that develop underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge.

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Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water

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connecting with the primary continental network, due to natural obstacles like mountains or wetlands, or high cost compared to the population served. Unpaved roads or lack of roads are more common in

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is poured into the hole – dyed for visual clarity. Once the epoxy hardens, technicians drill through the hole. If a void is present, the epoxy will stick to the core and provide physical evidence.

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causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, (tree-ring dating –

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go counter-clockwise/anti-clockwise, and pedestrians crossing a two-way road should watch out for traffic from the left first. In countries where traffic flows on the left, the reverse is true.

4517: 2271:, significant road conditions can include "shadowing and lighting changes, road surface texture changes, and road markings consisting of circular reflectors, dashed lines, and solid lines". 1921:, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute, however accumulated damage from vehicles also contributes. According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the 2629:

Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australia each have an extensive road network that connects most cities. The North and South American road networks are separated by the

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Traffic flows on the right or on the left side of the road depending on the country. In countries where traffic flows on the right, traffic signs are mostly on the right side of the road,

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and storm water system. Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a

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In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by road, especially considering the cost of road construction and the difference in carrying capacity between

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kilometres (2,226,817 mi) of road (2007). The Federative Republic of Brazil has the fourth-largest road system in the world with 1,751,868 kilometres (1,088,560 mi) (2002). See

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treatments as needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial

4230: 3497: 1845:. The original carriageway is changed from two-way to become one-way, while the new carriageway is one-way in the opposite direction. In the same way as converting railway lines from 1815: 4750: 2251:

Road conditions are the collection of factors describing the ease of driving on a particular stretch of road, or on the roads of a particular locality, including the quality of the

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in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from government to local parishes. This resulted in a poor and variable state of roads. To remedy this, the first of the

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upon arrival. If facilities are available, vehicles and cargo can also be shipped to many disconnected settlements by boat, or air transport at much greater expense. The island of

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made by animals has not been universally accepted; in many cases animals do not follow constant paths. Some believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The

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The epoxy/core test, detects voids by visual and mechanical methods. It consists of drilling a 25 to 50 millimeter hole through the pavement into the sub-base with a dry-bit

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Careful design and construction of a road can reduce any negative environmental impacts. Water management systems can be used to reduce the effect of pollutants from roads.

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way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. Another legal view is that while a highway historically included

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and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs. Some

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may exemplify this type of road origination, where human and animal both selected the same natural line. By about 10,000 BC human travelers used rough roads/pathways.

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placed into the joint. There are various materials to choose for this method including hot pour bituminous liquid, silicone and preformed compression seals.

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can be toxic to sensitive plants and animals. Sand applied to icy roads can be ground up by traffic into fine particulates and contribute to air pollution.

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throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from

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are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill. Great care is taken to preserve reference

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are moved by trucks over roads and 85% of all people are transported by cars, buses or coaches on roads. The term was also commonly used to refer to

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completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas.

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According to the New York State Thruway Authority, some sample per-mile costs to construct multi-lane roads in several US northeastern states were:

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pulses electromagnetic waves into the pavement and measures and graphically displays the reflected signal. This can reveal voids and other defects.

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bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings and interchanges. Toll roads are also included. Excluded are dedicated cycle lanes."

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Cardno, Catherine (2008). "Infrastructure: New Report Examines the Potential of Public-Private Partnerships for Transportation Infrastructure".

7109: 5293: 1999:, a major two-level (and at one point, three-level) roadway in the downtown area, are being rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years. 1696:

construction material and equipment. Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetation may be

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a well made road may be subject only to an easement of way, or may exist only for the landowner's benefit and be subject to no easement at all

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reactions. In addition, on-road transportation greenhouse gas emissions are the largest single cause of climate change, scientists say.

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Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include thin asphalt overlays, crack sealing, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing,

1879:. For instance, in the ongoing road space reallocation effort, some roads (particularly in city centers) which are intended for use by 4851: 3248: 4128: 3665: 1833:

road is converted into dual carriageway by building a second separate carriageway alongside the first, it is usually referred to as

5599: 5363: 3249:"Judgment – Director of Public Prosecutions v. Jones and Another (On Appeal from a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division)" 2487:

are a way for communities to address the rising cost by injecting private funds into the infrastructure. There are four main ones:

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Roads that are intended for use by a particular mode of transport can be reallocated for another mode of transport, i.e. by using

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ferries are commonly available if the journey is relatively short. For long-distance trips, passengers usually travel by air and

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spread then compacted to specifications, under saturated conditions. The process is repeated until the desired grade is reached.

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Chapter 35.78 RCW requires cities and counties to adopt uniform definitions and design standards for municipal streets and roads

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Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies use

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Many populated domestic islands are connected to the mainland by bridges. A very long example is the 113 mi (182 km)

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of the extraction area. Side slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons.

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Kunze, Thomas; Stommer, Rainer (1982). "Geschichte der Reichsautobahn". In Stommer, Rainer; Philipp, Claudia Gabriele (eds.).

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Roberto Covaz e Annalisa Turel, La Costiera triestina - storia e misteri di una strada, Edizioni Mgs Press, Trieste, 2006,

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In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space

834: 2370:. In the early 1970s, it was recognized that design of roads can be conducted to influence and minimize noise generation. 3639: 3438: 5168: 3381: 2093:

method after finding the voids are locating and drilling holes, grout injection and post-testing the stabilized slabs.

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In the late-19th century roading engineers began to cater for cyclists by building separate lanes alongside roadways.

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Paper for presentation at the 2005 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada in Calgary, Alberta

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The placement of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels) is also common. Some

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Building the cities, towns, streets, highways and bridges in your neighborhood and in communities around the globe

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Most disconnected settlements have local road networks connecting ports, buildings, and other points of interest.

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Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to environmental effects such as

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identify speed control as one of various interventions likely to contribute to a reduction in road casualties.

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Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or some maintenance.

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and reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions.

2046: 721: 657: 617: 521: 5612: 5194:"Research and Innovative Technology Administration Bureau of Transportation Statistics U.S. mileage table" 4148: 2771:

that blocks ports, and bad weather that prevents flying. For example, resupply aircraft are only flown to

1925:, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the 7936: 6615: 6505: 5702: 2981: 2684:

Even well-connected road networks are controlled by many different legal jurisdictions, and laws such as

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How States Preserve Concrete Pavements: CPR pays off in extra pavement life. Better Roads. August 2005.

3552:"Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2001, volume 28 (Self-organizing pedestrian movement)" 3226:

Most of the provisions apply on all roads throughout Great Britain, although there are some exceptions.

3221: 3108:"Land Transport Act 1998 No 110 (as at 29 October 2019), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation" 2891: 4854:. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 170. pp. 520–26. 2004. Archived from 1757:

fill may also be used. The roadbed must be "proof rolled" after each layer of fill is compacted. If a

7839: 7234: 6904: 6723: 5579: 3084:"National Transport Commission (Road Transport Legislation - Australian Road Rules) Regulations 2006" 2591: 2229: 1434: 1209: 1121: 890: 874:, whose primary function is to serve as public spaces, the main function of roads is transportation. 776: 711: 6551: 4425: 1761:

passes over an area without creating visible deformation or spring the section is deemed to comply.

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Theodor Christomannos: Die Dolomitenstraße Bozen – Cortina – Toblach. Chiari: Ed. Nordpress 1998,

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Where demand for travel by road vehicle to a disconnected island or mainland settlement is high,

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The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.

612: 8018: 7829: 7643: 7479: 7454: 7305: 7284: 7176: 6817: 6784: 6121: 6091: 6032: 5997: 5672: 5316: 4455:"Thin Surfacing – Effective Way of Improving Road Safety within Scarce Road Maintenance Budget" 4213: 2831: 2646: 2558: 2007: 1804: 691: 662: 579: 574: 125: 3933: 3803: 3456:

Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos

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which is a service used in other parts of Europe to travel under mountains and over wetlands.

7705: 7514: 7022: 6779: 6500: 6116: 6007: 5607: 5489: 4402:. United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration. Archived from 3883: 3032: 2835: 2573: 2540: 1853:, the new carriageway is not always constructed directly alongside the existing carriageway. 1628: 1544: 1526: 1454: 1450: 1205: 1201: 1005: 676: 378: 323: 220: 31: 17: 4891:

Unger, N.; Bond, T.C.; Wang, J.S.; Koch, D.M.; Menon, S.; Shindell, D.T.; Bauer, S. (2010).

4614: 4027: 3061: 2653:, and both have many connections to the mainland of Eurasia, including the bridges over the 2175:, pedestrian crossings and cycle lanes can help protect pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers. 1395:

The Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungsstraße ('Automobile traffic and training road'), known as

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However, the definition of a road for insurance purposes may be restricted to reduce risk.

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and route. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy

8: 7834: 7824: 7380: 7365: 7325: 7298: 7073: 7063: 6774: 6648: 6367: 6323: 6211: 6063: 6002: 5758: 5743: 5738: 5632: 5566: 5523: 5499: 4615: 4268:"Effects of Frost Heave on the Longitudinal Profile of Asphalt Pavements in Cold Regions" 3673: 2876: 2666: 2534: 2457: 2452: 2264: 2187: 2179: 2161: 2155: 2003: 1846: 1792: 1689: 1067: 406: 263: 5249: 4908: 4821: 4737:

Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers

4231:"Milan to reallocate streets to pedestrians and cyclists in bid to reduce air pollution" 3479: 1280:. The road remained in use after Roman times. These road systems reached as far east as 7785: 7494: 7277: 7196: 6678: 6492: 6477: 6288: 6223: 6146: 6131: 6076: 5980: 5914: 5904: 5875: 5812: 5682: 5647: 5428: 5413: 4927: 4892: 4833: 4163:

Koerner, R.M. (2012) Designing with geosynthetics, 6th Edition, Xlibris Corporation, US

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increase the pavement performance, reduce construction costs and decrease maintenance.

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controls are constructed to prevent detrimental effects. Drainage lines are laid with

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Uzarowski, Ludomir; Maher, Michael; Farrington, Gary; Golder Associates Ltd. (2005).

4330: 4303: 3974: 3958: 3913: 3854: 3809: 3710: 3459: 3434: 3320: 2937: 2930: 2819: 2753: 2546: 2027: 1949:

on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction work.

1870: 1677: 1650: 1569: 1349: 1265: 1190: 1055: 1051: 771: 706: 569: 476: 461: 225: 145: 41: 3578: 2960: 2932:

Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them

2792:

water transport is sometimes faster). Large areas of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and

2650: 2374:

can reduce noise pollution near built-up areas. Regulations can restrict the use of

1086:, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of 7932: 7819: 7710: 7675: 7650: 7509: 7330: 6595: 6570: 6357: 6273: 6268: 6183: 5986: 5941: 5783: 5589: 5584: 5069:. American Road & Transportation Builders Association ("ARTBA"). Archived from 4922: 4912: 4825: 3566: 2737: 2711: 2692: 2509: 2392:

health effects are greater near the road than at some distance away from the road.

2289: 2268: 2198:

between opposite-direction traffic to reduce the likelihood of head-on collisions.

2195: 2191: 2042: 1980: 1974:. In some parts of the United Kingdom the standard design life is 40 years for new 1819: 1718: 1536: 1515: 1366: 1300: 1250: 1063: 1034: 751: 741: 584: 421: 416: 333: 283: 205: 175: 71: 7157: 5147: 2038:. Software algorithms use this data to recommend maintenance or new construction. 985:

defines a road as the entire surface of any way or street open to public traffic.

8048: 7872: 7790: 7725: 7720: 7618: 7484: 7355: 7210: 6832: 6792: 6703: 6693: 6663: 6653: 6638: 6600: 6556: 6382: 6372: 6303: 5919: 5622: 4778: 4275: 3502: 3343: 3058:"Road Infrastructure Strategic Framework for South Africa; A Discussion Document" 3050: 2638: 2367: 2318: 2172: 2168: 2035: 1922: 1684:

or for working (crushing and screening) of materials for construction needs. The

1604: 1597: 1458: 1246: 1179: 941: 929: 637: 531: 526: 491: 451: 411: 313: 135: 5271: 4326:

Highways: The Location, Design, Construction & Maintenance of Road Pavements

4095: 3706:

Highways: The Location, Design, Construction & Maintenance of Road Pavements

3666:"The Somerset Levels (the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe)" 3415: 2823: 2818:

Roads are under construction to many remote places, such as the villages of the

2606: 8086: 7995: 7887: 7804: 7608: 7370: 7360: 7246: 6802: 6764: 6733: 6713: 6698: 6510: 6392: 5934: 5862: 5733: 5728: 5667: 5657: 5549: 5372: 4397: 3592: 3431:

Mythos Reichsautobahn: Bau und Inszenierung der 'Straßen des Führers' 1933–1941

2896: 2804: 2777: 2674: 2505: 2471: 2462: 2436: 2375: 1738: 1353: 1299:. A hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the 1087: 878: 642: 594: 536: 456: 353: 348: 230: 195: 180: 58: 4452: 4026:. Municipal Research & Services Center of Washington. 2005. Archived from 1038:

details rules for "road users", but there is some ambiguity between the terms

8080: 8023: 7862: 7740: 7735: 7690: 7459: 6812: 6769: 6718: 6658: 6623: 6590: 6457: 6407: 6397: 6298: 6228: 6218: 6111: 6081: 5970: 5929: 5847: 5723: 5557: 5125: 4398:

Theodore R. Ferragut; Dale Harrington & Marcia Brink (July–August 2002).

2745: 2661:

has very few roads and no continent-bridging network, though there are a few

2567: 2467: 2424: 2385: 2371: 2356: 2206: 2202: 1800: 1788: 1764: 1746: 1706: 1593: 1577: 1446: 1358: 1231: 1141: 589: 363: 7230: 7083: 5172: 4917: 4690:

Pittsburgh Light Rail Transit Reconstruction: Environmental Impact Statement

4065:"Guidelines for rural road design and construction technical specifications" 2630: 1688:

and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent

66: 8043: 8038: 8028: 8008: 7695: 7638: 7469: 7186: 7129: 7042: 6933: 6837: 6827: 6728: 6683: 6643: 6633: 6628: 6585: 6467: 6462: 6387: 6313: 6283: 6175: 6156: 6086: 5924: 5832: 5574: 5479: 5464: 5038:

Australia CCG 2004 Update: Economic Trends and Outlook (E. Infrastructure )

4936: 4403: 3180:"Annex 4. The road user and the law - The Highway Code - Guidance - GOV.UK" 2863: 2800:

are disconnected from each other and the main North American road network.

2696: 2310: 2252: 2213: 2089: 2011: 1996: 1967: 1963: 1952: 1938: 1926: 1876: 1850: 1796: 1783:

The completed roadway is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other

1742: 1554: 1543:

composed of cement-based material being applied during construction of the

1315: 1307: 1221: 925: 906: 867: 859: 736: 559: 511: 501: 436: 383: 338: 190: 185: 7095: 7030: 5225: 3317:

Street smart : competition, entrepreneurship, and the future of roads

2759:

In polar areas, disconnected settlements are often more easily reached by

1162: 870:

for use by vehicles (motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians. Unlike

8053: 7750: 7633: 7572: 7141: 6807: 6452: 6442: 6417: 6342: 6253: 6206: 6201: 6151: 5956: 5888: 5857: 5443: 3551: 2901: 2723: 2389: 2352: 2342: 2113: 2031: 2019: 1971: 1918: 1862: 1768: 1758: 1662: 1654: 1638: 1615:

considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a

1507: 1242: 1127: 1047: 471: 446: 308: 268: 82: 7192: 7117: 7018: 5019:"Why do some countries drive on the right and others on the left ?" 4266:

S.Kameyama; M. Kato; A. Kawamura; K. Himeno; A. Kasahara (August 2002).

4173:

Glossary: Princes Highway, Traralgon Bypass – Planning Assessment Report

3530:"The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world" 810: 7877: 7857: 7745: 7557: 7552: 7474: 7464: 7345: 7090: 7010: 6797: 6673: 6546: 6482: 6447: 6427: 6308: 6278: 6248: 6188: 6136: 5788: 5504: 5484: 5408: 4829: 4805: 4518:"State Aid Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation Best Practices Manual 2006" 2760: 2741: 2715: 2658: 2432: 2338: 1681: 1673: 1511: 1463: 1369:

that led to the demise of the system in 1844, which coincided with the

1319: 1311: 1269: 1183: 1156: 1152: 933: 898: 756: 696: 506: 496: 368: 298: 155: 4951: 3198:"Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 – 142 General interpretation of Act" 1212:

ever built in the world, in 1925, the year following its inauguration.

8033: 8013: 7899: 7715: 7700: 7316: 7258: 7058: 6668: 6515: 6402: 6362: 6352: 6347: 6238: 6106: 6101: 5951: 5870: 5827: 5778: 5768: 5763: 5753: 4998: 4265: 3756:"London's earliest timber structure found during Belmarsh prison dig" 2839: 2719: 2654: 2614: 2513: 2478: 2393: 2360: 2306: 2015: 1900: 1823: 1784: 1714: 1634: 1616: 1494: 1489: 1481: 1442: 1338: 1326: 1254: 1083: 937: 786: 481: 100: 45: 5250:"People's Daily Online – China to build more highways in 2007" 4974:

The Rule of the Road: An International Guide to History and Practice

4707:

The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment

4274:. International Society for Asphalt Pavements. 09044. Archived from 3617: 3382:"AVUS 100: EIN RASANTES JAHRHUNDERT - by Schulz Ulf, Wedemeyer Sven" 2056:

Older concrete pavements that develop faults can be repaired with a

8063: 7950: 7680: 7655: 7582: 7499: 7165: 6861: 6856: 6688: 6437: 6432: 6293: 6258: 6196: 5842: 5817: 5642: 5423: 5403: 5393: 2815:, and roads (if present) might be used by bicycles or pedestrians. 2785: 2662: 2618: 2610: 2397: 2348: 2302: 2128: 2124: 2050: 1772: 1646: 1608: 1499: 1362: 1175: 1079: 1071: 1059: 989: 963: 917: 622: 541: 441: 388: 210: 140: 49: 7218: 7206: 5146:. European Communities, Transportation. 2007-02-15. Archived from 3833: 3570: 2419: 1816:

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

8003: 7975: 7660: 7587: 7577: 7567: 7562: 7270: 7242: 6759: 6743: 6412: 6263: 5773: 5748: 5585:

Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

5515: 5494: 5341: 4179: 3060:. National Department of Transport (South Africa). Archived from 3025: 2797: 2793: 2768: 2764: 2670: 2330: 2260: 2256: 1992: 1975: 1946: 1888: 1884: 1697: 1685: 1642: 1589: 1581: 1559: 1485: 1421: 1385: 1330: 1281: 921: 902: 894: 882: 863: 373: 90: 7153: 4781:

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering.

2803:

Road transport of people and cargo by may also be obstructed by

1596:) and followed by the laying of pavement material. A variety of 1467:, contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges. 7985: 7980: 7970: 7960: 7892: 7665: 7613: 7423: 7266: 7182: 7105: 6866: 6536: 5946: 5909: 5448: 5438: 5383: 4426:"Fly Ash Concrete Design for Chicago's 100-Year Road Structure" 4149:

Step by Step Guide: How to Lay a Gravel Driveway | Mainland Ltd

3877: 3875: 2322: 2006:

techniques to continually monitor road conditions and schedule

1734: 1666: 1658: 1417: 1303:

in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank.

1273: 1272:, which was one of the finest highways of its time, connecting 1171: 993: 871: 431: 215: 95: 7006: 4495:. Washington State Department of Transportation. February 2013 4249:"World cities turn their streets over to walkers and cyclists" 4062: 3498:"The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece" 2275:

to certain aspects of road conditions in their coverage area.

7438: 5469: 5418: 5388: 4299:

The Motorway Achievement: Frontiers of Knowledge and Practice

2789: 2564:

Thruway, New York to Pennsylvania Line – $ 1,547,000 per mile

2314: 2117: 2106: 2085: 1942: 1791:

surface is dependent on economic factors and expected usage.

1730: 1624: 1438: 1389: 1381: 1296: 1285: 1217: 1147: 1131: 971: 726: 150: 105: 7254: 7054: 3984: 3872: 1909: 1325:

In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the

7433: 7428: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7393: 4350:

Newcomb, David E.; Willis, Richard; Timm, David H. (2010).

3319:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 80. 2796:

are sparsely connected. For example, all 25 communities of

2351:

chemicals and sand can run off into roadsides, contaminate

2326: 2298: 2244: 2142: 1754: 1750: 1519: 1396: 1292: 1277: 1167: 913: 240: 170: 160: 4289: 2948:

Ways of the world Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.

2178:

Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with

6377: 5398: 5067:

Maps, Reports and history of gas tax in the United States

3855:"Horses and Canals 1760–1960 The people & the horses" 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3550:

Helbing, D.; Molnär, P.; Farkas, I.J.; Bolay, K. (2001).

3416:"Avus highway | German expressway | Britannica" 2216:

can improve road traffic safety and reduce the number of

1880: 1334: 766: 120: 4650:

e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries

4376: 4153:] at www.mainlandaggregates.co.uk. Retrieved 25 Jan 2015 3549: 3359: 3357: 2788:

in Russia, and many roads in Scandinavia (though due to

1987:

with an expected structural life in excess of 50 years.

1498:

Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A)

1424:. Opened in 1921, it was the first automobile-only road. 5132: 5092:"International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association" 4772:"Effects of Road Deicing Salts on Groundwater Systems." 4070:. Western Australia (The Last Frontier). Archived from 3658: 2834:

that would connect Eurasia-Africa and North America, a

1174:, the first automobile-only road and forerunner of the 1074:, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. 4637:

Icctp 2011: Towards Sustainable Transportation Systems

4464:. Transportation Association of Canada. Archived from 3687: 2677:

to be connected to a continental network by road (the

2470:

using taxation although implementation may be through

2160:

Careful design and construction of roads can increase

1641:

and environmental considerations are a major concern.

957:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

4316: 4295: 3399:"AVUS-Tribüne (Automobile Traffic and Practice Road)" 3354: 3039:. Dictionary.com (Lexico Publishing Group, LLC). 2007 3033:"What is the difference between a road and a street?" 2516:, waterways that lent themselves to use by shipping. 1533:

is the native material underneath a constructed road.

5219:"National Highways Development Project: An Overview" 5091: 4893:"Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors" 4490:"Dowel Bars for New and Existing Concrete Pavements" 3672:. Current Archaeology. February 2001. Archived from 2853: 4012: 3733:. Archaeology.about.com. 2009-08-15. Archived from 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2637:. Eurasia and Africa are connected by roads on the 2504:Society depends heavily on efficient roads. In the 2293:

Air pollution along Pasadena Highway in Los Angeles

1461:and was inaugurated in 1924. This motorway, called 5171:. New York State Thruway Authority. Archived from 5025: 4703: 4423: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3637: 2929: 2210:surrounding landscape, it may result in flooding. 5031: 4890: 4349: 3994:. Kitsap County, Washington. 2006. Archived from 3524: 3522: 3520: 2882:Issue tracking systems for reporting road defects 2186:For major roads risk can be reduced by providing 1913:"Road works ahead" sign, typically used in Europe 1392:, in 1928 was very much focused on creating jobs. 8078: 4965: 4648:Radu Popescu-Zeletin, Karl Jonas, Idris A. Rai, 2914: 2305:running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, 1633:Roads are designed and built for primary use by 1337:. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from 4897:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4852:"Traffic-related Air Pollution near Busy Roads" 4770:Charles Seawell and Newland Agbenowosi (1998). 4196:"New active travel schemes - Wiltshire Council" 4063:Shire of Wyndham East Kimberly (October 2006). 4041: 3926: 3847: 3559:Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 3365:"AVUS Berlin: A most remarkable street circuit" 3290:"The Public Nature of Indian Reservation Roads" 2982:"Illustrated Glossary for Transport Statistics" 2408: 2388:. Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse 2084:The process consists of pumping a cementitious 1341:in the region, through the chemical process of 1216:The assertion that the first pathways were the 1104:In the United States, laws distinguish between 4943: 4563:"Minimize Wheel-Slap: Keep Your Joints Narrow" 4446: 4322: 3702: 3585: 3517: 3491: 3489: 2226:World report on road traffic injury prevention 1592:, and removal of vegetation (this may involve 1276:(the westernmost major city of the empire) to 6949: 5531: 5357: 5325:Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency 4704:Davenport, John; Davenport, Julia L. (2006). 4359:. Lanham, Maryland: Asphalt Pavement Alliance 3458:(in German). Marburg: Jonas. pp. 22–47. 2828:intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links 2748:is connected to the European road network by 1576:, overcoming geographic obstacles and having 1329:. The most sophisticated roads were those in 975:Glossary for Transport Statistics Illustrated 835: 6963: 3912:(2nd ed.). Knowledge House Publishers. 3822: 3453: 3433:(in German). Berlin: Links. pp. 31–32. 3428: 2278: 4844: 4731:Burton, G. Allen Jr.; Pitt, Robert (2001). 4100:Constructing roads into forestry work areas 4088: 3907: 3808:. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. 3486: 2543:(Delaware Extension) – $ 1,970,000 per mile 1669:, river or the sea for drainage discharge. 1234:(log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in 6956: 6942: 5538: 5524: 5364: 5350: 5268:"Expressways Being Built at Frenetic Pace" 4999:"Which side of the road do they drive on?" 4990: 4730: 4391: 4272:ISAP 9th Conference Titles & Abstracts 3938:Rebecca and her daughters come to Rhayader 3881: 3832:. The Horseboating Society. Archived from 3640:"World's Oldest Paved Road Found in Egypt" 3495: 3081: 842: 828: 4952:"Why In Britain Do We Drive On The Left?" 4926: 4916: 4710:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3940:. Victorian Powys for Schools. March 2002 3801: 3769: 3216: 3214: 3156:"What is the legal definition of a road?" 2576:(early construction) – $ 736,000 per mile 1905:Road surface § Surface deterioration 1318:and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 1264:started an extensive road system for the 4876:"Road Dust – Something To Sneeze About." 4353:Perpetual Asphalt Pavements: A Synthesis 4142: 4020:"Washington State County Road Standards" 3610: 3429:Schütz, Erhard; Gruber, Eckhard (1996). 3410: 3408: 3393: 3391: 3338: 3336: 3314: 2974: 2605: 2418: 2288: 2239: 2149: 1951: 1908: 1705:(generally 90–95% relative compaction). 1653:joints in the road easement with runoff 1553: 1535: 1493: 1189: 1161: 1146: 1135: 893:(freeways, motorways, and expressways), 36: 7925: 5034:"International Market Research Reports" 4971: 4612: 4512: 4510: 4417: 4121:"Volvo Construction Equipment (Europe)" 3480:"Autobahn History - German-Autobahn.eu" 3376: 3374: 3287: 3132:"What Is a road? | NZ Transport Agency" 2846:to connect Europe and Africa directly. 2123:Common stabilization materials include 1433:("Lakes Motorway") in Italy, the first 14: 8079: 5111: 4435:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3599:. wheathampstead.net. 24 February 2003 3211: 2887:List of countries by road network size 2822:, and a road was completed in 2013 to 2601: 2588:List of countries by road network size 1883:are increasingly being repurposed for 1814:According to a May 2009 report by the 1096:can be used to cover the wider usage. 912:The primary features of roads include 6937: 6634:Median / Central reservation 5519: 5345: 5295:Tracking Africa's Progress in Figures 5084: 5055: 4996: 4803: 4617:Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach 4259: 4113: 3901: 3775: 3405: 3388: 3333: 2519: 2067: 1657:and characteristics adequate for the 1403: 4507: 4424:ISG Resources, Inc (December 2003). 4214:"Reclaiming city streets for people" 3731:"Oldest Trackway found in Plumstead" 3496:Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016). 3371: 3271:"Local government law – Highway law" 2699:with the continental United States. 1371:development of the UK railway system 1108:, which are open to public use, and 4949: 4663:IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium 3992:"Kitsap County Road Standards 2006" 2927: 2767:in cold weather, which can produce 2321:. Road runoff is a major source of 2317:and other pollutants and result in 1365:from 1839 to 1844 contributed to a 1200:("Lakes Highway"; now parts of the 24: 6552:Risk compensation (road transport) 5545: 5371: 5063:"State and Federal Gasoline Taxes" 4739:. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers. 4676:Field Guide to Covering Local News 4379:"Perpetual Pavement Award Winners" 2780:to the North Slope of Alaska, the 2686:which side of the road to drive on 2396:kicked up by vehicles may trigger 2235: 2014:. These measurements include road 1178:. It served as an inspiration for 1112:, which are privately controlled. 25: 8108: 6974:Offshore geotechnical engineering 5040:. Industry Canada. Archived from 3638:John Noble Wildord (1994-05-08). 2773:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 2341:byproducts of gasoline and other 2190:from properties and local roads, 1027: 983:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7191: 7181: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7082: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6918:Glossary of road transport terms 5309: 5286: 5032:www.stat-usa.gov/ (2006-02-28). 4790:University of Minnesota (2009). 4296:Ron Bridle; John Porter (2002). 3620:. Icknield Way Association. 2004 3593:"Marshalls Heath Nature Reserve" 3288:Leonard, M Brent. (April 2017). 2872:Glossary of road transport terms 2856: 2830:have been proposed, including a 2335:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2135: 1826:caused by poor road conditions. 1580:low enough to permit vehicle or 1140:Pingle Longshan ancient road in 1099: 809: 799: 798: 65: 5260: 5242: 5211: 5186: 5161: 5105: 5011: 4884: 4869: 4797: 4784: 4764: 4724: 4697: 4681: 4668: 4655: 4642: 4635:Yafeng Yin, Jian Lu, Wei Wang, 4629: 4606: 4596: 4587: 4555: 4542: 4482: 4370: 4343: 4323:O'Flaherty, Coleman A. (2002). 4302:. Thomas Telford. p. 252. 4241: 4223: 4206: 4188: 4166: 4157: 3967: 3951: 3882:Hart-Davis, Adam (2001-06-01). 3795: 3748: 3723: 3703:O'Flaherty, Coleman A. (2002). 3631: 3543: 3472: 3447: 3422: 3308: 3281: 3263: 3241: 3231: 3190: 3172: 3148: 2987:. International Transport Forum 2961:"Glossary of Statistical Terms" 2633:, the only interruption in the 2230:World Health Organization (WHO) 1856: 1471: 1437:built in the world, connecting 772:Spanish autovias and autopistas 4810:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 4377:Asphalt Pavement Association. 3124: 3100: 3075: 3006:"Road Traffic Convention 1968" 2998: 2953: 2811:Some places are intentionally 2285:Environmental impacts of roads 1894: 1749:and be free of large lumps of 1600:is employed in road building. 1478:Hermes Road Measurement System 1018: 947: 13: 1: 7624:Mechanically stabilized earth 6900:Pavement performance modeling 6890:International roughness index 4127:. Volvo. 2007. Archived from 3805:The Cambridge Ancient History 2907: 2596:National Trunk Highway System 2580: 2494:design/build/operate/maintain 2403: 2337:(PAHs), which are created as 2078:concrete pavement restoration 1966:are designed for an expected 1725:(CBR) results and have a low 782:Power transmission in the USA 633:Brazilian energy independence 294:European green infrastructure 7376:Hydraulic conductivity tests 6895:Present serviceability index 6689:Sidewalk / Pavement 6234:Diamond grinding of pavement 4151:Gravel Driveway Construction 3910:The Miracle of Islam Science 3888:Discovering Roman Technology 3758:. Eurekalert.org. 2009-08-12 2936:. Rutgers University Press. 2844:Strait of Gibraltar crossing 2497:design/build/finance/operate 2446: 2415:Right- and left-hand traffic 2409:Right- and left-hand traffic 2366:Roads are a chief source of 2132:have sensitive dial gauges. 1568:requires the creation of an 1310:built straight strong stone 999: 522:Transit-oriented development 7: 7937:Stress distribution in soil 6867:Underpass / Tunnel 6862:Overpass / Flyover 6616:High-occupancy vehicle lane 6506:Driving under the influence 5580:Freeway / Motorway 4806:"Analysis of highway noise" 4693:. The Administration. 1979. 3294:American Indian Law Journal 3222:"The road user and the law" 2849: 2665:between bases, such as the 2485:Public-private partnerships 2247:causing bad road conditions 1572:continuous right-of-way or 682:British offshore wind-power 10: 8113: 7087:Pore pressure measurement 5794:Highway systems by country 4804:Hogan, C. Michael (1973). 2892:List of roads and highways 2547:Northern Indiana Toll Road 2450: 2412: 2282: 2153: 2100: 1983:pavements are designed as 1898: 1860: 1475: 1457:motorways, was devised by 1125: 1119: 1115: 1046:. For the purposes of the 1003: 891:controlled-access highways 344:Public–private partnership 29: 7994: 7949: 7848: 7840:Preconsolidation pressure 7812: 7803: 7776: 7596: 7545: 7532: 7447: 7401: 7392: 7315: 7235:Standard penetration test 6993: 6980: 6971: 6913: 6905:Granular base equivalency 6875: 6846: 6752: 6724:Traffic signal preemption 6569: 6529: 6491: 6333: 6322: 6174: 6132:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 6061: 6038:Single-point urban (SPUI) 5978: 5969: 5897: 5802: 5716: 5598: 5565: 5556: 5457: 5379: 5140:"Road Transport (Europe)" 4329:. Elsevier. p. 252. 4096:"Road Building Equipment" 3784:. Iran Chamber of Society 2838:to the largest island of 2704:settlements have no roads 2477:). or occasionally using 2279:Environmental performance 2192:grade separated junctions 1435:controlled-access highway 1210:controlled-access highway 1122:History of road transport 777:Transcontinental Railroad 658:Curtiba rapid bus transit 7336:California bearing ratio 7134:Rotary-pressure sounding 6965:Geotechnical engineering 6885:Pavement condition index 6611:High-occupancy toll lane 6606:Contraflow lane reversal 6581:Barrier transfer machine 5303:African Development Bank 4613:Neteler, Markus (2007). 4400:"Road Map to the Future" 3802:Boederman, John (1997). 3315:Levinson, David (2006). 2702:Even on mainlands, some 1733:) should be composed of 1723:California bearing ratio 1637:and pedestrian traffic. 1343:destructive distillation 1333:, which were paved with 1268:(Persia), including the 747:San Francisco Bay Bridge 7756:Geosynthetic clay liner 7731:Expanded clay aggregate 7351:Proctor compaction test 7292:Crosshole sonic logging 7278:Nuclear densometer test 7035:Geo-electrical sounding 5739:Express-collector setup 4972:Kincaid, Peter (1986). 4918:10.1073/pnas.0906548107 3670:Current Archaeology 172 3618:"The Icknield Way Path" 2928:Lay, Maxwell G (1992). 2695:connecting many of the 2590:. When looking only at 2382:Motor vehicle emissions 2218:road traffic casualties 2205:such as road signs and 1805:raised pavement markers 1598:road building equipment 1449:, and now parts of the 1416:), is a public road in 1361:in Carmarthenshire and 1306:From about 312 BC, the 762:Spanish high-speed rail 702:Hong Kong Int'l Airport 687:Nuclear power in France 653:China's high-speed rail 628:Bicycle parking station 116:Critical infrastructure 8019:Earthquake engineering 7830:Lateral earth pressure 7455:Hydraulic conductivity 7306:Wave equation analysis 7285:Exploration geophysics 7177:Deformation monitoring 7146:Rotary weight sounding 6923:Road types by features 6818:Raised pavement marker 6785:Constant-slope barrier 6709:Traffic directionality 6699:Street running railway 6122:Protected intersection 2832:Bering Strait crossing 2722:, or those capable of 2647:Scandinavian Peninsula 2626: 2570:– $ 1,352,000 per mile 2561:– $ 1,600,000 per mile 2559:Massachusetts Turnpike 2555:– $ 1,720,000 per mile 2549:– $ 1,790,000 per mile 2537:– $ 2,200,000 per mile 2531:– $ 3,449,000 per mile 2428: 2427:with left-hand traffic 2294: 2248: 2167:On neighborhood roads 2008:preventive maintenance 1960: 1914: 1562: 1551: 1522: 1213: 1187: 1159: 1144: 1032:In the United Kingdom 862:for the conveyance of 816:Engineering portal 692:Solar power in Germany 663:Cycling infrastructure 580:Mechanical engineering 274:Build–operate–transfer 52: 7197:Settlement recordings 7122:Rock control drilling 7023:Cone penetration test 6780:Concrete step barrier 6117:Offset T-intersection 4997:Lucas, Brian (2005). 3884:"Roads and surveying" 2836:Malacca Strait Bridge 2714:vehicles, those with 2609: 2574:Pennsylvania Turnpike 2541:Pennsylvania Turnpike 2422: 2292: 2259:, road markings, and 2243: 2150:Safety considerations 1955: 1912: 1795:improvements such as 1558:Road construction in 1557: 1539: 1527:transport engineering 1497: 1401:German pronunciation: 1193: 1165: 1150: 1139: 1126:Further information: 1006:Highways in Australia 618:Trans-Alaska pipeline 374:Replacement (upgrade) 324:Life-cycle assessment 304:Engineering contracts 40: 32:Road (disambiguation) 8059:Agricultural science 7761:Cellular confinement 6823:Road surface marking 6521:Single-vehicle crash 6244:Full depth recycling 6142:Seagull intersection 4200:www.wiltshire.gov.uk 3908:Kasem Ajram (1992). 3861:. Canal Junction Ltd 2728:amphibious operation 2708:developing countries 2645:is connected to the 2635:Pan-American Highway 2553:Garden State Parkway 2529:Connecticut Turnpike 1809:road surface marking 1430:Autostrada dei Laghi 1197:Autostrada dei Laghi 722:Kansai Int'l Airport 613:Akashi Kaikyō Bridge 565:Chemical engineering 467:Mobile data terminal 319:Green infrastructure 30:For other uses, see 7951:Numerical analysis 7835:Overburden pressure 7825:Pore water pressure 7605:Shoring structures 7480:Reynolds' dilatancy 7381:Water content tests 7366:Triaxial shear test 7326:Soil classification 7299:Pile integrity test 6649:Pedestrian crossing 6212:Reinforced concrete 6048:Three-level diamond 5759:Two-lane expressway 5744:Farm-to-market road 5305:. 2014. p. 71. 5169:"Thruway Fact Book" 4976:. Greenwood Press. 4909:2010PNAS..107.3382U 4822:1973WASP....2..387H 4102:. Caterpillar. 2007 3934:"The Rebecca Riots" 3112:legislation.govt.nz 2877:Highway engineering 2667:South Pole Traverse 2602:Global connectivity 2535:New Jersey Turnpike 2506:European Union (EU) 2458:Transport economics 2453:Transport economics 2265:autonomous vehicles 2162:road traffic safety 2156:Road traffic safety 2116:. Next, a two-part 2105:Ground penetrating 2004:pavement management 1985:perpetual pavements 1807:and other forms of 1680:may be required to 1068:Vehicle Excise Duty 940:(cycle paths), and 909:, and local roads. 879:many types of roads 866:that mostly has an 712:Interstate highways 542:Wireless technology 407:Air traffic control 7926:Slab stabilisation 7906:Stability analysis 6679:Runaway truck ramp 6501:Driver's education 6289:Rubberized asphalt 6224:Crocodile cracking 6147:Split intersection 5915:Hierarchy of roads 5876:Single carriageway 4830:10.1007/BF00159677 4777:2009-05-21 at the 4235:www.irishtimes.com 3645:The New York Times 3348:Stadtmuseum Berlin 3160:drivingtests.co.nz 3088:legislation.gov.au 2963:. OECD. 2004-02-26 2752:– an example of a 2750:Eurotunnel Shuttle 2688:vary accordingly. 2681:to Saudi Arabia). 2679:King Fahd Causeway 2643:European Peninsula 2627: 2623:North Ostrobothnia 2520:Construction costs 2429: 2295: 2249: 2222:traffic collisions 2068:Slab stabilization 2058:dowel bar retrofit 2051:surface treatments 1961: 1915: 1867:Street reclamation 1831:single carriageway 1745:below a specified 1717:should be free of 1563: 1552: 1523: 1262:Darius I the Great 1214: 1188: 1160: 1145: 732:Offshore wind port 648:Chicago wastewater 517:Traffic congestion 427:Congestion pricing 166:Pipeline transport 146:Irrigation schemes 111:Coastal management 53: 8074: 8073: 7945: 7944: 7921:Sliding criterion 7883:Response spectrum 7799: 7798: 7629:Pressure grouting 7528: 7527: 7388: 7387: 7341:Direct shear test 7047:Permeability test 6931: 6930: 6739:Wide outside lane 6565: 6564: 6542:Automotive safety 6423:Road slipperiness 6170: 6169: 6018:Diverging diamond 5965: 5964: 5881:Single-track road 5823:Bicycle boulevard 5513: 5512: 5475:Civil engineering 5317:"How to Get Here" 5114:Civil Engineering 4983:978-0-313-25249-5 4746:978-0-87371-924-7 4717:978-1-4020-4504-2 4336:978-0-7506-5090-8 4309:978-0-7277-3197-5 4255:. April 11, 2020. 3919:978-0-911119-43-5 3859:Horse Drawn Boats 3815:978-0-521-22804-6 3776:Lendering, Jona. 3716:978-0-7506-5090-8 2943:978-0-8135-2691-1 2842:from Asia, and a 2820:Annapurna Circuit 2754:car shuttle train 2500:build/own/operate 2423:A city street in 2269:self-driving cars 1871:Car-free movement 1678:local authorities 1566:Road construction 1350:Highways Act 1555 1266:Achaemenid Empire 1056:England and Wales 1052:Highways Act 1980 852: 851: 717:Jamnagar Refinery 707:Intercity Express 677:Danish wind-power 477:Rapid bus transit 462:Land-use planning 226:Telecommunication 42:Bundesautobahn 73 16:(Redirected from 8104: 7933:Bearing capacity 7820:Effective stress 7810: 7809: 7711:Land reclamation 7651:Land development 7546:Natural features 7543: 7542: 7510:Specific storage 7399: 7398: 7331:Atterberg limits 7269: 7257: 7245: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7195: 7185: 7170:Screw plate test 7168: 7156: 7144: 7132: 7120: 7108: 7086: 7057: 7045: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6991: 6990: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6935: 6934: 6775:Cat's eye (road) 6596:Complete streets 6368:Dead Man's Curve 6331: 6330: 6269:Pavement milling 6184:Asphalt concrete 6127:Quadrant roadway 6068: 5990: 5976: 5975: 5942:Street hierarchy 5590:Elevated highway 5563: 5562: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5270:. Archived from 5264: 5258: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5224:. Archived from 5223: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5196:. Archived from 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094:. April 16, 2007 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4930: 4920: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4749:. Archived from 4728: 4722: 4721: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4639:(2011), p. 1807. 4633: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4568:. Archived from 4567: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4529: 4523:. Archived from 4522: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4430: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4182:at The State of 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4060: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3988: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3700: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3526: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3251:. Archived from 3245: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3082:Infrastructure. 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2935: 2925: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2738:roll-on/roll-off 2712:four-wheel drive 2693:Overseas Highway 2253:pavement surface 2047:diamond grinding 1937:weighing 80,000 1820:fuel consumption 1727:plasticity index 1518:F) Fine-grained 1415: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1405:[ˈaːvʊs] 1402: 1367:Royal Commission 1301:horse-drawn boat 1251:dendrochronology 1064:Northern Ireland 1035:The Highway Code 942:shared-use paths 924:(carriageways), 868:improved surface 844: 837: 830: 814: 813: 802: 801: 752:Three Gorges Dam 742:Port of Shanghai 585:Public economics 422:Containerization 417:Carbon footprint 401:Issues and ideas 279:Design–bid–build 259:Asset management 206:Sewage treatment 72:Grand Coulee Dam 69: 55: 54: 21: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8049:Earth materials 7990: 7952: 7941: 7850: 7844: 7795: 7772: 7726:Earth structure 7721:Erosion control 7619:Ground freezing 7609:Retaining walls 7592: 7534: 7524: 7485:Angle of repose 7443: 7384: 7318: 7311: 7310: 7271:Visible bedrock 7223:Simple sounding 7211:Shear vane test 6987:instrumentation 6986: 6984: 6976: 6967: 6962: 6932: 6927: 6909: 6877: 6871: 6842: 6833:Traffic barrier 6793:F-Shape barrier 6748: 6704:Traffic calming 6664:Reversible lane 6654:Pedestrian zone 6639:Motorcycle lane 6601:Contraflow lane 6573:time allocation 6572: 6561: 6557:Underride guard 6525: 6487: 6373:Expansion joint 6335: 6325: 6318: 6304:Stamped asphalt 6166: 6097:Continuous flow 6070: 6066: 6065: 6057: 5991: 5987:grade-separated 5984: 5983: 5961: 5920:Private highway 5893: 5798: 5712: 5594: 5552: 5544: 5514: 5509: 5453: 5375: 5370: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5321:Nunavut Tourism 5315: 5314: 5310: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4970: 4966: 4957: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4889: 4885: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4779:Wayback Machine 4769: 4765: 4756: 4754: 4747: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4665:(2005), p. 154. 4660: 4656: 4652:(2012), p. 141. 4647: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4407: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4294: 4290: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4132: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4042: 4033: 4031: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4002: 4001:on July 9, 2006 3998: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3972: 3968: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3906: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3787: 3785: 3782:History of Iran 3774: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3701: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3503:The Independent 3494: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3440:978-386153117-3 3427: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3367:. 28 June 2018. 3363: 3362: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3286: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3255:on 2010-04-03. 3247: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2926: 2915: 2910: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2805:border controls 2639:Sinai Peninsula 2604: 2583: 2522: 2455: 2449: 2437:traffic circles 2417: 2411: 2406: 2368:noise pollution 2319:water pollution 2287: 2281: 2238: 2236:Road conditions 2196:median dividers 2173:safety barriers 2169:traffic calming 2158: 2152: 2138: 2103: 2070: 1935:tractor-trailer 1923:AASHO Road Test 1907: 1897: 1873: 1859: 1811:are installed. 1721:, meet minimum 1492: 1474: 1459:Piero Puricelli 1409: 1408: 1400: 1354:turnpike trusts 1322:of paved roads. 1180:Piero Puricelli 1155:, an important 1134: 1124: 1118: 1102: 1090:, and the term 1054:, which covers 1030: 1021: 1008: 1002: 950: 848: 808: 791: 767:French TGV rail 638:Brooklyn Bridge 609: 608: 599: 556: 555: 554:Fields of study 546: 532:Waste-to-energy 527:Fuel efficiency 492:Reverse osmosis 457:Hybrid vehicles 452:High-speed rail 403: 402: 393: 314:Government debt 255: 254: 245: 136:Hazardous waste 87: 86: 74: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8110: 8100: 8099: 8097:Types of roads 8094: 8092:Infrastructure 8089: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7996:Related fields 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7916:Classification 7913: 7908: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7888:Seismic hazard 7885: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7540: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7515:Shear strength 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7490:Friction angle 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7371:Oedometer test 7368: 7363: 7361:Sieve analysis 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7321: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7262: 7261: 7250: 7249: 7247:Total sounding 7238: 7237: 7226: 7225: 7214: 7213: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7189: 7173: 7172: 7161: 7160: 7149: 7148: 7137: 7136: 7125: 7124: 7113: 7112: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7050: 7049: 7038: 7037: 7026: 7025: 7014: 7013: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6988: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6961: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6803:Jersey barrier 6800: 6795: 6790: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6734:Unused highway 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6714:Traffic island 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:Drowsy driving 6508: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6393:Level crossing 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6092:Channelization 6089: 6084: 6079: 6077:3-way junction 6073: 6071: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5979: 5973: 5971:Road junctions 5967: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5935:business route 5932: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5863:Primitive road 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5734:County highway 5731: 5729:Collector road 5726: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5703:United Kingdom 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638:Czech Republic 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5567:Limited-access 5560: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5373:Infrastructure 5369: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5308: 5285: 5274:on 1 July 2007 5259: 5241: 5210: 5185: 5160: 5131: 5104: 5083: 5054: 5024: 5010: 4989: 4982: 4964: 4942: 4903:(8): 3382–87. 4883: 4879:Science Daily, 4868: 4843: 4816:(3): 387–392. 4796: 4783: 4763: 4745: 4723: 4716: 4696: 4680: 4667: 4654: 4641: 4628: 4605: 4595: 4586: 4554: 4541: 4506: 4481: 4445: 4416: 4390: 4369: 4342: 4335: 4315: 4308: 4288: 4258: 4240: 4222: 4219:. 22 May 2024. 4205: 4187: 4178:2013-05-01 at 4165: 4156: 4141: 4112: 4087: 4040: 4011: 3983: 3966: 3950: 3925: 3918: 3900: 3871: 3846: 3830:"Horseboating" 3821: 3814: 3794: 3768: 3747: 3722: 3715: 3686: 3657: 3630: 3609: 3584: 3542: 3516: 3485: 3471: 3464: 3446: 3439: 3421: 3404: 3387: 3370: 3353: 3332: 3325: 3307: 3280: 3262: 3240: 3230: 3210: 3189: 3171: 3147: 3123: 3099: 3074: 3049: 3024: 2997: 2973: 2952: 2942: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2897:Road transport 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2851: 2848: 2778:Dalton Highway 2675:island country 2651:Øresund Bridge 2603: 2600: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2521: 2518: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2463:induced demand 2451:Main article: 2448: 2445: 2413:Main article: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2376:engine braking 2372:Noise barriers 2357:surface waters 2283:Main article: 2280: 2277: 2237: 2234: 2188:limited access 2151: 2148: 2137: 2134: 2102: 2099: 2069: 2066: 1959:in rural India 1896: 1893: 1858: 1855: 1801:crash barriers 1690:rehabilitation 1639:Storm drainage 1603:After design, 1588:, bridges and 1541:Sub-base layer 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1425: 1393: 1377: 1374: 1346: 1323: 1304: 1289: 1258: 1239: 1232:Corduroy roads 1229: 1120:Main article: 1117: 1114: 1101: 1098: 1088:motor vehicles 1029: 1028:United Kingdom 1026: 1020: 1017: 1001: 998: 949: 946: 850: 849: 847: 846: 839: 832: 824: 821: 820: 819: 818: 806: 793: 792: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 660: 655: 650: 645: 643:Channel Tunnel 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 606: 605: 604: 601: 600: 598: 597: 595:Urban planning 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 553: 552: 551: 548: 547: 545: 544: 539: 537:Weatherization 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 400: 399: 398: 395: 394: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 354:Public finance 351: 349:Public capital 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 252: 251: 250: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 181:Public housing 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 85:and facilities 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 70: 62: 61: 59:Infrastructure 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8109: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8024:Geomorphology 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7868:Consolidation 7866: 7864: 7863:Frost heaving 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7741:Geosynthetics 7739: 7737: 7736:Crushed stone 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691:Cut-and-cover 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7531: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7460:Water content 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7158:Sample series 7155: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6982:Investigation 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6813:Noise barrier 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6770:Cable barrier 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6719:Traffic lanes 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6659:Refuge island 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6624:Living street 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Climbing lane 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6493:Human factors 6490: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Traffic light 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Oversize load 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398:Manhole cover 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6229:Crushed stone 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6112:Michigan left 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6064:Intersections 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:Directional T 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5930:special route 5928: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848:Frontage road 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Arterial road 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5708:United States 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Types of road 5555: 5551: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5231:on 2014-07-14 5227: 5220: 5214: 5200:on 2008-04-18 5199: 5195: 5189: 5175:on 2011-05-02 5174: 5170: 5164: 5150:on 2007-03-15 5149: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5093: 5087: 5073:on 2007-04-08 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5044:on 2007-11-14 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5014: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4954:. 2Pass.co.uk 4953: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4858:on 2009-04-02 4857: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4767: 4753:on 2009-05-19 4752: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4678:(2012), p. 1. 4677: 4674:Fred Bayles, 4671: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4609: 4599: 4590: 4575:on 2011-07-23 4571: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4539:Minnesota DOT 4530:on 2013-08-09 4526: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4491: 4485: 4471:on 2008-04-07 4467: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4406:on 2007-08-14 4405: 4401: 4394: 4380: 4373: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4292: 4278:on 2007-08-13 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4215: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4131:on 2006-10-27 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4077:on 2007-07-10 4073: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030:on 2007-09-27 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3980: 3979:88-89219-23-8 3976: 3970: 3964: 3963:88-85382-37-1 3960: 3954: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3836:on 2018-04-29 3835: 3831: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3737:on 2013-05-21 3736: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3676:on 2007-03-11 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3619: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571:10.1068/b2697 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3465:9783922561125 3461: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3326:9781315130330 3322: 3318: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3064:on 2007-09-27 3063: 3059: 3053: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2983: 2977: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2854: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826:. Additional 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:Great Britain 2743: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568:Ohio Turnpike 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468:public sector 2464: 2459: 2454: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2425:Mumbai, India 2421: 2416: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386:air pollution 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2286: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2207:fire hydrants 2204: 2203:road fixtures 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2147: 2144: 2136:Joint sealing 2133: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:micro milling 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:profilometers 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:traffic signs 1872: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:traffic signs 1794: 1790: 1787:surface. 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